PROCEEDINGS OF THE

HAWAIIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCE • • • •

FORTY-FIRST ANNUAL MEETING 1965-1966

Published by the University of Hawaii Honolulu, Hawaii, 1966

CONTENTS

PAGE

Presidential Address ...... 3

Annual Report ...... 9

ISSEC Report ...... 11

Programs ...... , ...... 17

Abstracts ...... 18

First Session ...... 18

Second Session ...... 23

Necrology ...... , ...... 29

Membership ...... 31

THE HAWAIIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCE WAS ORGANIZED JULY 23, 1925. ITS OBJECTS ARE "THE PROMOTION OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND THE DIFFUSION OF SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE, PARTICULARLY AS RELATED TO HAWAII AND THE PACIFIC AREA."

PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS 1966

SCHOOLS OF PUBLIC HEALTH AND INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION

Richard K. C. Leeo

UNTIL ABOUT 1910, there were no facilities in . are about 60 schools of public health in the the United States for specialized training and world today, all with different goals, methods, education in public health. The first degree resources, and attitudes. They proposed a in public health was awarded in 1910 at the system of international recognition of schools University of Michigan. Beginning in 1912, of public health and degrees in public health. a program of study was organized at the The idea was that an international system of Massachusetts Institute of Technology by Prof. recognition would encourage the schools to William Sedgwick, whose strong influence meet similar minimum standards, and assure subsequently sent forth a long procession of that all graduates of schools of public health , outstanding disciples in the new profession. would have certain minimum qualifications. After a few years, a joint Massachusetts Institute of Technology-Harvard University Definition School of Public Health was formed because The World Health Organization's working it was recognized that the environmental definition for a school of public health is "an phases represented only a part of the total institution with adequate resources which, in public health picture. Later, the schools sep­ addition to research in public health and serv­ arated when Harvard established its own ice to the community, provides a full-time School of Public Health.' course lasting not less than one academic year, In 1936, following the passage of the or its equivalent, covering the subjects essen­ Social Security Act, there were some forty-odd tial to the understanding of the various prob­ schools which offered degrees in public health. lems of public health and the concepts, organ" They sprang up across the country, largely ization and techniques required for dealing as a result of the availability of federal funds with them, and which is open to members of for training in public health. There were no the medical and allied professions seeking criteria for judging the competence of these qualifications in public health.'" schools or courses, but it was known that In the proposed new "Criteria and Guide­ many were quite inadequate! The leading lines for Accrediting Schools of Public schools in 1941 formed the Association of Health,'" the following statement is used to Schools of Public Health. This stimulated a describe the responsibilities of schools of ' study by the American Public Health Associ­ public health: ation's Committee on Professional Education, In their role of intellectual leadership in the broad which led to the development in 1946 of a field of public health, it is reasonable to expect that procedure leading to the accreditation of schools of public health will consciously endeavor to meet the expectations of society by preparing com­ degrees in public health. The Committee in petent, imaginative workers for careers in preventing 1965 began accrediting the schools of public health instead of recognizing degrees, and today there are thirteen accredited schools in "Dean, School of Public Health, University of Hawaii. the United States and two in Canada. NOTE : References to numbers are listed at the end Banks and Troupins reported that there of this article.

3 4 HAWAIIANACADEMY OF SCIENCE

disease and disability, and analyzing, improving, pro­ to the promotion of the "term" approach in moting, and maintaining the optimum health of the public health. public. It is likewise expected that, in the light of continuirig or periodic evaluation of the results in The faculty of all schools are also deeply their activities, the individual schools will maintain involved in research and community services sufficient flexibility to conduct educational experi­ at local, national, and international levels. ments and to introduce periodic innovations in edu­ They actively participate in continuing edu­ cational policy and methodology, as well as to make changes in curriculum content and emphasis, in order cation programs. Many schools have the addi­ to remain responsive to the constantly changing tional responsibility of serving. as regional or requirements of society. In carrying out a complex international training centers. The number of and expanding program of teaching, research and out-of-state and foreign students in the schools service, it is necessary for each school of public health not only to be an integral part of an accredited uni­ extends up to 75 per cent of the student body; versity-with a faculty representing competence in the On the average, however, about 25 per cent areas of knowledge related to public health, the physi­ of the students are graduates of foreign cal and biological sciences, and the humanities-but universities. also to have access to field situations, through field service and community laboratories, and a wide range Many factors influence the programs of a of physical facilities and technical equipment for school, such as the university tradition of the continuous use in its educational enterprises. It should school, the particular regional public health have a faculty and staff of sufficient stature, diver­ setting, the concept of health care, the organ­ sity of professional training, appropriate community focused and oriented experience and numbers ade­ ization of health services, the socio-economic quat\J to accomplish the stated mission of the school. conditions of the state, and the level of pre­ vious education and training of potential candidates. For example, the objectives of Obiectives the School of Public Health at the University The main objective of a school of public of Hawaii are (1) to provide instruction in health is to provide graduate education of the health sciences, ( 2 ) to encourage, de­ physicians, dentists, nurses, and other health velop, and conduct health research in Hawaii personnel for careers as administrators, and the Asian-Pacific area, and (3) to render research investigators, teachers, and practi­ community health services in the. state, the tioners in agencies or institutions primarily Pacific, and Asian areas. The development concerned with community health. Tradition­ of the School's programs is in accordance with ally, the schools have tended to emphasize these objectives and with the established career development of individuals in the University and state policy to encourage pro­ health profession who have had previous grams which build upon Hawaii's special experience working in health agencies. The characteristics relative to its geographical Joint Committee on Education for Public location, its physical environment, and its Health, a report of which is included in the . multi-cultural society. Report of the 2nd National Conference on Public Health Training, believes that "there Manpower Needs in Health is a body of knowledge, skills and abilities One of the most critical health problems which, when· possessed by an individual, facing the nation today, constituting an makes it much easier to understand, appraise extremely challenging task for the schools of and help resolve community health problems. public health, is that of training adequate These attributes need not and cannot logically numbers of public health personnel to keep be introduced into the curriculum of all disci­ pace with the population growth in the plines, but it is apparent that those who are United States. It is estimated that public to have supervisory or program planning roles health is faced with the need for training should be given the opportunity to learn these about 17,000 additional personnel by 1970 for skills, preferably in an interdisciplinary enyi­ state and local health departments, merely ronment." The bringing together of various to keep pace with projected population groups during the training period leads to growth and an attrition rate of 4 per cent mutual understandings of the role of each per annum: There are no estimates for world­ participant in the public health program, and wide needs of similarly trained workers. , PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS 5

Dr. William H. Stewart, Surgeon General increasing public health concern; (4) major of the United State,s Public Health Service; obstacles to accelerating the rate and broaden­ in his paper at the White House Conference ing the scope of such training are inadequate on Health on Education for the Health Pro­ public health training facilities, the high cost fessions," emphasized that "health manpower of training programs, and the shortage of will shape and limit the health care we pro­ scholarship funds to attract an adequate num­ vide and the health protection we afford to ber of trainees; and (5) that therefore it shall the American people in the years ahead. All be the policy of Congress to provide the fqnds of us who have a hand in shaping education necessary to overcome these obstaCles and for the health professions take pride in the thus increase the opportunities and scope of axiom that the training we provide today public health training. shapes the medical care pattern of tomorrow. . � But if we are to make good on this claim, International Education and Training we must also accept the corollary-that the Schools of public health in the United medical care needs of tomorrow must shape States are concerned primarily with the train­ the training of today. Moreover, our influ­ ing of Americans and secondarily with the ence and clientele are world-wide. What do training of foreign nauonals who attend their our schools offer for meeting the health needs schools. This is not to say, however, that of Southeast Asia? How long can the United interest in international experience among the States continue to support the position as schools is diminishing. ,Rather, an increasing . an importer of physicians, an importer of awareness of the need to re-examine the nurses?" schools' appropriate roles in teaching inter­ Dr. Ernest Stebbins, Dean of Johns Hop­ national students prompted the Association kins School of Public Health, in his prepared of Schools of Public Health in 1962 to spon­ statement before the Congress of the United sor a six-month pilot study· which attempted States: emphasized the shortages of health to evaluate the contributions of its member manpower and suggested that "any member schools in the United States and Canada to­ who wishes to gain a keener sense of this ward international programs. The purpose of critical situation need only to telephone the the study was to enable the member schools health officers in his state capital or home to identify areas which needed strengthening district. I know the answer will come back . in order to increase their effectiveness in inter­ loud and clear and in specific terms. The national programs. shortage of adequately trained public health International public health began more personnel is nationwide." than a century ago, when twelve countries The enactment of federal legislation sup­ held the International Sanitary Conference in porting schools of public health is evidence Paris in July 1851, at which time the exten­ that the United States Congress recognizes sive spread of cholera was a deep concern of the problems of health manpower needs. The many countries. The international, sanitary Hill-Rhodes Act expresses Congressional find­ conferences, irregularly held throughout the ings and policy as follows: (1) an. adequate following fifty years, were concerned pri­ supply of professional public health person­ marily with epidemic diseases but, after the nel .is necessary to promote the health, wel­ turn of the century, international public fare, and security of the nation; (2) the num­ health began to embrace much of its present ber of these' adequately trained persons and broad humanitarian objectives. Between the the rate at which they are being trained are two world wars, international public health grossly inadequate to meet �he current needs education received its initial impetus from of local, state, federal, and international the International Health Division of the health programs; (3) modern technological Rockefeller Foundation. The Foundation's and social development requires even larger field staff screened promising foreign candi­ numbers of trained public health personnel dates and sent them to the United States for whose professional education must be aug­ basic public health courses. During World mented by specific training in these fields of War II, the few foreign students in the Amer- 6 HAWAIIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

ican schools of public health were mostly to, a high degree. He pointed out that schools Latin American; 'after the war, however, the of public health in the United States are con­ enrollment of international students increased stantly being asked to play a more active rapidly. By this time, many public and pri­ role in collaborating with schools of public vate organizations with international health' health in other countries. This sharing of interests were contributing toward and there­ ideas often leads to considerable interchange by enlarging international health work and of personnel. He pointed out that the School education. These organizations included the of Public Health of Puerto Rico performs a United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation unique function internationally since it car­ Administration, World Health Organization, ries on instruction in Spanish. In this way, Food and Agriculture Organization, United it is able to serve Spanish-speaking countries Nations International Children's Educational of the Americas and attracts increasing num­ Fund, the United Nations Refugees Relief bers of qualified students. He also observed and Works Agency for Palestine, the Rocke­ that "our schools of public health, state sup­ feller Foundation, the W. K. Kellogg Founda­ ported and private, are in the broadest sense tion, and the China Medical Board. Among of the words, truly national and international. the several Federal agencies actively involved Their service to the country and the world, in providing public health fellowships to the need for maintaining standards of educa­ foreign students were the Institute of Inter­ tion of which the nation can be proud, make American Affairs and the Agency for Inter­ it essential that legislation be enacted to pro­ national Development. vide these education activities." The Center for Cultural and Technical Interchange between East and West at the Recent Trends in International University of Hawaii, an agency of the Fed­ Education and Training eral government founded in 1960, provides public health fellowships to qualified students 1.10re and more in recent years, schools applying to the School of Public Health at the are including in their formal organizations University of Hawaii. The objective of the units which recognize international health East-West Center is "to promote mutual education. For example, beginning with the understanding among the countries of Asia, 1965-66 academic year, Harvard University the Pacific Area and the United States." In appointed a new assistant dean for interna­ addition to graduate students, the Center tional programs to coordinate and administer brings together senior scholars and techni­ the various international research activities cians of American, Asian, and Pacific coun­ (many of them based abroad) and programs tries for mutual interchange of ideas and which offer education for those planning knowledge." international health service. Johns Hopkins Dr. Myron Wegman, Dean of the School University established in 1961 a special divi­ of Public Health, University of Michigan, in sion of international health in response to the his statement to Congress'O in 1962, pointed needs of the Public Health Service, the Inter­ out that professional education in public national Cooperation Administration (now health has served a unique function in devel­ the Agency for International Development), oping close ties with similar schools in other and the World Health· Organization. countries. This has served to strengthen pro­ Tulane University's division of tropical fessional contacts and to facilitate interchange medicine and hygiene, which functions also as of ideas in a number of fields of science as a division of graduate public health, for many well as in public health. Public health years has been active in programs through­ advances have constantly brought with them out Latin America." Tulane has an overseas the necessity of always thinking in broad center for medical research and training in terms. The schools of public health are par­ Colombia. In 1961, in cooperation with the ticularly important because their relatively Universidad del Valle, Tulane established its recent development has facilitated mutual International Center for Medical Research understanding and working interrelationships and Training at Cali, Colombia. Four other PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS 7

such centers are supported in Pakistan by the and research. The 1965 Congress recognized National Institutes of Health and the Univer­ the great national deficit in health personnel sity of Maryland, in Malaysia by ·the Univer­ and enacted much important and far-reach­ sity of California, in Costa Rica by the Loui­ ing legislation affecting the future health of siana State University, and in Calcutta by the the nation. The decade ahead will challenge Johns Hopkins University. all schools to increase their training and The School of Public Health at the Uni­ research efforts. In 1965, there were about versity of Hawaii is developing a program 85,000 foreign students in the United States. in international health to serve as an aca­ The number is expected to increase to more demic center of regional significance for than 100,000 or 150,000 during the next 5 training and research in the public health years, and to increase even more in succeed­ problems of Pacific and Asian countries. It ing years." The Congress of the United is in an unusual position to offer further train­ States presently is considering HR 12453, a ing of professional qualified personnel in the bill to amend the Public Health Service Act various fields of health, with special emphasis so as to help train and otherwise provide upon international health, allowing them to professional health personnel for health work pursue or continue a career of health work abroad. This International Health Act of related to the newly developing countries of 1966 provides grants to schools of public Asia and the Pacific. health for training in international health The new criteria for accreditation5 include work. These grants may be used to pay all the expectation that schools of public health or part of the cost of establishment, expan­ will be concerned with the relative pertinence sion, and operation of programs for the spe­ and applicability or organized community cialized training of persons who are or intend health service programs in different regions to enter any one of the health professions of the world. Moreover, the admission of for health work in foreign countries. students from other countries is recognized Dr. Philip Lee, Assistant Secretary for both as an opportunity and a special prob­ Health and Scientific Affairs of the Depart­ lem. First, there should be assurance of a ment of Health, Education, and Welfare, minimum competence of such students in the states'2 that the role of universities in world language of instruction, as well as of a basic affairs, particularly in relation to the foreign knowledge in the major areas. Secondly, pro­ aid program of the United States, has received vision should be made for these students increasingly thoughtful attention in recent to meet deficiencies in language and in other years. The number of American universities important content subjects before formal in AID-supported programs has increased admission to graduate degree programs. In from 87 to 169 in less than 3 years and the addition, students from abroad should be cost from $121 to $230 million during this admitted to a given school only when there period. The U. S. Office of Education's pub­ is clear indication that the specific school is lication, A New International Dimension," particularly suitable to meet the candidate's emphasizes that Office's chief international needs in assuming a position of high-level function as fostering the development of our responsibility upon his return to his home educational institutions so that they meet the country. Once undertaken, however, every needs of American society in a rapidly chang­ reasonable effort should be made to enrich ing world. This requires a concern for the the individual's experience and knowledge broad general education of all Americans, for without affecting the school's orientation to the future supply of intellectual leaders in its own country and cultural region. international affairs, and for the training of overseas specialists. Schools of public health Summary have already demonstrated this concern, and Schools of public health in our nation are they can be expected to render valuable assist­ an important national resource for the train­ ance to our Federal agencies charged with ing of manpower to fulfill the nation's needs accomplishing the nation's goals in interna­ as well as those of international education tional education. 8 HAWAIIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

REFERENCES

l. Hanlon, John J.: Principles of Public Session, on HR 12, HR 180, HR 2527, Health Administration, 4th ed., St. Louis, HR 3182 and HR 3180, Feb. 5-7, 1963, tbe C.V. Mosby Company, 1964. Gov't Printing Office, Wash. D.C., 1963. 2. 2nd National Conference on Public 8. Association of Schools of Public Health, Health Training, August 19-22, 1965. International Roles of the Schools of u.s. Dept. HEW, Public Health Service, Public Health of North America, A Pilot Wash. D.C.: Shephard, W.P., "Position Study (Chicago, 1963) Benjamin Rosen­ of the Joint Committee on Education for thal Foundation. Public Health," April 1963. 9. Lee, Richard K.C. and Suehiro, R.: "The 3. Banks, A. Leslie and Troupin, James L.: Center for Cultural and Technical Inter­ International Recognition of Schools of change Between East and West and Its

