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A DICTIONARY OF AND RELATED SUBJECTS

by

COLONEL A. G. PUTTOCK

ARC0 PUBLISHIWGC, MC. New York O 1985 Arco Publishing, Inc. 215 Park Avenue South, New York, N.Y. 10003

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Puttock, A. G. A dictionary of heraldry and relaied subjects. Bibliography: p. 1. Heraldry-Dictionarics. 1. Tiile. CR13.P8 1985 929.6'03'21 85-7363 ISBN 0-668-06572-9

This cdition published by arrangement 4th Blakeron Hall Limited, under licence frorn the aurhor Colonel A. C.Puttock.

Reproduced, printed and bound in DEDICATION To my grandsons Andrew, James and David. 1 hope that tliey will find as much interest in. and obtain as much joy from the study of HeraIdry and its Related Subjects as 1 have.

CONTENTS

PARTONE HERALDRY Page 13

PART'ho Page 117

PARTTHRBE ~rnARMS Page 189

PART FOUR HISTORICAL AND MISCELLANEOUS Page 235

BIBLIOGRAPHY Page 256

AUTHOR'S PREFACE HERALDRY1s a subject about which one never stops learning. My own introduction to the subject was a little over forty years ago when 1 was still at school, and though 1 did not work at it seriously during my years in the , yet it was always in the back of my mind and now, though 1 am engaged in both Heraldry and Genealogy in a professionaI capacity, 1 still have a great deal to learn. Tbis book represents the fruits of a considerable amount of research, and as il is research which can be of considerable help to others 1 have tried to set out in these pages what 1 think will be of assistance to them. Many people look on Heraldry and Genealogy as being dry subjects which would possibly be of interest to nobody but a snob. but how far this is Prom the truth, and 1 am glad to say that the last fi€teen twenty years have produced a terrific crop of students, by no means ali of whom are themselves armigerous, who are anxious to learn about and enjoy the fascinations of Heraldry. Furthemore, though there has always been a considerable number of people keen to find out sornething of their own family history, yet the last few years seem to have brought out even more than usual. Throughout the years 1 have gained a great deal from such works as Shield and by Julian Franklyn. Boutells Herafdry as revised by C. W. Scott-Giles and J. P. Brooke-Little, Scots Heraidry by Sir Thomas Innes of Learney, to say nothing of the many and varied tieles by LRslie Pine. AI1 of these 1: commend to my readers, yet 1 feel that a Dictionary of Heraldry and Related Subjects, such as this, can be used as a quick reference by any and everybody, and for this reason 1 have grouped the four parts together. To my wife 1 give my thanks for her encouragement, particularly in the early days of my research, and in recent months for her criticism of the illuslrations. To my secretary Glynis Kirkbride 1 give my thanks for the patient way she has taken dictation, then typed the manuscript. FinaIly 1 hope my readers will obtain as much joy from reading the pages of this book as 1 have experienced in putting it together.

PART ONE HERALDRY

HERALDRY

As A keen Heraldist for many years 1have always hoped for the publication of an up-to-date Dictionary of Heraldry, as the last one was published over 100 years ago and, though stiH extrernely useful, is of course out of date in many ways. However, nothing seems fo materialise from any of the many Heraldic writers and so eventually 1 decided to write one myself. A Dictionary of Heraldry if properly used can be an extremely valuable book. It is never designed to give exhaustive information on any one particular subject but to provide sufficient information at least to give its user enough general information about a particular subject for his immediate needs. After all, if one is at a loss to how the meaning of a word in every- day life one makes reference to one of the dictionaries. One does not expect to get a complete explanation of al1 the whys and wherefo~es about it. but enough information to lmow its general rneanjng. Heraldry is an extremely Fascinating subject wllich is piaying a much wider part in al1 our lives today than at almost any time in history. During the MiddIe Ages probably a greater use was made of armorial bearings, in that, though al1 who possessed them displayed them more widely, their use was restricted almost entirely to the NobiJity. Today, however. personal arms can be used by almost anybody, providing he is a straiglltforward and decent living citizen. Furthermore, arms are used by cities, towns, I~ospitals, schools and many other well known institutions, and even some of the larger and well established industrial companies. This means that aImost everybody both male and female owes a Ioyalty to one or more persons or bodies bearing arms. During World Wars 1 and II a great many rnembers of the community scrved with the forces and a loyalty to a particular unit or formatioii. In the case of the Navy it would have been a ship's badge; if it was the Army there would have been a regimental or corps badge together with a formation sign; in the case of the Royal Air Force there were the squadron badges, many of which became exceedingly famous. Al1 this is Heraldry and though service badges may be trated as one of the Rclatad Subjects yet it is still part of the Heraldic study. Royal Heraldry though liglitly touched upon in these pages is again a definite study of its own and a particularly interesting one, too. Much of the information 1 have gathered in compiling this work of reference has been obtained from or verified in those excellent books on Heraldry by C. W. Scott-GiIes and Julian Franklyn, to whom I gladly give fullest acknowledgement. Finally 1 hope that all students of Heraldry WUfind this reference of value. We are al1 students of Heraldry however knowledgeable we may be, because it is a subject in which one can never learn everythuig and that, too. is one of its great fascinations. A Abatements were imposed for such ' crimes ' as the following: 1. Revoking one's own challenge. Abased, abaissé - An expression 2. Desertingone's sovereign's banner. used when a , or other 3. Discourteously treating either is placed lower than its maiden or widow against their will. usual position. 4. Boasting of one's prowess. 5. Killing one's prisoner. Abatements - Sometimes known as 6. Telling lies to one's sovereign. rebatements are marks of disgrace 7. Cowardice. applied to arms in early Heraldry 8. Drunkenness. on account of some dishonourable Special HeraIdic marks of bas- act of the bearer. There were nine tardy have sometimes been called in number viz. abatements because they abate or 1. Delf reduce the status of the arms lo 2. hescutcheon reversed. is not in the direct legitimate 3. Point dexter. the extent of showing that the bearer 4. Point in point. of succession. This use of the word 5. Point champaine. does not irnply dishonour 6. Plain point. in any way whatsoever. 7. sinister. 8. Gusset dexter. Abbreviations - The following ab- 9. Gusset sinister. breviations are commonly used in These marks must be in one of the Heraldry: oJd tinctures, namely or 1. Arg - . tenné as in any other they 2. Az - . may very occasionally be found as 3. Erm -. a normal . 4. Gu - . There is another mark of disgrace 5. Or - Or. which is due ouly to the traitor; this 6. Ppr - proper. consists of reversing the entire coat. 7. Pur - . There is considerable speculation 8. Sa - . as to whetber these abatements were 9. Ve - . ever used. Guillim describes them Other tinctures, furs etc. are not 1 as ' these whimsical abatements ', abbreviated. I but as îhe marks only applied to the In the case of anns in unfortunate bearer of the arms and to save space and avoid any they were designed to keep him out chance of error the abbreviations of public life, this they must success- ar and B are used for silver and fully have doue and it js probable (azure) instead of those Iisted that tbey were use.. above. 15 Abeyaace - This is the state of a which is in use today e.g. a peerage which is vested in fxvo or accompanied by four mullets. more CO-heinbotb or al1 of whom appear to have an equal. claim. Accosted - An expression used whea When chere are sevcral equal claim- charges are placed on each side of ants e.g. descendants of thedaughters another charge, e.g. a accosted and CO-heiresses of the deceased by four . Another appli- peer none is in a position to main- cation of the word is to two beasts tain a claim against the otliers and waiking or running side by side. Un- a peerage remains in abeyance. It less tbey are accosted passant is not therefore held by any of hem counter passant the more distant until by death of the other claimants should be shown a little in advance only one remains and he then has of the other. the right to claim the peerage. - This is the correct fi Bouche - An expression which name given to armorial bearings describes a shield of the older type which include the shield and al! with a notch for the to rest appropriate accessories (q.~.).Un- in. fortunately there is considerable mis- interpretation of the expressions as Abouté - Placed end to end. frequently an achievement is calIed a , particularly by jour- Accessories - An achievement con- nalists and other writers. tains the coat of arms which is em- In early Heraldry the expression blazoned on the shield, together with achievement was applied particularly certain accessories. These include to the decorative plaques prepared helm, , crest. , sup- on the death of an amiger for porters, cornpartment, , coro- erection outside liis house and in net, of estate, etc. his church. These plaques followed the general rules of Heraldry and Accolade - The ceremony of con- today are generally described as ferring Knighthood by embrace. funeral batchments (q.v.). placing hand on neck or by a fight blow on the sboulder or neck with Acornb - Means having horns or the flat of a (sometimes attires. known as ' dubbing '). Acorned - The expression used in Accuiié - This word has two connection with an tree to de- meanings: note that it is bearing . The 1. It is synonymous with gorged expression fructed is however more and collared and occasionally with generalIy used. wreathed or enfwined. 2. It also denotes the position of Addorsed, adorsed, endowed - An two Shields joined side by side; a expression used of two . practice that was sometimes adopted etc.. placed back to back. It may prior to the introduction of im- also be used in connection with keys, paling. wings, etc. e.g. a falcon wulgs ele- vated and adorsed. Accompanied or accompagné - An expression often found in older Her- Adorned - Where a chapeau or aldry instead of the word berween other article of is cbarged Arms of Cardinal Godfrey

with a particular charge it is ssid to on the shoulders. These are found 1 be adorned with sucb a charge. in some of the early 14th century l effigies. l A& - An old Heraldic expression 1 for the common . Ainent - Running, applied to beasts , but seldom used in modem Aeroplane -A modern charge which Heraldry. has found its place in Heraldry in Lhe Iast 40 years. Tf flying. it is des- cribed as volant. n

Lion Mronté

1 l Wmgs elevated and adorsed Aisi4 - Winged, Affronté - Facing the viewer, thus 4 la Cuisse - At the thigh. This showing its full face. indicates the point at which the leg is cooped or erased. The expression Agnus Dei - The Holy Lamb em- is taken from the piece of amour blem of St. John the Baptist. See covering that pan of the body. Paschal Lamb. Aland - A mastiff with short ars. Aiguisé - Sharply pointed. In The dexter of the amis modern Heraldry urdé is generally of Lord Dakar. though generally used. called a wolf, appears to have been meant for an aland. Ailettes - The term given to square appendages emblazoned with the Albany Heraid - One of the Scottish wearer's arms and fastened upright officers of arms (q.~.). Albert Medal - One of the decora- Angla - A pair of rods each bent in tions awarded by the Sovereign a right angle, entwined saltirewise which may be suspended from the having rings at each end. shield by its appropriate-- - ribbon. Aiisé - Rounded or globular. Aïierion - An old Heraldic term for eagle which when so blazoned was generally depicted without beak or legs and with the points of the wings downward, Allumé - Describes a beast's eyes when flecked with colour, AItar - A taIl circuIar vedestal generally borne inflamed. -seldom Angles found in modern Heraldry. Anfmé - With fire issuing from Ambulant = Walking. mouth and ears. Amphiptère - A winged . Annodatecl - Boweà, or Ampbisien - A bent in the form of the letter ' s '. (9.v.). Amuiet -. A plain ring which may Anchor - The anchor is frequently be found singly or in multiples. found as a charge, particularly in Sometimes they are entwined, in the case of naval personneI. It may which case they are blazoned as also symbolise hop. In some cases annulets conjoined. the ring and Bukes (points) are blazoned of a different tincture. The annulet js a mark of for the fifth son. Ancré, anchory - An expression useci on occasions, particularly in old Heraldry. of a cross of which the arms end in the flukes of an anchor. Andrew, St. - The patron saint of Scotiand. The is said to be derived from the shape of the cross on which St. Andrew was crucifieci. Annuiettée, ady- Ringed at the Angels ;Figures sometimes used as . ends. Angenrte - A six-leaved flower, Anteiope - The natural sometimes used instead of a sexfoil. which is occasionally found in Heraldry and which must not be Angled - One of the lines of parti- confused with the Heraldic antelope, tion (q.v.) seldom seen in modem which is a mythical animal dealt Heraldry. with under monsters (q.v.) Anthony, St. - cross of - A type of elbow it is known as a cubit-arm. cross more generalIy known as the . Armed - The expression us& with regard to beasts. monsters and Antique Crowa - Sometimes known with reference to teeth. talons, horns as the (q.v.) and claws. It may also be used with reference Ana - Sometimes found as a to the heads of anows. charge, represented normally. Apaumé - Describes a hand or which is open to show the palm. Apple of Granada - The pomegran- ate, as seen in the arms of Queen Mary 1 and Katherine of . Arbalest - The cross bow.

Arch - This may be single or double, springing from two or three pillars. Arched - In the forrn of an arch. May also be used of an ordinary embowed. Argent - Silver. As silver paint does not reproduce well and rapidly tar- nishes argent is represented in dl Heraldry as . If on white paper (a) Cubit Am the section whicti is to be argent is @) Am embowed in amour left blank, if on coloured paper the argent section is painted white. In Armed at al1 points, meù cap A the doubling of mantling it may be pie - This applies to a man entirely called white rather than argent covered with amour except bis face. because, in that case the metal is not used, but in ancient Heraldry - A person legally entitled it was customary to use the skin of to bear arrns. a small animal called a lituite. Armigerous - Refers to a man who Arm - The human arm is frequently is entitled to bear anns. found as part of a crest though sel- dom as a charge in armoria1 bear- Arming Bnckie - Refers to a buckIe ings. The bIazon must state whether (q.v.) of shape. it is dexter or sinister, erect, em- bowed or counter embowed, vested, Armorial Bearings, Am- Armo- vambraced or naked as the case may ria1 bearings correctly apply to the be. Lf cooped care must be taken to coat of arms or what is displayed describe where. When cooped at the upon the shield. The expression has. 19 however. loosely come to be applied who was annigerous, in battle, he 10 the Achievement. was entitled to assume the anns of There are two main types of arms, that prisoner, either adding them to namely: his own or bearing them alone. 1. Private or personal arms which 5. Arms of Adoption where the have been granted to a man for him- last survivor of a family bearing self and for the use of al1 his heirs arms has no issue he may, with male, and by courtesy to his heirs Royal consent, adopt a stranger to femaIe of the next generation only. bear his name and arms and to 2. Corporate arms which have possess his estates. been granted to institutions wliether 6. which are some- public or ecclesiastic, civic bodies times known as allusive or punning and industrial concerns. arms. These are bearings which con- 3. Attributed arms. These are tain charges which allude to the bearings which have been attributed name of the bearer. either to Kings and Queens and to famous people who lived before the Armoria1 Display - Armigerous per- inception of Heraldry or to mythical sons rnay well display tlieir arms jn characters. one or more of the following places : An example of attributed arms A Heraldic banner; wall plaques can be seen in the famous coat of and paintings for use in the house; Edward the Confessor, azure a cross on the side of a vehicle: on decoxa- paronce bdween five martlers Or. tive scroll work either on gates or This coat was frequently quartered on furniture; table silver and table by King Richard II. It may also be mats; cigarette boxes; cigarette found in the arms of Westminster. cases; lighters; cd links: rings; Referencc is also made to other stationery, seals and . types of arms which strictly faIl into one or other of the above categories, Annory - The early name given to These include: the study of armorial bearings. This 1. Arms of Dominion which are name was used more particularly in those borne by Sovereign Princes, the early days when the word not the ams of their families but Heraldry applied to al1 the duties those of the states over which they of a . It must not be confused reign. with ' armoury ' which is the name 2. Arms of Pretension, which are given to the place where srnail arms arms of dominion borne by sover- are stored. eign princes who have no actual autliority over the states to which Annonr - The defensive covering such arms belong, but quarter them used by fighting men. Generally il !O express tlieir right thereunto; thus was made of iron or steel but the Kings of quartered the records are in existence whereby arms of from the time of other tough materials have ben Edward II to 1801. used. 3. Ams of Succession which are those borne by the holder of certain Arrache - Erased. lord-ships or estates thus Earls of Derby as Lords of Man quartered Arrondi - Rounded or curved. the arms of tliat island. 4. Arms of Assumption. In early Arrow - The ordinary position of days. if a man captured a prisoner. an arrow is in paIe with the point 20 downwards but to avoid possibility Aversant - Said of a hand of which of error the shouId state the the back only is seen. position. Arrows are emblazoned as ' barbed ' or ' armed ' of the colour Augmentation - In rnediaevat times of their points and ' fi igi~ted' or there were no such things as Orders, ' feathered ' with that of their Decorations and Medals which the feathers. A sheaf or bundle of King could bestow upon such of his arrows consists of three, unless more subjects who had distinguished are spec~ed, one erect and he themselves in battle. others crossing in saltire tied to- The Order of the was gether in the centre. The term instituted by Edward Iil 1348 but ' banded ' is used to describe that tie. the recipients were limited in num- ber, and then it was only awarded Ascendant - Said of rays, flames etc. to the greater members of the issuing upwards. . Stories exist of the crusades from Aspectant - Respecting (looking at) which it would appear that several one another. Esquires and Gentlemen were Knighted on the battlefield in recog- Asmugent - Rising out of. nition of some particularly spectacu- lar achievement in battle againsl AsM Crown - The type of crown the Saracens, and there are records (q.v.) allocated to corporations or of cases wllere armorial bearings private individuals who have con- were granted to some of tlie nection with the air. who did not already possess them. l In this connection even in the time l At Gaze -The expression describing of Henry V he is said ro have l a stag who would otherwjse be legalised any armorial bearings known as statant gardant. l which had, presumably, been pre- viously assumed by those of his 1 Attire - The antlers of a stag. The followers present at the battle of l l hast is said to be attired. Agincourt who had not borne arms previously. John Phillipot, a 17th century writer on Heraldry, tells a story of which the veracity is extremely sus- l pect, to the effect that the two round buckles with straps borne in the Pelham family arms were granted to Sir John Pelham in recognition of I Iiis brilliant services when he cap- , tured the French King at the battIe I of Poiliers. Attires Whatever the origin, however. I during the later part of the Middle Avellane Cross - Formed of four Ages it was a custom for the Sover- 1 hazel nuts placed crosswise. eign to bestow additional quarters or charges upon those of his subjects Averdant - Covered with her- who warranted such an honour. bage chiefly applied to a mount in These came to be known as Aug- base or to the cornpartment. mentations of Honour. On occasions 2 1 these augmentations took the form given after the Battle of Flociden, in of an additional quarter added to which the King of met his the armorial bearings and which death. The Earl of Surrey who later becarne an integral part of them. At becarne Duke of Norfolk and who other tirnes they consisted merely of led the English forces in this battle, an additional charge or group of received as augmentation an escut- charges which were added to the chan charged with a demi- arms. pierced in the mouth with an arrow Examples of additional quarters witbin a double tressure flory being added to the arms can very counter fiory. This was, of course, easily be seen amongst the wives of virtually taken from the Scottisli Henry VDI. For example, when arms. Anne Bullen becarne Marchioness John Churchill, first and most of Pembroke, immediately prior to farnous Duke of Marlborough, her marriage to the King, he granted wbose military achievement saved her three additional quarters as . was awarded an augmenta- augmentations. These were: 1. Eng- tion consisting of an land with a of three points argent charged with the cross of St. azure charged on each point with as George thereon another azurc with niany fleurs-de-lis Or (for Lancaster). three fleurs-de-lis Or. This addition 2. France with a label of three points was placed on the palar line in the gules (for Angoulême). 3. Gules a of his quartered shield and lion passant gardant Or (for Guinne). today, though the quarterings have Jane Seymour. however, only changed, the augmentation may be received an addition of one quarter seen in a similar position in the arrns which was Or six fleurs-de-lis sable of the 10th Duke of Marlborough iwo, two and fwo a gules rhere- whose second cousin Sir Winstan on three passant gardan! in Churchill K.G. bore the same arnis. pale Or. The human heart so well known Henry had no use whatsoever for in the arms of Dougias is an aug- his fourth wife, Anne of Cleeves, mentation commemorating his stal- and she did not survive long enough wart attempt to corry out the wishes for an augmentation even to be con- of King Bruce that on his death his sidered. heart should be carried to the Holy Katherine Howard, possibly as a Sepulchre. result of Henry's relief at being rid During the time of Cromwell bolh of Anne, was granted two additional Charles 1 and Charles 11 had quarters. These were : 1. Azure three nothing else to bestow on loyal fleurs-de-lis in pale Or between two friends and a few such augrnenta- fiaunches etmine each charged with tions are well worth recording. a gules barbed and seeded At the battIe of Naseby after proper. 2. Azure Iwo lions passant Edward Lake had been wounded gardant Or between four demi peurs- sixteen times and with his left arni de-lis of the last. useIess he fought on with his reigns Katherine Parr received one such gripped in his teeth. His fat was coat as follows: Or on a pile recognised by a quarter of augrnen- between six roses argent. talion gules a dexfer mm ernbowed There are many cases of addi- in armour holding in the hand a tional charges etc. being given. Per- sword erect al1 proper thete fo haps the most famous being that afaed a banner argent charged wirh known as the Howard augmentation a cross befween sixreen escutcheons of the , on the cross a lion of A number of interesting augmen- England. tations were bestowed during the At the battle of Worcester despite late 18th century and early 19th the King's magnificent Generalship century particularly to rnembers of and great valour, when failure was the services. Colonel Clark-Kennedy certain, his escape was due to the who captured the eagle of the 105th loyal courage of Colonel Newman French regiment at the battle of wliose ams were augmeated by an Waterloo was granted a chief with a inescutcheon gules charged with a representatiou of this crossed with a portcullis irnperially crowned Or. sword and, in addition, a crest of a During the wanderings of Charles demi holding aloft the same II his cornpanion CoIonel Careless flag. aferwards called CarIos, who was The Duke of Wellington was hiding with the King in the famous granted an escutcheon charged with Oak tree at Boscobel, was non- the union flag. These arms can be armigerous. The story is told that seen today on the gates of Welling- they discussed a Coat of Arms for ton College, Berkshire. the Colonel which would be granted On some occasions au,mentations if and when the King eventually were granted beyond the realm of came to the throne. This great, Or. common sense so that the original issuing from a mount in base vert an arms became virtualIy impossible to oak tree proper over al1 on a fess see, an example of this can be seen gules three irnperial also in the arms of Lord Nelson, which proper. were originally Or a cross flory Later when the chase had cooled sable. His first augmentation con- slightly the King reached the house sisted of a gules surmounted of the Lane family where he was dis- by another engraited Or charged guised as a servant and travelled with three bombs fired proper. This with Mistress Jane Lane, riding was granted on the 2nd October behind her on a strawberry roan 1797. A year later, in honour of his horse, to the coast where he took triumph in the battle of the Nile he ship for France. On his restoration was after augrnented with a chief the family received the highest undulatory argent thereon waves of honour of any which was a the sea from which a palrn free of England. In addition they were issuunt berween a disabled ship on awarded a crest of augmentation the dexter and a ruinous batrery consisting of a strawberry roan horse on the sinister all proper. cooped at the flanks holding on its After the hero's death his brother foot the Royal Crown. the. Reverend William Nelson. who There is an interesting outcome to became Earl Nelson of TrafaIgar this augmentation because when, and Merton, was given a further during the reign of Queen Victoria, augmentation on a fess wavy azure the armorial bearings tax was im- the word TraJalgarin fext lefrers Or. posed a clause was introduced This last augmentation FLoaJly excluding Royal armory. Conse- removed ali traces of the cross in the quently, when the local tax inspector original arms. called at the Lane household. he was An example of two augmentations advised to observe the Canton of which were placed well enough to England whereupon he went away provide a coat of arms which if n empty handed and the Lanes never Little crowded were no1 unsightly paid a penny piece. were those of Lord Kitchener of 2.3 Khartoum, the blazon of whose ams Badges - some- is gules berneen three busturds close what similar to the crest but not proper a chevron argent surmounted placed on a wreath nor worn on the by another azure in the centre chief . In early days it was gener- point a bezant to which were added ally embroidered upon the sleeves of the ûrst augmentation a pile Or servants and followerç. thereon two flag slaves suitenvise In modern days badges are used flowing to the dexter the union flag extensively by ships of the Navy, of Great Britain and and to regiments of the Army. squadrons of the sinfster a representation of the the Air Force, scbools and many of Egyptian flag all proper enfiled by a the employees of hospitals, industrial gules the rim inscribed concerns, etc. ' Khartoum ' in letters of and Some of the better known badges the second augmentation a chief were the following: The House of argent thereon a pale gules charged Plantagenet. The Planta Genista or with a lion passant gardant Or Broome plant, between on the dexter an eagle dir- played sable and on the sinister on a munt vert an free fructed proper. Atüned - Bearded. Used when cars of corn are spoken of. Axe - There are vanous types of axe which apply in Heraldry, and of which details must be carefully blazoned. Planta Gensta (Plantapenets) 1. ' Axe ' makes reference to the common hatchet. King Stephen. A sagittary, and 2. ' bas a broad ostrich feathers in plume with the splayed out curved and which motta ' utrumque 'a has a point at the back of the blade. FW~ard1. A issuing from 3. ' Danish axe ' bas a blade ]ike between the horns of a ciesCent. a battle axe but the heIve is curved. With Richard's association with the 4. 'pickaxe y is similar to the crusades this may have been sym- ' normal workman's pickaxe. bolic of the ascendancy of Christian- ity over Mahommedanism. An Ayet - Sometimes known as ses armed arm holding a shivered lance. swallows or Cornish . Edward 1. A rose Or stalked proper. Amre - The tincture blue. Edward II. A hexagonaI castIe with a tower thereon. This is an allusion to his descent from the house of Castile. B Edward III. The sun's rays descending from clouds proper, an ostrich feather and also a falcon. It Badger - Sometimes caIIed ' brock ', is from this badge that the Herald of one of the animals occasionally seen that name appointed by this King used as a charge. was called. 24 Richard il. The sun in splendeur Richard m. A rose within the and aiso a white hart couchant on Sun. a mount under a tree proper gorged The House of Tudor. Tùe and with a a-own and chained Or. white roses variously united some- thes per pale. sometimes quarterly but generally one within the other, also a portcullis. Henry WI. A Hawthom bush fructed and Royally crowned be- tween the letters H.R. Or. Also a red dragon Henry VTII. A white greyhound. Queen Mary. The dexter half of a double rose proper impaled with a semi-circle therein a sheaf of arrows Or. The whole rayonnant and ensigned with a Royal Crown. White Hart (Richard IT) The House of Lancaster. A red rose. Henry IV. A genet and an eagle displayed Or. Henry V. A beacon Or in0amed proper and an antelope gorged with a crown and chained. Henry W. Two feathers in saitire the sinister argent surmounred of the dexter Or. The House of York. A white rose, Edward IV. A falcon displayed argent within a closed fetterlock. Rose and Pomegranatc Or and a sable. (Mary 1) Queen Elizabeth 1. A rose with the motto ' rosa sine spina '.

