Proceedings of the Hawaiian Academy Of
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PROCEEDINGS OF THE HAWAIIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCE • • • • FORTY-FIRST ANNUAL MEETING 1965-1966 Published by the University of Hawaii Honolulu, Hawaii, 1966 CONTENTS PAGE Presidential Address .... ........ .... ...... ........................ ..................... .............. 3 Annual Report .... ............. ............ ............... ........... .................................... 9 ISSEC Report ......................... ........................................... ......... ..... .. .. 11 Programs .... .............. ... ..... ................. , ............................................................ 17 Abstracts ............................. ........................................................................ ... 18 First Session ... ..... ............................... ................................................... 18 Second Session . ..... .............. .. ...... .............................. ...... .... ..... .......... .. 23 Necrology .......... ... ........................................................... ........... , ............... 29 Membership ............ ......................... ............................... .............. ......... ..... 31 THE HAWAIIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCE WAS ORGANIZED JULY 23, 1925. ITS OBJECTS ARE "THE PROMOTION OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND THE DIFFUSION OF SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE, PARTICULARLY AS RELATED TO HAWAII AND THE PACIFIC AREA." PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS 1966 SCHOOLS OF PUBLIC HEALTH AND INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION Richard K. C. Leeo UNTIL ABOUT 1910, there were no facilities in . are about 60 schools of public health in the the United States for specialized training and world today, all with different goals, methods, education in public health. The first degree resources, and attitudes. They proposed a in public health was awarded in 1910 at the system of international recognition of schools University of Michigan. Beginning in 1912, of public health and degrees in public health. a program of study was organized at the The idea was that an international system of Massachusetts Institute of Technology by Prof. recognition would encourage the schools to William Sedgwick, whose strong influence meet similar minimum standards, and assure subsequently sent forth a long procession of that all graduates of schools of public health , outstanding disciples in the new profession. would have certain minimum qualifications. After a few years, a joint Massachusetts Institute of Technology-Harvard University Definition School of Public Health was formed because The World Health Organization's working it was recognized that the environmental definition for a school of public health is "an phases represented only a part of the total institution with adequate resources which, in public health picture. Later, the schools sep addition to research in public health and serv arated when Harvard established its own ice to the community, provides a full-time School of Public Health.' course lasting not less than one academic year, In 1936, following the passage of the or its equivalent, covering the subjects essen Social Security Act, there were some forty-odd tial to the understanding of the various prob schools which offered degrees in public health. lems of public health and the concepts, organ" They sprang up across the country, largely ization and techniques required for dealing as a result of the availability of federal funds with them, and which is open to members of for training in public health. There were no the medical and allied professions seeking criteria for judging the competence of these qualifications in public health.'" schools or courses, but it was known that In the proposed new "Criteria and Guide many were quite inadequate! The leading lines for Accrediting Schools of Public schools in 1941 formed the Association of Health,'" the following statement is used to Schools of Public Health. This stimulated a describe the responsibilities of schools of ' study by the American Public Health Associ public health: ation's Committee on Professional Education, In their role of intellectual leadership in the broad which led to the development in 1946 of a field of public health, it is reasonable to expect that procedure leading to the accreditation of schools of public health will consciously endeavor to meet the expectations of society by preparing com degrees in public health. The Committee in petent, imaginative workers for careers in preventing 1965 began accrediting the schools of public health instead of recognizing degrees, and today there are thirteen accredited schools in "Dean, School of Public Health, University of Hawaii. the United States and two in Canada. NOTE : References to numbers are listed at the end Banks and Troupins reported that there of this article. 3 4 HAWAIIANACADEMY OF SCIENCE disease and disability, and analyzing, improving, pro to the promotion of the "term" approach in moting, and maintaining the optimum health of the public health. public. It is likewise expected that, in the light of continuirig or periodic evaluation of the results in The faculty of all schools are also deeply their activities, the individual schools will maintain involved in research and community services sufficient flexibility to conduct educational experi at local, national, and international levels. ments and to introduce periodic innovations in edu They actively participate in continuing edu cational policy and methodology, as well as to make changes in curriculum content and emphasis, in order cation programs. Many schools have the addi to remain responsive to the constantly changing tional responsibility of serving. as regional or requirements of society. In carrying out a complex international training centers. The number of and expanding program of teaching, research and out-of-state and foreign students in the schools service, it is necessary for each school of public health not only to be an integral part of an accredited uni extends up to 75 per cent of the student body; versity-with a faculty representing competence in the On the average, however, about 25 per cent areas of knowledge related to public health, the physi of the students are graduates of foreign cal and biological sciences, and the humanities-but universities. also to have access to field situations, through field service and community laboratories, and a wide range Many factors influence the programs of a of physical facilities and technical equipment for school, such as the university tradition of the continuous use in its educational enterprises. It should school, the particular regional public health have a faculty and staff of sufficient stature, diver setting, the concept of health care, the organ sity of professional training, appropriate community focused and oriented experience and numbers ade ization of health services, the socio-economic quat\J to accomplish the stated mission of the school. conditions of the state, and the level of pre vious education and training of potential candidates. For example, the objectives of Obiectives the School of Public Health at the University The main objective of a school of public of Hawaii are (1) to provide instruction in health is to provide graduate education of the health sciences, ( 2 ) to encourage, de physicians, dentists, nurses, and other health velop, and conduct health research in Hawaii personnel for careers as administrators, and the Asian-Pacific area, and (3) to render research investigators, teachers, and practi community health services in the. state, the tioners in agencies or institutions primarily Pacific, and Asian areas. The development concerned with community health. Tradition of the School's programs is in accordance with ally, the schools have tended to emphasize these objectives and with the established career development of individuals in the University and state policy to encourage pro health profession who have had previous grams which build upon Hawaii's special experience working in health agencies. The characteristics relative to its geographical Joint Committee on Education for Public location, its physical environment, and its Health, a report of which is included in the . multi-cultural society. Report of the 2nd National Conference on Public Health Training, believes that "there Manpower Needs in Health is a body of knowledge, skills and abilities One of the most critical health problems which, when· possessed by an individual, facing the nation today, constituting an makes it much easier to understand, appraise extremely challenging task for the schools of and help resolve community health problems. public health, is that of training adequate These attributes need not and cannot logically numbers of public health personnel to keep be introduced into the curriculum of all disci pace with the population growth in the plines, but it is apparent that those who are United States. It is estimated that public to have supervisory or program planning roles health is faced with the need for training should be given the opportunity to learn these about 17,000 additional personnel by 1970 for skills, preferably in an interdisciplinary enyi state and local health departments, merely ronment." The bringing together of various to keep pace with projected population groups during the training period leads to growth and an attrition rate of 4 per cent mutual understandings of the role of each per annum: There are no estimates for world participant in the public health program, and wide needs of similarly