Public Health and of Diplomas· and De­ Current Public Health Programs," Ameri­ grees in Public Health. WHO/Educ./ can Journal of Public Health, March, 1966 129/3 August 1964. (expected date of publication). 4. World Health Organization Technical 10. Training of Physicians, Dentists, and Pro­ Report Series No. 216: Recommended fessional Public Health Personnel: Hear­ Requirements for Schools of Public ings before Committee on Interstate and Health, Tenth Report of Expert Com­ Foreign Commerce. House of Represent­ mittee of ProfeSSional and Technical atives, 84th Congress, on HR 4999, HR Education of Medical and Auxiliary Per­ 8774, and HR 8833. Gov't Printing Office, sonnel, Geneva, 1961. Wash. D.C., 1962. 5. APHA, Committee on Professional Edu­ ll. The Un iver s ity Lo oks Abr oad: cation, "Criteria and Guidelines for Ac­ Approaches to World Affairs at Six Amer­ crediting Schools of Public Health," 1965. ican Universities, A Report from Educa­ (Draft statement, not yet approved, not tion and World Affairs; Walker and Com­ for release.) pany, 1966, New York. 6. The White House Conference on Health, 12. Lee, Philip: "International Cooperation Nov. 3 and 4, 1965, Wash. D.C. in Health and Sanitation Programs." 7. Health ProfessiOns Educational Assist­ Unpublished paper. July 6, 1965. ance: Hearings before the Committee on 13. The U.S. Office of Education-A New Interstate and Foreign Commerce. House International Dimension, A Report from of Representatives, 88th Congress, 1st Education and World Affairs. Sept. 1964. ANNUAL REPORT 1965-1966

At the eI1d of its forty-fi];st year, the Academy had The final session of the Academy was again held a total membership of 1,315. The Academy Council as an all day meeting on Saturday, April 16, with met eight times during the year: May 26, July 15, luncheon. The morning session was concerned with September 7, and November 18, 1965; January 5, the physical sciences, presenting invitational papers on January 31, March 9, and April 12, 1966. Minutes of astronomical research, tsunamis, lasers, and ionizing these meetings are on file. radiation. After a short business meeting, a luncheon The Academy Council again approved presenta­ was held in the East-West Center cafeteria, and the tion of $25 in awards for meritorious projects entered presidential address was presented. Retiring President in the Hawaii Science Fair. This year $15 went to Richard K. C. Lee spoke on "Schools of Public Health Jeff Nakamura of Punahou School for his project, and International Education." Five students; whose "The Isolation and Characterization of the Deoxyri­ participation in the Westinghouse Science Talent bonucleoprotein of a Protozoan, Tetrahymena sp.," Search was especially noteworthy, were honored. and $10 went to Victoria Higa and Susan Oshiro for Thomas Ho, Ruby Ibaraki, Deborah Cotton, and their project, "Which Way Does Your Hair Swirl?" Jefferie Nakamura were honors winners, and Gail Hamaoka was an additional participant. Mrs. Robert E. Coleman, Secretary Dorothy Wendt was recognized for the Outstanding NOMINATIONS Biology Teacher Award of the National Association of Biology Teachers. Miss Iris Fukui was recognized for The Nominating Committee presented the follow­ the Outstanding Chemistry Teacher Award of the ing slate of candidates for Academy offices during the Hawaii Chapter of the American Chemical Society. year 1966-67: Four invitational papers on medical research were presented during the afternoon meeting. President-elect (one to be elected ): John C. Marr, Jimmie B. Smith Louis G. Nickell, Chairman Secretary: Robert E. Coleman Treasurer: Eleanor S. Anderson Councilors (2years) (2): George Felton, Shosuke AAAS REPRESENTATION AND FELLOWS Goto, George Gillett, Gunter Seckel Additional officers for the year will be: The Academy did not find it possible to obtain President Louis G. Nickell representation at the AAAS annual meeting in Berk­ Councilors (1 year ): Martin J. Vitousek, Robert eley. Some AAAS council business has been con­ A. Nordyke, Richard K. C. Lee (ex officio ) ducted by correspondence. Paul C. Ekern, Chairman The fellowship committee, composed of Walter Carter, Harry Arnold, Jr., Elmo Hardy, Estel Cobb, PUBLICATIONS and myself as chairman, met to consider nominees. In view of the increased membership of the Academy During 1965-66, Proceedings for the fortieth and scientific community in Hawaii, twenty-seven annual meeting of the Academy were published and members were approved by the Academy Council and distributed to the membership. their names were submitted to the AAAS on O. A. Bushnell, Chairman May 6, 1966. MEMBERSHIP The nominees were: J. W. Beardsley, Robert E. Coleman, David Crowell, Robert Cushing, Robert After the expansion of many scientific activities in Cutting, Kazuo Fujino, Philip Helfrich, John W. Hawaii during the past few years, an effort was made Hylin, Alan J. Kohn, Charles Lamoureux, Richard to enroll many of these new scientists in the Academy. K. C. Lee, James F. Lenney, Ira Lichton, John J. Brochures explaining the Academy's purposes and Magnuson, Marion O. Mapes, John J. Naughton, Pete activities were circulated among the scientific com­ T. Okumoto, Daniel E. Palmer, Ernst S. Reese, Leon munity. As a_result of these efforts, 687 new members Rosen, Paul J. Scheuer, Lucian M. Sprague, John R. were elected since May 1965, bringing the total mem­ Stephenson, Frank L. Tabrah, Sidney J. Townsley, bership to 1,315. Minoru Tamashiro, and W. Y. Whang. John C. Marr, Chairman Gerald G. Dull, Chairman PROGRAM Early in the year a questionnaire was sent to the OFFICERS membership asking for information on types and 1965-66 subjects of programs desired most. In keeping with Richard K. C. Lee...... President the results of this survey, a program of contributed Louis G. NickelL ...... President-elect papers was arranged for the fall session on the eve­ Robert E. Coleman ...... Secretary nings of November 18 and 19, 1965. All of the papers Eleanor S. Anderson...... Treasurer for the first night's meeting were on marine biology. John C. Marr ...... Councilor Three speakers reported on different aspects of the Toshiyuki Nishida ...... CounGilor Bureau of Commercial Fisheries' operations with the Robert A. Nordyke ...... Councilor submarine, Asherah. The second night's program Martin J. Vitousek ...... Councilor presented seven papers on a variety of subjects. Roland Force...... Councilor (ex officio ) 10 HAWAIIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

FINANCES GE-4302

Balance April I, 1965 ...... $ 5,656.67 Amount of grant ...... 6,760.00 Expended 1964-65 ...... 3,239.92 Receipts:

Dues ...... $ 2,217.00 Balance of grant April 1, 1965 ...... 3,520.08 Miscellaneous Disbursements: For supplies, contingencies ' Director ...... 200.00 & clerical assistance re Scientists' stipends ... . 1,255.00 NSF grants ...... $ 2,178.24 Secretarial assistance .. 149.00 Annu�1 dinner (1965) 215.00 Transportation Donations ...... 40.00 2,433.24 & per diem ...... 749.94 Office supplies ...... 246.55 NSF grant funds ...... ==::-.. 11,645.49 Telephone ...... 100.00 . ISSEC ...... 500.00 I ndirect costs ...... 666.91 First Federal Savings & Loan Refund to NSF ...... 152.68 $ 3,520.08 Association Interest ...... 35.61 Balance March 31, 1966 ....==::: . -0- Marie C. Neal Estate ...... 500.00 535.61 17,331.34

22,988.01 GE-7983

Disbursements: Amount of grant ...... $ 6,375.00 Cash received ...... 6,083.69 Stationery & mailing ...... 682.44 Printing ...... 1,407.43 Disbursements: Director ...... $ 1,820.00 Supplies & incidentals ...... 185.26 Secretaria I assistance ...... 275.00 Miscellaneous Travel & per diem ...... 2,410.00 Telephone ...... 33.11 Office supplies & communications 40.00 Annual dinner ...... 266.44 Expendible instructional P. O. Box ...... 12.00 supplies ...... 95.00 Haskins & Sells Honoraria· ...... 480.00 (1964/65 audit) .... 75.00 Indirect costs ...... 768.00 5,888.00 AAAS ...... 23.06 Refreshments for fall meeting ...... 8.38 Cash balance on hand 9th Annual Hawaii Science March 31, 1966 ...... 195.69 Fair Wish Award .... 15.00 432.99 Balance of grant ...... 487.00

NSF grants ...... ==-::-.. 13,752.54 ISS.EC ...... 359.22 16,819.88

$ 6,168.13 GE-9586

Amou nt of gra nt ...... $ 6,670.00 Cash received ...... 2,500.00 Distribution of total cash balance: Disbursements: Bank of Hawaii ...... 4,882.70 . First Federal Savings & Director ...... 800.00 Loan Association ...... 1,277.43 Secretarial assistance ...... 450.00 Cash on hand ...... • 8.00 Honoraria ...... 255.00 Scientists' per diem ...... 54.00 $ 6,168.13 Director's travel ...... 144.00 Publicity ...... 293.13 Distribution of funds in Bank of Hawaii: Indirect costs ...... 288.17 2,284.10

HAS operating funds ...... 3,792.21 Cash balance on hand NSF grant funds ...... 411.39 March .31, 1966 ...... 215.70 ISSEC funds ...... 679.10 Balance of grant ...... 4,385.70

$ 4,882.70

ISSEC supplementary funds Status of NSF Grants (Visiting Scientists' Program) Cash on hand April 1965 538.32 GE-4293 I, Cash received ...... 500.00 Amou nt of gra nt ...... $ 6,375.00 Expended 1964-65 ...... 4,162.16 1,038.32

Balance on hand April I, 1965 ...... 2,212.84 Disbursements:

Disbursements: Secretarial assistance ...... 359.22 Cash balance on hand Program director ...... $ 200.00 679.10 Associate director 300.00 March 31, 1966 ...... Secretarial assistance 100.00 Office supplies ...... 3.49 Expendible supplies .... 240.30 Status of dues payments: Directors' travel As of March 31, 1966 & per diem ...... 97.00 Scientists' travel Advance ...... $ 716.00 & per diem ...... 490.00 Arrears ...... $ 158.00 Indirect costs ...... 782.05 2,212.84 Eleanor S. Anderson, Treasurer Balance March 31, 1966 ...... -0- ANNUAL REpORT 11

ACTIVITIES OF THE INTER·SOCIETY of $6,020 for this year, to which must be added a SCIENCE EDUCATION COUNCIL committment of $1,500 for one fair winner provided by PRI. However, HSPA discontinued its major 1965·66 support, reducing its contribution to $100. Hence, Elsewhere in this issue of the Proceedings, Doak total collections are less than in previous years. Cox, fonnerly President of the Hawaiian Academy of Science and a pioneering spirit in the evolution of TREASURER'S REPORT: Mrs. Dwight Lowery, the educational activities of the Academy, details Cooke Trust Co. the genesis of the Inter·Society Science Education Council. Although there had been previous organiza­ Fiscal Year-June I, 1965·May 31, 1966 tional efforts, he notes that the year of 1957-58 pro­ Opening Balances-June 1, 1965 duced the First Annual Hawaiian Science Fair in the ISSEC Account ...... $ 4,94352 8th Fair ...... (5,174.39) spring of 1958, followed some weeks later by the Savings & Loan Account ...... 10,000.00 organization of ISSEC. Thus 1968 will mark the 9,769.13 tenth anniversary of the founding of ISSEC, and the Tenth Annual Science Fair will be held in the spring of 1967. Receipts Collections: These years have seen the Academy become one '64-'65 year ...... $2,215.00 of the most active in the United States in the support Collections: of science education. Operated almost entirely with '65-'66 year ...... 8,886.00 Interest ...... 498.75 a voluntary force of scientists from the Academy Refund: rolls, the various programs have been imaginative and '64'-65 year ...... 433.20 Refund: have been praised by professional educators in Hawaii 8th Fair ...... 3.30 12,036.25 and elsewhere. Some programs have been formalized and now are supported by direct grants from federal Disbursements Budget agencies. The "spin-off" effects on science educa­ Science Camp ...... (1) 1,103.00 803.00 tional processes in Hawaii has helped to lift Hawaii Science Ta lent Search o 70.00 to a position of leadership in science education in the Science Workshop ...... 307.39 1,366.00 Science Clubs ...... 421.85 337.44 United States. Film Service ...... 121.50 300.00 Clerical Expense & What of /the future? To discuss this question, Public Relations ...... 709.84 700.00 8th Fair: Balance ...... 49.81 representatives of the various scientific societies and 9th Fair: ...... 6,102.90 6,495.00 (8,816.29) community sponsoring organizations were asked to meet with ISSEC officers on April 4, 1966, at Agee 12,989.09 Hall, HSPA Experiment Station. Although the attend­ ance was small, the discussion was good, and a report CloSing Balances-May 31, 1966 of the findings will be filed with the Academy presi­ dent by the fall of 1966. ISSEC Account ...... 7,547.69 9th Fair ...... (6,582.35) Savings and Loan Accounts ...... (2) 12,023.75 Meantime I am happy to present the Annual Report of ISSEC for 1965-66 to the Academy. I have been 12,989.09 assisted by Mr. Albert Nagy, Mathematics Depart­ (1) $300 Honorarium re Junior Science Camp. ment, University of Hawaii, as Vice-Chairman. He will succeed me for Mrs. Rhea Lucas of (2) Additional $2,000 transferred to Savings & Loan. 1966-67. $23.75 was the interest on this sum to year end. the Bishop Museum has served as Secretary of ISSEC (Pass Book Account.) on a part-time basis and Mr. Dwight Lowery of the Cooke Trust Co. has continued to serve as Treasurer. Representatives of the affiliated scientific societies, not SCIENCE FAIR: Dr. Laurence Snyder, University listed here, have met in council with us as was nec­ of Hawaii. essary throughout the year. The various program directors will be listed below with abstracts of their The Ninth Annual Hawaiian Science Fair was reports to me for the year. To all these people, and held March 11-13, 1966, at the Hilton Dome. Ninety­ to many other Academy members, as well as our loyal two exhibits were selected for judging at the Fair, supporters in the community, I express my deepest twenty-nine of which were in the Senior Division. gratitude for their efforts on behalf of science Francis Aona of St. Louis High and Wrenwick Lee of education. Farrington High were selected as top winners of the Senior Division, with projects entitled "Iorad III" and COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION: Dr. John Payne, "A,n Investigation into Barnacle Fouling" respectively. HSPA Experiment Station. Francis Aona was given the PRI award, and Wrenrick From the beginning of ISSEC various trusts and Lee was given an ISSEC award in place of the HSP A foundations in Honolulu have been loyal donors. In award of previous years. Thev were accompanied to addition, the Pineapple Research Institute and HSP A the International Fair in Dallas, Texas, by Dr. and Experiment Station have provided up to $1,500 each Mrs. Ira Lichton; Dr. Lichton will serve as next year's to sponsor trips to the mainland for the two top win­ Fair Director. Francis Aona won a fourth place ners of the State Fair. Dr. Payne reports a collection award for his project. 12 HAWAIIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