Omat Britain and Ireland (Elizabeth Il) 25 The . Fleurs-de-lis. ity. To be more accurate, an esquire A rose and thistle impaled by dimi- carried the banner of his lord. If diation The House of . The roses, fieurs-de-lis, thistles and harps in various forms as used by their predecessors. These devices are still used in varying forms by members of the Royal famiIy today. Bag of Madder - An ordinary sack corded with three bands each fess wise and palewise. Madder is a dye and this charge is found in the arms in the Company of Dyers of London. Banner of Nevill Bagpipes - These seldom apply in Heraldry but when they do they are an ordinary . who carried a generally associated with a hare pennon with two points, distin- which is seen to be playing them. guished himself in battle it was customary for a member of the Bagwyn - An imaginary beast simi- higher nobility, or the King ta lar to the Heraldic antelope having remove the two points turning the ihe tail of a horse and long homs pennon into a smaii banner and thus curved over the ears. promoting its bearer to knight ban- neret. - Bailloné - Gagged. This describes Banners of the Knights of the an animal, especially a lion, when Garter hang in St. George's Chapel, Izolding a staff in its mouth Windsor during the lifetime of the knight concerned; so too, the ban- Balance - A set of scales. ners of the Knights of the Bath hang in Westminster Abbey. Bale - A package of merchandise The flag which is flo\vn over the rather similar to the Bag of Madder Royal residences during their occu- but less decoratively painted. pation by the reigning Monarch, which is generally known as the Bale ûre - A beacon. Royal Standard, should correctly be called the Royal Banner. Baoded - Encircled with a band cord or ribbon but when a different Ba~eret- The rank of the nobility tincture is to be used for the band between knight bacbelor and baron. thc blazon musr state particulars. - An ordinary resembling Ihc Banners - A square or oblong (the fess in form but of lesser width. Tt is depih greater than the width) flag seldom borne singly and conse- which is charged with the ams of quently is not confined to the middle its owner. In early days banners of the shield. Tt has two diminutives were borne by Knights banneret and tlie closet (q.v.) and the harrulzl by al1 the higher ranks of the nobil- (q.v.). 26 Barb - The name given to the sepals undertook to maintain thirty foot appearing between the petals of the soldiers in Iteland at 8 pence per Heraldic rose. Tn the case of an day for the term of two years. Upnn arrow ir refers to the head. the establishment of the order it was decreed that the number of British Sarded - Furnished with bardings. Baronets should not exceed 200 and This refers to the caparison of a upon the extinction of a baronetcy horse which, in early days, utas fre- no other should be crealed to fi11 the quently charged with armorial vacancy but these regulations were bearings. soon dispensed with and the number became unlimited. The badge of baronetage (argent Bainacle - An instrument used by a sinister hand erect, open and farriers to curb unruly horses. It cooped niay occasionally be found extended ut rhe wrisi gules, being the i.c. horimntally. There js also a arms of the province of Ulster) was water fowl of this name sometimes granted in 1612. It may be borne found in Heraldry. upon a canton or upon an inescut- cheon which may be placed either upon the middle-chief point or fess Baron - The ftfth and lowest rank point it must never be placed upon of the British Peerage. The word an intersection of two or more coats seerns to have been introduced into quartered. EngIand at an early period and was Baronets of Ireland. Established originally applied to al1 the nobility. by King James 1 in 1619. Their Barons, according to Spelman, were qualification, privileges and badge first made by King's writ sumrnon- were the sarne as those of the iiig them to Parliament in the reign Baronets of Great Britain. None of John. The first baron by patent have been conferred, however, since was John Beauchamp of Holt who the Union of 1801. was raised to the peerage by Kirig Baronets of Scotland and Nova Richard II in the 11th year of his Scotia. A sirnilar order projected by reign (10th October, 1387) under trie Janies 1 but founded by Charles I of Baron of Kidderminster. in 1625 imrnediately after bis acces- Until dter World War II when sion. The object of tbis order was to the sysrem of life peerage was intro- encourage the plantation of Nova duced the rank of baron was heredi- Scofia, in which colony each Baronet tory which it remains for al1 other had granted to him by his patent than life peers. eighteen square miles of land having a sea Coast or at Ieast the bank of Bwoness - The wife of a Baron. some navigable river three miles in length and an extent of six miles Baronet - Baronets of Great Britain. inland. An order founded by King James 1 These were authorised to add to 1611. for the encouragement of plan- their arms either on a canton or an tations in the province of Ulster. inescutcheon argent on a sajrire The dignity is bestowed by parent azure an esc~itcheonof the Royal and is hereditary but generally Arms of Scotland, which were the limited to tIie heirs male of the arms of the province of Nova Scotia. grantee. It was in the first instance Since the union of England and bestowed upon knights and esquires Scotland al1 new creations have been (being duly qualifiai) each of whom Baronets of the . 7 BdB- An expression used to describe a field divided horizontalIy into ten or any higher even number of qua1 parts. In modern Heraldry the tenn barry (q.v.) has more gener- ally been used.

Barralet - A diminutive of the bar of which it is approximately t its width. that is to Say approximately ,b of the height of the shield. Barry - An expression denoting that the field is horizontally divided into an even number of equal parts of which the number must be stated. Barry Piley In the case of barry it is customary for the metal to precede the tincture Bars - are bars voided and thus take the senior position, or closets placed in couples. Barry bendy - An expression denot- ing that the field is divided fess wise and bend wise in equal proportions thus producing a number of dia- mond sections lying on their sides. The tinctures thus become counter changed. Barry bendy sinister may also be found.

Bars Gemeiies wise - An expression denofing that charges on the shield are arranged horizontally one beside the other. Base - The lower portion of the shield. Xt may refer to a portion of the base equal in width of a bar parted off by a horizontal line. Barry Bendy Basilisk - A monster resembling a but with a dragon's head ar the end of the tail. Barry PiIeg - The field divided hori- zontaily into a number of pile Basket - Several kinds of baskets shaped pieces. may be used in Heraldry generally referring to the occupation or trade piece of embroide coastructed by of the bearer. A basket may be the sewing ladies O7' Matilda wife of covered. William the Conqueror, probably at the request of Odo, Bishop of Basriard - Ulegitimate issue. Bayeux, brother of William the Con- queror. It is some 230 feet long by Baston - A singie cotise usai as an 20 inches wide containing eighty-one ancient mark of difierence. scenes which tell the story of events leading up to and during the battle Bat - The creature which is some- of Hastings. times found in Heraldry and gener- It is of particular interest to ally blazoned as flittennouse or students of Heraldry because the rercmouse. shields and banners of the many per- sonalities who can be identified d~ Baton - A bendlel cooped. The not bear Heraldic , thus baton sinister is sometirnes used as proving that the inception of Heral- a difference for bastardy. A staff of dry was after the . office. Beacon - An iron cage or trivet Battering Ram - A charge which mounted on a long pole and pro- seldon1 appears in modern heraldry vided with a step ladder, which was depicting a cylindrical shaft fess wise used originally to guide travellers witb a ram's head oo the dexter end across unfrequented tracks of coun- and rings for suspension. try or to alarm the neighbourhood in event of invasion or rebellion. Baittle axe - An axe with a curved edge and a spike on the back of the blade, which is mounted on a straight helve<' headed by a spike.

Battlo Axa

Bandric - A sword beIt which was looked upon as one of the distinc- tions oE a knight. It is thought to have been a prototype of the bend. /z!a&- --- Bayeux Tapestry - A well known Beacon 29 It is more ErequentIy found as a Hive - Occasionally used on ils crest than as a charge and is invari- own or may be blazoned ' beset with ably emblazoned with the fire burn- diversely volant' as in the arms hg. of Bar1 Beatty.

Beaked - Refers to the beaks of Be1 - There are two types of bel1 birds or monsters. used in Heraldry unless stated other- wise a Church bel1 is intended, the Bear - Found in several positions in alternative is a hawk's bel1 which Heraldty rnost frequently in con- must be blazoned in full. junction with the ragged staff. One may also hd the bear's head and Belied - An expression sornetimes a bear's gamb. found in the blazon in conjunction with the falcon e.g. ' befled and jessed '. In modern Heraldry, bow- ever, it has come to be assumed automatically that the falcon is belled and jessed. The term applies. to the bel1 fixed to one leg.

Benows - A rarely found charge, but if used they are emblazoned in the traditional form. Bend - An ordinary being a diago- nal strip from dexter chief to approximately 3 of the way down on the sinister side, which, accord- ing to Leigh and many earlier Heraldic writers, should occupy 3 of the field when charged and 8 when plain. The latter proportion is, however. generaily adopted whether Bear and Ragged Staff the bend is charged or not, the exact proportion beiog left entirely to the Bearer - An expression used in Scot- HeraIdic artist. tish Heraldry in lieu of supporter. The bend may be decorated with any one of the lines of division Be- - Any HeraIdic device or which must, of course. be stated in figure borne upon the shield. When the blazon. used in the plural it has come to mean the whole of the Coat of Bend sinister - Similar in every Ams. respect to the bend but running from sinister chie£ to the dexter base side Beaver - The ahal which rnay be of the shield, found, but infrequently. as a charge: an example being in the arms of Bendleî, bendlet sinister - A dimi- Beverley, Yorksliire. nutive of the bend or bend sinister, not more than half the width of the Bee - When used as a charge fre- bend. though nonnally narrower. quenfly denotes industry. Bendlets are occasionally enhanced. 30 Bendwise - An expression used -to Billet - A small oblong figure gener- to describe the position of a number ally supposed to represent a letter; of charges placed in bend. its proportion being hvo squares.

Bendy - Describes a field or charge Bfflett6 - Semé of billets. divided bendwise into an even nurnber of parts. The number bolt - A blunt headed arrow required must be so stated in the used in early days for shooting blazon. birds. As the number of heads varies the blazon should mention if more Bengal - The traditional tiger than one are required. which appears occasionally in Her- aldry more particularly perhaps as a Birds - There are numerous differ- crest or supporter. ent species of birds used as charges, but by far the most important is the Be~on- A bird bolt. eagle which may be portrayed in a number of different positions, for example, an eagle displayed is one Bevilled - A line of partition occa- with bis wings, legs and talons out- sionally found in Heraldry com- stretched on either side of his body mencing from the dexter side it runs which is affront6 and bis head faces approximately 7/12 horizontally to- the dexter. He may be displayed wards the dexter then backwards with two heads. He rnay be shown and upwards at an angle of 45O in flight, in which case he is approximately i) of the width of the ' volant '. He may be standing with shield then, at an angle of 45*, it his wings closed, as an ' eagle close ', continues horizontally across to the or if he stands with wings partly sinister. opened he is an ' eagle rising '. One will occasionally find an Bezant - A roundlet Or. It repre- eagle's head eitl~ercooped or erased serits the old coin of Byzantium and and as a diminutive the word eaglets should therefore, unlike most of the will be applied when there are more other roundlers, be emblazoned as a than one or if they are to be white flat object. It was introduced into in colour they wiil be known as En.glish Heraldry by the crusaders. osprevs. A - As with the lion, the eagle may be Bezant6 - An expression describjng anned and languecl, or his legs rnay a field which is strewn with bezants. be said to be ' membered ' of a different tincture. Bi-corporate - Having two bodies Another bird which is frequently but only one head. seen is the falcon, and this is under- standable because the sport of Billl - An instrument used by wood- hawking was adopted by so many men for the purpose of lopping trees. of the mediaeval knights. The falcon The head alone is more frequent as is generally shown on a perch with a charge than the entire instrument. his wings close but they may be ele- vated and addorsed and whatever Aook - Rather simiIar to the the position, the falcon is always bdl (q.v.) but with a short handle belled and jessed which term refers and therefore generally emblazoned to the bel1 and straps used in the old complete. time sport. Other birds to be found include the which is gener- BMed - Ldess, may sometimes aiiy shown standing above its nest be applied to trees. and wlning or wounding its breast to nourish its young from the drops Blazon - A word derived from the of blood which can be seen dripping German ' blasen' meaning to blow down. The , as found in the a tmmpet or hom. It signifies the arms attributed to Edward the Con. description of an achievernent in fesser, is particularly popular in general, and a coat of arms in par- parts of Sussex. There is also the ticular, in such detail that an accur- swan, the ostrich, which is usually ate drawing may be made frorn the shown with a horse- in its beak, description. In order to do so a the Crane, the heron, the stork, the knowledge of the points of the shield shell-drake, the raven, the peacock. is particularly necessary. (See which is always 'in his pride ', the ' Points of the Shield ') dove, the parrot, which in HeraIdry 1. Ernblazoning the coat of arms is the popinjay, the kite and the the fist thing to be mentioned is the cock which on occasions is blazoned field. whether it be of one tincture, as the dunghill cock, which is in fact paa-ty of two. or of any of the pat- nothing more than the famyard terns frequently found. Examples: rooster. (a) Gules, (b) per fess argent and Birds may be blazoned as ducaiiy gules, (c) gyronny Or and sable, (d) gorged and on occasions chained bendy of eight argent and azure, (e) and not inirequently they are them- Azure semi-de-lis. selves charged with some other 2. The first charges which should charge. be noticed are those laid immedi- ately upon the field and normally BIshop - The armorial bearings of a occupying the central and most com- bishop are nonnally irnpaIed with manding position. These include the the anns of the See in al1 official principal ordinaries. Examples : (a) documents. argent a lion rampant gules, (b) Various references to his office mire a bend Or, (c) argent a chev- appear as charges and in crests. ron engrailed sable. namely the , the crozier, and 3. Any secondary cliarges resting the ordinary which is known as a on the surface of the shield. pal1 was adoptexi from the ecclesias- Example: gules a bend Or berween tical . thee crescenfs argent. 4. Objects placed on one of the charges already mentioned. Bit - The horses bit is occasionally Example : argent on a fess gules to be found as a charge but the type between lhree garbs azure two must be specified in blazon. patté Or. 5. Important charges resting on Blackamore's Head - A number of the surface of the shield but not heads have been used both as a occupying the central position : viz. charge and as a crest of which thar a chief, canton, etc. of a blackamore is one. Example: gules on a bend sinister between rhree water bougets Or as many ogresses, a canton argent. Bladed - An expression used when 6. Objects placed on the charges the stalk of any grain is tinctured mentioned in number 5. Example: differently kom the ear. sable on a fess Or between rhree Barry Bendy Barry Piley

Annulet Lily as iri 'w' Arms ofEton College Bars Gemelles

Planta Genista (Planiaganers) GreatBritain and Ireland (Elizabeth II)

plates as myfleurs-de-lis of the Boar and Boar's Head - The wiid first, on a cllief aygent cr lion pcissnnt boar may be found in one of several azurs armed and fangued gules. postures as a Heraldic charge or as 7. Marks of cadency etc., if any. a cr~tbut the most common form Examples: (a) gules on a bend is the boar's head either cooped or sinisler between three water bougets erased. It is of particular signifi- Or as many ogresses, on a canion cance in . argent a baroners badge a for diflerence. (b) sable on a fess Or Body beart - The hean, generally between three plates as many peur- blazoned as 'body heart ', and fre- de-lis of the first on a chief argent a quently surniounted by a crown, is lion parsant azure armed and Ian- used as a clsarge, particu1arIy in the gued gules a label of five points. arms of Douglas. It is emblazoned in It can be noticed from the a mariner similar to the lieart seen examples that where a similar nurn- on a playing card. ber of charges appear on say the field and one of the ordinaries in- Bomb - Sometin~es blazoned as 1 stead of repeatjng the number a 'grenade' is shown as a bal1 with second time the expression 'as flames issuing from the , an many ' is used, and similarly, where example rnay be found in the arms a tincture is repeated, rather than of Lord Nelson. repeating the name of the tincture the expression ' of the kst', ' of the Borie - Bones, generally human, are second' or 'of the field' are used occasionally found as charges but according to where that tincture has the blazon must specify the type of ben used previously. bone required. They have also been In the case of a quartered coat of used held in the rnouth of an animal arms the blazon of each quarter is as a part of crest. A complete skele- given separately and on occasions ton may be found in the arms of where any particular charge is super- Londonderry. imposed over the whole shield parti- culars of this are given at the end. - The velvet cap within a . Blue bottle - The Heraldic name The electoral bonnet, which is given to the common b]ue corn also a cap of crimson velvet turned flower. up ermine, was borne superimposed over the arms of Hanover until the elevation of that state into a king- dom in 1814 when the crown of Hanover was substituted. Books - Books are borne in arms either open as in the arms of the or closed as in those of the University of Cam- bridge. The blazon must state full particulars with regard to their posi- Boar's Head tion and the tinctures of the binding, clasps, etc.. and inscriptions. Bloemantie Parsnivant - one of the English Officers of hs(q.v.). Bordure = The Heraldic name for 33 border. It is frequently used in Scot- Bretesse - Embattled on both sides. tish Heraldry as a mark of cadency but in it is some- Brick - A charge resembling a billet times seen as a charge. The bordure but showing its thickness in per- may be subject to decoration as for spective. the lines of partition and may itself be charged in which case the num- Bridge - When a bridge is given in ber of minor charges is always eight blazon the number of its arches unless othenvise specified. and al1 other particulars suc11 as masoning, etc., must be given. Botonné or Treflé - Refers speciiic- ally to a type of cross implying that , Order of - A decor- each arm ends in three round knobs. ation (q.v.). Bouget, budget - The water bouget Brisure - A mark of cadency. is a charge resembling a yolk from which are suspended two water- Broad arrow - A charge sirnilar to skins. It is frequently found in the the pheon but the heredges of the arms of families which have a cm- barbs are not engrailed. sading ancestor.

Bouchier - A device frequently repeated on the tomb of Archbishop Bouchier. See bots. Bourdon - A palmer's staff.

Bow - A long bow must be shown unless a cross bow is specified. It is normally shown bent and strung, If the strings are of a different tincture £rom the frarne the blazon must so state. Bowen's Knot - A continuous piece of rope set out in a square with a loop at each corner. Braced - An early Heraldic word for interIaced. Branch - If unfructed a branch should correctly consist of three slips. If fruit is included four leaves are generaiiy considered sufficient. - Engraved monumental plate generally f ound in churches. Breathing - An early Heraldic word applied to the stag which has the same meaning as ' at gaze '. Buckles 34 Broche -An instrument used by em- difierent from that of the horn. broiderers and borne as a charge by Wheo decorated with bands of a their company. different tincture it wili be 'gar- nished ' or ' viroled ' of that tincture. Brock - Another name for badger (q.v.1. Bd - The animal of that name which appears in Heraldry, particu- Buck - An animal of the stag larly in the Arms of Cole. variety borne as such in blazon on some occasions. Burgeonée - Description of a Beur- de-lis with petals closed in the fom Bucket - Several varieties of bucket of a bud. have been used in Heraldry but unless specified a comrnon well Burling Iron - An instrument used bucket is inferreci. The blazon may by weavers. It occurs in the arms of state an addition of feet, hoops and their company at Exeter. handle which are generally tinctured difFerently from the bucket. Butt - A fish of the fiounder type. Bnckle - From a very early period Buitertiy - This is generally buckies bave been marks of honour borne votant with its four wings and authority. There are various expanded. The harvest fly is similar foms used and the ' blazon must but has two wings only. mention the shape. An arming buckle for example refers to one of Buzzard - An alternative name for lozenge shape. the kite (q.v.). In some exarnples the éongues are lurned to the dexter or to thc sinister. Other shapes include oval, round and square. An alternative name which is sometimes found is 'fer- mail '. Cable - A chain or rope attached to Bugle hom, or hunting horn - A an anchor. Tt nlust not be included curved hom with the mouth piece to unless the blazon specifically states the sinister generally shown sus- that it is there. pended by ribbons or strings which are tied in a knot above it; in which Cabmhed - An expression used case they wiU be blazoned as when applied to an animal's head stringed of the tincture required if (except ) to indicate that it is cut off so as to show part of the neck. Cadency - The system showing the position of members or branches of the family in relation to its head. Marks of cadency are sometimes known as brisures or differences and are applied differently in English Bugle Horn and Scottish Heraldry. 35 England. In England the differences found in the centre chief or the now in use rnay be divided into two dexter chief. There is no rule classes. those used by the Royal respecting their tinctures except that family and those which should be they may not be argent which is borne by others. The sons and reserved for the Royal famiIy. daughters of the sovereign al1 bear Unfortunately in English Heraldry labels of three points argent. That of the system of differencing is not the Prince of is plain but strictly applied as it sliould be. those of the other Princes and Prin- Scorland. In Scotland automatic cesses are charged with crosses, lineal descent of armorial bearings fleur-de-lis. hearts, roses, anchors, is only to the eldest son and to the etc. for the sake of distinction. eldest son of the eldest son. AI1 Princes and Princesses, being the other sons must matriculate with sons and daughters of the above, are Lord Lyon, , the Scot- distinguished by labels of five points tish before pos- charged in a similar manner. These sessing an entitlenient to bear amis. differences as well as those which An appropriate difference will be follow shauld be borne on the arms, allocated to each son thus matricu- crest and supporters. lating, which will be retained by him Differences now in use for al1 as the arms of his particular cadet families except that of the Sovereign branch. Differences in Scotland very are as follows: First House. First largely consist of the bordure in one son during the life of his father, a of its forms together with frequent label of three points. Second son a changes of tincture. crescent. Third son a mullet. Fourtb son a martlet. Fifth son an annulet. Caducens - The staff of Mercury Sixth son a fleur-de-lis. Seventh son consisting of a bal1 headed rod. a rose. Eighth son a . winged and eniwined by two ser- Ninth son a double quatrefoil. The pents. first son of the first son of the first house a label of five points Caerlaverock - A famous siege and the second a label charged with which took place in 1300 in the a crescent and so on for al1 other reign of Edward I between the sons of this branch. English and the Scots. It is note- Second House. First son, a cres- worthy as it was one of the early cent charged with a label of three occasions at which the pro- points. Second son. a crescent duced a . charged with a crescent and so on Calf - The young of the cow from for the remainder but it is not usual which it is chiefly distinguished ja to bear doubIe differences. There Heraldic drawing bv the absence of are no dinerences for sisters (except horns. in the Royai family) as they are al1 qua1 but they should bear the Calopns - A monsLer sirnilar to a differences which pertain to their wolf but with horns. fathers. Charges used as differences should Caltrap - A four pointed trap used be drawn smaller than usual to in early battles when fighting against distinguish thern from ordinary horsemen. It was so formed that charges. TIiey rnay be placed upon which ever way it fell one point was any part of the arms which is most in the air and thus it fomed a trap convenient but will generally be against horses. Cap of Estate Caparison - The embroidered covering of a horse which was ofien charged with the arnis of tlie kniglil to whom the horse belonged. Origin- Cross - A passion cross ally made of leather for battle, light elevated upon three steps which are cotton material was used For tourna- said to represent the three graces, ments and ceremonial. Faith, Hope and Charity. Carbnncle - See Escarbuncle. Came1 - The animal of that name which appears on infrequent occa- Camck Pursuivent -- One of the sions as a charge. Scottish Offiers of Arms (q.v.).

'ame'o~a'd - The Heraldic gi'affe' Castle - The word castle used alone generally sign jks eifhcr a single If it is blazoned as camelopardel it tower or two towen willi a gate iç then depicted with two long between them. A castle triple curved horns. towered is a tower with three turrets thereon. Canon - The name given t0 the Other castles which occur rnay be mcient muzzle leader unless blazoned triangular or square which another type is specified. are seen in perspective. Frequently the blazon will say that the castIe Arms - Arms whjch is masoned of another tincture and tain an allusion to the name of the the same may apply to domes, ports bearer. and flags.

Canton - 4 subordinary resembling the quarter in tom but of smaUer dimension. Its size is not fixed but jt is generally about 3 of the chief. Cantons are always placed in the dexter chief uniess on the very rare occasions the sinister chief is given in tlie blazon. Cantons are generally but not always cliarged. Cat - The wild cat which is Cap of Estate - Sometinies called blazoned catamountain. He may be chapeau or cap of maintenance. A shown in one of several positions cap generally of crirnson velvet which must be stated. turned up ermine with two long The alternative is the Cornish car points of the brim to the sinister. It which is but infrequentiy founcl and is sometimes used to form the basis which is of a sandy tabby type with of a crest in lieu of the wreath. a very short tail. Catherine Wheel - A whcel consisl- Champion of England - An office ing of eight spokes cxtending to a yrobably created by William the nurnber of short curved Conqueror and retained for many along the rim. If an alternative years by the Marmion family. Dur- nurnber of spokes is required, it ing the reign of Richard II. the must be given in blazon. title passed to their descendant Sir John Dymoke and has continued as - A type resembling an hereditary right in that family the eastern crown. ever since. When the champion carried out his original duties, he rode into Westminster Hall, armed Centam - Alternatively known as cap-&pie, during the banquet fol- sagittarius or sagittary, is the man lowing the coronation of a ne%? horse of mythology represented with Sovereign and publicly challenged bow and arrow and said to have to combat anyone who dared dis- been the of King Stephen. pute the Ming's or Queen's title to the throne. The cereruony has not Centre Point - An alternative name been carried out since the reign of for the fess point. George IV,Another honour of his office as champion granted to the C!hafant - An expression applied to head of the Dymoke family is to the meaning enraged. quarter with his own arms a silver sword on a black shield: and he also uses a motto ' rege dirnico' thus Chafnnch - The bird of that name combining a play on his surnarne sometirnes blazoned as pinson. with the office held by his family for so long. Chaias - Are often fixed to the collars of animals and on either side Chamber Piece - A small piece of of a portcullis. They are also borne ordnance without a carriage. on occasions as distinct charges. They are usually shown with round Chapeau - Sec Cap of Estate. or oval links unless square ones are specified. - A garland of leaves with four flowers spaced equally amongst Chalice - A cup without cover thern. The type of flower must be drawn on a pedestal wjth round or stated in blazon. octagonal feet. Charge - Anything borne on an escutcheon whether upon the field or upon an ordinary. Cbarged - A term applying to a shield, crest, supporter or banner having any object depicted thereon. Also to any charge having another charge upon it.

62% Charger - A dish. Chalica Chawsé - Wearing . 38 Checky - An expression applied to Chiet - A sub-ordinary occupying ti field or charge divided by perpen- 4 to of the shield from the top dicular and horizontal lines into downwards. Its line of partition with small equal sized squares of metal the rest of the field can be decorated and colour alternately. with one of the Lnes of decoration.

Chessrook - A charge represented - A wingless by two wing-lke projections issu- creature resembling a lizard. ing from the base of a chess piece. Wvairy - An expression used extensively in the to describe the knightly system and covering the virtues and qualities which it inspired. It can also be used to mean the actual knightly ranks in the arrny in general.

Cinqnefciil - A bearing denved originally from a plant of the clover type; however, in modern Heraldry, Erom its general shape, it is fre- quently looked upon as repxesenting Chessrook the Narcissus.

Chester Herald - One of rhe English Chic Crown - A wreath of oak Officers of Arms (q.v.1. leaves and acorns which should not be confused with any other type of Chevalier-Literally a man on horse- crown (q.v.). back but generally refers to a knight in armour which may be found in - During the 14th several cases as a charge. and 15th centuries a few of the more important English cities and towns acquired unauthorised amo- Chevron - An ordinary said 10 have been derived from a pair of rafters rial bearings which were in due and occupying approximately of course recorded at the College of rhe field. It has two diminutives, the Arms, and thus became legal grants. chevronel and the couple-close. From the 16th century onwards there has been a steady flow of grants to local aurhorities until to- Chevronel - A diminutive of the day some 500 have been granted in chevron generally about half its Great Britain as a whole of which width. Seldom borne singly. approximately three-quarters were granted during the last 100 years. Chevramy - Divided into even riumber of equal portions chevron- Clam - A word sometirnes used by w ise. both English and Scottish Heralds for the escallop. Chevronwise - An expression des- cribing a number of charges which Clarion, clarjcord - A wind instru- are placed upon shield in a position ment depicred in two various forms as if resting upon a chevron. as a Heraldic charge. In one of iis forms it is similar to, but should not tem is frequently found loosely be confuseci with, a lance rest. employed to mean the full achieve- ment. The name ' coat of arms ' was derived €rom the (q-v.). Cock - Generdly refers to the nor- mal farmyard rooster and may be incorrectly blazoned as dunghill cock, garnecock or moorcock though the Iater two have minor differences.

Clarion Cockatrice - A nionster resembling a wyvem with the head of a cock CIaymore - A type of sword parti- and the tongue barbed. Normally cularly applicable to Scotland and it is born with wings elevated and frequently found in connection with adorsed but may be blazoned as supporters where a sword is carried. displayed. Cfenched - Describes a hand when Co-heir, co-heiress -Where an ami- closed. ger dies without male issue but leaves two or more daughters, al1 are çlimant - An expression used in considered qua1 and described as connection with one of the Heraidic CO-heirsor CO-heiressesuntiI the final positions of the goat which in beasts survivor becornes the heiress. of prey would be described as ram- pant. Coliar of S.S. - An ornamental collar constructed of a series of Close - An expression describing the ietter S's in gold which may tic wings of a bird in the natural posi- either entwined or set close together. tion against the body. It is worn by Kings of Arms and Heralds on state occasions. Closet - A diminutive oE the bar of which it is half the width. - Prior to 1484 the King and many of the nobility em- Cloods - Occasionally found as ployed heralds to carry out duties charges, they are sometirnes repre- in connection with Tournaments and sented by a nebuly line and occa- as messengers in Peace and War. sionally in the more orthodox Tlie senior heralds came to be called rnanner. Kings of Arms. On the 23rd March 1484 King Richard III incorporated Cloué - Studded or fastened with the Heralds by charter to form whai nails, a term frequently found in was known at the tirne as the Col- coiijunction with the portcullis. lege of Heralds, and gave them a house named Coldharbour for their Clove - The spice so called which work. A year later his successor appeaw in the arms of the Grocers cancelled the Royal warrant and Company. acquired the building used by the College for his own purposes. On Coat of Arms - A tem which refers 15th July 1555 Queen Mary 1 to al1 the bearings placed upon a refomed the College with a new Heraldic shield. In modern times the charter and gave them Derby House 40 which is the site on which the Componé, compony, gobony - present College of Arms now stands. Refers to a single line of squares The College of Arms is a depart- of two tinctures which may be found nient of the RoyaI household oper- in connection with an ordinary or ating under the who subordinary. e.g. The bordure com- has a number of officers of Ams PanY. (q.v.1 to carry out al1 the duties in connection with issuing and record- Componé counter componé - A ing armorial bearings in the United double line of squares of two tinc- Kingdom. Until 1943 one of the tures used in a similar manner to Kings of Arms also supervised the componé. whole of Ireland but in that year the Irish government estabIished its own state HeraId who still works in close CO-operationwith Norroy King of Arms who now supervises Ulster. Conjoined - Joined together, Colomb - An alternative Heraldic name for the dove.

Cobn- The architectural column appearing occasionaIly as a charge Compony and of which the type must be stated in blazon. Concave - Arched. Coney - The Heraldic name for the Combatant - Describes two animais rabbit. rampant facing each other on a shield as if in battle. Conûrmation of Arms - A docu- ment issued by the College of Arms Combed - An expression refer~g or Lyon Officeconfirming a man's to the crest of a cock. right to arn-iorial ' bearings. Issue of such confirmation generally fol- Cornpartment - The space below lows research into his ancestry and the shield on which the supporters definite proof of lineal male descent. stand. Until the reign of George V the cornpartment was variously a Comtellations - A general term small strip of ground, pedestals, pel- applying to heavenly bodies which mets and even a decorative form of may be found as charges used in motto scroll. In present day Her- Heraldry. An example being the aldry, however, it generally consists Southern cross which is frequently of a shallow mound representing to be found in armorial bearings grass or Sand sornetimes decorated applicable to Australia. witli flowers and Stones to give the achievement a more solid appear- Contoise - A scarf bouad round the ance. helm. CompIement - Applied to the moon Contowd - Turned (contrary to the when fuii. normal rule) to face the sinister. 41 Occasionally used as a synonym for mation to their present form in the regardant. reign of Henry IV. They were first granted to Viscounts by James 1 Corbie - or raven. and to Barons for the coronation of Charles II. Corded - An expression used whea a cross or any other ordioary is bound with cords. Cormorant - The bird of that name which is generally blazoned as ljver- bird. Comish Choogh - A bird of the crow kind which is very common in 1. Baron Cornwall. It is black with red or orange coloured beak and legs. When found as a charge generally has to be embiazoned in its proper colours. Cornucopia -The horn of plenty. A horn-like basket generally filled with fruit. 2. Viscount

Cornucopia Coronet - Coronets of the Coronets do not appear to hGe 4. Marquess been worn in anything like their present form until the reign of Edward III. From about that time coronets of various Eorrns were worn by Princes, Dukes, Earls and even Knights but apparentIy rather by way of ornamentation than distinc- tion or possibly as a mark of gentility. Coronets acquired some approxi- 5. Duke are known as pearls and in Heraldry tbey are thus represented but the use of imitation pearls and in fact the setting of any jewel or precious Stone in peers' coronets is banned. l In an achievernent the peer's coronet is normally shown (with or without its cap) resting on the shield with the helm and crest rising above it. It is sometimes depicted as if 6. Heir Apparent encircling the base of the helm with complete disregard to their related The patkrn of al1 coronets has now been laid down as follows: Royal Coronets. The Coronet of the Heir Apparent differs from the Dukes. A silver gilt decorated Royal crown by virtue of the fact as if jewelled, but without actual that it has only one arch. It appears gems, surmounted with eight gold both as part of the crest and sur- stylised strawberry leaves of which mounting the inescutcheon of Wales five are seen by the viewer. The in his armorial bearings and is also coronet of a duke must not in any worn by the lion on the crest and way be confused with the so called the dexter supporter. ducal coronet (q.v.). Coronets of the other sons and Marquesses. A silver gilt circlet as daughters, also the brothers and above surniounted by four gold sisters of the Sovereign consist of a strawberry leaves alternating with silver gilt circlet surmounted by four silver balls which are slightly crosses patté and fleurs-de-lis alter- elevated on points above the rim. nateIy, but without arches. The cir- three leaves and two bah are seen clet is chased as though jewelled but by the viewer. bears no actual gerns. Earls. A silver gilt circlet as above Other more distant direct relatives with eight elevated rays of which of the Sovereign who use coronets five may be seen by the viewer. each have them with varying numbers of ray being topped with a silver bal1 strawberry leaves, crosses patte and and between each pair of rays is a fleurs-de-lis. gold strawberry Ieaf. Viscounts. A silver gilt circlet as Corporate Heraldry - This is the above surrnounted by sixteen silver name which covers Heraldry deal- balis adjacent to one another, nine ing with civic bodies, institutions, being seen by the viewer. hospitals, schools, and in fact al1 Barons. A plain silver gilt circlet bodies which bear arms as an enter- sunnounted by six large silver balIs prise rather than as a private indivi- of which four may lx seen by the dual. viewer. All these coronets are norrnally Cotise - A very narrow diminutive worn over a crimson cap with gold of the fess, bend or bend sinister. tassle which is turned up ermine In modern Heraldry the cotise is the ermine lining appearing below never borne singly but in pairs. In the rim of the coronet. The cap is English Heraldry, however, a single generally omitted in representations. cotise was sometirnes used as a The silver balls used on coronets mark of difference. 43 Coucbaot - Lying down. Beasts signifying that it is decorated with thus blazoned should be drawn with fleurs-de-lis on both sides. their heads upnght to distinguish their position from donnant. In this Coaatet Passant - Passant to tlie particular position the tail is nor- sinister. mally drawn as folded under the body and appearing between the Counter Potent - A fur (q.v.). dexter hiad leg and the stomach and from there elevated over the Counter - A fur (q.v.). back. Cooped - Cut off in straigh~linc as Coulter - A plough share. for the head or a limb. Tt is generally of importance to give details as Io Connter - This term rnay be em- where the limb has been severed. ployed with several variations of meaning. When applied to two Couple close - A diminutive of tlie animals it signifies that they are chevron of which it is one quarter turned in a direction opposite to the width. They are always borne in normal; for example, two foxes pairs, frequently in conjunction wilh counter salient. If only one animal the chevron which is then said to be is spoken of it means tbat it faces between couple-closes. Some Her- 10 ihe sinister. alds use the expression of a chevron cotised, however. Connter changed - This expression appears very frequently in Heraldry Courant - Running at full speed as and it signifies that a field consists the white horse of Hanover. ConrtRsy - In many cases the second title of a peer rnay be conceded by Royal Grace to be borne by his eldest son during Iiis lifetime. Courresy Titles do not carry any right to use coronet, sup- porters or peer's helm.

Court of Chivalry - This was formed during the 13th and 14th centuries for the purpose of adjudi- cating in cases arising from deeds of Per Pale, a Chevroil counter changed arms outside the Kingdom and rhose within it that could not be settled by comrnon law. of metal and colour separated by The Court of Chivalry is seldoni one of the Iines of partition named active in modern times and in 1954 from the ordinaries the charges or it sat after an interval of 223 years parts of charges placed upon the for the purpose of trying a case metal are of the colour and vice between the Manchester City Cor- versa. poration and a private Company operating a fun fair whi& set up the Counter Bory - Used particularly in Manchester City arms over the connection witli a double tressure entrance of their establishment. In early days the Constable and Ckest - A figure anciently affixed io the Marshal held sway over the the helni of every commander for Court of Chivalry but in modern purposes of identification in the it is the responsibility of the confusion of battle and certainly in Earl Marshal who at its Iast sitting use long before the hereditary bear- delegated his authority to the Lord ing of coat amour. It is frequently Chief Justice acting as his deputy. confused with the badge which is a totally different thing and in many Covered Cup - Similar to a chalice cases modern writers refer loosely (q.v.) but provjded with a dome to the expression crest when in fact sliaped cover. they mean Coat of Arms or even Achievenient. Coward - A lion or other beast Crests were not considered as whose tail is hanging between his being a part of the family arms hind legs is said to be coward. until the commencement of the 14th century. They were originally con- Crane - The bird of that name which fined to a few and given by Royal must not be confused with the stork grant and even to this day there are or heron. several old families who have never used them; conversely, there are families bearing two and even three crests. Ancient crests were for the mosl part the Iieads of animals or plumes of feathers. Such inappropriate figures as buildings. rocks. clouds and thunder bolts were never used for crests when Heraldry was used as a means of identification. Unless the contrary be explicitly A Fess Embattled mentioned a crest is always placed (Crenelated) upon a wreath and it was not until the reign of Elizabeth when the Crenelated - Enibattled. The aper- ducal coronet and chapeau came tures of an embattled wall are to be granted 'on occasions as an known as the crenels or embrasures alternahe. and the waUs standing between Crests may not be used by clergy- them as the merlons. men or ladies as of course neither is considered capable of wielding a Cresœnt - A figure resembling a sword. half moon with the horns upper- most. When piaced in other posi- Crest Coronet - Generall y blazoned tions it is called increscent or decres- as a ducal coronet but it has no cent (q.v.). relationship to ducal rank and no The crescent is the ensign of the resemblance to the coronet worn by Turks and was introduced into Her- the Duke, aldry by the crusaders. It was originally used on occa- It is the mark of cadency assigned sions as an alternative to the to the second house. and they were seldom borne to- gether. Cressit - A fire basket. The crest coronet is seldom granted today but is frequently Over 500 distinctive types of cross found in earlier grants of arrns. It have appeared in Heraldry and is represented by a silver gilt circlet there has been great confusion chased as if gernmed. but with no amongst the various writers on the actual jewels, surmounted by four speciûc types which bear Iittle differ- slrawkrry leaves, of which one and ence one £rom another. two halves are visible to the viewer It is not proposed to set out al1 and between each pair of leaves the types of cross but a few of the stands a small silver gilt protuber- more important should be readily ance fully surrounded by nine small recognisable to the student of . Heraldry. 1. Tau cross. This is probably Cmt Wreatb - An alternative name the oldest cross on record as it for the wreath or torse (q.v.). appeared in many countries as a symbol during the Stone age. It is Crested - An expression used when shaped like a T but with the two the crest of a bird is referred to. ends of the transverse arm slightly raid. Crined - An expression used with reference to the hair of a human being or the mane of a horse or when of a different tincture from their bodies. Crosier, Crozier - Refers to the crook of a bishop which may appear as a charge or in connection u~iththe arms of a See. Tau Cross Cross - A cross may be used in Heraldry both as an ordinary in 2. Cross botonné or treflé. An which case it is a plain cross (which ordinary cooped cross with three may be subject to the lines of rounded knobs at the end of each decoration but which always reaches am. the sides of the shield) or it may appear as a charge in one of its many forms.