PUBLIC RELATIONS: Messrs. Richard Ekimoto SCIENCE FILM SERVICE : Mrs. Rhea Lucas, and Richard Okamoto, Van Waters & Rogers Co. Bishop Museum. Primary public relations efforts have been as�oci­ Using films and film strips obtained by ISSEC ated with an ISSEC brochure, updated annually, from the former Science Clubs Service at the Univer-'­ and the Science Fair. Space acquisition for the latter sity of Hawaii, IS SEC has operated a service to private has become increasingly difficult in the local media and parochial schools through the ISSEC office at the but recognition of the Fair and top winners was Bishop Museum. By April of 1966, there had been given. Perhaps some different approaches need to 896 reservations of motion picture films for the be made for 1966-67. school year, and 125 of film strips by 31 public and 24 private schools. At the request of the Chairman, VISITING SCIENTISTS PROGRAM : . Mr. Richard Mr. John Kay of Iolani School did a quick usage­ Coburn, Church College. study which suggests our use rate does not compare favorably with that of the Library of Hawaii, for This program evolved from a lecture series for example. This, together with increasing maintenance teachers on Oahu begun in 1957 and extended to the costs and obsolescence of titles, suggests a thorough neighbor islands in about 1960. Funded independ­ review of this activity, as a part of the overall ISSEC ently by the National Science Foundation through the Academy for the last several years, it continued review, and prior to further operation of this service in 1966-67. in 1965-66 to offer 119 presentations with 43 parti­ cipating scientists. Included were three visits each to Hawaii, Kauai, and Maui, with an average ELEMENTARY SCIENCE TEXTS : Sister Mary St. of four presentations for each island visit. Funds Lawrence, Catholic School Office. have been received from NSF for continuance of the Some discussion of the mechanism for developing program in 1966-67. a new elementary .science series, in addition to the very popular "Exploring Nature in Hawaii," was STUDENT SCIENCE SEMINARS : Dr. Albert Carr, undertaken by the officers of ISSEC and represent­ UniveI:sity of Hawaii. atives of the Catholic School Office. Results of this Started under ISSEC auspices by Dr. Carr in 1959, discussion continue with decisions to be reported this program is now also funded through the Academy later. with a grant from NSF. Thirty specially selected high school students formed four seminar groups, SCIENCE TEACHER WORKSHOP: Harold Lee, one each on Oahu, Kauai, Maui, and Hawaii. Twenty­ Punahou School. five sessions were held on Oahu, about sixteen each This workshop was first held in conjunction with on the other islands. The seminars afford these stu­ the Third Annual Fair in 1960 and continued, with dents the opportunity of additional science instruction varied programming, each year. This year the invited together with interchange with professional scien­ teachers met at Punahou School on Saturday, March tists. Funds have been granted by NSF for continu­ 12, from 8:30-3:00, with lunch provided by IS SEC. ance in 1966-67. Various scientists were asked to speak and the recep­ tion was reported as good. SCIENCE CLUBS SERVICES : Iris Shinseki, Waia­ nae High School. SCIENCE TALENT SEARCH: Mr. Edward Chinn, Since their inception some years ago ISSEC has State Department of Education. worked closely with high school science clubs. In In continuance of previous practice, students were 1964 65 the clubs were organized into a statewide' - selected to participate in the nationwide Westing association, under the leadership of Miss Shinseki. ­ house talent search. Four were given honors at The association arranges student workshops and field the State level : They were Thomas Ho and Ruby Ibaraki trips, as well as publishing the bi-monthly Ke Akea­ of Kaimuki High; Deborah Jean Cotton of Maryknoll; kamai. Miss Deborah' Cotton, Maryknoll School, and Jeffrey Nakamura of Punahou. served as association President in 1965-66. In addition to the above activities, two teachers were recognized by small monetary awards by ISSEC SCIENCE CLUBS CAMPS: Gerald Sato, Kaimuki at the annual Academy meeting in May. Recognized Inte�ediate School and Robert Morimoto, Kalakaua as the outstanding biology teacher for 1965-66 was Intermediate School. Mrs. Dorothy Wendt of Waipahu High School, as For several years science club members have en­ selected by the Hawaii Biology Teachers Association. camped for a weekend of science instruction and Mrs. Iris Fukui, Kalani High School, was selected as field work, which has also provided an opportunity the outstanding chemistry teacher by the National for exchange between' clubs. With joint sponsorship Association of Chemistry Teachers, local chapter. by the Hawaii Science Teachers Association, Walter Luke, President, two camps were held at the Koko­ kahi YWCA facility-a senior camp on March 18-20 Respectfully submitted, and a junior camp shortly thereafter. Approximately Jimmie B. Smith 140 students attended the senior camp. Some 23 Chairman, IS SEC, 1965-66 professional scientists, physicians, and other science­ JBS:hh oriented persons were present for the senior ca mp. July 19, 1966 GENESIS OF THE

INTER-SOCIETY EDUCATION COUNCIL "

Doak C. Cox

The establishment of the Inter-Society Science Education Council, as in its subsequent highly successful operations, involved the ideas and work of many persons focussed through the several organizations. Doubtless each of us involved would describe the process a little differently. I trust I can avoid significant distortion in my description, but I hope I will be forgiven if I inadvertently slight the contributions of some individuals or organizations. The Council, originally the Inter-Society Science Education Committee, was established in the spring of 1958 following the First Annual Hawaiian Science Fair. No doubt the rapid development of public interest and support was significantly conditioned by the launching of Sputnik I in October 1957. However, it is clear that the scientific committee in Hawaii was already concerned about science training before the Sputnik flap, and I am inclined to place the inception of the science edu­ cation effort in the reorganization and reorientation of the Hawaiian Academy of Science in early 1953. Interest in the problems of science education had not been shown earlier by the Academy and, in fact, was specifically excluded from the field of the Academy as described by its first President in his retiring address in 1926. "The pedagogical side of science," he said, "is already looked after by teachers' organizations; and while the Academy might, at some time, wish to inquire into the adequacy of the equip­ ment for teaching science, the methods, and so forth, would probably be best left to the teachers themselves" (Newcombe, 1926 ). As sometimes happens, the interest finally was aroused by a triviality. With the advice of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the Academy had originally been organized with the intent that it would become an affiliate of the AAAS. Somehow the affiliation was not consumated for more than a quarter century, but the Academy was finally accepted by the AAAS in 1952, and as a result, became entitled to award annually a couple of honorary junior AAAS memberships to high school students. Early in 1953, in considering how to handle these awards, the Academy's Council realized abruptly what insignificant contact it had with science education, science teachers, and science students. To quote from another Presidential review (Cox, 1959 ): "An attempt was immediately launched to invite science teachers to membership in the Academy, and before the spring meetings, 36 responded. From this' group a Science Teachers Committee was appointed the next year, and instructed not only to administer tlle AAAS awards, but to investigate the formation of a science teacher society, that might become associated with the Academy, and the formation of science clubs. "This Committee was maintained for four successive years. The work of the first two years was largely exploratory, but a break-through seemed to be scored in the third year when a Science and Mathematics Teachers Organization was launched at a meeting of 100 teachers and guests at Coconut Island in November 1955. The success was only temporary; in spite of the continuing support of the Committee, the organization foundered. "In the meantime, however, the concern of the Academy in the field of science education had born fruit in a number of other ways. Members of the Academy began to be called with increasing frequency for service as Career Day Councilors

"Prepared at the request of the Chairman of ISSEC for a review meeting held on April 4, 1966, Agee Hall, HSPA Experiment Station. 14 HAWAIIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

in the high schools, as participants in meetings organized by the Department of Public Instruction to acquaint elementary and intermediate teachers with the features of Hawaiian natural history, and as members of curriculum advisory groups.

"In 1954-55, a program subcommittee headed by John Warner arranged two popular symposia intended especially to acquaint teachers with the activities and facilities of the research institutions in Honolulu. "Two years later, Sterling Wortman, then head of the Program Committee, arranged, in cooperation with the Department of Public Instruction, a series of six lectures by Academy members for the science teachers of Honolulu. So enthusiastic was the reception that the DPI insisted on a repeat performance the next year. Again Wortman handled the arrangements for .the Academy, this time as Secretary and ex officio member of the Science Teachers Committee. "In 1956, the AAAS suggested strongly that the annual funds (it provided ), formerly used for postgraduate research grants, be diverted to the support of high school science projects. The administration of these funds was transferred to the Science Teachers Committee, which arranged for a grant to the students of Radford High School for the construction of a botanical garden." In the 1953 reorganization of the Academy, provision had been made for the formal association with the Academy of Hawaiian societies representing the various scientific disciplines, and for the creation of an Affiliation Committee composed of the representatives of these Associated Societies. "Through the stimulus of the Hawaii Chapter of the American Chemical Society, the Affiliation Committee in 1956-57 undertook serious consideration of a Science Fair. A special Science Fair Executive Committee was set up representing 8 of the 10 societies (then associated ) with the aim of organizing a fair for the spring of 1957. This timing proved too ambitious, but in the spring of 1958, under the leader­ ship of Leon Rhodes, the First Annual Hawaiian Science Fair was held in Honolulu. About 2,000 students participated in schools throughout the Islands. Of the exhibits prepared, 157 were shown at the central fair and the top boy and girl winners were sent to the National Science Fair in Flint, Michigan. This activity required a budget far beyond the Academy's norm, but the community responded well to an appeal for financial and material support and assistance. To receive the monetary contri­ butions, the Academy filed as a tax-exempt institution and established a Special Science Fair Fund." The Inter-Society Science Education Committee was established in accordance with a recommendation by the Science Fair Committee at a joint meeting of the Council of the Academy with the presiding officers of its ten associated societies held on May 29, 1958. Its objectives were "to assume the holding of annual science fairs in Hawaii and to coordinate and undertake such other activities in the field of science education as the Academy and its associated societies might deeJll desirable." Each associated society was entitled to appoint a member of the committee and the Academy was to appoint its chairman. The Academy Council transferred to the new committee all of its efforts in the science education field and changed its Science Fair Fund to a Science Education Fund to be administered by the new Committee. Albert J. Mangelsdorf was appointed the first Chairman of ISSEC. The members appointed by the Associated Societies were:

Amer. Chem. Soc., Hawaii Sec., L. J. Rhodes 0. H. Payne, alt. ) Amer. Soc. Agron., Hawaii Sec., E. J. Britten (W. E. Holmes, alt. ) Amer. Statis. Soc., Hawaii Sec., Gordon Frazier (R. Takasaki, alt. ) Anthropol. Soc. Hawaii, Dorothy Rainwater Geophysical Soc. Hawaii, Saul Price (Thos. Austin, alt. ) Hawaii Medical Assn., Harold Civin Hawaii Psychol. Assn., Leonard Diamond (Edgar Vinacke, alt. ) Hawaiian Botanical Soc., Gerald Dull Hawaiian Entomol. Soc., Wallace C. Mitchell Soc. Sigma Xi, Hawaii Chapt., John H. Payne. ISSEC REpORT 15

It would be difficult to imagine a more ambitious precedent than that set in the first year of this Committee. To add to the Science Fair, a number of new pro­ grams were begun. Some stemJ;Iled from needs seen by the Committee on which the Committee had to find people to work. Some were concerns brought to the attention of the Committee by persons offering their services if the Committee would provide encouragement and support. In all, the Committee established ten subcommittees to carry on the work (Mangelsdorf, 1959 ). The Second Annual Hawaiian Science Fair was held under the direction of Saul Price, Director, and Wayne Hilton, Associate Director. This time 5,000 students at 75 schools throughout the Islands were involved. The Science Library Resources Subcommittee, Robert Clopton, Chairman, arranged for · the circulation of a 200-volume AAAS travelling High School Science Library among the smaller high schools on four islands. The Teachers' Science Seminar Series was continued under the chairmanship of Sterling Wortman. A Subcommittee on Counseling and Scholarships was set up under the chair­ manship of Shosuke Goto. A Subcommittee on Science Teaching Aids under the chairmanship of Baron Goto assembled materials of interest to high school teachers and arranged a spring vacation field trip. A Subcommittee on Science Clubs under the chairmanship of Donald McGuire laid plans for the ambitious program of advisers, guest speakers, field trips, and television programs serving high school science clubs that was to begin the next year. A series of Student Science Seminars was begun under the chairmanship qf Albert Carr. Community participation was sought and organized under the chairmanship of Nils Larsen, bringing in a total of contributions of $9,785. The handling of the funds was placed in the hands of a Budget Subcommittee under the chairmanship of John Payne. A Legislation Subcommittee under the chairmanship of Wilfred Greenwell kept track of legislation and legislators concerned with science education. In addition, plans were laid for the Museums in Miniature to be prepared in cooperation with the Bishop Museum Association and the Exploring Nature in Hawaii series of elementary science texts to be prepared in cooperation with the Catholic School Department. The Committee was enlarged by the addition of the subcommittee chairman, ex officio, and, as associate members, Kenneth Chapson representing the Engineering Association of Hawaii, Teruo Masatsugu representing the Department of Public Instruction, John Naughton representing the University of Hawaii, Col. C. K. Warren representing the Armed Forces ( with Lt. Col. T. A. GereUs as alternate ), D. C. Cox, Ralph Heinicke, E. H. Bryan, and its invaluable Secretary, Dorothy Rainwater. With the passage of years, of course, some ISSEC programs have been dropped and others added, as some individuals moved out and others have taken their places, and as some sources of support dried up and others have been discovered. Along with the continuous search for funds and particularly for the dedicated manpower needed, I sense that there has been a continuing concern with the basic ISSEC orientation. The overall program has repeatedly been examined with the aim of increasing its effectiveness in instilling in the young people of the Islands a sense of the nature of science and the value of its methods rather than just a knowledge of scientific facts and an acquaintance with scientific equipment. In the light of this history, the objectives originally set forth for ISSEC seem curiously narrow, curiously insistent on one activity, the Science Fair, and curiously cautious about any other activities, in the requirement that they be subject to the desire of the Academy and its Associated Societies. The fact that, at time of ISSEC's establishment, there was some unease about the powers of this new JOInt endeavor is made additiol1ally clear from the ruling that, though the Committee was established on a continuing basis, its organization and functions were made explicitly subject to review at the end of the first year: 16 HAWAIIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

So far as I can recall, the success of the first year was so great that the value of the joint enterprise was beyond question, and I should think . that the successes of the intervening years have been · sufficient to . pennit recognition that the actual objectives . of ISSEC have been more broadly expressible. Let me suggest that, paralleling more or less the objectives of the Academy itself, they are: the promotion of the understanding of scientific knowledge, and the appreciation of the scientific method particularly among the young people of Hawaii. If we believe in the value of scientific endeavor as an intellectual activity and as a component of technological advance, we cannot doubt the value of 'these objectives. Its own· history stakes out for the Inter-Society Science Education Council its place in their accomplishment.

REFERENCES

Cox, D. C. 1959. The field of the Hawaiian Academy of Science: A triencentennial review. Hawaiian Acad� Sci. Proc. 34:3-11. Mangelsdorf, A. J. 1959. Inter-Society Science Education. Hawn. Acad. Sci. Proc. 34:13-15. Newcombe, F. C. 1926. The field of the Hawaiian Academy of Science. Hawn. Acad. Sci. Proc. 1; Bishop Mus. Spec. Publ. 11:15-18. The 41st ANNUAL MEETING 1965-1966

Programs

FIRST SESSION SECOND SESSION

November 18, 1965, Agee Auditorium, HSPA April 16, 1966, Hawaii Institute of Geophysics Honolulu Auditorium, University of Hawaii

1. Donald W. Strasburg: Bureau of Commercial 13. John T. Jefferies: Astronomical Research at the Fisheries Operations with the Submarine Asherah University of Hawaii and Icthyological Results of These Operations Wm . Mansfield Adams: Prediction and Preven­ 2. Everet C. Jones: The Use of a Submarine to Sur­ 14. vey Populations of Planktonic and Demersal tion of Large Earthquakes and Tsunamis Invertebrates 15. John R. Holmes : Lasers: Characteristics and 3. Robert T. B. Iversen: The Use of a Submarine Potential Application to Record Marine Biological Sounds

4. E. Alison Kay: The Opihi: Hawaiian Limpets 16. James L. Brewbaker: Ionizing Radiation in Bioagricultural Research and Tropical Food 5. P. B. van Weel & J. P. Christofferson : Electro­ Preservation physical Responses to Various Stimuli in the Antennulae of Certain Crabs

Business Meeting

November 19, 1965, Agee Auditorium, HSPA Luncheon Honolulu East-West Center Cafeteria Garden Room

Presentation of Awards 6. J. Linsley Gressitt: Plants Growing on Living Insects in New Guinea PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS 7. R. M. Heinicke: Why Do Pineapple Plants Make Bromelain? Schools of Public Health and International Education 8. Sidney C. Hsiao: Kinetic Studies on Echino­ Richard K. C. Lee, Dean plutean Alkaline Phosphatase School of Public Health University of Hawaii 9. Raymond Yang & David H. Crowell: The Effect of Repetitive Stimulation of the "Law of Initial Values" in the Human Neonate 17. Robert W. Noyes: Studies in Spermatozoan Transport 10. Richard A. Haag, William T. Woodard, and, John M. Digman : A Factor Analysis of Various Measures of Response Speed, Memory Span, and 18. George Goto: Fertility Control in Humans Physiological Indices of Activation Level Oliver Wayman: Infertility in Hawaiian Farm 11. Andrew W. Lind: Indices of Integration Among 19. Orientals in Hawaii and the U.S. Mainland Animals

12. David P. Hill : Crustal Structure of Hawaii 20. Robert A. Nordyke: Medical Uses of Radiois­ from Seismic Refraction Studies topes : Current Practice and a 5-Year Prediction HAWAllAN OF SCIENCE 18 ACADEMY