Cross as an Ordinary Cross Botonne 46 3. Cross Calvary. A passion cross elevated upon three steps. 4. Cross Crosslet. An ordiaary cross cooped with a srnaIl addi- tional bar placed across each am towards its end tlius making four passion crosses conjoined in the centre.

-Passion Cross 8. Cross Patonce, An ordinary cross cooped of which the end of each am continues into three leaf like s.tructures.

Crosslet

5. Cross Flory. Plain cross cooped having the upper part of a fleur-de- lis attached to each extremiîy. Xt niust not be confused with cross patonce.

Cross Palonce 9. Cross patté. A cross cooped with the end of each arm splayed outwards with curved lines. 10. Cross formé. As above but with straight lines.

Cross Plory 11. Cross patriarchal. A double cross sirnilar to the . 6. Cross moline. Same as for the 12. . So callecl milrind from which it is derived. because its arms terminate in potents. 7. Passion cross. This resembles the true cross in form but is seIdom - The of that seen as a charge, however, it occurs name firing bolts rather than more often as a calvary cross. arrows. Crosslet - See Cross Crosslet. crown has continued in the same fonn but with minor differences in Crow, CornIsb - When given in almost every reign. blazon generally refers to the Cor- Representations of the Royal nish . crown in one of its foms appears in several cases in armorial bear- Crown - There have been a number ings but in modern tunes it is very of different types of crown used in jealously guarded and may not be Heraldry through the ages some of used without Royal license. which were in use prior to the Nor- Other types of crown found as man conquest. The most generaliy charges and which have been useci used seems to have been the simple in crests include the following (a) circlet with four uprights. one and Mural crown. This is the most com- two halves of which were visible to as it frequently appears in civic the viewer. Heraldry. It is masoned and em- King Stephen used a crown sur- battled and is occasionally found mounted by four fleurs-de-lis of granted as part of an augmentation which once again one and two to military personnel. (b) Naval halves were visible. These were con- crown. A circlet on the rim of which nectai by ornamental arches which are mounted representations of the disappeared after bis reign until the tirne of Henry V. For the remainder of the Planta- genets and in fact until the tirne of Henry V the Royal crown consisted of a richly jewelled circlet sur- Mural Crown mounted generalIy by leaves resem- bling the strawberry leaf. During the reign of Henry V the crown consisted of a jewelled circlet sumounted by four crosses alter- nated with eight fleurs-de-lis in pairs and two arches rising from behind the crosses. supporting at the top a mound and cross. From this time until the present day the Royal

Astral Crown sterns, and sails of ships alternately. This form has been granted both as a crest coronet and as part of an augmentation to distinguished NavaI personnel. It is also used to ensign ships badges of the Royal Navy and Heraldic Crown it foms part of the badge of the merchant navy. (c) . from the influence of . A11 but This consists of a circlet rising to the first. in which Jerusalem was eight points on its circumference, on captured and after which the King- four of which are rnounted stars dom of Jenisalem and a number of each star being placed between a principalities were set up, were abor- pair of elevated wings. (d) Crown tive. Valjary and Palisade Crown are They are largely of interest to both derived £rom defensive works. students of Heraldry because thcy They are very similar to look at and were instrumental in providing the are often used interchangeably. reason for the introduction of the Each consists of a circlet sur- surcoat and the mântIing and they mounted by a number of projec- helped considerably in the rapid tions. In the case of the Crown spread of Heraldry. Valfary they are similar to the figures used in the representation Cniciily - Semé of cross crossIets. of the fur vair and in the Palisade Crown they resemble the top haIE Cnbit Am - An arm cooped at the of a point. (e) Eastern crown. elbow. A cùclet surmounted by eiglit in- verted ' v ' shaped projections five of Cuff - In cases where the cuff is to be of a dzerent tincture from the remainder of the sleeve the fact must be so stated in blazon. Cup - Tl-rere are several different types of cup occurring in Heraldry Crown Vallary but that most commonly found resembles a plain chalice with stem and foot. If it is to have handIes the fact rnust be so stated. If it has a lid it 'is termed a covered cup (q.v.1.

Eastern Crown Culion - A square or lozenge shaped pillow, generally with a tasse1 at each corner. Cydas - A form of surcoat con- siderably longer at the back than at the front.

Cypher - A monogram sotnelimes Edward II's Crown found as part of a charge in Heral- dry but more generally as a badge which can be seen by the viewer, (f) e.g. The present Royal cypher Celestial Crown. This is similar to E.lT.R. ensigned with a crown. the Eastern Crown but has a star at the point of each ray. Clarenœnx - One of the senior Officers of hs.(q.v.). Crusades - These were the expedi- tions aime. to free the Holy Land Victoria Cross. George Cross, Albert Cross, Distinguished Service Cross, Military Cross. Distinguished Flying Cross, etc., awarded by the Sover- eign, may be suspended by their appropriate ribbon below the shield Dagger - A shortened form of sword in armorial bearings in their correct used principally for stabbing. It order of precedence, the senior being appears as a charge in Heraldry to the dexter. when it is given a much more pointed blade than the sword. Deaescent - A half moon where the horns are turned to the sinister. Damasked - See diapered. - An animal of the stag type Dancetté - One of the lines of sometimes found as a charge. decoration differing from indented (with which the old Heralds often Defamed - An expression applied to confused it) in that the indentations an animal who has Iost his tail. are considerably wider at the base and between the points. Degraded - A charge pIaced upon degrees, grieces or steps is said to Dancetté ioretty - Similar to dan- be degraded. cettC but each point is decorated with the upper half of a fleur-de-lis. Degrees - Steps generally three in Dannebrog - A Danish order of number, representing the three chivalry. The cross patté argent: graces: Faith, Hope and Charity. fimbriated gules in the arms of Denmark is known as the cross of Dejected - Hanging down. Used of Dannebrog and appears in the arms the head or tail of an animal. of George of Denmark and Queen Alexandra consorts of Queen Anne Demi - When an animal is referred and King Edward VII respectively. to, its upper or fore half is always intended. When anything inanimate, Debruised - An expression used it is generalIy the dexter half per where a charge has an ordinary laid pale. over it. Dexter - The right hand side of the DechaW - Dismembered. shield from the point of view of the man behind it, that is the left hand Decked - An expression used in the side to the viewer. case of feathers trirnmed at their edges with a difïerent colour. Diaper - An old-fashioned method of relieving the plain tinctures of Declinant - Applied to the tail of a fields and charges by artistic enrich- serpent when hanging down. ment of the surfaces. Decotlated - Having the head cut off Difference - A method used to at the neck. assist the identification of other branches of a family for iilegitirnacy Decarations - Awards includjng the or cadency (q.v.). 50 Dimidiation - Chiefly used with - A fish which, though in reference to a method of joining the reality straight, is almost always arrns of a husband and wiie which borne embowed. If the blazon was used before the introduction of mereIy used the word ' dolphin ', the impaling. It consists of taking the position naiant is implied; other dexter half of the dexter shield and positions must be stated specific- the sinister half of the sinister shield ally. and joining them. It was an unsatis- facrory method and was soon dis- continued.

Diminutive - A lesser form of ordin- ary which is never charged. Disarmed - An expression used in connection with a beast of prey borne without teeth or claws, or of Dolphin naiant a bird of prey without beak and talons. Dormant - Sleeping with the head Dismembered - An expression used resting on the fore paws. If the to denote that the head and limbs expression is used in conjunction have been cut off but retained in with a title it implies that it has their correct positions. been unclairned. Double - Used in conjunction wilh a charge it implies that there are two of the particular charge stated. Donbling - The lining of a robe or mantie which should in al1 ordinary cases be of the fur or metal of thc arms. If Or or argent it is supposed to be of cloth of gold or white fur. thus it is blazoned as gold or white. as the case may be. Dove - A bird found occasionally as a charge, sometimes blazoned as Lion Dismembered colomb. Dhplayed - Expanded, principally Dove tailed - A line of decoratioii. used to express the position of the eagle and other birds. Dragon - The dragon is one of the monsters (q.v.) which is fajrly fre- Distingnished Service Order - An quently found as a charge in Her- order introduced in 1885 for aldry. It is also the badge of Wales. bestowal on commissioned officers of the fighting services who have Drops - See Gouttee. appropriately distinguished them- selves. Ducal Coronet - See Crest Coronet. Dnch&s - The title and rank of the wife of a Duke. Duke - The highest title in the British Peerage. The first Dukedom created in England was that of Cornwall which Edward III con- ierred upon the Black Prince, his son, in 1337 since which tirne the eIdest son of every Sovereign has been styled Duke of CornwalI from his birth. There are two types of Dukes, those of Royal blood generally uncles, brothers or younger sons of the Sovereign and those not of Royal bIood. Dungbill Cock - The farmyard Eaglo displayed cock (q.v.).

crowned, gorged with a collar or coronet or charged on the body or E wings and it may grasp any object in its talons and even some in its beak. Eagle - The eagle is the principal charge amongst birds. It is of very early origin and was emblazoned upon the standards carried by the Romans in battie. If was the em- blem of the and has been used extensively in Germany and by the Czars of . It was also used under Buona- parte as the standard of the empire of France. The most commonly found posi- tion for the eagle is ' displayed', when the body is affronté, with the wings and legs spread out on either side, the wing tips upwards and the head turned to the dextcr. An alternative ro displayed is with wings inverted, it is othenvise the same position with the tips of the wings downwards. Other positions occur in connec- tion with the eagle such as preying, close, rising and with the wings in different positions. Tt may also be Eagle rising, wings elevated and adorsed 52 Ear of Corn - Generally refers to wlieat unless othem~isestatd. Eastern Crown - An early type of crown (q.v.). Ecdesiastical Heraldry - Emblems of a religious nature were ernployed in the seaIs of the bishops before they began to use armorial bearings. In many cases these emblems were repeated and the arms subsequently granted.

Pagle close

EagIet - The diminutive of eagle. When two or niore eagles occur in the same coat and are not separated by an ordinary tlley are FrequentIy blazoned as eaglets. Earl - The third order of the British Peerage. The word is of Saxon origin and tlie Saxon equivalent was the governor of a shire. The first hereditary Earl in England was Hugli D'Avranches who was created The See of Worcester by William the Conqueror.

Earl Marshal - Until 1386 he was Archbishops and diocesan bishops called Lord Marshal. This office was may irnpale their persona1 aras on anciently granted by the Sovereign the sinister side with those of their at pleasure. sometirnes for Jife and See. Other bishops use only their sometimes duranie bene placito. It persona1 arms. Bishops are not was more than once made heredi- granted a crest and may not use tary but never continued long in one a helm, instead however, they line until in 1672 King Charles 11 ensign their shield with a mitre and annexed it to the Dukedom of Nor- they may also place two pastoral folk. staves in saltire behind their shield. The insignia of office of the Earl Marshal are two gold batons the The use of armorial bearings by ends enameled black having the dignitaries of the Roman Catholic Royal arms at the upper end and Church have evoIved along some- those of the Earl Marshal at the what different lines, primarily by lower end. The batons are borne in the use of a variety of difEerent saltire behind the arms of the Earl ecclesiastical to signify their Marshal appropriate rank and didering connection with the wings of birds when they are raised.

Elk - The animal of that name which is but infrequently found as a charge. EmbattIed - Crenellated (q.v.).

Embtazon - The act of translating a blazon to paper or other material in full colour. Embrasure - The open space between two merlons. See Crenel- lated. Cardinal Godfrey En Soleil - An expression used in respect of a charge irradiateci with numbers of tassels borne either side of the of the shield, See attached Chart. Enarched - Arched or raised in the Eel - Has no specific Heraldic char- middle. acteristics but may be blazoned as conger eel. Endoree - A diminutive of the pale of which it is $ in width. It bears Eight foi1 - A floral figure with exactly the same relation to the pale eight ~etals which is sometimes as the cotise to the fess or bend. blazoned as double quatre-foil. - A type of monster (q.v.). Electoral Bonnet - See bonnet. EniiJed - Encircled as by a coronet, Elephant - May be found alone but etc. more frequently with a castle on his back. Elephant heads also occur E~~~I~- Pierced through the heart. as charges. Engr- - A line of decoration consisting of small arcs of a circle between points, thus giving a kind of sca1Ioped edge. When engrailed the ordinary has the points out- wards. The points inwards give ' invected '. Enhmced - Raised above the nor- mal position. Entire - An expression used in con- Elepbant and Castle nection with certain ordinaries when they are extended to the edges of die Elevated - An expression used in shield. 54 INSIGNIA WHICH SHOULD ACXXIMPANY SHIELDS OF ARMSIN THE

No. and Colour of Coiour of Ecclesius- ~~~~l~ Other Insignia hcal each side Red 15 According to rank i.e. arch- Cardinals may not Wear any Red bishop, bishop other insignia or accessories except the crosses of the Orders of Malta and of the Holy Sepulcbre 2. Patnarch and Primate Cireen 15 A cross with two ban in No insignia of temporal pale.behind the shield. Resi- dignity or nobility are now denbal patnarchs and pri- allowed, even any which mates may surround their rnay belong to the See. The shield with the pallium mles are now the same as for Cardinals 3. Archbishop (not a Primate) Green 10 As for Patriarchs As for Patriarchs Ln Green 4. Bishop Green Green A cross with a single bar in As for Patriarfhs 6 ale behind the shield: If the pallium is possessed by special concession it rnay be used as above 5. Abbot and Prelate Green 6 A mitre above tbe shield There is no spxific order Green and a crozier in paie lxhind preventing the use of tem- the shield with a veil poral insignia by these and attrtchcd to it. lesser dignitaries but they should abide by the niles as the higher prelature. 6(a) Abbot and Priest who receive ablatial Black 6 As above benediction Black 6(b)Superiors and general provinfial of Black 6 As above mosr religious Orders and Congregations Black their vicars and some others qc) Tiruiar Aposrolic Protonotaries 6(d) Vicars-generai and others possessing similar privileges 6(e) Canons and certain chapters No. atid Colorrr of Colour of Ecclcsim- Tmek Oiher lnsîgnio tical each side 7. Frelate ' di Eiorcheito '. (The Vice-cham- VioIet 10 Some of these prelates are berlingue of the Holy Roman Church, Red often archbishops, in whicb The Auditor General. The Treasurer tare 9ey use archipiscopal General of the Apostolic Chamber and insignia the Majordomo of 8. Apastolic Protonotary (except titular) Violet 6 No other Red (a) ApostoIic Protpnotaries ' de numero Partici Partium (b) Assessors and Secretanes of the Sacred Roman Congregations (c) The Master of His Holiness' Charnber (ci) The Secretary of the Apostolic Signature (e) The Dean of the Roman 2 (0 The Deputy of the Secretary of State (g) The Vicars Pref- and Administrators Violet 6 No other Apostolic during their term of office Red (h) Supemumary Apostolic Protonotaries (i) Apostolic Protonotaries ' ad instar Par- liciparlium 9. Damestic Prelate Violet 6 No other Violet (a) The Auditors of the Sacred Roman Rota (b) The Cierks of the Apostolic Chamber (c The Voters of theApostolic Signature cd,The Confirmecl Members of the three colleges of Prelature (e) The Referenders of the Apatolic Sig- nature (f) All Apostolic Prelates nominated by apostolic brief

IO. Privy Chamberlain and Privy Chaplain Black 6 No other These insignia not yet firm. îo HisHoliness Violet No. mid Colour of Colour of Ecclesiar- Tassels tical Hat each side 11. Canons (a) Canons Ordinary Black 3 Black (b) Canons of Chaptem having privilege of Violet 6 No other Red (c) Canons of Chapters having privilege of Violet 6 No other Domestic Prelates Violet (d) Canons of Chapters baving Privilege of Black 6 No other Not yet h Privy Charnbexlains Violet (e) Canons of Chapters Privileged to use Black 3 A mitre aboveshield Mitre Black (f) Canons of Chapters possessing the col- Black 3 necoronet of a counter lective tiîie of Counter Baron Black baron above the shield Iî. Dean, Minor Superior Archpriest, Black 2 No other Matter of Gustom ody DiocesanFunctionary Black 13. Priest Black 1 Black A Crozier with a veil Crozier only used with attached in pale behind entitlement to carry it on shield. A rosary encircling official occasion Al1 may shield use rosary. used as a charge. There are a num- ber of different methods af depicting ermine spots.

Bendlets enhanced

Equipped - Fully armed or capari- sond. Eradicated - Uprooted. An expres- sion used of a tree when it is to be ernblazoned with the roots showing.

Types of Ennine Spots

Erminois - A type of fur (q-v.). Erne - An alternative, but seldom used, name for the eagle. Ehcallop - The shell. A charge which is frequently found in comection with families from whom an ancestor went to the crusades.

Tree Eradicated

Erect - Upright. Edne - A type of fur (q.v,). Ermines - A type of fur (q.v.). Escallop Ermine Spots - The spots as used on the fur ermine which are occa- Escarbuncle - A precious slone of sionally found singly or in multiples such briIliance rhat in early dnys it 58 was believed to be capable of shin- Estata, Cap of - See Cap of Main- hg in darkness. It is represented in tenanm. Heraldry by a series of rays (gener- ally eight in number) each terrnin- EstoiJe - A star of &e or six points ating in the head of a fleur-de-lis. wavy. Estoiles sometimes occur with a greater number of points such as eight or sixteen in which case the points should be wavy and straight altemately. the straight points being reserved for rhose palewise, fess wise and, if applicable, bendwise.

a Escarbuncle Eyrant - Applied to eagles and other birds in iheir nests. EscartelIy - A line of decoration with a small oblong portion raised Eyrie - The nest of a bird of prey. in the centre. Escroii or scroll - A strip of parch- ment bearing a motto. At one time these escrolls were considerably elongated and decor- ated and used as a base for the - A kind of scimitar hav- supporters. ing a straight blade on one side broadened out on the other. Escutcheon - A shield which may also be used as a charge. Falcon - A bird of the hawk family which is almost invariably repre- Escutcheon of Pretence - A shieId sented with bells and jesses. containing the arms of an heiress placed in the centre of her hus- False - Voided. An has, on band's ams instead of being im- occasions, been described as a false paled with them. escutcheon and an annulet as a false roundle. Esquire - A gentleman of the rank immediately below a knight. It was Fan - Fans of various types are originally a military office, an occasionally found but details must esquire being a knight's attendant be given in blazon. and shield bearer. In present times it bas corne to be used quite incor- Fasces - The lictor's axe in its rectly as a means of address on bundle of rods. This ernblern taken envelopes to almost anybody above from the Roman era may occasion- the artisan classes. ally be found in the arms of judges. Field - The ground or surface of the shield upon which al1 charges are placed. When several coats are mar- shalled on one escutcheon each has its different field. Fields may be of one tincture or more than one as when party per paIe, per chevron, etc., or when checky, lozengy. etc.

Fetterlock Falcon Figured - Charged with a represen- tation of the human face. This Feathered or flighted - Refers to expression may be used both with the feathers of an arrow when of a the sun and with the moon. d ifferent tincture from the sliaff. ]FiIlet - An early Heraldic dirninu- Fer-de-moliae - The alternative tive of the chief being 3 of that name for the millrind (q.v.1. ordinary. Its position is across the honour point. Ferma3 - A buckle (q.v.) FhnbriaW - Having a narrow dg- Ferr - A horse shoe. ing of a different tincture from the rest of the charge. Ferrated - Semé of horse shoes.

Fess - An ordinary containing be- tween 3 and + the height of the shield but its proportion depends IargeIy upon artist's license and the number and nature of charges to be placed on the fess or on the remain- der of the field. Feas Point - The centre point of the shield. Pesswise - Said of two or more charges placed horizontally. Cross argent fimbn'ated sable Fetterlock - The old-fashioned type Finned - An expression used with of shackle and padlock. reference to the fins of fish. 60 standing on three legs and provided ; the rose which is with handles. represented by a stylised form of the wild dog rose, norrnally with five petals but occasionally superim- posed by another smaller one also of five petals: the thistle which is the well known floral emblem of Scot- land: and the various foils from trefoil to eight foil. Other less well known fiowers may be found including the lotus, teasel, gilly flower, blue bottle, columbine, sunflower and gentian, but the blazon must give full details. Flakes - These refer to the points of FleoIcdelis - There has been con- an anchor which may be blazoned siderable controversy with regard of a different tincture. to the origin of this bearing some believing it to represent the lily, Foliated - Having leaf-like cusps. others the iris and some even the iron head of a warlike weapon. Forcené - A word used in connec- It featured distinctively in the tion with a horse when standing on bearings of the Kingdom of France his hind legs representing rage. and it has also appeared quartered with the arms of England. Formé - Describes a cross the arms The Fleur-de-lis has been used in of which are splayed out by straight many cases to decorate ordinaries. lines. sub-ordinaries and charges. It appears on the Royal Crown and - The fountain most various coronets and in numerous generally used in Heraldry is a other positions, including, of course, roundle barry wavy of six, argent the Royal Tressure of Scotland. and azure, representing water. There are, however, occasions where the Fleury, Flory - An expression used natural fountain has appeared as a to denote that a charge is adorned charge. with fleurs-de-lis. Flexeà - Bent or bowed. Flighted - Refers to the feathers of an arrow. Flory - Alternative for fleury (q.v.). Flotant - Floating. Pountain Fonrchh - Forked. Flowers - A number of difTerent fiowers appear as Heraldic charges Fox - The animal of that name. other than the fleur-de-lis (q.v.). Chief among them are the lily Fret - A bendlet and a bendlet which may be found in the amis of sinister ioterlaced with a mascle. Fretty - Describes a field or a charge 2 both partners were dead the covered by bandlets and bendlets whole background would be black. sinister interlaced with the field or In cases where the armiger had the background of the charge show- had two wives and the first wife was ing through. dead. then the upper quarter of the sinister half would be black and the lower quarter white thus denoting that the first wife was dead and the second wife was still alive.

Sable fretîy argent Frncted - Bearing fruit. Fruits - Various kinds are used as charges, their usual position is erect Ermina but they may also be seen pendent or fesswise. In theCase of a tree described as fructed it implies that the appro- priate fruit may be seen amongst the leaves.

Funeral Hatcbments - It was the custom up to the end of the 19th century on the death of an armiger to prepare a funeral hatchment which ,would be hung on the front door of his residence and another in his Church. This nenerallv consisted of an extremel; decoiative achievement on a diamond shape on which the armiger's arms appeared impaled with those of his wife. If it was the armiger hhself who had died then the dexter half of the hatchment would be given a black background and if the wife was still alive the sinister half would have a white background. If it was the wife who 'had died the armiger was still living the colours of the background would be reversed and Vair 5. Vair - consisting of alternative white and blue bel shaped pieces with the white beiis having the open end upwards. Note: Lf vair is required to be em- blazoned the other way it must be bIaroned ' vair azure and argent ', 6, Counter vair - also argent and azure but where the open end of one white bel1 meets the open end of that jn the next line and so on, tlius giving a continuous perpendicular Counter Vair line of white bells, one upward, the next downwards. and so on. simi- larly with the blue bells. 7. Vairy - as for vair but specify- ing oiher tinctures. 8. Potent - alternate white and blue pieces shaped like half a capital letter ' H ' lying on its side. Other tinctures may be used but details must be given. 9. Counter potent - With both blue and white pieces joined to each other vertically. as describeci for counter vair above. Fusil - A charge resembling the lozenge but longer and narrower.

Counter Potent Furs - There are a number of difïer- entwere furs originally used inderived HeraIdry from which the Fusil skins of fur bearing anjmals. These Fusiily - An$ expression used to are as follows: denote that the field is completely 1. Errnine - black spots on white covered with fusils of alternate tinc- 2. Ermines - White spots on tures somewhat similar to checky. black. 3. Erminois - black spots on gold. FyIfot - Another name used for the 4. Pean - gold spots on black. garnadion or . 64 Mantle or Lambriquin

Cuige \il Long or Kite-Shaped shield

generally known by that of the surrounding the Royal Arms since the time of Henry VI. Garter, Order of - The Senior Gadfly - The Heraldic name for the British Order of Chivalry instituted horse fly which has beea used on by King Edward III. occasions as a charge. Garter, Principal King of Anns - Galley - See lyrnphad. The Senior Oficer of Ams (q.v.). Gamadion -The swastika or Gate, Gateway - A towered and em- (q.v.1. battled portway similar to a castle but in order to emphasise the nature Gamb - The leg of a beast. of the charge the gate itself is depicted considerably larger in size Gamecock - Similar to the farm than is the case with a castle. yard rooster but has his comb cut and his spurs strengthened for fighting. Garb - A sheaf of corn.

Garb G ates

Gardant - An expression used to Gauntlet - A glove of mail or plate denote that an animal has his face frequently used as part of a charge turned towards the viewer. or crest. An arm said to be vam- braced does not automatically Garlaod - See Chaplet. include the gauntlet unIess specific- aHy stated. Garnished - Appropriately orna- mented. Gem Ring - A gold circlet set with a single jewel. Garter - A strap of ribbon secured with a buckle arranged so as to form Gemelles - An expression used in a circle with the end pendent. Occa- conjunction wirh the bar to denote sionaily us& as a charge but more a pair of narrow barrulets or dosets. Genet - An animal rather sirniiar Gorged - Collard. When the word to a fox but considerably smaller in is used alone a plain collar is im- size and usuaiiy grey spotied with plied, however, it is fcequently black. It is included amongst the found, particularly with anirnals, as badges of the . ' ducally gorged ' and then a ducal coronet is used. Gentleman - A person of noble descent however high his rank. In Goutté, Gutté - Strew with aii modern Heraldry. however, it has indefinite number of drops. A dis- corne to mean the lowest rank of tinctive tenu is used in English armigerous persons. Heraldry to denote the tinctures employed: Geofiy of Anjou - The first goutté d'eau, white drops repre- recorded bearer of coat amour in senting water. England. In 1127 Henry I knighted goutté. de larmes, blue drops his son-in-law, Count Geoffrey of representing tears. Anjou and in doing so hung a blue goutté de poix, black drops of shield charged with golden lions pitch. round Count Geoffrey's neck. A goutté de sang, red drops of similar coat was used by the Earl of blood. Salisbury, Count Geoffrey's grand- goutté d'huile, green drops of ojl. son, in the Third Crusade. goutté d'or, drops of gold. Guaffe - A charge sornetimes used Gradient - waking s~ow~yin a in Herald~ but blazoned as rnanner similar to the tortoise. camelopard and classiEed amongst the mômters. Grand Qaarters - Where a shieId is divided into four quarters and one Güssant - Gliding. or more of the auarters is further Glove - When glove is specifically sub-divided into quarters the origi- blazoned as opposed to gauntlet it nal divisions are known as grand refers to the falconer's glove and quarters. should be shown with tassels pen- = Officia1 permission dant. gcanted by the College of Arms, Goat - Appears occasionaily as a London, or Lyon Office, Edinburgh Heraidic charge but emblazed with and signed by the appropriate King horns more curved than normal and or Kings of Arms allowing the ears similar to those of a . grantee to bear and display armorial bearings. Gobony - See Compony. Grappling Iron - An instrunienr Gold - Or, one of the metals in used in naval engagements. It is Herald ry. represented in HeraIdry as an anchor with four flukes. If any Gore - A charge which may be other number is required it should either dexter or sinister. The fomer be stated in blazon. is always an honourable charge but the latter tinchired tend is said Grasshopper - Occasionaily found to be an abatement for cowardice in in Heraldry and emblazoned as battle. such. 1 Grenade - Simiiar to the fire bal1 l (4.v.). ~ Grieces - Steps or degrees (q.v.). I Gran, Gryphon - One of the mon- ~1 sters (q.v.1. l Gringolé - An expression used with I the am of a cross is depicted as I decorated with snakes heads. oyronny I Grosvenor - One of the parties in ~ the Grosvenor - Scrope - Carminow 1 controversy. Three knights arrived I at a tournament al1 bearing similar 1 arms, namely nzure a bend Or. One H I of these, Carrninow, was an elderly 1 man having no issue and living in - Clothed or vested, I the South Western extremity of Eng- 1 land, he permitred t0 retain the Hackle. An alternative name for the arms for the remainder of his life. hemp brake (q.v.l. l With regard to the other two, con- siderable argument ensued lasting - Sometimes known as a I over a number of yean eventually glory ,, coming before the King, Richard II, l I for settlement. The King settled in Hammer - types of ham- favour of Scrope and Grosvenor was mers occur in Neraldry including ordered to assume alternative arms the plas terer,s hammer, the claw namely azure a garb Or. The pro- hammer and the square hammcr. ceedings lasred frOm 17th August The type must be stated in blazon. I 1385 to 27th May 1390. ! Hand - The human hand is often l Gula - Red. borne as a charge or as part of a crest. When no particular position is - A charge, possibly of mentioned it is understood to be Spanish origin, as the word in that apaumé as in the Baronet's badge. language signifies a gusset or trian- The blazon should state whether it gular piece of cloth sewn into a gar- is the dexter or sinister hand and the ment. Seldom if ever found singly in tincture if other than ' proper' is English Heraldry. required. Gyronny - One of the sub-ordinaries Harbowed - An expression applied produced by dividing the shield to animals of the chase when at rest. per pale per fess, per bend and per Sometimes described as ' lodged '. bend sinister into eight rriangular portions. Aare - The animal of that name; If any number other than eight js seldom seen in modern Heraldry. required the blazon must state and in early Heraldry is generally details. associated with the bag-pipes (q.~.). Barp - Tais is not a common charge Vert - diagonal lines bend wise but frequentIy found in connection drawn cIose together, with Ireland. Generally the harp is Purpure - diagonal lines bend- plain but on occasions, particularly sinister wise drawn close together. in later Heraldry, it is decorated Sanguine - diagonal lines bend- with the head and wings of an angel. wise and bend-sinister wise drawn It is generally stringed of another close together. tincture than the frame. Tenné - diagonal lines bend-wise and vertical lines drawn close to- - An imaginary creature not gether. classified as a monster represented Unfortunately no method has as a vulture with the head and ever been discovered whereby breast of a woman. charges, etc., emblazoned in tileir proper colours could be treated in this way. is not used in tricking arms.

Watchment - See Funeral Hatch- rnents. Hauriant - An expression used to describe a fish palewise with the head upwards.

Harpy Hawk - A bird sirnilar in type to the Harrow - Two forms of harrow falcon frequently also found bellecl may be found in charges; one is and jessed. square the other triangular. The shape must be stated in blazon. Hawk's Be11 - A small circular bel1 which is artached to the hawk's leg Hart - Found both as a charge and by means of a jesse or tl~ongof as one of the early Royal Sup- leather. Sometimes found as a porters. charge by itself.

Hatching - Frequently. particularly Hawk's Lure - A decoy used in in old-fashioned books on Heraldry, in order to give some realism to illustrations a form of decoration was given to each of the Heraldic colours. These were as foiiows: Argent - left plain, Or - rows of black spots, Azure - horizontal lines pIaced close together, Gules - perpendicular lines placed close together. Sable - horizontal and werpendi- cular lines drawn close togeth&, Hawk's Lure 68 Azure

... C.. *a.*.

Gules Sable Vert

Purpiire Sanguine Tenné

to entice the bird to return The type and position must be care- to the falconer. It consists of two fully stated in the blazon. wings joined with a line, to the end of whicli is atlached a ring. Heart - GeneralIy blazoned as body heart (q.v.). Hayfork - An alternative name for thc Shakefork. Heathcock - A bird having the head and body of the farm yard cock but Heads - Are quite often found as tait feathers of a pheasant. charges in Heraldry including Blackarnore, Boy. Cherub, Child-- Hedgebog - Depicted sirnilar tp the ren's, Englishman, Fiend, Maiden, natural animal but frequently Moses, Saracen, St. John, Saxon, etc. blazoned as urcbin. Heh - The shortened form of the of a Herald as opposed to armory word helmet which applied gener- which was used to describe the ally to the tilting helmet and is so study of armorial bearings. In described in the armorial bearings. modern times, however, many of the old-fashioned duties of a Herald Helmet - There are five types of hel- having ceased to exist, the term met used in Heraldry to denote the Heraldry is used generally when rank of the bearer. These are as referring to the study of any work follows: in connection with armorial bear- (a) For Sovereigns and Princes of ings. the blood. full faced helm of demasked gold with six bars. Heraldry Societies - The original (b) For Dukes, not of Royal Heraldry Society was started in blood and Marquesses a full faced England shortly after the second helm of steel demasked with gold World War. with the headquarters and with five gold bars. in a cottage in Wiltshire and it has (c) For Earls, Viscounts and grown into a very thriving Society. Barons, a sidelong steel helm with Its address now is 59 Gordon five gold bars, three of which are Square. London. W.C.I. shown in profile. . Branches of the Heraldry Society (d) For Baronets and Knights, a were opened in three of the domi- full fa& heim of steel with the nions namely Australia, Canada and open. New Baland. At the present tirne, (e) For Esquires and private however, both Australia and Canada Gentlemen a sidelong helm of plain have formed their own Heraldry steel with the visor closed. This helm Societies. that in still js always used in the arms of cor- remaining as a branch of the Lon- porate bodies. don Society. In cases where the son of a mem- There is also a Heraldry Society ber of the peerage bears his father's in the United States of America. Courtesy Title he is not entitled to use a helm of the Courtesy rank. Heralds - Originally employed by In certain instances a helm may Noblemen to carry messages in times be replaced by a cap of maintenance of peace and war particularly with but this substitution is not found in reference to tournaments at which modern Heraldry. they acted as masters of cerernony and in various other capacities. Helve - The shaft of an axe or In the early days they were of similar instrument. very low social standing being classi- fied with minstrels and the like. Hernpbrake - An instrument used Through the years, however, as their for bruising hemp which is occa- offices grew in importance so tbeir sional1y found as a charge. social status rose until they became experts in al1 matters pertaining to Herddic Antelope - Classified as Heraldry. They are now some of one of the rnonsters (q.~.). the principal Officers of Arms Heratdic - Classified as one (q.v.). of the monsters (q.v.). Eeron -? A bird sometimes found as Herddry - An expression used a charge not to be confused with originally to describe al1 the duties the stork. 70 Berring - One of the fish found in Homds - The most common types 1 Heraldry (q.v.). found in Heraldry consist of the tal- I bot, which is an animal rather I Heurt - A type of roundle (q.v.). resembling the golden labrador, and the greyhound. l Hind - An animal of the stag type 1 l sometirnes used as a charge. Huii - Refers to the huii of a ship or lymphad. I - A sea-horse. 1 Human Beings - When human UippogrB - A hybrid of the griffia beings are used as charges or as and horse, supporters the blazon must care- fully state their , Hoist - The apparatus used to raise and action and the type of man or a flag, woman to be depicted, e.g. Sailor, Crusader, Wildman. Parts of the Holy Lamb - A seldom used name human body are of far more fre- for Paschal Lamb (q.v.). quent appearance.

Honom Point - A point on the HmeM - Cooped. An expression shield whidi appears approxhately to ordinaries in the centre of the base of a chief. Hoof'' - An ex~ressionuse' Hnrst - A small group of trees applying a different tincture to the generally borne upon a mount in hooves of animals. base. l Hom - See bugIe horn. Hydra - A seven-headed dragon. Horn of Pleaiy - An expression sometimes used for the Cornucopia. Horned - An expression used when referring to the horns of animals. Ibex - The Heraldic animal called Hornet - An insect occasionally by this name is not the ibex of found as a charge, nature but it resembles the Heraldic antelope, with the exception of the Horns - Refers to the horns of al1 barns which are straight and animals except those of the stag serrated. type for which the term ' attire ' is used. lliegitimacy and Adoption - Iiiegitimacy Horse - The horse may be fouad in It is customary in modern Heral- one of several positions in coat dry to use certain marks to denote armour and occasionally the horse's illegitimacy but in early days head. Heralds had no regular system to distinguish persons of illegitimate Horse Shoe - A charge frequently birth or their descendants and found held in the mouth of the generalIy speaking the form of ostrich. May be blazoned as ferr. difierence used was that most - 71 able for the particular occasion. Increscent - Describes a crescent Persons of illegitimate birth are when the horns and points are to not enti~ledto assume arms of their the dexter. putative father at wiU even with an appropriate difference. First they Iodented - A line of partition or a must prove their paternity and then method of decorating an Ordinary petition for the arms to be granted. which is notched in a similar man- The alternative is of course to apply ner to dancetté but the spaces for an entirely new gant of arms. between the points are considerably and this is the course normally smaller. adopted. Adoption lnescutcbeon - A small shield used Family arms can only in the most as a charge and placed in the centre exceptional circumstances and by of another shield. re-grant be transferred to ' strangers in blood '. Adopted children with no Iuffamed - Burning with fire. blood connection cannot inherit or receive matriculation of arms, nor Iofulae - The ribbons hanging from can they be entered in any pedigree. a mitre. Impaled - Two coats joined together - A number of insects appear on the one shield, for example, the as charges in Heraldry chief arms of husband and wife, a Bishop amongst them being the bee which and his See, the Kings of Arms. is a symbol of industry. Occasion- ally a single bee appears and some- Imperia1 Crown - One of the most times a number is shown surround- important crowns in English Royal ing a hive. Other insects include the Regalia. It has a platinum Frame grasshopper. stagbeetIe, bu tterfly. which is set with more than 3,000 scorpion, cricket, hornet. ant, , precious Stones of which the major- and gadfly. ity are diamonds and pearls. The most important Stone is known as Interchanged - An expression which the Black Prince's Ruby which is has sometimes been used instead of set in the cross in the front of the counterchanged. crown. Invected - A line of partition or Incrernent - An expression describ- decoration the exact reverse of en- ing the moon when in a similar posi- grailed. namely, with the points in- tion to an increscent. wards. Iaverted - Reversed. For example it is used to describe wings where tl~epoints are downwards. Irradiated - Illuminated by rays or beams of Iight.

Issuant - Arising from the bottorn line of a field or chief, from the upper line of a fess. or from a crown Increscent or coronet. or faIcon. They may be borne fiotant or vervelled. Cl Jupon - A shortened form of sur- coat, approximately thigh length, which replaced the original form Jack - The common or slang name which hung below the knees. for the Union . Savelin - A short spear or dart with a barbed head.

Jelloped - An expression used to describe the comb and wattle of a Key - A very cornmon charge in cock when of a tincture different the bearings of Sees and Religious from its body. Znslitutions.

Jessant - Sprouting as for plants Rings of Arms - The Senior Oficers from the earth. of Arms (q.~.). Jessaot-de-lis - An expression used Kintyre - One of the generally in conneciion with a Scottish Oficers of Arms (q.v.). leopard who has the lower half of a fleur-de-lis protruding from his Kite - A bird used as a charge, sometimes blazoned as buzzard. KN&~- A title of honour derived from the Anglo-saxon age. Origin- ally referred to those who attended Kings upon horse-back as can be seen by their name in many other languages A boy who was destined to become a Knight was generally placed in the hoiisehold of some Nobleman at the age of about six years. He spent the early part of his life wih the women folk Iearning simple household duties. Soon lie \vas given a pony on which he learnt to ride and generally how to look v after it. Later he became a Page and Leopard's face jessant-de-lis waited upon his Lord at table, looked after his amour and and generally learnt to be rnouth like a tongue and the upper useful. At this time too, much of part issuing from the top of his his time was spent in Iearning how head. to use hjs various weapons and in familiarising himself wicb the laws Jesses - The thongs by which bells of chivalry. are fastened to the legs of a hawk The next step was to make him an Esquire when he would ride forth family other than the Sovereign. with his master acting as a mixture For other than Royalty, a label of between body servant and aide-de- tbree points of a suitabIe tincture is camp. used by the eldest son during his When he was about eighteen, pro- father's Iifetime, and of five points viding his master thought he was fit by the eldest son's eldest son during in every respect he was Knighted as his grand-father's lifetime. On the a Knight Bachelor, the lowest form death of the armiger, bis eldest son of Knighthood. From then onwards rernoves the label and reverts to his he would ride into battle with a father's arrns, the grandson chang- pennon on his lance, in command ing his label to one of three points. of a number of men. There are various orders of Lamb - Used on its own the Lamb Knighthood including the Order of is seldom found as a charge but the Garter, the Order of die Thistle, more frequently as the Holy or Order of St. Patrick, Order of the Paschal lamb (q.~.). Bath. Order of St. Michael and St. George, Order of the British Lambrequin - The mantling (q.v.1. Empire. Laminated - An expression used in Kdfe - Various types of may connection with a monster or be found as charges but the blazon animal in connection with its scales. must state the type and give full details with regard to the tinctures Lancaster Herald - One of the Offi- of both blade and liandle. cers of Arms. - Knots were fairly frequently Language oE Heraldry - One of the seen as charges in early Heraldry fascinations of the study of Heral- but they are less common today, the dry is its Ianguage and its fom of principal being Bouchier's Knot expression. The language is a mix- which is similar to the ordinary reef ture of Norman French. old English knot; Bowen's Knot, a continuous and modern English, and its form of loop of cord laid in a square with a expression is designed so that the loop at each corner and the Staf- many and varied can be fordshire Knot wliicli can best be succinctly set out and understood by described as the first half of a reef any Heraldic artist who has never knot, seen the bearings emblazoned. Knowed - See Nowed. Langued - An expression used wben referring to the tongue of an animal. L Lantern - May refer to a ship's lan- tem or a globu'lar lamp. The blazon must give full detaiIs. Label - A charge which has corne to be used exclusively as a mark of Cro& - A cross of which the cadency. In the case of the Royal upright am is longer than the family a label of either three or five transverse arm. points argent suiiably adorned is used. by al1 mernbers of the Royal Leaves - Various kinds are used in l Heraldry but care must be given in capitds, have been used as charges 1 describing the type and position. either as single letters or as part of l an inscription. The blazon must 1 Leg - The legs of men are aot infre- state the type of lettering viz 1 quent bearings. They are generally, Roman, Gothic, etc. but not necessarily, arrayed in I armour and the knee is always em- Lüy - The flower of that name l bowed. generally emblazoned to look rather like a lotus. Legged - An expression used if the leg is to be tinctured differently I from the remainder of the body. AppJies generally to birds but occa- l sionally to animals. 1 Leopard - In early days the lions of l England were depicted as , I however, they do occasionally l appear as charges in modern HeraI- dry and also may be found as sup- Lily as in the Amis of Eton College I porters. Leopard's Face - When this expres- Lüy pot - An earJy type vase, with sion is used in blazon no part of the handles, which is nomally em- neck must be showing. It is not blazoned with 6ve lilies, three up- infrquently found as jessant-de-lis right in bend, in pale. and in bend (q.v.>. sinister and one drooping on either side. Letters - Certain letters of the On occasions the bfazon may Say alphabet, generally in the form of ' a pot of Mies '.