Abstracts

FIRST SESSION as a deep-water nursery ground as well as a rich forage area. U 1. BUREA OF COM}dERCIAL FISHERIES OPERATIONS DONALD W. STRASBURG WITH THE SUBMARINE ASHERAH AND ICHTHY­ Bureau of Commercial Fisheries OLoGICAL RESULTS OF THESE OPERATIONS Biological Laboratory The Honolulu Laboratory of the Bureau of Com­ mercial Fisheries operated the two-man submarine 2. USE OF A SUBMAlUNE TO SURVEY POPULATIONS Asherah off Barber's Point, Oahu, during September OF PLANKTONIC AND DEMERSAL INVERTEBRATES and October 1965. The craft was leased from Gen­ Observations were made of planktonic �nd demer­ eral Dynami�s/Electric Boat to gain experience with sal invertebrates in waters off Barber's Point, Oahu, a submarine as a research tool. The research vessel in September and October 1965, from the portholes Townsend CrOmwell and the raft Nenue II provided of the submarine Asherah. support facilities for Asherah. From visual observations of particle sizes and Asherah is 17 ft long, weighs 8,500 lbs, has an frequencies, an estimate of 1,000 mg of plankton per operational depth of 600 ft, and a speed of 2.5 knots. cubic meter· of water was made; this is about 50 Research facilities include six portholes,' two Hood­ times the average volume of zooplankton obtained lights, an externally-molmted still camera and strob­ in net tows around Hawaii. Most · of the particles oscopic f4tsh, a closed�ircuit television camera an ? were organic debris or non-swimthing forms such as monitor a depth gauge, and a fathometer. In addi­ radiolarians. Little change in the amount of plankton tion, a hydrophone and plaques bearing materials of was seen between the surface and 630 ft or from day reHectance were mounted on the hull. known to day. By way of contrast, observations from the The Bureau's research missions undertaken with bow chamber of the research vessel Townsend Crom­ Asherah included surveys of the midwater and bottom well in November 1964, in the area between Hawaii faunas, studies of the plankton community, patrols and lat. 10· N, resulted in estimated volumes around submerged lights, evaluation of plankton nets of planktonic radiolarian colonies and ctenophores and expendable bathythermographs, measurement of up to 250,000 mg and 30,000 mg, respectively, per cubic currents observations at the thermocline, and meter of water viewed. The larger portholes and measure'ments of light attenuation and biological 12-knot speed of the Townsend Cromwell, which sound. A total of 50 dives was made. allowed the viewing of an enormous volume of water The survey .. area consisted of a gently shelving per hr, and the depth range of the Asherah are sandy plain extending from the shore to a depth - of attributes which if combined, would give a valuable about 350 ft. the 350-ft point the plain gave way At tool for plankto� research. to a precipitous limestone cliff, which dropped away From observations of demersal invertebrates, gen­ to depths - of several thousand feet. The s bma�ne � eral distribution patterns were determined. On the '. explored the plain from a depth of 80 ft to Its brink steep cliff face, at depths from 350-630 ft, the urchin and investigated the cliff face down to a depth of Chondreocidarus gigantea was common, and 630 ft. . the starfish Linckia sp. and unidentified hydroids were . The fish fauna of the plain was concentrated over rare. At the top of the cliff, several . thousand large ledges, isolated rocks, or patches of coral offering . spatangoid urchins were seen in densities up or shelter. Only a few species, mostly trlggerfish, were to 6 8 per square meter. At depths from 200-400 large regularly encountered over. the bare sand. This was ft, beds of pen shells, Atrina vexillum, were seen in den­ in great contrast to the hordes of Golorful species seen sities up to 400 per square meter. Other inverte­ over rocks and coral. Prom.inent in these assemblages brates seen in or on the sandy Hats were sponges, were butterfiyfish, surgeoDfish, damselfish, and goat­ brittle stars (at night ), tube worms, and cone shells. fish. Many isolated rocky patches were cleaning sta ­ Trails . and diggings of buried forms were common. tions for the wrasse Labroides htiro hagus. Swim­ p p depths from 100-200 ft, loose clumps of sponges ming pelagically above the plain were large schools of In 4-8 in. in diameter were seen in densities up to 10 mackerel scad, big-eye scad, and surgeoDfish (Naso per square meter. On rocks, clumps of unidentified hexacanthus ) . bryozoans and soft corals as . well as the urchin, Dia­ The steep cliff was rather featureless, and the dema sp., were seen. The stony coral, Porites sp., was more demersal fish were again concentrated in what­ scarce but was seen down to 350 ft. Large spiny ever ledges and crevices occurred. They included lobsters were abundant at 250 ft and were seen down squirrelfish, eels, and butterfiyfish. Enormous schools to 360 ft. The cleaning shrimp, Stenopus hispidus, of 1 3 in. fish ranged along the cliff face; two cap�red - was seen among rocks at 180 ft specimens were juvenile Holocentris lacteoguttatus. Preying . on these small fish were schools or ' small EVERET C. JONES groups of 'skipjack, little tunny, wahoo, jacks, amber­ Bureau of Commercial Fisheries jack, and red and gray snappers. The cliff face served Biological Laboratory ABSTRACTS-FIRST SESSION 19

3. USE OF A SUBMARINE TO RECORD MARINE C. sandwichensis is distinguished by its heavier, BIOLOGICAL SOUNDS coarsely ribbed shell, which is covered with a deposit of coralline or macroscopic algae. These animals live Four dives were made by the 17-ft long, two-man in the surf zone and are frequently indistinguishable research submarine Asherah in Hawaiian waters oH against the pink coralline alga on the rocks. The shell the leeward coast of Oahu in order to (1) evaluate margin is serrated by coarse ribs, and shells reach a the potential of using a submarine to record marine length of 42 mm. The foot of the animal is yellow, biological sounds, and (2) acoustically survey aggre­ and the radula has cusped l�teral teeth. C. sand­ gations of marine animals encountered by the sub­ wicherisis occurs on all the Hawaiian Islands. marine. Acoustic data were collected at depths of Animals which may represent a fourth species, 170-350 ft. Four known or suspected sound-produc- C. melanostoma (Pilsbry, 1891 ), occur principally . ing fish of the families Holocentridae arid Balistidae along the shores of the leeward islands. Shells of were seen at the precise locations of tape recording. this form are large (52 mm in length ), peaked (42 The sounds recorded were similar to those previously mm in height ), and scabrous, resembling C. stearnsi reported for closely-related species. The four sound (Pilsbry, 1891 ) from the Bonin Islands. The radular producers were : Myripristis chryseres, HolocentrtlS teeth of a single specimen examined appear to differ lacteoguttatus, Holocentrus sp. (ensiler? ), and from those of the other species, but further studies Balistes bursa. Spectrographic analysis of the record­ are necessary to determine ,the taxonomic status of ings showed the presence of fixed-interval staccato these animals. sounds. sounds and variable-interval grunt-like E. ALISON KAY The recordings were made by using a hydrophone Department of Science mounted on struts projecting from the bow of the University of Hawaii submarine and a portable· amplifier and tape recorder located inside the 5-ft diameter pressure hull. Skill­ 5. ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO VARiOUS ful piloting succeeded in placing the hydrophone STIMULI IN THE ANTENNULAE OF CERTAIN CRABS within the small cave� containing the sound-pro­ ducers. The dives demonstrate the feasibility of using It is widely held that the small firstantennae, or a submarine to carry out studies on the acouJitic antennulae, of crustaceans are the seat of chemore­ behavior of marine animals. ceptors which enable the animal to sense chemical stimuli arriving from a distance, whereas those located ROBERT T. B. IVERSEN on the limbs and mouth parts would primarily serve Bureau of Commercial Fisheries to "test" such substances when they are touched by Biological Laboratory these appendages. Most of the work done has been based on behavioral responses. Direct recordings of 4; THE OPIHI : HAWAIIAN LIMPETS the action potentials originating in the antennulae are few; hence a more detailed investigation seemed Although the Hawaiians and modem fishermen appropriate. In the following experiments the anten­ distinguish three or four kinds of opihi, or limpets, nula was pierced through the carapace by a semi­ conchologists today recognize only two species of the microelectrode, and the various solutions dropped gastropod genus Cellana in Hawaiian waters : on the antennula. The Hawaiian crab, Podophthalmus C. argentata (Sowerby, 1839 ) and C. exarata (Reeve, vigil, and the haole crab, Portunus sanguinolentu.y, 1854). My own studies indicate that three morpholo­ were used in this investigation. Results showed that gically and ecologically distinct species of Cellana the seat of the sense organs is the flagellum of the occur along the shorelines of the main islands, and antennula. that a fourth may be the dominant species on the A. Chemical substances. A number of amino leeward islands, e.g., Midway and Necker. acids and the dipeptide glycyl-glycine at the concen­ Specimens of C. argentata, the largest species tration of 0.05 mol/L sea water, were tested. Reac­ of opihi in the Islands, meaSure more than 100 mm in tions, although diHerent ones, were recorded in both length. Shel,s are dome-shaped, brown, and finely species. In Podophthalmus the eHectiveness in ribbed, and are usually covered with dense algal invoking an electrical response was: glycine>DL-nor­ growths, since the animals live below the tidemark leucine> glycyl-glycine, chloracetyl-L-tyrosine, L-as­ in 1-2 meters of water. Present data indicate that paragine; whereas in Portunus the sequence was : this species is limited to the main islands of the glycine, glycyl-glycine, DL-norleucine > L-aspara­ Hawaiian chain. gine>chloracetyl-L-tyrosine. Portunus showed the Specimens identified as C. exarata by several strongest response to all substances tested. It � ·workers include two species, C. exarata and C. sand­ obvious from these data that the molecular size of ,wichensis (Pease, 1861 ). Shells of C. exarata are the substances does not seem to play a very import­ variable, black or speckled black and white. The ant role in inducing the electrical response. shells are never covered with algae, for the animals B. Sea water concentrations. Concentrated sea live in the splash zone. The ribs are moderately water of 125 per cent did not evoke any particular' developed and the edge of the shell is smooth. Shells electrical response. Diluted sea water did so, how- > reach a length of 40 mm. The foot of the animal is ever. Electro-activity increased, in respect to the gray and the lateral teeth of the radula are ' notched frequency of the spikes and the increase in their and cusped. C. exarata occurs on all islands in the height with increasing dilution. Fresh water caused Hawaiian chain. "wild" electro-activity. Whereas Podophthalmus 20 HAWAIIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCE showed already increased activity with 95 per cent Gymnopholu8 weevils (Leptopinae ), the dominant sea water, the threshold value for Portunu8 seemed hosts for this association, are large in size, 25-40 mm to be at 85-90 per, cent sea water. From these, and long and fairly broad, and often have their dorsal from field. observations, it was concluded that Podoph­ surfaces entirely covered with the growth. This genus thalmus is more sensitive to sea water dilution is limited to New Guinea, and is known only in alti­ than Portunu8, and that there is a definite osmo­ tudes above 1,000 meters. Furthermore, only one perception in these crabs. Since Podophthalmu8 is species is from western New Guinea; the species a very poor osmoregulator (data on osmoregulation involved in the symbiotic association are all from of Portunu8 are lacking ), the early sensing of dilution the Finisterre, Owen Stanley, Bismarck, and other of the sea water will allow the ' crab to flee such a central ranges of eastern New Guinea. Gymnopholus dangerous environment in time. includes at least 43 species, of which 29 are now C. pH. A pH different from the normal pH of being described as new, including nine of the 13 sea water (pH 8.4 ) also elicited electro-activity. It symbiotic species. The non-symbiotic · species are seemed that a pH higher than normal (pH 8.8 ) was smooth-bodied and occur mostly at medium altitudes. sensed easier than pH 6.68, but at the extreme low Species of another group of weevils, somewhat smaller pH 5.9 the response was greater than at the extreme in size (large Cryptorrhynchinae ), are also hosts of high pH 9.8. Used as an acidifying agent, CO, did the same groups of plants. All of these weevils are not elicit responses different from those produced by flightless, fairly slow moving, and live on leaves of HCI. Since CO, easily penetrates living cell mem­ woody plants in high-altitude moss forests or in alpine branes, while HCI does not, it was concluded that shrubbery at the edge of grasslands. These environ� the seat of the pH-perception must be at the exposed ments are near the tops of mountains, in the cloud cell membrane, not in the cytoplasm of the sense zone, from 2,500-3,500 meters in altitude. However, cells. another type of weevil, which lives in lowland jungles, D. Feedback. A very interesting and definite seems to have another type of mite associated with feedback into the antennula was found to occur when lichen growth on its back. the appendages of both species were touched. The One species of beetle in another family, Colydi­ electro-activity, evoked by this feedback, was strong­ idae, with its upper surface entirely covered with est when the mouth parts were touched, less upon lichen growth, was found under damp grass beside stimulation of the antennae, and least, but still very a splashing stream at 1,200 meters altitude, arid'other definite, upon touching or moving a walking leg. The specimens of the same species were found down to recorded spikes were of both the motoric type which 900 meters altitude. could be expected, and the sensoric. The meaning J. LINSLEY GRESSITT of this feedback causing the sensoric cells to fire is Entomologist still obscure. Bishop Museum P. B. VAN WEEL JAY P. CHRISTOFFERSON 7. WHY Do I'INEAPPLE PLANTS MAKE BROMELAIN? Department of Zoology One beautifully green pineapple plant contains University of Hawaii more protein-digesting enzymes than do the stomachs

6 ..PLANTS GROWING ON LIVING INSECTS IN of 20 healthy hungry young men. Obviously, since NEW GUINEA man needs and has enough protein-digesting enzymes to break his ingested food into usable fragments" Certain beetles, like weevils and colydiids, that and since, equally obviously, a pineapple plant does live in very damp environments in New Guinea not need proteases for a similar function, we can well mountains have cryptogamic plants growing on their wonder what role this spectacular supply of protease backs. In particular, weevils of one genus have exten­ plays in the physiology of the ' pineapple plant. sive plant growth on their backs-fungi, algae, lichens, Early studies on bromelain, which began in 1950, liverworts, and diatoms; at least 12 families of plants led to a negative statement of the bromelain's func­ are involved in this association. Living in the plants tion. Distribution studies showed that ' wherever the on the weevils' backs is a species of oribatid mite metabolic activity was high, such as in the basal white representing a new family, and also totifers and portion of the leaf or in the succulent tips of stems, nematodes. Psocopterans (bark lice) found on the bromelain was completely absent; but wherever the beetles may have been feeding on the algae or fun­ metabolism rate was low, such as in the mature stem gi. The relationship appears to represent symbiosis. tissue or the old leaf tissue, bromelain was present. Apparently modified to encourage plant growth, - the From this it was concluded that regardless of the backs of the weevils have depressions, grooves, and properties of bromelain when extracted, bromelain other structures to encourage and protect the plants. did not function as a conventional protease in the Specialized hair and scales in the depressions, and plant. hair around the edges of the depressions, appear also Its distribution corresponded to that of a storage to serve . these purposes. Also, a sticky secretion, protein. As the plant develops, the amount of brome­ particularly noticeable on newly emerged adult lain, or protein, in the stem decreases. Periods of low weevils, seems to encourage the growth perhaps by enzyme level . coincided with those periods when catching spores and providing nutrient for ' the plants. suckers were developing. From these observations The mite appears to pass its entire life-cycle on the developed the "bank theory" of the stem and enzyme. weevils and may transfer spores. The enzyme represented a potential supply of raw ABSTRACTS-FIRST SESSION 21

material for new tissues. Later, when the developing and aromatic materials: These are the building blocks tissue had begun to manufacture its own food it could for nucleic acids. Perhaps this is as pure as this acid repay part of its loan. This would give rise to an phosphatase can ever be. increase of enzyme in the stem. This new addition to the storage theory is most This theory was later modified and replaced with satisfying, since it was predicted from the protease the "surge tank theory." In this theory, it is assumed theory. However, there still are some additional that the protein of the mature leaves of a given stem points to work out. is translocated to the stem for storage. When new RALPH M. HEINICKE tissues arise from that stem, the stored protein, i.e., Dole Company the enzyme, is translocated to the growing points. According to this theory the movement of protein and 8. KINETIC STUDIES ON ECHINOPLUTEAN enzyme is all in one direction. ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE As far as this theory goes, it is undoubtedly true. However, it is esthetically not satisfying. Why should Using mass cultures of the sea urchin T. gratilla the pineapple plant produce one of the world's most eggs, a method was worked out for extracting·fairly interesting proteases for such a mundane purpose as large quantities of th� enzyme alkaline phosphatase, storage, when most other plants produce such prosaic a phosphomonoesterase. The extracted enzyme showed proteins as bean protein and wheat gluten? a single ultraviolet absorbance band after elution from A clue to this question came from an entirely Dowex 2 column, and the material which absorbed unrelated line of bromelain research. Although most strongly at this wave length contained alkaline bromelain is a relatively stable protease, under cer­ phosphatase. It showed two characteristic bands in tain specific conditions it was found that the enzyme starch-gel electrophoresis. When 6.25 mM p-nitro­ autolyzes very quickly to amino acids and small pro­ phenyl phosphate was hydrolyzed in glycine buffer tein fragments. Such a property for a storage pro­ at 38°, the optimum pH was 10.5. The hydrolysis tein is invaluable for efficient survival of the pine­ conformed to a first order reaction, and the reaction apple plant. constant was 0.00864 min-'. The optimum temper­ The pineapple plant is essentially an epiphyte. ature for enzymatic action was 25-30 ° , coinciding Such plants must be rugged and have an efficient with the range of fluctuation of the animal's ambient water conservation system. Furthermore, if such temperature. The temperature-activity curve showed plants are to utilize undependable and sporadic a close conformity to the Arrhenius equation, and applications of water, they must have an unusual and the activation energy was 11,250 callmole. The value highly water-sensitive storage protein. This happens of Km (Michaelis constant ) obtained at pH 10.5 at to be bromelain. 25° is 2.169 x 10-6 M of p-nitrophenyl phosphate per One would predict that other plants which either liter. grow where the water supply is erratic or which SIDNEY C. HSIAO require a sudden supply of amino acids would have Department of Zoology similarly unique storage proteins. Actually, the num­ University of Hawaii ber of species of plants having such proteins runs into the thousands. In fact, the more one studies this 9. THE EFFECT OF STIMULATION OR THE LAW OF problem the more one asks the question whether the INITIAL VALUES IN THE HUMAN NEONATE "protease" nature of storage proteins may not be the normal state. Perhaps even the mundane bean protein The relationship of a response to the initial level or the gluten mentioned earlier might be very low­ of that function is interpreted to mean that "the grade proteases which have never been investigated higher the initial value of a function, the smaller its with the proper substrate. It could certainly be pre­ rise in response to a standard exciting stimulus and dicted that the strange proteases found in human the larger its fall in response to a standard depres­ lysosomes, the cathepsins, whose only known physio­ sing stimulus." This Law of Initial Values (LIV ) has logical function today is to digest cadavers, is a been shown to hold for a number of psychological and similar storage protein. Someday it may be found that physiological variables. The question of the effects of when the body requires emergency amino acids, the repetitive stimulation on the LIV has not been defi­ cathepsins autolyze to supply them. nitively answered. This paper is directed at examining The theory of immediately-available storage is the effects of repetitive stimulation on the LIV and at very satisfying, as far as it goes. However, if the stem determining whether or not the LIV is affected by must supply the building blocks for new protoplasm systematic variations in response, such as latency, on a few minutes' notice, it needs, in addition to amplitude, prestimulus levels, and peak response amino acids and carbohydrates, a source of building levels. blocks for nucleic acids. If a protease was an instantly In ten trials, normal two-day old neonates were available reserve of amino acids, then the pineapple repetitively stimulated with full strength acetic acid. acid phosphatase should be an instantly available Stimulation consisted of placing a Q-tip soaked in reserve of part of the building blocks for nucleic acid. acid 5 mm under the subject's nose for 2.5 sec. Heart Although acid phosphatases have been studied since rates were recorded with two precordial leads. Signals 1950, a pure sample has never been gotten. No were fed to an Offner cardiotachometer and moni­ matter how much the acid phosphatase was purified, tored on an Offner type-R dynograph. Heart rates it either decomposed or remained impure. Recently, were measured in terms of the fastest and slowest through Sephadex fractionation the acid phosphatase beats occurring in two 3-sec prestimulus intervals and was found to be rich in phosphorus, pentose sugars, four 3-sec post-stimulus intervals. 22 HAWAIIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Regression equations and coefficients of correla­ males ($3,071 ). Thus, contrary to usual impressions, tion indicated that the LIV did apply in these cases the Japanese have fared better economically in mmt of repetitive stimulation. Four analyses of variance parts of continential U. S. than in Hawaii, although examining the effects of repetitive stimulation indi­ the reverse has been true of the Chinese. As recent cated that no systematic response variation occurred immigrants, Filipinos have trailed behind the average over the ten trials. throughout the U. S. RAYMOND K. YANG A second index of integration-the degree of parti­ DAVID H. CROWELL cipation in the full range of occupations and espe­ Pacific Biomedical Research Center cially in the preferred occupations-reveals somewhat University of Hawaii similar patterns. Again the Chinese and Filipinos in the U. S. as a whole were overly represented in the 10. A FACTOR ANALYSIS OF MEASURES OF RESPONSE less desirable and menial occupations; the Japanese SPEED, MEMORY SPAN, AND PHYSIOLOGICAL INDICES proportions in these occupations were only slightly OF ACTIVATION LEVEL higher than in the total population. Thus 5l.2 per cent of the employed Filipino males in the U. S. were A factor analysis was undertaken in order to find confinedto the unskilled labor and service occupations the common factors underlying a correlation matrix as compared with 15.7 per cent in the total popula­ of 13 measures, selected because of some relation­ tion. Corresponding figures were 17.0 per cent for ship in psychological literature with activation level, the Japanese and 25.7 per cent for the Chinese. On immediate memory, or EEG alpha waves. The tests the other hand, as compared with 21 per cent were; Alpha Frequency, Alpha Quality, BSR, Tap­ of all employed males in the total population engaged ping with Stylus, Tapping with Finger, Talking Rate, in two preferred professional and proprietary occupa­ Minnesota Clerical Test, Verbal Fluency, Digit Span, tions, 39.6 per cent of the Japanese, 33.0 per cent of A-B Span, Generation, Coding, and Dot test. the Chinese, and only 9.2 per cent of the Filipinos Six meaningful factors were extracted from the were so engaged. In Hawaii, the Chinese were most correlations, and were interpreted as; (1) memory markedly over-represented with 33.1 per cent in the span, ( 2 ) clerical or visual perception speed, (3) preferred occupations as compared with 20.7 per cent motor speed, (4) ideational fluency, (5) activation of the Japanese, 20.6 per cent of the total population, level, (6) EEG or alpha. Several hypothesized rela­ and 3.1 per cent of the Filipinos. At the other end of tionships were found in modified form or else did the scale in Hawaii, the Filipinos had 50.6 per cent in not materialize at all. In particular, the analysis the unskilled and service occupations in contrast with failed to find any evidence to support the hypothesis 22.5 per cent of the total population, 15.2 per cent that immediate memory; as measured by digit span, of the Japanese, and 11.4 per cent of the Chinese. and EEG-alpha are related. Alpha and tapping speed A third index of integration, the fertility ratio, also failed to correlate with each other. Explanations which is the number of children under the age of five were given for the discrepancy between the present years per thousand women aged 15 to 44, reveals a and past results, along with suggestions for further similar ranking of the three ethnic groups. The Filipi­ research. nos had the highest fertility ratios-greatly in excess of RICHARD A. HAAG those in the entire population of the U. S. and WILLIAM T. WOODARD Hawaii. This reflects the persistence of the old JOHN M. DIGMAN country peasant traditions where numerous offspring Department of Psychology measures a man's position and wealth. Well below University of Hawaii those of the total population, the Japanese had the 11. INDICES OF INTEGRATION AMONG ORIENTALS lowest fertility ratios both on the mainland and in IN HAWAII AND IN THE U.S. MAINLAND Hawaii. The ratios of the Chinese were somewhat above the average, except in Hawaii. Data available for the first time from the 1960 population census permit comparisons between the ANDREW W. LIND experience of various immigrant groups in Hawaii Department of Sociology and continental U. S. and the testing of widely held University of Hawaii impressions regarding the integration of peoples from 12. CRUSTAL STRUCTURE OF HAWAII the Orient in various parts of this country. FROM SEISMIC-REFRACTION STUDIES The first of the three indices selected for special attention in this study was the median annual income In August 1964, the U. S. Geological Survey of Japanese, Chinese, and Filipino males. Although established seismic-refraction profiles along the north­ clearly reflecting the disadvantaged position of the east, southeast, and west coast of the triangular­ latter two groups in the country as a whole, the data shaped island of Hawaii. Shots were fired from the also reveal that Japanese males enjoyed a somewhat U. S. Coast Guard cutter Cape Small at 10 km inter­ higher median annual income ($4,305 ) than males in vals and were recorded on shore by five refraction the general population ($4,103 ), and significantly units spaced at approximately 25 km intervals along higher than the Chinese ($3,471 ) or the Filipinos each coast. In 1965, on February 6, April 16, and ( $3,051 ). By the same measure, in Hawaii the Chi_ June 19, the U. S. Navy detonated 500-ton chemical nese males earned higher median incomes ($5,096 ) explosions on Kahoolawe as part of its Sailor Hat than did males in the general population ($3,753 ) program. These shots were recorded on the 13-station and higher than Japanese males ($4,302 ) or Filipino seismograph network and two mobile recording units • ABSTRACTS-SECOND SESSION 23 maintained by the U. S. Geological Survey, Hawaii normally visible only at a total solar eclipse. By Volcano Observatory. taking extensive precautions in the design of an opti­ Interpretation of the resulting seismograms indi­ cal telescope and by locating this telescope at a site cates that the crust is 18-20 km thick under the with very clear skies, the corona can be studied out­ flanks of Mauna Loa and Mauna Kea, 14 km thick side of eclipse. Such studies are in progress at Hale­ under the west flank of Kohala and Hualalai, and 11- akala. However, eclipse observations are needed to 12 km thick under the northeast and southeast flanks reach the very faintest coronal emission. A success­ of Kilauea. Compressional, or P-wave, velocity in ful University eclipse expedition to the South Pacific the upper crust increased with depth from 2.0 to as in 1965 is to be followed by an expedition to South much as 6.0 km/sec; velocities in the upper crust are America in November 1966. generally lower on the flanks of Kilauea than on the Mauna Kea, which is 13,800 ft high, has been flanks of the other volcanoes. Clearly recorded sec­ selected as the SIte of the new 84-in. aperture tele­ ondary arrivals indicate that a 7.2 km/sec layer scope for which the University received funds from formed the lower 4-8 km of the crust under each the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. coast. Early P-wave arrivals associated with the This site was chosen on the basis of an extensive and summits and major rift zone of the volcanoes indicate continuing survey of the astronomical observing con­ that material with velocities as high as 7.0 km/sec ditions at locations near the top of the mountain. approaches to within 2 or 3 km of the surface under The telescope is being designed in Los Angeles, these structures. The upper mantle P-wave velocity and it is hoped that fabrication will begin in the under each of the coasts is about 8.2 km/sec. latter half of 1966. Parallel with this, design studies for associated buildings are in progress. The tele­ DAVID P. HILL scope is intended for studies of the planets as well as Hawaii Volcano Observatory the stars. The very dry conditions encountered at the summit of Mauna Kea are especially favorable for infrared observations, and it is especially favorable SECO ND SESSION for planetary studies, since planets emit strongly in these spectral regions.

13. ASTRONOMICAL RESEARCH AT THE J. T. JEFFERIES UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Hawaii Astronomy at the University of Hawaii has grown at a remarkable rate in the past two years, thanks 14. PREDICTION AND PREVENTION OF to generous support both from the state and the LARGE EARTHQUAKES AND TSUNAMIS federal governments. This growth is, of course, simply a reflection of the great potential for astro­ The problem of prediction is to determine causal nomical observations found on the high mountain or statistically significant relationships between the peaks in the Hawaiian Islands. The origin of these phenomenon of interest and the phenomena which superior observing conditions can, in tum, be traced precede it. In this study, it is assumed that earth­ to the isolation of the sites from large centers of quakes cause tsunamis, so this discussion emphasizes population and industry and to their altitude, which earthquakes. The implications for tsunamis are con­ places them above the trade wind inversion so that sidered self-evident. Each physical phenomenon pre­ the air near the peaks is largely free of contaminants, ceding or associated with large earthquakes is cata­ like salt spray, generated near sea level. logued according to whether the phenomenon is The astronomy program has the two comple­ usually detectable at about the time of a large earth­ mentary aspects of research and the training of quake, whether it is usually identifiable as being graduate students. Graduate instruction is carried definitely associated with the large earthquake, and out in the department of physics and astronomy, whether the signal can be interpreted to be of possible through which a comprehensive set of .courses in use in the prediction of such a large earthquake. astronomy is to be' oHered starting in the fall of More simply, the phenomena are classified according 1�66. A plan for a Ph.D. degree in astronomy has to whether they are detectable,. identifiable, or inter­ been submitted to the University. It is hoped that pretable. this will start at the same time. Historically, the prediction of earthquakes has The research programs which are carried out been of concern to the Japanese since the 1930's: to within the Hawaii Institute of Geophysics are broad the Russians since the 1950's, and to the Americans in scope. Observational facilities on Haleakala are since the 1960's. devoted to studies of the sun and to nighttime Some interesting eHorts have recently been made observations of the zodiacal light and the radiation by Dr. Blot, now in France, but previously in Noumea. emitted by the earth's atmosphere. The pure sky Dr. Blot observed some spatial-temporal relationships conditions at this site are essential to the night_sky of earthquakes and volcanic activity. His ideas are studies, since the radiation is so extremely faint . that presented to illustrate this eHort at prediction, and atmospheric pollution or stray light could make them his applications to South America, including pre­ quite unobservable. Solar observations also require dictions, are given. This review of Dr. Blot's work pure skies, since much of this research is devoted does not imply acceptance of his methods for every­ to study of the corona whose very faint radiation is where, nor for all time. 24 HAWAIIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

The problem of preventing an earthquake is made maticity of gas lasers is one-thousandth of a cycle more difficult by the volume of the earth involved in per second compared with about one billion cycles an earthquake. T ocher has estimated the magnitude­ per second for normal sources. Directionality of laser to-fault length-relationship to be beams is, in principle, simply diffraction-limited by 10gD n the optical system used. M = -2.97 + + 10gL The mechanism of laser operation which makes 1.87 1.87 these remarkable properties possible is stimulated where M is the magnitude, L is the fault length, D emission, discovered by Einstein in 1917. In ordinary is about lOG cm, and n is determined empirically to sources, the light is emitted by individual atoms in be 2. a spontaneous process which is inherently random. A theoretical model of a fault has been developed As a result of the randomness, the intensity of the by Chinnery. For a shear stress, there is notable beam radiated by a source consisting of many atoms concentration at the ends of the dislocation. There­ is simply the sum of the intensities emitted by the fore, these points are expected to be significant. individual atoms. Also the light is emitted in all Indeed, aftershock maps usually show the dominant directions. Furthermore, in such a source, a broad shock to have been at one or the other end. distribution of wavelengths results from the random The time and extent of rupture or yielding will motion of the atoms. The stimulated emission pro­ be dependent upon the strength of the material. The cess used in lasers has the property that the wave earth presumably yields under a creep-rate condi­ is in the same direction as the radiation that stim­ tion-not as a brittle fracture. Like the stress-strain ulated the atom to emit, and is also of the same relation, the stress-creep rate is dependent on tem­ phase and frequency. Therefore, the effect is that perature. The stress is considered to be essentially large numbers of atoms are forced to emit coopera­ constant. Hence, to affect the occurrence of the earth­ tively rather than randomly. Since in such a 'case quake, the response must be changed, i.e., the creep­ the amplitudes are additive and, in all cases, the rate versus stress function. This might be done by intensity of a wave is proportional to the square of increasing the temperature in the appropriate volume the resultant amplitude, the result may be a beam of rock. of enormous intensity going in a predetermined It is suggested that large earthquakes may be direction and having a very narrow range of prevented by releasing the energy as a series of lower frequencies. magnitude earthquakes. This release would be trig­ The potential applications are diverse. Every­ gered by increasing the temperature of the rock at thing that can be done with ordinary sources can the ends of the appropriate fault. This would require now be done better and more easily. Many things that a very large number of lower magnitude shocks which could not be done before can be done now, be endured to avoid enduring one very large magni­ and probably unexpected applications will appear tude shock. For example, about a thousand magni­ soon. The high-power concentration makes possible tude-6 earthquakes must occur to be equivalent to micromachining applications, even in encapsulated one magnitude-8 earthquake. components or in vacuum. Extreme monochromatic­ A triggering effect, analogous to that suggested ity makes ultra-high precision metrology possible above, may have been inadvertently encountered in even over distances of kilometers and times of one a waste disposal effort by the U. S. Army near Den­ hundred billionth of a second. The directionality ver, Colorado. The U. S. Army sank a 12,045-ft shaft of the beam makes possible long-range communica­ and pumped down 4 million gallons of waste water tion, for example between spaceships or stars, and in March 1962. Mild earthquakes began the follow­ makes the signals private. Combinations of these ing month and have continued with a rate that varies properties provide opportunities for more imagina­ proportionally to the amount of waste water injected tive applications both commercial and scientific. into the well. In this case, the water is affecting the creep-rate. JOHN R. HOLMES D WM. MANSFIELD ADAMS epartment of Physics and Astronomy Hawaii Institute of Geophysics University of Hawaii University of Hawaii 16. IONIZING RADIATION IN BIOAGRICULTURAL 15. LASERS : CHARACTERISTICS AND RESEARCH AND TROPICAL FOOD PRESERVATION POTENTIAL ApPLICATION Ionizing irradiations for commodity treatments are Lasers may differ from ordinary light sources in obtained from three major sources-gamma ray emit­ three salient properties: (1) extremely high power ting isotopes, X-ray machines, and electron accel­ concentrations, (2) high directionality, and (3) erators. The Hawaii Research Irradiator on the UH extreme monochromaticity. Their superiority in some campus has a large 30,000-curie source of radioac­ of these characteristics is not slight; it may be 10 or tive cobalt-60 ( CoGO ), emitting highly penetrating 12 orders of magnitude, and thus make feasible appli­ gamma rays. HRI's dose-rate of about 4000 rad/min cations which are completely beyond the reach of allows, for example, the prevention of sprouting in ordinary sources. Illustrative of the high-power ginger by 30-sec treatments, the sterilization of capability is the Q-spoiled ruby laser which may give insects in 2 min, or the killing of insects in 20-40 power density of 1012 watts per square cm compared min. These are the approximate dose ranges used with less than 100 watts per square cm from a super­ in the three major studies of tropical food preserva­ high-pressure mercury arc. The possible monochro- tion at UH, supported by AEC contracts. Associated ABSTRACTS-SECOND SESSION 25