I Engraileci w Angled r l Invectecl fi- Bevilled

Undy - Wavy Nebuly

lndcnted Batiled Embartled

Daiicetty Enarched Embaitled m-ru'-u Double Enarched Raguly Ln\ Urdy Doveiai led L5zx-Z- Pnrenty -!G-A-u- Ra yonny Lines of Partition Lined - An expression which may be used with Lwo meanings: 1. Men referring to the lining or doubling of the mantling. 2. In connection with an animal for example a greyhound gorged and lined would state that he had a collar with a lead or üne attached. Lines OP Partition, Lines oE Decora- tion - Lines which may be plain or ornamental which are used when Rampant dividing the shield into separate sec- tions or for outiining some of the regardant, where ]lis head is turned figures placed upon it. The line of over his left shoulder. partition is always plain unless the Other variations of rampant in- contrary is stated in the blazon. cIude queue fourché, with two tails; In modern Heraldry there are coward. with his tail drawn forward considerabJy more decorarive lines between his legs; double headed. than was the case with the early with two heads; man lion, where he Heralds. The following sliows a has the face of an old man and cornplete list of the decorative forms combatant, where he is Lurned fac- some of which are seldom found in ing the sinister and fighting another present day grants of arms. lion facing in the normal way. Statank, where he is standing wilh Line of Roses - An inErequentIy found expression referring, more particularly in connection with a crest, to a continuous Iine of roses joined together and probably attached to a collar. Lion - The principal animal charge in Engilsh Heraldry. He may be found in a number of positions jncIuding the following: Rampant. erect with his sinister hind paw on the ground and the dexter hind paw Statant slightly raised fonvard, the dexter front paw is raised Ievel with the top of his head and his sinister front paw stretched forward slightly below the shoulder, he has a ferocious expression on his face, which is looking to the dexter, with his mouth open and his tongue extended. Variations of rampant include rampant gardant, where his head is turned to the viewer. and rampant Passant gardant 76 ~ al1 four paws on the ground look- I ing either to the sinister or to the l viewer, when it will be starant gar- dant. Passant, where he is walking

1 to the dexter with the dexter fore l paw raised and the other rhree on the ground. In this position he may I also be gardant and regardant. l Saliant, with both hind paws on the

1

Couchant l

1 1 I ~ I Saliant ground and the two fore paws raised l lever with his head. Sejant, which I may be either gardant or regardant Donnant

One may also find a demi-lion and a lion's liead. In al1 cases with a lion rampant, unless Ihe blazon States differently or the field is gules, irrespective of the tincture of his body be is con- sidered to be armed and langued gules. Lioncel - Where more than one lion appears on a shield they will be Sejant regardant blazoned as lioncels in which case their position is normally rampant. or erect when he is shown Sitting on bis haunches; coucliant or dormant. Bird - The Cornorant. when he is either lyhg down with his head erect or sleeping with his Liiery - In early days when servants head between bis paws. In tri-cor- were arrayed in livery it was custo- porate he has rhree bodies; winged, mary to choose the principal colour he has a pair of wings; sea lion, his and metal of tlieir Lord's arms. front feet are webbed and Iie dis- Some of the ktter known liveries cards his hind quarters in favour of were as follows: The later Planta- a fishes tail. geriets, white and red: the House of 77 York, and blue; the House Lure - Sometimes blazoned as of Lancaster, white and blue: the hawks lure (q.v.). When the expres- House of Tudor, white and green; sion conjoined in lure is found it the House of Stuart, and red; implies two wings joined in the the House of Hanover, scarlet and centre with the tips inverted. blue. Lymphad - An ancient gaIley which Lùard - In early days the Heraldic may be blazoned with sails furled lizard resembled a wild cat with or in full sail. It may have oars in fur and darker spots. In modern Heraldry the lizard is nor- mally blazoned as a scaly lizard and unless othenvise stated the tincture used is vert. Lodged - A word equivalent to ' couchant ' when applied to beasts of the chase. Long Bow - When the expression bow is used in blazon it refers to the normal bow and it is customary to use a different tincture for the Lymphad strings. The other type of bow is the position in which case they are in cross bow and for this, full details the water or there rnay be two oars must be given in the blazon. placed in saltire against the mast. It is a commonly found charge in hnge - A figure resembling the Scottish Heraldry and full details diamond on a playing card. must be given. Lynx - An anima! Eound frequently in connection with ophthalmic institutions. Lyon King of Anns - is the Senior Scottish Officer of Arms (q.v.).

- M Lazengy 4 Describes a field or charge which is divided by lines per bend and per bend sinister into - In early days a mace was a equal sized dian-ionds of two differ- club-like weapon which was used ent tinctures. throughout a number of centuries. There were various different shapes Luce - An alternative name for the and most of rhem acquired such pikc. fanciful names as ' Morning Star ', 1 Î ' Good Day ', etc. For some reason case of the latter tbe expression I the mace was parficularly popular crined (q.v.) is more generally used. 1 with Soldier-churchmen such as l Odo, Bishop of Bayeux and brother Man lion - A lion rampant with of Richard the Conqueror. fhe the head and face of an old man I reason being that the Mace, though which is facing the viewer. a brutal weapon, was a bruising I weapon whereas a sword spilt blood, which was forbidden to churchmen. l In modern times the mace is merely a symbol of judicial or civic l authority.

l I Madonna - A charge which appears in a number of ecclesiastical arms. I Maiden's head - One of the head l series of charges (q.~.).)It may be

1 found in the arms of Reading. l Maintenance, Cap of - See Cap of Mantie - Refers to the worn l Estate. by rnernbers of the Peerage on state occasions. They are crirnson velvet Majesty, In his - An expression edged with miniver and the cape used for an eagle crowned and furred with pure miniver with bars holding a sceptre. of ermine varying in nurnber according to the rank of the wearer. Mallet - A square ended hamrner e.g. A Duke, 4 bars; a Marquess, and generally associated with parti- 34 bars; an Earl, 3 bars; a Viscount cular trades. It appears in Heraldry 24 bars; and a Baron, 2 bars. as a charge but details must be given in the blazon. Mantling or Lambriquin - This was a shoulder Iength cape hanging from - The cross of eight the top of the helm and was designed points. originally to keep the heat of the sun from the head and neck of the wearer. Subsquently it was found to be an added protection in battle owing to the difficulty of cutting tllrough loose rnaterial with a sword, though naturally it sustained a num- ber of cuts and tears. The mantling which is now used as a decorative measure in an achievemeat is derived £rom the old- fashioned lambriquin and its scal- l Maltese Cross loped edges represent the cuts i received in bartle. Mmed - Refers to the mane of a lion and occasionaiiy used in con- Marcbmont Herald - One of the nection with a hors, though in the Scottish Officers of Arms (q.v.). '9

Maltese Cross Molet

Lion Rampant

Fountain

Fusil

Gyronny

Mrvined - An expression used of ao Should her husband pre-decease animal having the lower parts of a her she will then, as a widow, bear fish. ha paternal anns on a Iozenge. Maiqoess - The second rank in the Marshaïkg - 1s the art of arrang- peerage of England being beIow a ing several coats of arms on one Duke but above an Earl. The iîrst shield generally for the purpose of marquas was created by King denoting the alliances of a family. Richard II in 1386. The system is divided into two parts. Manied Women - A married 1. Temporary and non-hereditary woman. through the right of cour- combinations such as the hpale- tesy, may bear on a shield her ment of arms of husband and wife paternal arms impaled with those of and the impalernent of personal her husband. If her husband is non- arms with those of an office. armigerous she continues to use her 2. The permanent and hereditary paternal arms only borne upon a combination of arms as in the case lozenge as was ber right before mu- where a man marries an heiress and riage. his issue who succeed to the arms Shouid she happen to be an of thejr mother as well as their heiress she bears her arms impaled father. with those of her husband during The system can best be shown by the lifetime of her father and, on means of a simple diagarn as her father's death, her paternal anns f ollows: are borne on an inescutcheon of The diagram shows the principle pretence which is placed in the of Marshalling tl~eAms of husband centre of her husband's bearings. and wife and the transmission of the Martlet - One of the birds borne as Arms of an Heiress to ber descen- a charge, particularly in the attri. dan&. buted arms of Edward the Confes- A married 22 who is net an sor, and also associated with the heiress because she has a brother. Co~ntyof Sussex. The Arms of A and Z are therefore impaled and their sons inherit only the Arms of A. Their son A2 n-iarried B, an heiress. He therefore places the Arms of B on an Escutcheon of Pretence in the centre of the shieId because he pretends to the represen- tation of the family B. When the wife dies A2 removes the Escut- cheon from his shield because the representation of the family B passes to the children of the mar- riage. At the mother's death the Martlet children of this marnage place their father's arms in the 1 and 4 quar- - A lozenge voided. ters and their mother's ArmTin the 2 and 3 quarters. This process con- tinues as before with every marriage to an heiress as is illustrated in the diagram. Thus ~e quarters are con- tinually increased. In the case of 23 who marries heiress FG who possesses a quar- tered Coat, the same process con- tinues, but the normal practice is LO divideX. I£ howeverthe wife's for Coat any as reason shown thear 0Mascle Coat is of long standing or quar- ~mc&- Covered with mascles bJ' Royal Licence etc-, the either conjoined at the angles or on wu be carried out as al1 their sides. The former rnay be in Y. distinguished as being a pattern The English Systern of breaking formed of lozenges and mascles up quartered Coats and redistribut- alternately. the latter should be ing them is for the sake of simplic- described as masculy of the two ity. The Scottish system tends to appropriate tinctures counter retain them. It is not necessary for changed. a man to use al1 the quarterings to which he is entitled. but he rnay Masoncd - A term used to describe make a selection froin them. If the lines formed by the junction of however he includes a particuIar Stones or bricks in a building. The quartering brought in by an heiress tem is used in conjunction with a he must include the one whicli tincture when it is different from brought it in. Thus 25 can only that of the wall or building. quarter G if he includes F. 82 Iaws of Heraldry a metal rnay not be placed upon another metal but only upon a fur or tincture. Millrind - Sometimes called fer-de- moline. The iron fixed to the centre of a mil1 stone on which ir rotates.

Wall embattled, masoned Mirror - A small circular or oval looking-glas with a handle, which Mahiculaiion of Am- In Scor- is always carried by a merrnaid. land the right to bear arms does not extend to younger sons until the Mitre - One of the principal insignia arms have been matricuIated with of the episcopal office. It occasion- such marks of cadency as the Lord ally takes the form of a charge on Lyon may determine. The bearings the shield but is more generally thus differenced again descend to found surmounting the shield instead the heir male whose younger of the helm torse and crest as used brothers rnust again matriculate by non-ecclesiastical . to receive further differences. Moldiwarp - A mole. Maanch - An ancient sleeve worn by a lady. Mole - GeneralIy blazoned as moldi- warD. Molet, Muliet - Generally repre- sents the rowel of a spur. It has five points unless the blazon states otherwise and is frequently pierced When associated with a crescent it represents a star. Moline Cross - May refer to thc millrind but is generally emblazoned as a cooped cross with the end of Malmine - A with two each am splayed out to two points. heads. Membered - Refers to the legs of birds when of a different tincture from the body.

Mennaid and Mema - Classified as monsters (q.v.).

Merton - The raised portion be- tween two embrasures in an em- ba trled waI1. Metals - Two of the colours used in Heraldry are described as metals, namely gold and silver. Under the Molet Monstem - A number of monsttrs and hybrids are found in British Heraldry. They originated from classical and mediaeval. mythology combined largely with the imagina- tion of early Heralds. The principal among them are the following: The Dragon. a monster with a horny head and forked tongue, a scaly back and rib-iike amour on his chest and belly, bat-like wings, four legs ending in talons and a pointed barbed tail. It may be found rampant (generally terrned Dragon passant semant) passant and statant and very rarely displayed.

The Wyvern (wivern) is a End of dragon but with only two legs and a knowed tail, on which he sits, in place of his hinds legs. When blazoned proper he has a green Iiead, back and legs and a red chest, belly and insides to his wings.

Wyvern

The Cockatrice is similar to a wyvern but with a cocks head. comb and wa ttles.

Cockatrice The (gryphon) has the head. breast, fore-feet and wings of an eagle, ti~eonly difference being that it has ears. and the hind quar- ters and tail of a lion. When ram- pant it is norrnally termed segreant and it may also be found in other positions. If it is blazoned as a male grfin he is shown without wings and sometimes with horns and a spiked tail.

Griffin segreant

The Opinicus has a griffin's head, neck and wings, a lion's body and a bear's tail.

Opinicus

The Unicorn resembles a horse in head and body but has one long projecting horn from the foreliead. cloven hoofs and a lion's tail and tufted locks and a beard. The , though occasionaIly found used as a supporter jn modern Heraldry, is seldom seen elsewhere. He appears as an em- blem of air transport, emblazooed in the traditional manner.

The Enfield has a fox's head and ears, a wolf's body, hind legs and tail, an eagle's shanks and talons for his fore legs.

The Heraldic Anrelope has a head and body similar ro the Heraldic Tyger but with serrated Iiorns and the legs of a deer.

Heraidic Antelope 86 The Heraldic Panther resembles the natural panther but has flames issuing from his mouth and ears. The Heraldic Sea-Lion is a lion terminating in a fishes tail. It must not be confused with the natural sea-lion wliich also appears as a charge. The Carnelopard, believed by early Heralds to have been a cross between the came1 and leopard, is in fact a normal and is em- blazoned thus.

The Salamander is emblazoned as a lizard from which flames are issuing in al1 directions.

The Mermaid and Merman have the appropriate huinan figure above the waist terminating ia a fish's tail. The Memaid is nearly a1ways em- blazoncd with the traditional comb and glass, Moon - Occasionally borne in her Muraifle - Maisoned. complement ive. full, and occasion- ally figureci i,e. with a human face. Mural Crown - An embattled It may also be illuminateri i.e. sur- crown (q.v.). rounded by short rays. Othenvise the moon is treated in Murrey - An alternative name for a similar manner to the crescent. sanguine. The old-fashioned redish purple tincture which is rarely seen Moorcock - Similar to the heath- today. cock. Musimon - The hybrid of a ram Moore's Head - Sometîmes and goat but with four horns. two blazoned as blackamore's head. of which resemble a goat's homs and the other two those of a ram. Morse - A clasp frequently oma- mented. Used for fastening a robe. MutiIé - Dismembered. Motto - A word or sentence upon a scroll generally placed below the shield but sometimes, especiaIIy in BI Scotland, above it. Tt shouId never be inscribed upon a Garter or circ- let and is never found in the arms Naiant - Swimming. of a woman other than the Sover- eign. Naimant - An expression applied In English Heraldry the motto is to a charge rising from the upper not part of the grant and it can thus line of a fess or other ordinary or be changed at wilI by the bearer. In the lower line of a chief. Scotland, however. it is part of the grant and can only be changed on Naval Crown - See Crown. application to Lord Lyon. Navel Point - 1s a point halfway between the fess point and the base. Moond - An orb surmounted by a cross. It is an ernblem of Sover- Nebuly - A line-of partition which ejgnty and forms the highest orna- being intended to represent clouds ment on the Royal Crown. is rarely used otherwise than hori- zontally. Mount - A piece of ground gener- ally slightly raised and covered with Nerved - An expression referring grass which may occupy the base of to the fibres of leaves. a shield and on which stands another charge; for example, a tree Nimbus - A halo. or a cock. Noble - In Heraldry any person Monnted - Applied .to a horse when entitled to bear a coat of arms and carrying a rider. whatever his rank is Nobilis which actually means 'Known'. In Scot- Mdet - There are two types of land any armigerous person is rnullet: looked upon as being Noble but this 1. The molet (q.v.). distinction does not apply in English 2. The fish so calleci. Heraldry . NobUity - in its widest sense this expression frequently used in blazon tenn includes the greater nobility where a tincture of the field is viz. the Sovereign and Royal family, repeated, to Save repetition of its the Dukes, Marquesses, Earls, Vis- name. counts and Barons and the ' Lesser Nobility ' refers to Baronets, Officers of Arms - Since the incor- Knights, Esquires and untitled poration of the College of Arms Gentlemen. there have been many different Officers of Arms. some for specjfic Nombrii Point - Simiiar to Navel occasjons, some who have changed Point. their position from King of Arms to Herald and vice-versa and many Norfolk, Duke of - The Premier who have risen from Pursuivant up Duke and Hereditary Earl Marshal through Herald to King of Ams. of England. He is the titular head of At the present the there are the College of Ams and responsible thirteen Officers of Arms consisting for aU stare ceremonial functions. of three Kings of Ams, Garter. principal King of Arms, who is in Norroy, King of Am- One of the charge of the College of Arms under Senior Officers of Arms (q.v.). the Earl Marshal and who is Officer of the Order of the Garter; Qaren- Nova Scotia, Baronet of - See ceux King of Arms, who is respon- Baronets. sible for that part of England south of the River Trent and Norroy and Nowed - Knotted. Ulster King of Arms who is respon- sible for that part of England north Nowy - A Iine of partition two- of the River Trent and for the six thirds of which is Iiorizontal and counties comprising Ulster. tlie remaining one-third in the centre There are six Heralds namely arched to form a serni-circle. Chester, Lancaster, Richmond, Sornerset, Windsor, and York and four who work under the fascinating names of Blue 0 Mantle, Portcullis, Rouge Croix and Rouge Dragon. From tirne to time certain super- Oak - A tree frequently found as a numary Officers of Arms are created charge; very often described as to assist in particular functions such acorned or fructed. as coronations, investitures etc., in- cluding such iitles as Norfolk Herald Oars - Occasionally found as a Extraordinary and Fitzalan Pursui- charge, as for exampIe ' two oars in vant Extraordinary. saltire ', and in connection witll a The Officers of Ams in Scotland lymphad when the oars may be in consist of Lord Lyon King of Arms action from the sides of the ship or who as a Great Officer of the State, placed in saltire against the mast. haç complete control of al1 Heraldic matters in that country. He has Obidional Crown - A garland of working under him three Heralds, twigs and grasses. Marchant, Rothsay and Albany and three Pursuivants. Dingwall. Of the Field, of the EIrst - An Unicorn and Carrick. 89 The Scottish Heraldic Authority 2. The fess. A section approxi- is a department of state and as such, mately 3 to + the depth of the Officers of Arras are paid consider- shield drawn horizontally through ably higher salaries than in England the fess point. where they are part of the Royal Household. m Ogreas - A roundle sable. 1 1 Opinicns - A type of monster (q.v.).

Oppressed - An expression meaning debruised. Or - Gold.

Orange - A name originally given to a roundle tend which is seldom seen today. It may also be found as a charge both as a fruit and in con- There arc a number of diminu- nection with an orange tree that has tives to the fess as foiiows. been frucled. (a) Bars. Two such sections drawn horizontally approxirnately Ordinaries - The honourable ordi- half the width of a fess so placed naries were derived from the simple to divide the remainder of the charges which arose from the early shieId into sections approximately habit of painting the supporting the same depth. IE more than two metal bands of the shield. bars are to be used the number There are nine of hem and they must be stated, only the remarks are used extensively today and the with regard to their positioning student of Heraldry must therefore remain the same, be conversant with them. 1. The chief. This is formed by a Iiorizontal line containing the upper- most part of the shield, generally + to 8 of its depth depending largely on the charges to be displayed both on the field and on the chief. \7 Bars

(b) Barrulets. These are similar to bars but smaller in width and they are generally placed in couples, in wllich case they are generally Chief termed ' bars gernelles '. m Diminutives of the pale consist of: (a) Pallets. These are a number of smaller segments each approxi- matelv 4 the width of the wale, spaced s8 that the remaioder oj the field is divided roughly into equal sections.

Barrulets (Bars gemellw) (c) Fess cotissed. Here a normal fess js employed with a barrulet on either side leaving a srnall section of the field showing berween.

(b) Pale endorsed. The expres- sion irnplies the same as cotissed with the fess but the term endorse is used for the pale and it irnplies a srnaIl section on either side of the pale with the fieId showing between. Fess cotissed (d) Fess double cotissed. Shilar to fess cotissed but with two barru- lets on either side.

3. The pale. A vertical section drawn through the fess point con- taining from j to & the width of the shield in the cenlre of the shield.

Pale endorsed

4. The Bend and the Bend Sinis- ter. The bend is a part of the shield contained by two diagonal lines from dexter chjef to sinister base. Diminutives of the bend consist Paie of: 5. The Chevron. The chevron, as its name implies, is a segment con- tained by two paralle1 lines drawn from the dexter base and the sinjs- ter base meeting in the centre of the shield with the point uppermost. Two chevrons rnay be used on one shield but i€ more are required the diminutive is used.

Bend (a) Bendlets. When there are two or more sections similar to the bend but of half its width or less accord- ing to the number used.

Chevron

(a) Chevronel. Three or more chevrons of a width suitable to divide up the field and allow the field to be seen between them. Bendlets (b) Chevronels interlaced. In this (b) Bend cotissed. In this case a case the chevronels, generally three cotisse appears on each side of the in number, are placed side by side bend in a similar manner to the fess with the ams interlaced. cotissed. (c) Baton. This applies to a cotisse cooped i.e. cut short at the ends and not reaching to the edge of the shield. This may also apply equally as for the bend sinister.

Chevronels interlaced

(c) Chevron cotissed. The chevron may be cotissed or double cotissed in a similar manner to the fess and Baton bend. 6. The Pile. A -shaped figure normally issuing from the chief but occasionaIly £rom the side or base of the sbield. More than one pile may appear on the same shield.

Saltire 9. The Cross. The cross of which there are over 500 different varieties used in Heraldry (see Cross) may also be found as an Pile Ordinary in which case it is formed from a narrow fess and a narrow pale crossing each other. 7. The . This is a figure resembling the capital letter 'Y ' with its arms extending to the dexter chief, sinister chief and base of the shield. Diminutive; the shakefork which is similar to the pal1 but the ends do not reach the edge of the shield and they are generally trimrned to be parallel with the sides of the shield to which they point. Cross In some cases, particularly in early coats of arms, one may find two Ordinaries in use on the same shield, for example 'Or a chief and a saltire gules ' (Bruce). ' Argent a pile sable and a chevron counter changed ' (Alwelf) and 'Or a fess between two c-hevrons gules ' (Fitz- wal ter).

Oràinary of Arms - An Heraldic Pal1 index containing armorial bearings classified according to their princi- 8. The Saltire. This figure. which pal charges. is shilar to the cross of St, Andrew is formed from a single bendlet Orifiamme - Originally the banner crossing a kndlet sinister. belonging to the Abbey of St. Denis near Paris but it is a name which Pairlie, Tierced fn - This expression has been given to other flags prob- describes a shield which is divided ably of a sirnilar colour and form. in tbree parts, a line per pale from The Oriflamme borne at Agin- the centre chiet to the fess point court is said to have been an oblong and thence per chevron. red flag terminating in five points. Orle - A small bordure around the field but instead of running round the edge of the shield a srnall strip of the field of similar width is Ieft outside the orle. The orle may be a continuous strip or it may consist of a number of the same charges placed in orle. Ostrfch - The bird of that name occasionally used as a charge and Tierced in Pairlie airnost invariably carrying some metal object in its mouth. Pale - One of the principal ordina- ries (q.v.). Oshich Feathers - May appear as a charge or a part of a crest. for Pale Wise - Describes a number example Che BIack Prince's shield of charges which are placed vertic- of peace was sable three ostrich ally one upon the other or the f cathers argent. position of a single charge e.g. a sword, which is to stand erect. Otter - The animal of that name appearing as a charge or as a crest. Palisado Crown - Similar in type to Sometimes blazoned with a fish in the Crown Vallery (q.v.). ils mouth. Pd - The Heraldic figure of this Over AU - An expression used with name may be described as the upper reference to a charge when it is half of a saltire conjoined to the borne over al1 the others. lower half of a pale and it is found frequently as an ecclesiastical Overt - Open, particuIarly applied charge. It originated from the stole to wings. hanging around a clergyman's neck. Owl - A bird which is always Pallet - The diminutive of the pale. depicted full face either as a charge It is never borne siagly. or in a cre.st, Pallium - Alternative name for the Pau.

Palmer's SM- A straight tapering staff with a nobbed top sometimes Padlock - Tii early Heraldq the known as Burdon or Bourdon. fom of this charge varied but at the present the the form used is PaIey - An expression used when the fetterlock (q.~.). a shield is divided into an qua1 num- l number of vertical parts. The Pawne - Sometimes used as a name ber and appropriate tinctiares must for the peacock. be given. Peacock in his Pride - The term Panache - An arrangement of generally used when blazoning the

l feathers sometimes found forming peacock who is tlzen depicted a crest. affronté with his tail extended.

Panther - This animal is always Peau - One of the furs (q.v.). borne gardant and generalIy incensed (q.v.). Pear - This, like other fruit. niay be pendant, erect or fesswise. Parrot - The bird of that name but blazoned as popinjay. Pearls - An expression sometimes used to describe the silver bails on Parted, party - Divided. An expres- certain coronets but never actually sion used when a shield is divjded represented as pearIs. as party per pale, party per fess. In modern Heraldry the word pars is Peer - A general name given to the geaerally omitted from the blazon. NobiIity of Great Britain, thus indi- cating their equality of rank as a Partition, Lines oE - See elsewhere class irrespective of their dBerences under ' Unes of Partition '. in degree within the peerage. Peeress, In her own Eght - A lady Paschal Lamb, or Holy Lamb - Which is always enzblazoned facing who succeeds to her father's peerage the dexter and holding alofr a flag in default of heirs male. bearing the cross of St. George. Pegasus - A winged horse classified as a monster {q.v.). Passant - A wo~dused to express the position of a beasi: walking to Pelican in her Pieîy - The pelican the dexter. Ris dexter paw is raised is norrnally blazoned in her piety but the other three are firmly on when feeding her young with drops the ground. He is looking to his of blood drawn from her breast. front unless blazoned gardant or e wings are always shown regardant. ad orsecl.

Passion Cross - An alternative name - An terna tive name for for the (q.v.1. I the roundle sable. ln early Heraldry the pellet might be a roundle of any l Pastoral St& - The Crosier. colour. l Patte - A term applied to the Pendant - Hanging down as a leaf cooped cross with each arm splayed or fruit with the stalk upwards. outwards with curved lines. Pemant, Pennon - The small two Patonce - Describes a frequently tailed flag carried by a Knight. Pen- used cross, the arms of which ter- nous were not charged with arms minate in three points. but only with crests, Neraldic and 95 Ornamental devices and mottoes. will depend upon the number and whether or not it is charged. Penned - An expression used wben referring to the shaft or qua of a Pillow - Treated in the same way as feather. cushion (q.v.)

Per - By means of. Used in con- Pily - Ls a into junction with a dividing Iine e.g. per an even number of parts by piles fess. per pale. denotes that the shield placed perpendicularly and counter is divided into sections as given. posed, the number must be given. Pheon - The head of a dart or Piy Bendy - A field divided in10 a arrow which is barbed and engrailed number of pile shaped pieces bend on the inner sides. It is invariably wise. shown with the point downward un- less othenvise blazoned. Pincers - Emblazoned as the ordin- ary working tool. Pinioned - An expression rareIy found, which means having whgs. Pinson - Chaffinch. Pipe Banoer - A method of display- ing arms used extensively in Scot- tish regiments. where each Company commander (who is expecred to matriculate in Lyon Register) dis- Pheon piays his own anns. In some regi- ments the whole achievement is emblazoned on the banner which is eaglePhoenix issuing - fromReprcsented Barnes. as an made in the colour of the regimental facings. In others, the shieId charge- Pierced - Appîied to any bearing onJy Ts emblazoned. which is perforated. The colour of field charge on which it is PIBnta - The brOome planc plad being seen through the aper- which was one the well knOwn ture. Alternatively it may be badges of the House of Plantagenet. blazoned as pierced of a dBerent tincture. Plate - A roundle argent. The pierce hole should be circular unless otherwise stated. Plenitode - An alternative expres- sion denoting fullness of the moon. - The fish. Plnme - GeneraIIy refers to a num- Pile - A wedge shaped sub-ordinary ber of feathers grouped together generally pendent from the top of in a crest. the shield or from the lower line of the chief but it rnay be from either Plnmmet - The leaden weight, side or even from the base. Its size sometimes found as a cbarge. 96 name. May be used as a charge to denote fruitfulncss. One of the badges of Mary 1. Pomme - Apple. Also used as the name for a roundle vert. PommeI - The rounded section at the end of the hiit of a sword. Popiojay - The Parrot. When bIazoned proper be should be vert, beaked and membered gules. Port - The gateway of a castie.

Portcullis - A frame of wood strengthened and spiked on the lower arms with metal. used for the Poinls of the shield: defence of the gate of a castle. Tt is invariably emblazoned with Points oE the shield - The various chains hanging down or. either side. points of a shield are: It was used as one of the badges A. Dexter side of the Tudors. B. Sinister side C. Chief D. Base E. Dexter chief F. Sinister chief G. Centre chief H. Dexter base 1. Sinister base J. Centre base K. Honour point L. Fess point M. Nombril point Pomeganate - The fruit of that Portcullis Portcnlb Pursuivant - One of the Officers of Amis (q.v.). Potent - One of the furs. It is depicted by a number of pieces similar in shape to half a Capital ' H ' lying on its side. It is invari- ably tinctured argent and azure. The potent figure can be used in several ways, nameIy, to terminate the arms of a cross and as a decora- tion for a Iine of partition in which termed denotes a square case it is blazoned as potenté. as part of the cross in the centre. Poudre - An expression occasion- Quarter - In early Heraldry a ally used for sem6 (q.v.). quarter was used instead of the presen t canton (q.v.1. Presta John - The figure of a man vested and hooded sitting upon a plain seat (generally termed a tomb stone), his right hand extended in the attitude of benediction and the left holding an open book. In his mouth a sword fesswise, the point to the dexter. Proboscis - The trunk of an ele- phant.

Pronominai - An expression used to = when teferring to the paternal coat 11 to rV = Grand Quarters in a quartered shield which gener- ally foms the first quarter. Quarters Proper - An expression used in Where a nurnber of coats of arms, blazon to denote that the charges more than ~VO,are marshalled on affected are to be shown in their one shield each is known as a quar- proper col ours. ter. If any of the resulting quarters are again subdivided jnto quarters Ponning Arms - Arms which aiiude the original divisions are known as in punning form to the name of the grand quarters. bearer. Quarterly - A line of partition pro- Pded - Garnished. The terrn du@ by dividing the shield per applied largely eo the omamenta- fess, and per pale. tion of armour. Quatrefoii - A four peraUed figure Purpure - The tincture commonly similar in type to the other foils. called purple. Qneen Consort - The wife of the Pursuivant - Virtually a junior reigning sovereign. Until the tin-ie Officer of Arms under instruction of George II the Queen Consort prior to promotion to the position was accustomed to bear the arms of of Herald. the King her husband irnpaled with her own with the King's dexter supporter and the sinister supporter of her father's arms but since that period the Queen consorts have used Royal supporters.

Quadrate - Sometimes found in Qneen Regnaot - The Queen ruling comection with a cross which if in ber own right who, as such, is 98 the only female privileged to bear Ram - Both the ram and the ram's ber ams on a shield. She is also head may be seen as charges recog- entitled to a helmet, mantling, crest nisable by their homs. and motto and rnay surround her slueld with the garter and coltars or Rampant - This expression is onIy ribbons of al1 other orders of applicable to beasts of prey. It im- Knighthood of which she is sover- plies rage, when the beast is shown eign. standing on his sinister hind foot, his dexter hind foot raised slightly Queue = The tail of an animat. and the fore paws outstretched with the dexter higher than the sinister. Queue fourché - A forked tail. He js facing the dexter with his mouth open and tongue extended, Qnill, qnWed - Expressions refer- but there are alternatives to ram- ring to the feather of a pen. pant which include gardant, regar- dant, queue fourché etc. Quintfoil - The early expression used occasionally instead of cinque- Raveo - Generally embiazoned in foi1 for the five-~eta]led member a mariner simiiar the Corb~. A of the foi1 family. Rays - These are always used when emblazoning the sun or an estoile.

Rebated - Having the points cut off. Reeexed - Bent or curved. It especi- al1y applies to a line or chain Rabbit - See Coney. affixed to the collar of a beast and thrown over his back. Radiant or Rayonné - One of the lesser used lines of partition. May Regardant - Having the head turned also be applied to an ordiaar~or backward to face the sinister. subordinary encircled with or formed of rays. Regimental insignia - Regimental badges, formation signs and flashes Ragged Staff - A ragged staff is are, of course, a form of Heraldry ~0metimCSseen in conjunction with which, in fact, date back to the a peac It implies that the staff Roman era when such formation whrch rs cooped ro about the height and unit signs were inscribed upon of the bear's neck has a number of the shield. branches which are also cooped. RegimenM Colours - Control of Raguly - An expression applied to regimentaI colours is under the an ordinary having pieces like auspices of Garter, Principal King cooped branches from it in a slant- of Arms. ing direction. Reindeer - Occasionally found in Railway Locomotive - This has Heraldry and distingutshed from appeared as a charge in modern the stag by double altires one erect Heraldry. the other pendent. 99 Removed - An expression used in Ronge Croix Pnrsuivant - One of connection with an ordinary that the Officers of Arms (q.v.). has fallen from its usual and proper pIace. Rouge Dragon Pursuivant - One of the Officers of Ams (q.v.1. Reptilm - Serpents or snakes may be found, particularly in the arms Roundle, - A circular of medical institutes. Other reptiles charge distinguished by d8erent include lizards (q.v.1. names according to their tinctures. for example. gold roundles are named bezants, from the gold coin Resignant - Concealed. Applies par- of Byzantium; argent-plates; azure- ticularly to a beast whose tail is heurts; gules-torteaux; purpure- concealed. golpes (seldom used today); and sable-ogresses, pellets or gunstones. Reremoase = The bat (q.v.). Roundles barry wavy of six argent and azure are known as Respectant, Respecting - Terms fountains. used to describe two animals borne When roundles are parted, coun- face to face. rampant beasts of prey ter changed. or of any of the furs so borne are said to be combatant. they retain the name of roundles with the appropriate tinctures. Reversed - Turned upside down. Rowel - The spur rowel (q.~.). - One of the Officers of Arrns (q.v.). Royal Heraldrg - There is no definite proof that: any English King RWhg - An expression used in prior to Richard 1 used armorial connection with a bird opening his bearings, though anns have ken wings as if preparing to take fiight. attributed to the various rulers as far back as Egbert A.D. 802-839, Roach - A fresh water fish. Furthemore it is known that Henry 1 presented his son-in-law, Count - The bird blazoned as corby. Geoffrey of Anjou with a shield The chess piece of that name is emblazoned with ams which con- termed chessrook. tinued to be used by his descend- ants. It is therefore likely that both Roae - Frequently found in Eng- Henry I and Henry II used sorue lish Heraldry and never to be drawn sort of bearings though whether or with a staIk unless such an addition not Stephen did so is problematical. is expressly directed in the blazon. Richard 1, according to his firsr It should never be described as great , is believed to have used proper for there are roses of many two lions rampant combatant when colours. The word ' proper' applies going to the crusade. but on his to the barbs or calix and seeds return his second great seal definitely meaning that the former are green shoivs three lions passant gardant. and the latter goId. A rose is the These arms were used by Kings difference for the seventh house. of England until the reign of Edward III. Rotitsay Heraid - One of the Scot- On laying claim to the throne of tish Officers of Arms (q.v.1. France, King Edward III quartered 100 l with the arms of England those of borne down to and including the France (ancient) namely azure semé- time of William and Mary, the only de-lis. Orjginally he is said to have difference lying in the arms of the put the French arms in the second latter sovereigns. Due to the fact and third quarters, but subsequently, that they mled jointly, in this after a cornplaint by the King of instance we see the same coats im- France, he changed them to the first paled with each other upon the one and fourth quarters. shield but William's coat, on the Richard II bore the same arms dexter side, has the addition of an I but by a personal whim preferred escutcheon of Nassau, ' Azure 10 impale them with the arms attri- billerté a lion rampant Or '. buted to Edward the Confesser. Queen Anne used the sarne arms iiamely 'azure a cross paronce as were borne by James 1 unfil hetween jîve , Or'. 1706 wllcn the Act of Union was Henry IV reverted to the same passed and the Royal Arms werc arnzs as borne by J3ward III, but remarshalled thus quarterly 1 and he reduced the number of fleurs-de- 4 England impaling ScotIand, 2 lis to five in the French quarterings. France modern, 3 Ireland. Note: In Henry V reduced the number of spite of thc fact that the arms in fleurs-de-lis once again to Lhree in 1 and 2 quarter are inipaled the left I the French quarterings and in this oc dexter haif of the Scoitish tres- form tIie arms on the French quar- sure was removed. lers have been known ever since as George 1 used the same arms as ' France (modern) '. It is believed Anne had after the Act of Union I that he took this step to follow the but substituted for the fourth qua- example of his Eather-in-law Charles ter a new coat as follows: 'per pale VT of France who had also reduced and per chevron, 1 gules rwo lions the fleurs-de-lis to three, possibIy passant gardant in pale Or (Bruns- with a view to making the arms wick) 2. Or semé of heurts proper I dserent from those quartered by n lion rampant azure arrned and rhe English Kings. langued gules [Lunebug). 3. Gules I Henry VI, Edward W. Richard a home coLtranl argent (Saxony) ITT, Henry VII. Henry Vm, and S~trtout on arz escutcheon of pre- Edward VI continued to bar the fence gules the crown of Charle- same ams. magne gold. On the accession of Mary I to the These arms were aIso borne by l I rhrone sbe chose to bear the ams George TI and at the commence- upon a lozenge. She also substituted ment of George XII's reign. In 1801, ilie lions of England in the third however, the French arms were 1 quarter for the arms of her mother finaUy rernoved and the arms of Katherine of Aragon. England and Scotland occupied the I Elizabeth 1 returned to the bear- first and second quarters respec- ings as used by her father. tively. The arms of England were On the accession of James 1 repIaced in the fourth quarter and I (James VI of Scotland), to the the coat originally borne by Georgc tlzrone of England tllere was a great 1 in the fourth quarter was pIaced change and the new bearings were on an escutcheon of pretence en- as foIlows - quarterly J and N,1 signed by the Electoral BoM~~.In and 4 France (modern), 2 and 3 1816, in consequence of the Elec- England, II Scotland and III Xre- torate of Hanover being elevated to land. These anris continued to be a kingdom the Electoral Bonnet was 101 changed to the Hanoverian Royal Ireland after whom the order of St. Crown. Patrick (now extinct), was named. These arms were borne by George IV and William W. SaNant - Applied to a beast when Zn 1837 when Queen Victoria depicted as if leaping at its prey came to the thronc it was obviously i.e. with both hind feet on the ludicrous for her to Iay clah to the ground and both fore feet raised. Kingdom of Hanover and therefore Saliant appears to be an acciden- the escutcheon of pretence and the ta1 variation from rampant which Hanoverian crown were finaUy may have arisen in early Heraldry. removed from the arms of Great Britain and they were thus mar- Salmon - The fish of that name. shalled as quarterly 1 and 4 Eng- land, 2 and 3 Ireland, and have Ssltire - The cross of St. Andrew remajned thus to the present day. which may be found used as an The only difference lies in the ordinary or as a charge, or the arms as borne by the monarch when shield rnay be divided per saltire. in Scotland, which are marshalled As an ordinary its edges may be as 1 and 4 Scotland, 2 England and subject to decoration. 3 Ireland. Since the reign of Henry WII the Sanglant - Blood stained. Royal am have been encircled by the Garter. Sangiier - An alternative name for the wild boar. Sanguine or Murrey - One of the old Heraldic tinctures seldom found today. Tt is redish purple in colour. Sable - Black. Ssracen's Head - One of the heads which rnay be found as a charge Sagj~~- The centau,-, half man dating from the early crusades. Tt and half herse holding an arrow is de~ictedas the head of an O1d upon a bent bow. man with a savage countenance. Sarceii6 - Cut through the middle. Sail - The saiI figures largely in ship charges which may be blazoned Srnon Crown - oneof the crowns in full sail or with sails furled. Found in old Heraldry. Saint Andrew - The patron saint Scallop - A shell used as a charge of Scotland. It is upon the cross of which had its origin in the crusades. St. Andrew (a saltire) upon which St. Andrew is said to have been Schools, Arms and Badges - Many crucified. British schools possess armorial bearings and the tendency is for - The patron Saint of those who only possess badges or England who figures largely in the other non-armorial insignia to regalia of the Knights of the Garter. acquire arms also. In somc cases the bearings used are taken from Saint Patrick ;-, The patron Saint of those of the founder of the school. Scimitar -: A cumed sword with a ' Cadency'. The Stodart System is Made wider towards the end. is based on the chart on page 104.

Scrog - The branch of a tree. Scrope - Grosvenor Controversy - See Grosvenor. Sea-dog - A talbot-Iike dog with a dorsal fin and webbed feet. Se.-horse - Has the fore part of a herse conjoined to a fish's tail. Sea-Iion - Found in both natural and Heraldic forms. Seals - A great deal of information (1) Scimitar (2) Seax with regard to early Heraldry has been obtained from the old seals. In Scintillant - Sparkling or throwing earl~da~s few Knights and Noble- off sparks. men were able to write and it there- fore becarne the custorn to seal fkottish Heraldry - In Scotland the documents instead of signing them. Heraldic system is somewhat differ- As soon as Heraldry became popu- ent from that in England. The Scot- lar seals generally consisted of the tish Heraldic authority is Lord Lyon Knight concerned on Iiorse back, King of Arms who as a High Oficer arrned capà-pie and displaying his of State, has complete control over shield on which were his armorial al1 matters pertaining to Heraldry. bearings. Under Lord Lyon there are six It is also thought by some that OFFicers of Arms (q.v.). the origin of the supporters dates Tn Scotland armorial bearings back to the early seal makers who only pass by right from father to may have found it necessary to fil1 eldest son; a11 younger sons being a blank space on the reverse side of required to matriculate at Lyon the shield with something realistic Office to receive appropriate differ- to support the shield. ences. Sem - A scirnitar-ljke weapon dat- Scottish System of Diereocing - ing back to the Saxon era distin- When a younger son in Scotland guishable by a notch eut in the establishes an independent position back of the blade. or marries he must matriculate the parental arms with an appropriate Segreant - An expression meaning difference usually based on what is rampant when applied to the gry- known as the ' Stodart System ', and phon or dragon. he then abandons any temporary differences he had used previously. Sejant - Seated. The position of a The temporary dinerences are lion sejant differs from that of a sirnilar lo those used in Englisli squirrel sejant. The fore paws of Heraldry which may be seen under the latter being raised and the lion 103 l borne thus would be described as Sheldrake - A water fowl closely l sejant rampant. resembling a duck.

Sem6 - Scattered with small Shield - There have been many l charges; for example semé-de-lis changes in the shield throughout the (scattered with fleurs-de-lis), semé ages, they have boen long, round, l of roses, etc. In some cases an alter- square, kite-shaped and of other native word enlirely is used, for peculiar shapes some decorated and 1 example ' Crusilly ', meaning semé some not. of cross crosslets. The shield has always been of prime imporlance in Heraldry as it Serpent - See reptiles. is upon the shield that armorial bearings are borne. l Shack Bol4 Shackle - See fetter- In modern thes the standard t lock. shieId is approximately four units in width and five units in depth. Shafted - Applied to the qui11 of a feather and to tbe shaft of an arrow. Sbip - Various ships appear as charges including the lymphad or Shake fork - A pal1 with the limbs galley, the clipper and even modern cut and poinred. steamships. The blazon must always give full particulars as to Shamrock - The three-leaved clover direction, sails. oars and tinclures. or trefoil. Ships badges - As the result of the Sheaf of Arrows - GeneraIIy refers unofficial adoption of Badges by ro three arrows, two in saltire and many ships during the first World one in pale, witb the points down- War a commission was set up to wards unless otherwise stated. consider and assign approved badges to ships. These are now considered as Heraldic.

Signs, Amy, Corps and Divisional - See Regimental jnsignia. Sinister - The left hand side of the shield from the point of view of the bearer i.e. the right side to the viewer.

v Sixfoil - One of the members of the Sheaf of Arrows foi1 family containing six petals. Slip - A twig with two or three Sheaf of Corn - Garb (q.v.). leaves.

Sheep - Appear in Heraldry in Slipped - An expression referring scveral forms principally the ram, to a flower wliich has a stem with larnb and fleece. IWO or three leaves attached to it. Snake - See Reptile. Chapel, Windsor are generally referred to as ' Garter Plates '. Soaring - Flying aloft. Standard - Used particularly in - One of the early days, was a narrow and taper- Officers of Anns (q.v,). ing flag (sometimes with swallow tails) always of considerable lengtb, SpaoceUed - An expression used the higher the rank of its owner the for a Iiorse when two of its legs are longer the standard. It was used fettered to a log of wood. solely for purposes of pageantry and particularly for the display of Spear - May appear as a charge in badges and livery colours. various forms. UnIess otherwise stated it takes.the fom of a tiIting Star - See Estoile. spear. It may also be described as a shivered Iance or a broken spear Sbtaot - An expression applied to iii which case the upper half has an animal standing on al1 four feet. normally beea broken off or severed. Steam Ship - See Ship.

Sphere - See globe. Steps - See Degees. Spider - Sometimes found as a Stock - The stump of a tree and charge, sometimes applied to the siiaft of an anchor. Spread Eagle - An eagle displayed. Stork - A bird seIdom distinguish- Spnr - When used as a charge is able from the heron and the Crane. generally borne with the straps pen- dent and the rowel downwards. Stiriaged - Having strings or ribbons attached such as those on the bugle Spur rowel - The pointed wheeI at horn. May also refer to the strings the back of the spur simjlar to a of a harp when of a different tinc- rnullet but generally borne pierced. ture €rom the frame. SquheI - The animal of that name. Snb-ordinaries - Considered as lesser charges from the ordinaries S.S. CoUar of - See Collar. (q.v.) but of very frequent appear- - See Knot. Sîag - An animal much used in Scottish Heraldry bearing antlers or attires.