studies with HRI focus on the genetic and bio­ evidence to suggest that similar catabolism occurs chemical effects induced by irradiation in living in mammals. cells. It is generally a greed that studies such as those Co"" gamma rays induce no radioactive residues, of the irradiated carrot medium must be extended· and can be incorporated into commercial facilities to include animal feeding trials before they can be treating foods for perhaps 1¢/lb. The energy of considered of significance to the food irradiation pro� these rays is converted into biological change largely gram. In the meantime, it is an impressive enough via molecular ionizations; among the significant pro­ hurdle to convince the public that foods irradiated ducts of ionization in the aqueous milieu of living with the insidious sounding-gamma rays can be per­ cells are peroxides. These and other radiolytic pro­ fectly safe to eat, of better quality, and sold .at a ducts have figured in recent reports that infer hazards better price. in eating irradiated foods. The following discussion JAMES L. BREWBAKER attempts in part to clear the rather muddy waters, Department of Horticulture agitated interestedly by national magazines, sur­ University of Hawaii rounding this issue of hazards. Studies at UH have concentrated on irradiated" 17. STUDIES IN SPERMATOZOAN TRANSPORT papaya, mango, and pineapple. Irradiation in excess of 30 krad eliminates insects that infest these fruits, Mammalian testes produce in the order of 10 and adds perhaps 15 per cent to their marketable million spermatozoa per gram per day. When shed life. In the mango, control of the seed weevil has into the lumina of the seminiferous tubules, the not been successful by other methods; hence irra­ sperm are immature both morphologically and in diation affords an. exclusive opportunity for Hawaii their capacity to fertilize ova. The sperm pass into to develop export markets for this commodity. Other the epididymis in one day and appear in the vas studies illustrate possible commercial application of deferens and the ejaculate about 15 days later. The irradiation in the control of sprouting in ginger and rate of sperm passage is faster around the periphery of bacterial .spoilage in the fishcake, kamaboko. Radia­ than down the center of the epididymal tubules, and tion levels for insect control do not appear to influ_ this results in mixing of more mature sperm with ence adversely the major qualities and properties of less mature sperm in the ejaculate. During their papaya, mango, and pineapple. Biochemical studies passage through the epididymis, sperm cells attain reveal few differences at these dose levels under their normal motility pattern, shed the cytoplasmic 100 krad, one of these being the increase in perox- droplet residue from the Sertoli cell attachment, and idase activity. .. become fertile. Radioactive thymidine incorporated For almost 15 years, the AEC and Department into spermatozoan DNA is rapidly picked up by of Defense have been conducting animal feeding dividing cells lining the epididymal lumen. It has trials with irradiated foods. Reports of adverse been estimated that only half of the spermatozoa effects from these studies do not exceed expectations that enter the epididymis are finally ejaculated, the due to chance alone. Two-year feeding trials were remainder being absorbed and -possibly being the made with bacon, wheat, and potatoes prior to their cause of autoimmune infertility in the male. Enough clearance by FDA. spermatozoa are contained in every ejaculate to fer­ Several papers have appeared in the past three tilize all the ova ovulated in a given species. Male years shciwing the adverse, cytotoxic effects on cell fertility does not decrease with the frequency of and tissue growth of irradiating cultural media. The ejaculation. most loudly touted of these involved carrot tissues Semen is deposited in the vagina of some mam­ grown on media supplemented by irradiated sugars. malian species and in the uterus of others. In the Despite inadequate supporting evidence, the article rabbit, and probably also in the human, spermatozoa urged caution in the use of irradiated foods. Other leave the vagina and eitter the uterus as a result of investigators had shown previously that prolonged their own motility. Sperm are then transported to heating (autoclaving), as well as irradiation, hydro­ the fertilization site in the oviduct much faster than lyzes sugars to form cytotoxic products, e.g., for­ they can swim, the entire process taking only a few maldehyde. These hydrolytic products are formed minutes in some species. These first spermatozoa in very low concentrations and are metabolized and are not able to fertilize the ova, however, because rapidly converted in most media or living cells into further conditioning of 3-6 hr in the female tract harmless constituents. is a prerequisite for penetration of the ova. The Studies of irradiated pineapple confirm this type nature of this process, known as capacitation, is of cytotoxicity and the ability of the irradiated not well understood. In the rabbit, within 4 hr after extracts to break chromosomes in onion roots. How­ copulation, an equilibrium is established in which ever, when irradiated fruits were stored several days hundreds of thousands of sperm can be recovered before the extracts were taken, the cytotoxicity dis­ from the uterus and only a few hundred from the appeared. The UH studies are particularly inter­ oviduct. Whether sperm are remaining at constant ested in the possibility that some of these products positions in the tract, whether they are passing up are peroxides which are catabolized by peroxidase the tract in a "phalanx," or whether they are passing enzymes newly-activated by the irradiation. Studies both up and down the tract is unknown. Factors in other labs, using insect feeding trials, suggest suspected to be of importance in this equilibrium that long-lived cytotoxins commonly fail to survive are sperm motility, peristalsis of the uterus and tube, the metabolism of the insect gut. There is abundant secretion of uterine and tubal fluid, and ciliary cur- 26 HAWAIIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

rents. The cervical os and the uterotubal junction "4 . The AMA shall take the responsibility for dis­ are barriers or, better, regulators, of sperm trans­ seminating information to physicians on all phases port. Estrogen and progesterone are known to play of human reproduction, including sexual behavior, important roles in sperm transport in the female tract by whatever means are appropriate." and large variations in the fertilization process result The AMA Committee further stated that: from small variations in female endocrinology. "It is recommended that the prescriptions of child-spacing measure should be made available to ROBERT W. NOYES, M.D. all patients who require them, consistent with their Department of Anatomy creed and mores, whether they obtain their medical University of Hawaii care through private physicians or tax- or community­ supported health services." 18. FERTILITY CONTROL IN HUMANS Talking about family planning encourages peo­ ple Recent publications in lay and professional jour­ to have "children by choice rather than by chance." An explanation regarding nals have made clear the fact that the uncontrolled conception-con­ trol can best be given fertility must be controlled through safe and effec­ if the physiological and endo­ crine mechanism of menstruation is clearly under­ tive methods. The medical profession has been reluc­ stood. tant to take a strong stand upon this subject because of the controversial nature of birth control methods The two most effective and acceptable methods and because uncomplicated, highly effective, and of birth control are the contraceptive pills and intrau­ safe methods were not available until recently. terine contraceptive devices. An important fact Since the contraceptive pills were shown to be about these two methods which have found such virtually 100 per cent effective and safe, the medi­ �ni:�rsal accepta?ce is that both are applied by the cal profession's viewpoint on population has under­ mdIVIdual at a tIme disassociated from the sex act. gone a dramatic change. In addition to the con The contraceptive pills are safe and thev are ­ � traceptive pills, the introduction of the intrauterine v�rtually 100 per cent effective when t�ken as dir cted. devices for less-motivated patients has strengthened SIde reactions usually are not troublesome. Most of the determination of those who wish to see the !hem mimic the symptoms of early pregnancy and need for family planning filled, especially for the mclude nausea, breast tenderness, occasional head­ aches or d�zzyness, s me swelling or weight gain, socially and economically deprived. . ? The concluding paragraph of the statement isslied and mtermIttent uterme bleeding. These reactions by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynec­ occur because the doses of estrogens and progestins ologists on June 3, 1964, regarding family plan­ in the pills are large enough to suppress the secre_ ning to reduce the incidence of mental retardation tion of gonadotrophic hormones of the anterior pitui­ is extremely pertinent: "Family planning is part and tary. By so doing, ovarian stimulation is prevented a d ovulation does not occur. Fortunarely, thes� parcel of good maternity care. For the socially and ;n . economically deprived, it is the single most effective SIde reactIons occur only in about 5 per cent of means of limiting mental retardation. The rich women taking the pills and usually subside after always had this type of care, but the poor rarely the first few cycles. and never effectively. We now have simple and In addition, many women with incapacitating effective methods compatible with the mores of the dysmenorrhea, premenstrual tension, and excessive socially deprived. If they are not widely employed, menstrual bleeding find that their symptoms disap­ no program of improved maternity care, no poverty �ear or a:e markedly improved while they are tak­ program and no program to control mental retarda­ mg the pIlls. Evidence is accumulating that women tion is worth a hill of beans." who are taking the pills appear to have a lower incidence of cancer of the breasts and uterus. The American Medical Association has outlined The fear that permanent infertility may result an educational program in human reproduction for from the pills is unfounded, because normal pregnancies this nation's physicians. The following four-point promptly result when the pills are discontinued. policy statement of the AMA on human reproduc­ The intrauterine devices now tion, including population control, was made on on the market are the Bir berg Bow, �all Ring, Margulies Spiral January 22, 1965, by Dr. Raymond T. Holden, chair­ � (GynekOlI ), and the LIppes Loop. man of the Committee on Human Reproduction : The Lippes Loop D seems to be the best tolerated "1. An intelligent recognition that the problems and has the low­ est incidence of spontaneous expulsion, that relate to human reproduction, including the which is about 10 per cent. The incidence of need for population control, are more than a mat­ pregnancy in women who retain the device is about ter of responsible parenthood: they are a matter two per 100 women-years. Although no one know of responsible medical practice. s for certain how they work, the explanations seem "2. The medical profession should accept a major to be related to excessive peristalsis of the Fallopian tub responsibility in matters related to human reproduc­ e so that ,the egg, even if fertilized, reaches the uterus tion as they affect the total population and the in much l��s tha the norm l 72 hours required individual family. . ? � for the �/2-mch J urney, and IS too immature to implant itself "3. In discharging this responsibility, physician� ? m the stIll unprepared endometrium. must be prepared to provide counsel and guidance when the needs of their patients require it or refer GEORGE GOTO, M.D. the patients to appropriate persons. Honolulu ABSTRACTS-SECOND SESSION 27

19. INFERTILITY IN FARM ANIMALS increased the number of services required for con­ ception and decreased the number of young born Fertility in the female may be defined as her per litter and the size of piglets. Other substances, ability to conceive, gestate, and give birth to a num­ not normally consumed by farm animals, may have ber of normal young of the species and according more drastic effects. to a schedule which permits maximum reproduction In summary, it can be said that infertility in farm without unduly sacrificing the dam. This gives a animals raised in the tropics may be ascribed to five reference point for an objective appraisal of infer­ general causes. Some of these are of great magni­ tility of farm livestock in Hawaii. tude and difficult to overcome. Efforts to solve these If the female is given maximum exposure for problems are very much worthwhile because the reproduction, five major causes of infertility may be tropical land areas of the world are potentially the considered: (1) pathology of organs, (2) infectious greatest hope of humanity for feeding an ever-in­ diseases, ( 3) nutritional deficiency, ( 4 ) environ­ creasing population. mental stress, and (5) deleterious constituents of the OLIVER WAYMAN diet. Department"of Animal Sciences Pathological causes of infertility tend to be very University of Hawaii much the same throughout the world. They account for about 5 per cent of failures in farm animal repro­ 20. NUCLEAR MEDICINE : CURRENT PRACTICE AND duction. Swine are affected more than other species. A FIVE-YEAR PREDICTION An example is hypoplasia of the gonads due to a recessive gene with incomplete penetrance as found Nuclear medicine, a specialty in the practice of in cattle of the Swedish Polled breed. Fortunately, clinical medicine, makes use of radioactive isotopes pathology is of no more importance in Hawaii than for the diagnosis and treatment of disease. Most cur­ in the population as a whole. rent uses are diagnostic. The information derived is Disease has been a major limiting factor until often unique, but sometimes it is just simpler, safer, recently. It is still important in Hawaii. The applica­ or faster. tion of knoWledge available concerning disease Radioiodine may be used as an example. This would reduce it to a minimum or eliminate some dis­ travels selectively to the thyroid gland. Its most eases completely. Organized programs are working obvious use is to determine the amount and speed toward this objective. of its accumulation in the gland by counting radio­ Nutritional deficiency varies from a chronic to a activity externally over the thyroid. This was first sporadic problem. Most of the pasture lands of done in humans in 1939 and has become a standard Hawaii provide inadequate phosphorus to meet the test of thyroid function. By increasing the dosage animals' needs. This is being overcome by supple­ and making use of the beta rays of 1'31, the overac­ ments. Energy deficiency accompanies each drought. tive thyroid can be reduced to function normally, Evidence indicates that severe drought may decrease thus eliminating the need for surgery. By further the calf crop of range cattle by 20-30 percentage increasing the dosage, post-operative functioning points. Other specific nutrient deficiencies have an thyroid cancer can be tracked down anywhere in the effect on reproduction, but not as marked as defi­ body and be eliminated. The techniques differ only ciencies of phosphorus or energy. in the amounts of 1131 used: for tracer testing of The effect of environmental stress is undoubtedly function, 5 microcuries; for reduction of thyroid func­ of major importance. It acts primarily in two ways : tion in hyperthyroidism, 5,000 microcuries; and for first, by decreasing libido, and secondly by increas­ treatment of functioning thyroid metastases, 150,000 ing embryonic mortality. As the ambient tempera­ microcuries. ture and relative humidity rise, the animal loses its Radioactive isotopes have become increasingly appetite. This is followed by a reduction in activity useful in "scanning," the anatomical mapping of at all levels, including reproduction. Near the stress organs or tumors. Using a mechanical detector which range, a small increase in temperature andlor rela­ moves across the area of interest, a picture of the tive humidity may increase body temperature two to organs or tumor can be displayed. The thyroid gland three degrees Fahrenheit. When this occurs early in is mapped with radioiodine as the tracer. By label­ gestation embryonic mortality is high. Much of the ing materials, other areas can be scanned, many of tropical land area of the world has either a high them previously blind to X-ray, as well as palpation; ambient temperature or a high relative humidity. e.g., liver, kidneys, brain tumors, spleen, bone mar­ Very often, it has both. In Hawaii, this may account row, lungs, and bone tumors. for a major portion of the infertility. On Oahu, dairy Labeled substances may also be used for measur­ herds have a 20--40 per cent conception rate com­ ing body pools and for determining absorption rates pared with 60-70 per cent in the major dairy states. and for organ function. These include measurement A number of tropical forages contain substances of plasma and red cell volume (pOl-albumin, Cr'­ which interfere with reproduction. In Australia, sub­ red cells ), fat absorption and residual stool fat (1'31_ terranean clover was found to be the cause of fat ), kidney function and urinary tract obstruction infertility in sheep. Its high estrogenic content inter­ (p31-hippuran ), red blood cell life span (Cr'''-red fered with normal hormonal balance. In Hawaii, cells ), formation rate of new red cells (Fe59), in Leucaena leucocephala (Lam. ) de Wit., known vitro thyroid function (p31-triiodothronine). Alto­ locally as koa haole, interferes with reproduction in gether about 40 clinically useful techniques are cur­ non-ruminants. Included in the diet of swine, it rently used. 28 HAWAllAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Although radioisotopes provide highly useful "cow." Resolution of the scanners should increase information there are certain deficiencies. The scan­ from the current 10 mm to about 1 mm. Scanning ning time i� too long: scanning for a brain tumor may of the pancreas, adrenals, and parathyroids should take two hr, liver 30 min, spleen 30 min, thyroid be satisfactorily done in a few years. While nothing 15 min, lung 20 min. Scanning resolution 'is not good specific has been found for localizing , tumors other enough; currently an area of activity over 10 mm than those mentioned above, a few reports indicate can be distinguished under ideal circumstances; but partial success. This may take more than five years; when imbedded in the liver, the area of activity but will be of obvious importance in early d,etection must be over 30 mm. Certain important organs are of cancer. unable to be scanned:' pancreas, parathyroids, adren_ Certain other approaches are advancing rapidly also Our cancer-finding ability is limited to brain, and should soon be applicable to clinical medicine. bone, liver, spleen, kidneys, and thyroid. With the Radioimmunoassay methods are being developed exception of thyroid and certain blood tumors, radio­ ,which are highly sensitive for detection and quanti­ isotopes have , not been found which are specific tation of various hormones, such as TSH, estrogens, enough to treat cancer. testosterone, and insulin. Activation analysis methods Certain of these deficiencies will probably be are advancing and may become practicable for clin­ overcome in the next few years. The current back­ ical use in a few years. Development of liquid soin­ and-forth scanners will be replaced by "gamma­ tillation counting has · increased the sensitivity of cameras" which visualize the entire field simultane­ beta counting, so that C" and tritium, long available Olisly. This will shorten scan-time of, for example, to biochemists, can be used in humans within the the liver, from 30 min to 30 sec. Portrayal of permissible dose range. dynamics will then be possible. The use of short half-life isotopes has great advantages by increas­ ROBERT A. NORDYtE, M.D. ing the counting statistics while decreasing radiation The Straub Clinic to the individual tested. Ready now is technetium.. m with a 6-hr half-life, milked from a molybdenum" NECROLOGY

The Academy records with sorrow the death of the following members during, the year:

ERNEST L. HOOD MARIE C. NEAL FRANK SPENCER

MEMBERSHIP MA Y 1966

Abbott, Agatin T. Barrow, Terence Buchanan, Miriam S. Ching, Lammy Y. L. t Abel, Marjorie G. tBartholomew, Duane P. Buck, Alan C. Ching, Lilly Adams, William M. Bartko, Bohdan Buddenhagen, Ivan W. Ching, Rosalind D. Ahearn, Gregory A. Bartz, Ellwood L. tBunton, George W. Chinn, Edwin Ah Nee, Roy Bassett, David R. Burden, J. Alfred Chiu, Arthur N. L. Ahn, Ruth Y. Bassett, Miyoko I. Burgess, C. M. Chiu, Wan-Cheng Aizawa, Herman M. tBatkin, Stanley Burke, Jesse B. Chock, Alvin K. :j:Akamine,Ernest K. :j:Baver, Leonard D. :j:Burr,George 0. Chock, Jan S. Akamine, Frank S. Bean, Glen T. Bush, William M. Chong, Donald Y. F . Akamine, Ralph N. :j:Beardsley,John W., Jr. :j:Bushnell, 0. A. Chong, Mabel T. Akana, Mildred Beech, Linda Butchart, David H. Chong, Ruth Seu Jin L. Akau, Thelma I. Behrmann, Theodore M. *Buttles, W. William *Chow, Matthew Akiyama, Hisano tBelshe, John C. Buzzard, Betsy Choy, H.P. Akiyama, Richard H. Bender, Byron W. Choy, Oliver Aldrich, W. W. tBennett, James G. Christenson, Leroy D. tAlexander, William P. tBennett, Thomas S. *Caldwell, Paul J. Christofferson, Jay P. Alexander, William P., Jr. Bennett, Truett Campbell, Harriet T. tChristofferson, Jeanne L. :j:Alicata,J. E. Benson, Homer R. Campbell, John Frisbee :j:Chu, George W. Alkire, William H. Berk, Morton tCampbell, Robert L. Chu, Philip T. :j:Allison, Samuel D. Bernard, James W. Candida, Sr. M. *Chuck, Harry C. Amioka, Shiro Bernatowicz, A. J. Canty, David J., Jr. * Chuck, MJ:S. Harry C. *Carlsmith, Donn W. Amioka, Toshiko W. Berrett, Delwyn G. Chun, Edwin Y. *Carlson, Norman Anbe, Doris H. :j:Bess,Henry A. K. Chun, L. T. Carlstead, Edward M. :j:Anderson,Earl J. Bess, Mrs. Henry A. Chun, Raymond C. K. tCarr, Albert Anderson, Eleanor S. *Best, Etta Wright Chun, Raymond K. Carr, Elizabeth B. Anderson, Elisabeth K. :j:Bianchi, Fred A. Chun, Wallace K. C. *Carter, A. Hartwell Anzai, Katsui Bilger, Leonora N. *Chun, William H. :j:Carter, Walter Appleton, Vivia B. Bishop, Brenda Chung, Chin Sik *Castle, Northrup H. Apt, Walter J. Blakely, Dudley Moore Chung, May E. Catts, Ann B. Aragaki, Minoru Blevins, William J., Jr. Chung, Robert G. H. Caver, C. V. Araki, James T. Block, Barry Chun-Hoon, Arthur Chang, Clarence F. Arkoff, Abe t*Bonk, William J. Chun-Ming, Archie Chang, Clifford Arenemann, William A. tBonn, George S. tClagg, Charles F: Chang, Hon Chong :j:Arnold, H. L., Sr. Bosseau, Don L. Clagg, Harry B. Chang, Hon Gipp :j:Arnold, H. L., Jr. Bovee, Clifton W. Clark, David Chang, Jen-Hu Ashlock, Peter D. Bowen, Robert Neal tClark, H. B., Jr. *Chang, Leon M. Au, Stephen :j:Bowers, Neal M. Clark-Wismer, V. G. Chang, Randolph K. C. :j:Clements, Harry F. Au, Steve Bowers, Rohma L. Chang, Raymond M. Clopton, Robert W. Aust, Ruth Ann Bowles, H. E. Chang, Sau Yee Cloward, Ralph B. *Bowman, Hannah K. Chang, Walter Y. M. tClutter, Robert I. Babbitt, Howard C. Boyd, Robert E. Chao, Ru Kwa :j:Cobb,Estel Bailey, Donald L. Boyden, Webster :j:Chao, Tsun Tien Coburn, Richard K. :j:Baker, Gladys E. *Bracher, George Chapman, Gregory Colby, Edward W. Baker, Glenn F. Brewbaker, James L. Chapman, Peter S. Colegrove, Catherine Baker, R. J. :j:Britton, John R. *Chapson, Harold B. :j:Coleman, Robert E. t*Baldwin, Helen Shiras Broadbent, Frank W. Chapson, Kenneth P. Compton, Fred K. *Baldwin, Robert I. :j:Brock, Vernon E. tChar, Donald F. B. Conklin, Delone A. tBall, James H. Brodsky, Maurice L. Char, W. S. Contois, David E. :j:Ballard, Stanley S. tBrown, Myrtle L. Charnell, Robert L. Cooil, Bruce J. BaIlie, David W., Jr. Brown, Thomas C. Cheever, Austin W. Cook, Jerome A. :j:Banner, Albert H. Bruce, Frank J. Chikasuye, Richard S. Cook, Owen Barkley, Richard A. Bryan, Edward C. Childs, Louise S. Cooke, Richard A., Jr. Barkley, Sharon Rose :j:Bryan, E. H., Jr. Ching, Gerald H. S. Cooksey, Lewis C. Barnes, I. Lynus *Bryan, L. W.

*Member, Hawaii Division, Hawaii Academy of Science. tMember, American Association for the Advancement of Science. :j:FeIlow, American Association for the Advancement of Science. 32 HAWAllAN ACADEMY OF ScmNCE

Cooksey, Virginia T. Ego, Winifred T. :j:Gilbert, Fred I. tHargrave, VernonE. Cooley, Joan Eguchi, George Gilbert,James C. Harrell, John C. Cooper, John W. :j:Ekern,Paul C. tGilbert, Perry W. Harry, J. V. Corboy, Philip M. tEller, Willard H. Giles, Frederick L. :j:Hartt, Constance E. :j:C6rnelison, A. H. Emery, Byron E. . Gillett, George Hartwell, Alfred S. Cottington, Frances Emory, Kenneth P. Ginandes, Shepard Harvey, Robert R. Cottrell, Bobby R. tEnright, J. R. Glaisyer, A. R. Hathaway, Joseph C. :j:Cox, DoakC. Ernstberg,John C. Glick, Clarence E. Hatlelid, F. H. :j:Cox,Joel B. Estoque, Mariano A. Glover, Mary A. HayasJil,Toshiichi Cox, Marion Louise Ewart, George Y. Glover, Myrtle H. Haywood, G. S. Cox, Marjorie L. Ewing, George M. Go, Mateo L. P. Heald, Edward W. COJ!:, Nancy A. Godfrey, Mary Lynne Heder, Guy W. Goebert, H. William, Jr. Heighton, Robert H., Jr. :j:Cox, Richard H. Fairbairn,Eileen Golden, Miss P. J. Heinecke, Ralph M. Ctaig, Robert S. Fan, Pow-foong Goo, Albert T. B. tHeisterkilmp, Chas., III Crawford, Carolyn Fankhauser, Adolph Goo, Fannie C: :j:Helfrich, Philip Cropper, Arthur G. :j:Farden, Carl A. C. Goo, Velma Y. L. Hendershot, J. M. :j:Crowell, David Farge, George A. Goodhue, William W. Hendrickson, Geo. A. Crozier; Virginia Feden, Robert H. Gooding, Reginald M. Henke, Louis A. Curtis, Walter Feiteira, Thomas M. Gosline, W. Henrickson, Wonda . :j:Cushing, Robert Feldwisch, W. F. A . Goto, Carolyn E. Henry, George W. Custer, Charles C. Felton, George Goto, Eleanor Herrick, Colin J. tCutting, Windsor C. Fernandez, Leabert R. Y. Goto, George Herrick, Raymond B. Critting, Mrs. Windsor C.' Ferraro, Maria G. :j:Goto, Shosuke Hewctson, John t Fine, Jules Goto, Y. Baron :j:Hiatt, Robert W. Fink, BernardD. Davis, Clifton J. Gouveia, Sandra L. tHicks, Kenneth Finlayson, J. Bruce W. :j:Davis,Dan A. :j:Gowing, Donald P. Higa, Carol *Fisher, Gary M. Davis, Hugh L., Jr. Grace, George W. Higa, Stanley Y. *Fiske, Richard S. Davis, Rose Graefe, Volker Highland, Genevieve A. Flagg, Harry M. tDavis, Walter E. Gramlich, Edwin P. t Hilker, Doris t Fleming, James F. tDawe, John H. *Greenwell, Alice B. t*Hill, David P. Fong, Alfred M. K .. Defibaugh, Betty Lou *Greenwell, Amy :j:Hilton, H. Wayne Fong, Rose S. Y. Degener, Isa Greenwell, Wilfred A., Jr. ·Hind, Robert Jr. Fontenelle, Wayne P. L., :j:Degener, Otto :j:Gressitt,J. Linsley Hindle, William H. :j:Forbes, TheodoreW. tde Harne,Maurice A. Grossman, Dyer Hine, Richard B. :j:Force, Roland W. Delbert, Austin V, Groves, Gordon W. Hinrichsen, Erik C. Forster, William O. tdeJesus, cesarB. Gustuson, Donald I. t Hirai, Pamela Y ooko :j:Fosberg,F. R. Denison, Harry L. Gutches, Aleen A. Hirasuna, Noboru :j:Fox, RobertL. DeWaele, Jules Hirokawa, Kay M. Freeman, Gilbert C. Diamond, Aaron L. tHaas, Walter R. Hirokawa, Sueko Friese, Paul H. Digman, John Habeck, Dale Hironaka, Clifford :j:Frings, Hubert W. Dobson, George L. ·Haddon, J. E. Hitch, Thomas K. Fronk, Clarence E. Dodge, Frederick tHaertig, E. W. Hiu, Dawes N. A. Fujimoto, Giichi Doi, Asao Halff,Alexander O. Ho, Peter Fujinaka, Patricia S. Doi, Mitsugi Hale, Ralph W. Ho, Richard K. B.. Fujino, Kazuo tDole, Arthur A. tHalperin, Gilbert M. Hobson, G. Fujitani, Miharu C. Dolmseth, Bruce Halperin, Sidney L. Hoffman,Bro. Joseph L. A. Fukuda, Donald tDoolittle, S. E. tHalsted, Ann L. tHohl, Hans-Rudolph :j:Fukuda, Mitsuno :j:Doty, Maxwell S. Halunen, A. John, Jr. Hohu, Martha Poepoe :j:*Fukunaga, Edward T. Doyle, Sadie J. Hamada, Dorothy K. I. Holladay, Natalie tFurumoto, Augustine Druecker, C. Hamamoto, Susan T. Hollenberg, George J. T. Furusawa, Eiichi :j:Dull, Gerald G. t Hamilton, Richard A. Holmes, John R. Dung, David K. H. Hamilton, Mrs. Richard A. Holmes, Wilfred J. Dusendschon, R. C. tGaines, Henry Hammond, Mr. Dale A. t Holmes, William John tGaris, George B. :j:Hamre, Christopher J. Holt, Ernest G. Garnett,Emily O. :j:Handy,E. S. C. Holtwick, Chester B. Ebisu, Joan F. Gaston, John Zell *Hansen, Violet Holtzmann, Oliver Ebisuzaki, Jean Shizuno Gay, Frank E. Harada, Glenn K. Holzapfel, Eugene P. Eckles, Lucius E. Geandrot, Judith Ellen Harada, Masato B. Honda, Howard H. Edgar, Katherine J. Gebauer, Paul *Haraguchi, Samuel M. Honl, L. A. :j:Edniondson, C. H. George, Peter T. tHaramoto, Frank H. Honnert, Bro. Henry Egami, Ronald T. George, Robert P. t Harbinson,John A. Hood, Ernest L. Ego, Kenji tGibson, Robert M. :j:Hardy,D. Elmo Hoover, Lawrence M. MEMBERSHIP 33

Horio, Shigeru Richard *Kadota, Shizuto Kobayashi, Lloyd Y. Lennon, Kenneth Itormann, Bernhard L. Kaeppler, Adrienne L. Koehler, lIse M. Leong, Roderick Hoskins, Charlotta M. *Kagehiro, George :j:Kohn,Alan J. :j:Levine, Max :j:Hosoi,Kiyoshi Kaihara, Yasuto Kohn, Marian A. Lichter, Martin H. tHoward, Alan Kainuma, Richard T. :J:'Koike, Hideo Lichter, RowlinL. Howell, Milton M. Kajiwara, Jane M .. tKojima, Evelyn S. :j:Lichton, Ira J. :j:Hsiao, Sidney C. Kajiwara, Jonathan T. tKomives, Gregory K. Liese, Grover Julius Hubbard, Howard tKam�saki, Hitoshi Kondo, K. C. Liljestrand, Howard tHudson, Loring G. t Kamemoto, Fred I. :j:Kondo,Yoshio :j:Lind, Andrew W. Hunt, Wilfred E. :j:Kamemoto, Haruyuki Kong, Raymond F. Linsley, Earle E. *Hunter, James E. Kamsat, Abraham Ng Kong, Ronald A. K. W. t Littleman, Marian Hunter, Robert G. "f1Kanashiro, James Z. Konoshima; Sumiye Liu, Phoebe K. ·F. Huntsberry, Elizabeth S. Kanehiro, Y. tKopf, Kenneth tLivingston, William H. Hurdis, John W. Kaneo, Norman K. tKortschak, Hugo P. tLockhart, James A. *Hutchison, Frieda M. Kaneshiro, Francis T. Kosaki, Thomas I. *Lodge, R. H. :j:Hylin, John W. Kanna, George A. Koshi, James H. :j:Loh, Philip C. S. *Kasamoto, Sadaichi Kotomori, Amos S. tLong, Charles R. tKato, Kenneth N. 'Kotomori, Susan N. Longley, C. P. Kozuki, Haruko Loo,_Stanley Y. T. Iaconetti, William E. Kato, 5usumu :j:Krajina, Vladimir J. Look, Robert K. T. Iha, Thomas H. Kato, Tadayuki Krakowiak, Thomas S. Look, William .c. Ihata, Violet K. Katsuki, I. Kramer, Herman Loomis, Harold G. Ihrig, Judson L. Kauahikaua, Shigeno P. :j:Krauss, Beatrice t Lord, Edith !ida, Kumizi Kaufmann,Alma H. :j::Krauss, N. L. *Loucks, Burton J. Ikawa, H. Kaufmann, George H. Kudar, John *Loucks, Ruth B. tIkeda, Richard M. Kauffman, Gerald J. C. Kuninobu, James T. Louis, James *Ikeda, Warren Kaulukukui, Felice W. L. tKunisaki, John Louis, Lucille Ikezaki, Francis M. tKawahara, Lloyd T. T. Kurashige, Wilfred Low, Frank Y. Inouye,Joyce C. t Kawano, Henry H. F. Kuwahara, Iwao Lowrey, John J. Inskeep, Richard G. Kawaoka, Wallace S. Kuwahara, Toshio Lucas, J. T., Jr. Iritani, Roy I. :j:Kay,Alison Kyselka, Will Luke, Herberl K. N. tIrWin, P. St. C. Keala, Betty Ann Lum, KW,ong Yen Ishii, Mamoru Keeler, Joseph T. Keeler, Joseph T. Lafferty, Felix J. Lummis, Wilbur S., Jr. I to,' Shlkiko Lam, Fred K. Lundy, Charles R. Ito; Takeo Keesling, Charles B. Keiser, Irving tLam, Frederick M. K. tLyman,Clarence Iversen, Robert T. B. Lam, Margaret M. *Lyman, Orlando H. I wanaga, Isaac I. Kelley, Richard R. Lam, Robert Lytle, Hugh *Iwane, John Y. Kellner, Jack S. Kelly, Marion :j:Lamoureux, Charles Kellum, Marimari Langford, Stephen A. Ma, Gabriel W. C. Kenessey, George E. LaPlante, Albert A., Jr. Ma, Pearl Jackson, Dean C. Kent, Martha J. Larm, Edwin Maas, Mariella Jacobson, J. Robert . Kern,Charles 1. Larsen, I var J. :j:Macdonald, Gordon A • Jacobson, W. N. Kernaghan, Betty A. Latham, Richard C. Maclean, Burton A. Jasinski, Casimer Kernaghan, Warren A. Lau, Howard K. S. MacNaughton, Boyd Jasinski, Doris R. Kerns, Kenneth R. Lau, L. Stephen :j:Magnuson,John J. Jensen, Walter L., Jr. tKibby, Sidney V. *Lau, Nit Lin Mahaffy, Steve R. Jim, Robert T. S. Kim, James Lau, Thomas H. T. Majoska, Alvin V. Jinbo, Laraine S. tKim, John H. C. Lavin, Ralph Mathew tMamiya; Richard T. Jiracek, George R. Kim, Moses K. tLavoie, Ronald L. Manar, Thomas A. Jiracek, Margaret T. Kim, Youtaik Lawton, Richard R. :j:Manchester, Curtis A. 'Johnson, Harold M. Kimura, Judy T. t Lebra, William P. :j:Mangelsdorf,A. J. Johnson, Joseph M. Kimura, N agato Lee, AlavanaG. tManghnani, Murli H. tJohnson, Nels E. tKinch, D. M. Lee, Alexander E. Manhoff, Milton tJohnson, Rockne H. King, Maurice V. Lee, Bernard C. Manhoff, Mrs. Milton Johnson, Rubellite Kinney King, Will N. Lee, Chung Tim :j:Mapes,Marion Johnston, Fred T. Kinney, Teru Lee, Philip J. W. *Mar, Thomas M. Jones, Everet C. Kinzie, Robert A., III :j:Lee,Richard K. C. tMaretzki, Andrew Jones, Thomas S. *Kishimoto, Richard H. Leedham, Eleanor tMaretzki, Thomas W. Jones, William Philip Kiuchi, Marian :j:Leeper, Robert W. Marie, Sr. Amata Jordaan, Jan M., Jr. :j:KleIJImer, Howard W. Leffingwell, Roy J. Mark, Nora W. Joyce, Charles R. t Klopf, Donald Leigh, Mazie tMarks, Robert H. Joyeuse, Rene tKobayashi, CliffordK. Lembeck, Jay :j:Marr,John C. Judd, Charles S., Jr. Kobayashi, Herbert M. :j:Lenney, James F. Marshall, Donald C. 34 HAWAIIAN ACADEMY OF ScmNCE

Martin, Joseph P. tMobley, Ross D. Nordyke, Robert N. *:j:Powers, Howard A. :j:Mason,Leonar d Moeller, Maximilian Norris, Roger A. :j:Price, Saul Masuda, Yatsuko Moikeha, Sanae N. Puaa, Annie K. *Matayoshi, Mary Moir, W. W. G. Oakes, William F. Pynchon, Joseph H. Matsui AdelinaV. de Souza Molyneux, A. V. *Oakley, George D. Matsui: Jane R. *Moody, Dick Lee O'Callaghan, Timothy Quaintance, D. C. Matsui, Jira Moore, Richard D. Oda, Ethel :j:Quate, Larry W. Matsui, Masato Moore, Richard E. Oda, Tadashi Matsui, Tetsuo Morgan, Andrew L. O'Dea, Katherine :j:Rakestraw,Norris W. Matsumori, Donald M. Morgan, Wm. A. Oishi, N oboru Ramage, Colin S. Matsumoto, Futaba Morisako, Jira Okada, Floyd H. Randall, John E., Jr. tMatsumoto, Hiromu Morita, Helen E. Okazaki, Kyuro Rathburn, William B. Matsumoto, Walter M. Morita, Kiyoichi tOkihiro, Michael M. tRautenberg, Virginia A. Matsumura, Hugh T. tMoritsugu, Toshio Okubo, Sakiko :j:Reese,Ernst S. Matsunaga, Frederick M. Mosher, Allan W. :j:*Okumoto, Pete T. Reichert, Frederick L. Matsuoka, Shigeo Moyers, Jarvis L. Orazen, Micheline M. Reppun, J. I. Frederick Matthews, john L. tMueller-Dombois, Diete; Oren, Joseph Resig, Johanna M. May, Robert C. Muir, Barry S. Orenstein, Otto Rhodes, Leon J. Maynard, G. Lafayette :j:Mumaw, Charles O'Rouke, Sr. M. Eugenia Rice, Patricia Smith McAlister, William C. Murakami, Janice Orr, Kathryn J. *Richards, Herbert, Jr. tMcCarthy, Mor J. Murata, Florence M. Osell, Frederic S. Richardson, B. Allen McCleery, Walter L. Murata, K. J. tOshiro, Hideo Richert, T. H. McClendon, Nancy E. Murnane, Thomas J.- tOsmun, James W. tRiggs, Mary E. McCoy, Floyd W., Jr. Myers, William A. Osterback, Arthur Rigler, Robert G. McGuire, Thomas R. L. Mytinger, Robert E. :j:Otagaki, Kenneth K. Ringer, John W. McMorrow, BernardJ. Otsu, Tamio Rinkel, Maurice O. *McNicoll, Irene Nagai, Fay Y. Ouchi, Sugao Rixon, Alan tMeeks, Carol Ann t*Nagao, Wallace T. tOyama, Stanley N. Roberts, John C. Mehrer, Roxann Nakae, Haruko N. tOzawa, Theodore Y. tRoberts, Joyce O. Melcher, Larry R. Nakagawa, Edward K. Robinson, Frank E. Mendiola, Ella W. t*Nakagawa, Susumu Paik, Young K. *Roman, Helen L. Meng, Florence L. tNakamoto, Goichi Palafox, A. L. Romanowski, Roman R. tMeredith, Gerald M. tNakamura, Eugene L. :j:Palmer, Daniel D. Rosaire, Sr. Domenic t Midkiff, Frank E. Nakamura, Paul S. Palmer, Leonard A. Rose, John C. Miki, Caroline M. *Nakamura, Robert M. tPalumbo, Nicholas E. Rose, StanleyJ. Miles, David H. Nakamura, Royden Pang, L. Q. :j:Rosen, Leon tMiles, John W. tNakasone, Henry Y. Pararas-Carayannis, George Rosenberg, Morton M. Millard, R. D. t Nahta, Setsuko Paraz, Alvin A. C. Ross, Ernest Miller, Bruce A. Namba, Ryoji *Paris, Irvine H. tRoss, Serge Miller, Carey D. Naquin, Walter P. tPasby, Brian tRoth, Alexander Miller, Gaylord R. Natoli, William J. Paskowitz, Dorian Rothschild, Brian J. *Ruddle, Annabelle Miller, Harvey A. :j:Naughton, John J. Patterson, R. Reginald Rutschky, CharlesW., III tMiller, Jacquelin N. Nelson, Myrtle H. Patzert, William C. Miller, P. T. Neufeld, C. H. Harry Paulita, Sr. M. tMiller, Robert C. Newhouse, Jan :j:Payne, John H. tSadler, James C. Milnor, John C. Nickell, Louis G. Pearson, Richard J. Sage, William H. tMink, John Nickerson, Lydia C. Pebley, Roscoe S. Sahara, Tamotsu Mirikitani, Isami Nickerson, Thomas tPedley, Blanche A. St. John, Harold Mise, Frances Niimi, Arthur Jun Peiler, Alice W. St. Lawrence, Sr. Mary Mitchell, Donald Nishi, Masao Pell, Charles G. Saito, Shiro *Mitchell, J. A. Nishibun, Joe :j:Pemberton, C. E. Sakamaki, Shunzo Mitchell, Shizuko :j:Nishida,Toshiyuki Penhallow, H. Chadsey Sakata, Seiji Mitchell, Wallace C. Nishihara, Mitsuo Peters, Charles W. Sakimoto, Richard Y. Miura, Shigeru Nishijima, Satoru Peterson, L. Kenneth :j:Sakimura, K. Miyahara, Edward J. Nishijima, Theodore T. Philip, Perry F. tSandberg, Floyd A. Miyahara, Richard I. Nishimoto, Karen M. Piianaia, Abraham :j:Sanford, Wallace G. *Miyamoto, Robert M. Ni6himura, Hazel Pinkerton, F. J. Sanford, Mrs. Wallace G. Miyasaki, Yuzo Nishioka, Yoshimi A. Pinkerton, O. D. :j:Sarles, William B. Miyashiro, Yoshio Niyekawa, Agnes M. Pirie, Peter *Sarvis, Ewart S. Miyata, Motoyasu *Noda, Kaoru tPlucknett, Donald L. tSasaki, Teruo *Mizuire, Shizuto Nonaka, Tatsuo :j:Poole, Charles F. Sasser, James S. Moberley, Ralph, Jr. Nordfeldt, Sam Poulson, Don E. Sato, Esther MEMBERSHIP 35

Saukkonen, Marjatta Soehren, Lloyd J. tTam, Richard K. Wade, Arla W. Sax, Gilbert Sokolowski, Thomas J. Tamashiro, Amy Wadsworth, Harold A. Sayer, John T., Jr. Soong, TheodortlK. C. Tamashiro, Jane S. Waite, VerneC. :j:Scheuer, Paul J. Sowers, J. Mark B. :j:Tamashiro, Minoru tWalker, Daniel A. Schock, Robert C. Spalding, P. E. Tanaka, Kazushi Walker, Hastings H. Schoenberg, Erling Spalding, Philip E., Jr. *Tanaka, Shuichi Walker, Ronald L. Schoenberg, Olive Sparacino, Candie Tanaka, Tokushi Wallace, Arthur F. Scofield, Violet Y. Sparaga, Albert Tanaka, William T. Wallace, Gordon D. Scott, Arlen M. Sparks, Robert W. tTanimoto, Ralph H. Wallace, Jean Scott, John H. Spiegelberg, Carl H. Taran, George Wallis, Samu�l R. Scully, Niall M. Spiller, John H. Taras, Edward Wallrobenstein, Paul P. Seckel, Gunter R. Spillner, Erich C. *Taylor, James Monroe tWalsh, Gerald E. Seeley, DeLos A. Spoehr, Alexander tTaylor, Ronald C. Walsh, Wm. M. tSemura, Jack Sadatoshi :j:Sprague, Lucian M. Terayama, Hajime :j:Waring, Gerald A. Semura, Jeanne I. Spring, Bro. Thomas Teruya, Kazuo Warner, H. H. Seto, Dudley S. J. tStandal, Bluebell R. :j:Tester, Albert L. :j:Warner, John N .. Sexton, Harold M. Stanford, George Theaker, M. L. :j:Warner Robert M. Shackleton, Ernest F. Stanley, Richard W. Theiler, Sr. Carla tWatanabe, K. tShaw, Thomas N. *Stearns, Alvan C. ThoIllas, Charles W. *Water, William A. Sher, S. A. Stecker, Susan G. Thomas, Ernest H. tWaterhouse, John T. tSherk, Kenneth W. Steffan, Wallace A. Thomas, Sr. John Watson, Leslie J. Sherman, G. Donald Steffee,Elizabeth Tien, David T. H. Waugh, John L. T. Sherman, Minnie J. Steiger, Walter R. Tilden, I. L. tWaxman, Sorrell H. *Shigeura, Gordon T. Steinberg, Danny D. Tinker, Spencer W. Weaver, Herbert Shim, Nellie C. Steinberg, Mrs. Miho Titcomb, Margaret *Weeks, John D. Shim, Walton K. T. :j:Steiner, Loren F. *Togashi, Teruo Weller, D. M. Shimabukuro, Seiji Stephens, Betty Jane Tokimasa, Nami Wells, Clinton H. Shimoda, Jeanette M. :j:Stephenson, John R. Tom, Benjamin C. K. tWendt, Dorothy Shinn, James S. *Stevens, William H. tTom, Edward S. H. Wenkam, Nao S. Shiramizu, William T. Stice, Gary Tom, Richard L. *Wennerlund, Appoline B. tShiroma, George T. tStone, Benjamin C. Tomita, Theodore *Wentworth, C. K. *Wentworth, Juliette Shiroma, Helen tStrange, William E. Tompkins, Edmund A. :j:Whang, W. Y. Shitabata, George J. Strasburg, Donald Wishart *Tong, Alfred S. Tong, Fook Hing Wheeler, Helen Shklov, N. Street, Chan Tong, Wing You Whiton, Nat Shoemaker, James H. Street, John M. Strode, Walter S. Topping, Donald M. Wiemer, Robert D. Shomura, Richard S. Struhsaker, Jeannette W. :j:Townsley, Sidney J. Wilcox, Kingston S. Shutler, Richard, Jr. tStuhler, Louis G. Tsuda, Roy Wiley, Frank Sia, Calvin C. J. Su, Judith M. Tsukano, Lucille T. Will, Lester J. :j:Sia, Richard H. P. Su, Tu-Jen Tucker, Jerome L. Willers, Ernest H. Silva, James A. Suehiro, Amy :j:Tuthill, Leonard Willett, Edwin D. Silver, D. T. Sugihara, Clarence Y. Tuttle, Daniel W. Williams, Raymond M. Simmerer, ErnestR. Sugiki, Shigemi Tyau, Henry T. Y. Williamson, Elmer Simmons, E. Lee Sugimoto, Wallace H. Wilson, Nixon A. Simpich, Frederick, Jr. Sunn, Franklin Y. K. Uchida, Clara S. Wimbush, H. Mark Sinclair, Gregg M. "'Sutherland, Mark M. Uchida, Richard N. :j:Wismer, Chester A. Singer, David *Sutherland, Zelie M. Underwood, Edward B. Withington, Paul Singer, Sylvia Suzuki, George *Urasaki, Henry M. Wittermans, Tamme Sinoto, Yoshihiko M. Swindale, L. D. Urata, Rokuro Wolbrink, Donald H. Siu, James K. M. Sylvester, Joseph R. Urata, Ukio *Wold, Myron L. Slattery, Mabel Uyehara, George K. tWolff, Robert J. Wong, Erwin L. S. :j:Sloan, Norman R. *:j:Tabrah, Frank Valier, Louis A. tWong, James T. S. Sloan, R. Varian L. Tada, Yoshio D. Van, Louise F. Wong, Kenneth Y. H. Sloane, George E. Takagi, Yoshie Van Degrift, Paul D. Wong, Paul L. tSmith, Douglas R. Takahashi, David VanDreser, Lyle M. tWong, Robert T. Smith, Esther M. tTakahashi, Francis T., Jr. :j:van Weel, Peter *Wong, Ruth O. T. Smith, Jimmie B. Takaoka, Mary Ellen M. :j:Van Zwaluwenburg, R. H. Wong, Sau Ki :j:Smith, Madorah E. Takasaki, Kiyoshi J. Vasconcellos, A. L. t\-V ong, Wayne W. Smith, Ronald Q. tTakata, Michio Vaughan, Nohealeimamo K. Woodruff, Charlotte Snell, M. Helen Takayama, Al K. tVitousek, Martin Woolford, Ercell C. Snoddy, Alice Takazawa, Futoshi Vollrath, Harvey M. :j:Woollard, Geo�ge P. tSnyder, Laurence Takenaka, Yasuo Voss, William J. Wootton, Richard T. 36 HAWAIIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Worth, Robert M. Yamashiro, Kathryn Yim, Bernard J. B. Young, CharlesH. U. Wright, John Cotton Yamauchi, Hiroshi Yokoyama, Henry Young, Edith H. Wright;. Joyce tYamauchi, Shoyei Yoneda, Saburo Young, George S. tWyrtki, Klaus Yamaura, Teruko S. Yenemoto, Carol Ann S. Young, Hong Yip Yanagihara, Hchi Yoshida, Howard O. tYuen, Clara K. S. Yamada, Edward Y. Yancey, Clifford D. Yoshimoto, Carl M. tYuen, Heeny *Yamamoto, Akira Yang, Dianne S. W. Yoshimura, Carol M. Yuen, Quan Hong Yamamoto, Earl S. Yatsuoka, Mabel Yoshimura, MaxineT. Yamamoto, Tatsuji tYee, Daniel Yoshioka, Tad T. fYamamoto, Thomas I. Yee, Shirley K. H. Yoshizaki, Helen K. Zane, Lawrence Yamane, Richard N. Yen, Douglas Yoshizawa, Shozo Zimmerman, Steven T.