StaU plate - A square or oblong plate emblazoned with the arms of Knights of the Garter, the Thistle and the Bath and fixed to the stalls in their respective chapels. Those of the Garter Knights at St, George's Bordure ance in Heraldry. They consist of: 4. Double Tressure, This is vir- 1. The Bordure. This is the Her- tually an orle voided. In other words aldic name given to a border and it consists of a double strip half the merely consists of a dBerent colour width of an orle placed in a sirnilar placed right round the shield, or position. A good example of a if the blazon includes a chief, the double tressure is that appearing in Bordure merely refers to the the arms of Scotland. A tressure is remainder of the field. generally flory or 0ory counter 2. The Escutcheon. This may be fiory. i.e. garnished with fleurs-de- borne singly or in multiples and it lis. nierely consists of a shield placed upon or within the field. If it is borne singly it must obviously be drawn appreciably smaller than the field would be if merely within a bordure.

Tressure

5. TIie Canton. This is virtually a miniature quarter which always appears in the dexter chief. It Escutcheon ahost invariably a charge and in some cases an augmentation 3. The Orle. This is a small bor- of honour. dure around the field but instead of running round the edge of the field a sruaIl strip of the field of similar width is left round the outside of the Orle. The Orle rnay be a con- tinuous strip or it may consist of a number of the same charges placed ' in orle '.

Canton

6. The Gyron. One section taken from the Ordinary ' gyronny ' which is placed in the dexter chief, adja- cent to the dexter edge of the shield and with the hypotenuse of the Orle triangle on its upper edge. 107 this reason almost be added to the Lines of partition as one Gnds checky. etc. It consists of bendlets and bendlets sinister interlaced. A diminutive of fretty is 'the fret ' which consists of one bendlet and one bendlet sinister interlaccd wjth a mascle. 12. The Billet. 1s an oblong figurc placed upright in the centre of the Gyron shield. It is seldom found on its own 7. . These are always but more often in its diminulive borne in pairs and consist of two form billetté, or semé of billets. arcs of a circlc drawn from the dexter and sinister chief and ter- minating approximately 3 down the appropriate side of the shield. 8. The Lozenge. A diamond shape placed centrally on the shield but not reaching to its edges and with the longest part in pale. 9. The Fusil. SirniIar to, and vBillet treated in the same way as, the lozenge but it is longer and nar- rower. 13. The Label. This consists of a strip placed horizontally across the 10. The MascIe. A lozenge which honour point with three or five srnall has been voided and which leaves strips pendent from it. It rnay be a small diamond shape the same drawn to reach the sides of the colour as the field in the centre, or shield or its ends may be cooped. the void may be tinctured differ- The pendent strips rnay be oblong ently. or splayed out at the bottom. In early Herddry it was sorne- 11. Fretty. The term fretty is nor- times used as a charge but in mally used to describe the field, modern times it is always the differ- thus gules {retty Or, and could for ence mark for the eIdest son (three

Fret points) or the eldest grand-son (fivc who, hding two empty spaces on points) and used thus during the either side of the armorial bearjngs 1 l lifetime of the armiger. on the seal 6iied it with two animals or mythologicd beasts. 14. The RoundIe (q.~.). Supporters are said to have been introduced during the reign of 15. Annulet. 1s simply a ring and Edward III but there is no actual may be used singly, in multiples and certainty of their use prjor to the on occasions interlacecl. time of Henry VI. Supporters arc now reslricted to l Sun - Generally borne in his splen- the following classes of armiger : dour but may be rising, setting or issuing from clouds. 1. Peers of the realm. The sup- porters descend with the peerage. Sunborst - The name given 10 This does not, of course, apply to I several rays of the sun issuing €rom life peers. Spiritual peers do not a cloud. use supporters. 2. Knights of the Garter, the Thistle and St. Patrick and Knights Grand Cross or Knights Grand Cornmanders of other orders. 3. County, City and Borougb Councils and certain Corporations. Though a grant of supportcrs to these bodies is not compulsory. It depends entirely wheîhet or not they are prepared to pay for thern. Sunburst 4. A few baronets and private Supporters - The origin of suppor- individuals who have for some ters is obscure. One idea is that they reason been granted supporters in were derived from the early prac- the past. tice of a knight sending two of his There have been many differenr retainers dressed in supporters used in the Royal arms resembling animals or rnythological untif the arriva1 of the Iion and the beasts, etc. to the tournament field unicorn which were first used diir- and there to support his shield, ing the time of the Stuarts. prepared to receive challenges, £rom orller kniglits. This practice must Henry VI - have added greatly to the general Two antelopes argent gala atrnosphere of a -tournament A lion and an anteiope. and it was possible for a knight Edward IV - who did not distinguish himself in A lion and a hart both argent. the actuaI fighting to become the A lion Or and a bu11 sable. talk of the tournament by the wit Two lions argent. lie displayed in dressing his sup- Edward V - porters. A lion and a hart both argent The other and less romantic possi- the latter gorged and chained bility is ascribed to the seal makers Or. Richard III - knee length and later cut short to A lion Or and a boar argent. thigh length on which was ern- Two boars argent. blazoned the arms of the wearer. Henry Vïï - Sometimes caiied jupon. A dragon gules and a grey- argent. Snmionnted - Applied to a charge Two greyhounds argent. over which another charge is laid. A lion Or and a dragon gules. Swaiiow - Similar in every respect Henry VIX - to the MartIet (q.v.1. A lion Or and a dragon gules. A dragon gules and a bu11 Swan - GeneralIy borne with sable. extendeci wings but it is essential A lion Or and a greyhouad that the blazon should give full argent. detaiis. Edward VI - The Swan gorged with a ducal A lion Or and a dragon gules. coronet to wLich is afied a chain re0exed is oHen blazoned as a Mary 1 - Cygnet Royal. A Iion Or and a dragon gules. A lion Or and a greyhound argent. Swastika - A gamadion or fylfot, Note: During the time that the RoyaI arms were impaled with those Sword - The usual form of this of Philip of Mary used for weapon is a long straight blade with supporters an eagle and a lion. a cross handle. Any variations of this form must be given in blazon. Elizabeth 1 - A lion and a dragon both Or. A lion Or and a greyhound argent. James 1 - A lion rampant gardant Or regally crowned proper (for Tabbard - The name was originally England) and a unicorn given to the commoniy worn argent armed unguled and by peasants. EventualIy, however, crined Or gorged with a it became essentially a Heraldic coronet composed of crosses garment on the lines of a jupon patté and a chah afExed worn by al1 HeraIds and em- thereto passing between the blazoned with their Master's fore legs and reflexed over armorial bearings. It allowed the the back Or (for Scatland). early Heralds to travel throughout Since when they have re- the country and overseas tvifh diplo- mained the same. matic imrnunity. When the Royal arms are used in It is now worn by OfEcers of Scotland the supporters are trans- Ams on al1 ceremonial occasions. posed. Talbot - A kind of dog of the Sur tout - Over al1 (q.v.). labrador type but with longer ears Surcoat - The light Cotton coat kst and generally ernblazoned with his used during the crusades when of tail curved over his back. Talent - An alternative name for Tierced - Divided into three parts. I the bezant, Tiger - May be used in Heraldry l l Cross - One of the early sym- in its natural form in which case bols found in many places through- the blazon will state Bengal Tiger out the world dating from prior to or in its Heraldic form when it is the Stone Age. Taken as a Heraldic treated as a monster. charge it is found on occasions in I early Heraldry but is seldom used Tinc-tures - A term loosely covering

4 today. al1 the colours used in Heraldry I including metals, colours and furs, Teazel - A species of thistle used in however, in its correct application I the process of dressing cloth. Xt is it refers only to the colours as found occasional~yas a charge. opposed to metals and furs. There are five tinctures used in I Ted- One of the early tinctures, modern Heraldry and two which orange in colour. which is said to may appear from time to tirne if I have been associated with abate- reference is made to early Heraldry. ments, The ones in general use consist of gules-red, for which most Heraldic Thistie - Usually depicted s1ipped artists use a plain vermilion; azure- l and leaved, appears on aumerous blue, the most popular lint for this occasions in Scottish Heraldry. colour is cobalt-blue; sable-black the best type of Iamp black should be employed and not Indian ink which fades to a brown tinge: vert - green, the colour most writers recomrnend is emerald but as this is a very brilliant green it is probably better if mixed with an equal por- tion of Hooker's green; purpure - purple, purple Iake is the tint etu- ployed. Students of Heraidry setting out to become Heraldic artists should purchase Designers' colours for Heraldic work as these provide the very best quality and the effect wiIl be sligl-itly opaque.

Torteau - A roundle gules. nistle, Order oE - One of the senior orders of chivaIry. Torse - Wreath (q.v.).

Thunderbolt A A bearing derived from classic mythology inwhich it belonas to Jupiter. It is represented by a twisted column ôf flame Torse or Wreath between two wings and two darts of lightning in saltire barbed at Tower - A tower is commonly both ends. represented as a single masoned crenellated structure with a door- Tressure - Sometimes described as way and three windows. When the a diminutive of the orle, the tres- blazon states a ' tower triple sure is always double and is almost towered ' the three srnaIl additional invariably flory counter flory in towers will be issuant from the which case it is decorated with turret. fleur-de-lis on the outer and inner Tiransfixed - Pierced through. edges. Trick - A rough sketch of armorial bearings usually in pencil in whicli the tinctures are marked by abbre- viations. Tri-corporate - An expression des- cribing a beast having three bodies conjoined to one head which is always placed on the fess point and generally shown affronté. - A fork with three barbed prongs. Tower 'Liippant - A term analogous to Transposed - Reversed or othenvise passant applied to animals of the placed contrary to the usual posi- chase. tion. Tront - The fish of that name. Trees - Appear frequently in Her- aIdry. sometimes rising from a Trumpet - If trumpet is stated mount in base, sometimes eradi- specüically in the blazon it is to cated in which case a decorative be shown as a long straigbt tube fonn of root system must be em- expanding towards its end. blazoned and if the tree is blazoned as fructed, the appropriate fruits Truncheon - A short cylindrical must be shown, generally out of stafE. A tnincheon is the official proportion for emphasis, badge of the Earl Marshal of Eng- land. It consists of a golden rod Trefoil - Sometimes considered to tipped at each end with black be the clover leaf and sometimes enamel and having the Royat arms the shamrock. It is the member of emblazoned at one end and the the foi1 farnily with three blades Earl Marshai's at the other. and the oniy one which is slipped. - Represents the join- ing of the Houses of York and Lancaster. It is represented by one rose superimposed upon anoiher eitber argent upon guIes or vice versa and occasionally emblazoned per pale. lhrned Up - Refers to the brim of Trefoil the Cap of Estate or similar type Thomas de Berkeley 1243in wall d South Aisle in choir of . of hat or bonnet when tinctured of Union Flag, Union Jack - The flag another colour than the crown. of Great Britain. It combines the cross of St. George, the cross of St. mer - Refers to the Heraidic Andrew (saltire) and the cross of Vger (q.v.1. St. Patrick (saltire). Tynes - The points of a stag's attires Urchin - Hedgehog (q.v.). or antlers. Urdé - A line of division which js drawn similar to the way in which the fur vair is depicted but without u its horizontal line. Urinant - Diving. An expression to Ulster, Badge of - Sometimes denote a fis11 palewise with Iiead known as the bloody hand of Ulster. downward. blazoned as argent a sinister hand cooped at the wrist apaume gules. Ulefer, King of Am- Originally Ulster was the name given to the King of Anns who supervised the whole of Ireland and his position Vair - One of the furs used in continued even after the formation Heraldry (q.v.). of the Irish free state, until in 1943 when the Republic of Ireland set up Vairey - Sirnilar in shape to vair ils own Chief Herald. From this but so named when tinctures orher date the duties of Ulster King of than argent and azure are em- Arms, which were combined with ployed. Norroy, were restricted, in so far as Ireland was concerned, to the six Vert - The tincture green. counties of UIster. Under the present system he works in close contact Vested - Clothed. with the CIiief Herald of Ireland and each recognises grants of arms Virolies - The bands encircling the made by the other. bugle or hunting horn. Undé - A deper forrn of wavy Viscoant - The fourth rank in the when applied to a line of partition. British Peerage.

Unguled - An expression referring Viitations - Due to the difficulty of to the booves of animals when they communication during the Middle are to be tinctured of a different Ages a great many people assumed colour than the body. arms to which they had no entitle- ment. In some cases these arms Unicorn - Classified as a monster were similar to those already used (q.v.). One of the supporters of the by somebody else, and it was there- British Royal Arms. fore deemed advisable to exer- cise greater control. For this reason Unicorn Pursuivant - One of the by a warrant of Henry VIII dated Scottish Officers of Anns (q.v.1. Aprii 6th. 1530 Thomas Benolt, Clarenceux King of Arms was con- is based on the old-fashioned yoke firmed in his powers to travel on which two waterskins were throughout his province and sum- hung. It is the charge which is mon to appear before him al1 per- associared with a number of crusad- sons described as Esquires or ing families. Gentlemen who were to give him adequate proof of their right to be Wattled - Used with reference to so styled and to make use of the cock's comb and wattles. armorial bearings. He was further empowered to enter a11 castles, Waves of the Sea - See water. houses, churches or other buildings and there to survey al1 arms and Wavy - A line of division of nar- otlier Heraldic devices and to pull rower contour than undé (q.v.) and down or deface those uniawfully used particularly with barry to assurned whether rhey be on plate, denote water. jewels, paper, parclurient or glass. This may be described as the Weather Vane - A charge used first of the visitations and periodic- occasionally in old Heraldry but ally during the next two centuries seldom depicted in the traditional further visits were made to different style. parts of the country by otber Officers of Arms. Well - Usually shown in circular Detailed records were maintained form and masoned. of a11 the visitations which provide a considerable amount of valuable - Sometimes blazoned as an information in connection with ear of wheat but more generally Heraldic research. as the garb (q.v.1. Voided - The expression used where Wheel - Two principal types of a charge has ifs centre removed wheel appear as charges. If no fur- leaving little more than the outline. ther details are given the traditional Unless a specific tincture is men- wagon wheel should be drawn with tioned it will be the colour of the eight spokes; if catherine wheel is field which shows in the gap. mentioned the rim should be con- tinuous and on its outer edge a Volant - Flying. srnall curved point protrudes from each spoke. Vulned - Wounded so that the blood drips. Wheik - Refers to the canical type whelk shell. w Whirlpool - 1s depicted as a target type figure extending throughout to the edge of the shield. Water - Is generally shown in Heraldry by barry wavy argent and - Sometimes blazoned as azure. If it is blazoned as waves a savage and found frequently as of the sea it is normally depicted in supporters in Scottish arms. He is its natural fom. generaUy shown with long hair and beard. habited in a skin, bare Water Booget iA charge which Pooted and carrying a club. Windsor Herald - One of the Woodman - An alternative name Officers of Arms (q-v.). for wildrnan. Wings - Unless othenvise stated the Woolpack - A pack of wool tied on whgs of an eagle are generally each corner. understood. A pair of wings with tips downwards are said to be con- Wreath - See torse. The six fold joined in lure, if the tips are up- band placed on top of a helm in wards they are conjoined and an achievement upon which the elevated. crest stands or out of whicli ii: issues. It is said to represent the Wolf - The wolf and wolfs bead ' lady's favour ' with which the old- are seen as charges in several differ- fashioned knights went into baétle. en t positions. Wyvern - One of the rnonsters (q.v.1. Women, Bearing of arms by - Un- married daughters by right of cour- tesy rnay bear their paternal arms including quarterings and any marks of cadency their father may use but they add no mark of difier- ence of their own. They bear these YaIe - An animal resembling the arms on a lozenge without crest or stag but u~ith mouth open and accessories but sometirnes a knot or tongue extendcd and bcaring the ribbon may be draped over the top horns of a bull. for reasons of decoration. An unmarried woman holding Yellow - The colour gencr- office. as. for example. the principal ally used to depict the goId in of a college, rnay impaIe Lhe arms Heraldic painting. of the college wjlh her own on a lozenge during the time she holds - One of the Officers that office. A married woman im- of Arms (q.v.). pales her paternal arms with those of ber husband upon a shield.

PART TWO GENEALOGY

INTRODUCTION THE REASON for adding a section on Genealogical Research to a book prirnarily dealing with heraldry is because heraldry and genealogy are so completeIy bound up in eacli other. Without genealogy and its relevant family histories true heraldry cannor exist and wilhout some knowledge of l~eraldryno genealogist can proceed very Ear, as armorial bearings are bound fo crop up in much of the researcli that he will carry out. GeneaIogy can be a most fascinating subject if it is handled properly, conversely il can be extremely dry and du11 if one does flot take the neces- sary ' one step further ' and follow, in some measure, the persona1 histories of the people who crop up in the various pedigrees. A matter of vital importance that the genealogist must always bear in mind is accuracy. Each step that he undertakes must be proven and If possible a second proof sbould be found confirming the firsc. Human error will aIways creep in and even such documents as birth, marriage and death certificates provided by the appropriate authorities are occasionally at fault. For example, an old man may die, who has been living on his own, with his relatives many miles away. His death has to be registered and the information given, possibly by his landlady or his Doctor or one of his friends is given in al1 good faith, but it rnay be very wide of the mark. His age maye be regisiered as 65 when in fact he is over 70. His wife's name rnay be put down on the death certificate as ' Bessie', which was the name the old man referred îo her by, when in fact her real name was Margaret. It js in ways like this thar errors arise and which makes rnatters more complicated for the genealogist. This dictionary of genealogy does not aspire to tell the searcher how to proceed but rather to tell him where information can be obtained and the sort of things that Ile can look for. A final word of warning to the would-be Genealogist. Information cornes from the most unljkely sources, and I have found from experience that: nlost bodies whether they be institutions, or even industrial companies. if appcaled to, will always send a courteous and frequently IieIpEul reply, and as an example 1 have obtained information from tlie follo\ving: The Post Office Museum, British Railways, Lloyds, Institute of Merchant Seamen, and rnany others. far too numerous to list in full. Exor. - Executor. Gov. - Governor. J.F. - Justice of the Peaœ. k. e killed. Kt. - Knight. m. a married. Pr. - proved. S. - succeeded. Yr. - younger. Abbreviations - There are a number yst. - youngest. of abbreviations used in the pre- paration of a chart which are gener- In addition to the above abbrevia- ally understood by al1 genealogists. tions one will find those more gener- Tlie following list consists of the ally used referring to honours and principal ones. awards, ranks and positions in the Services and Government and letters apptd . - appointed. awarded for such appointments as b. - born. Fellowship of the Royal College of bapt. - baptised. Surgeons (F.R.C.S.)etc. Et. - Baronet. bur. -. buried. Ca. - circa (about) Abeyance - An expression used to CO. - county. describe a Peerage when it is vested d. - died. in two or more coheirs both or al1 dau. - daughter. of whom have an equal daim. diss. - dissolved. Men there are several equal claim- div. = divorced. ants e.g. descendants of the d.s.p. - decessit sine prole. daughters and coheiresses of a (died without issue). deceased Peer, none can maintain d.s.p.1. a deceait sine prole a claim against the others and the iegitima. (died wi th- Peerage remains in abeyance and out legitirnate issue). cannot be held by any of them until, d.s.p.rn. - decessit sine prole by the death of the other claimants, mascula. (died with- one ody remains and he has the out male issue). right to claim the title. d.s.p.m.s. - decessit sine prole masala ~"perstite, Acbievements Limited - The busi- (died without sur- ness name for the centre of Heraldic viving male issue). and Genealogical Research and Art d.s.p.s. - dec-ssit sine prole Work. A non-profit making organi- supedte. (died sation which is establishing a com- without surviving plete record of ali Parish registers. issue). This undertaking will take many d. unm. - died unrnarried. years to complete but it is fre- d.v.p. - deceait vit8 patrism quently worth while putting a Parish (died within the Iife- register enquiry direct to them in the of the father). the first instance. Their address is: d.v.rn. - decessit vita matris. (died within the li.fe- 82 Northgate, of the mother). , educ. - educated at. Kent. 120 Armigerons Families - A great South Australia: rnany details with regard to ami- The Principal Registrar, gerous families can be obtained G.P.O.Box 1351 H, from such publications as Burkes Adelaide, Peerage, Burkes , South Australia 5000 and Fox Davies' Armorial Families. Tasmania : Attainder - Absolute deprivation of The Registrar General, every civil right and privilege G.P.O. Box 875 J, involving a transmission of tlie same Hobart. penalty, and a consequent forfeiture Tas. 7000 even of Dure blood and descent, as well as -of al1 hereditary claims. Victoria : This was used particuarly in con- Governrnent Statist, oection with charges of treason. It 295 Queen Street, needed a special Act of Legislature Melbourne. and had to remain in force untiI Vic. 3000 it was revoked by a sirnilar process. Aastraüan Research - Enquirics for Western Austrafia : birth, marriage and death cert3- Registrar General, cates should be made in the kst Oakleigh Building, instance to the appropriate authority 22 Sr. Georges Terrace, in the relevant state. These are as Perth, follows: W.A. 6000

Australian Capital Territory: Fees for these certificates Vary The Registrar. witb each state but it is safe to send Birth, Death and Marriage Registry, the equivalent of $2 Australian and Canberra, the balance, if any, can îben be A.C.T. 2607 returned. (For records after 1930 only) Records are available in these New South Wales: offices from the year 1856 but prior The Registrar General, to this time a great many additional Birtlls, Dearhs and Marriages records were kept for the whole of Branch, Australia in Sydney, as it should of Prince Albert Road, course be appreciated tbat before 1850 most of the arrivals to Austra- Sydney, N.S.W. 2000 lia were to Sydney and then immi- nrants travelled overland to the Northern Territory: other States. The Registrar General. A great deal of information can P.O. Box 367, be obtained from the shipphg Darwin, records which give details of the N.T. 5794 arriva1 of immigrants, their occupa- tion, names of children and in many Queensland: cases from where the originated. The Registrar General. These records are not kept at the Treasury Buildings, same office that births and deaths Brisbane. B7. are registered at but enquiries Queensland 4000 should be sent initially to one of the 121 following addresses accordiag to the of a passenger to Australia. The appropriate state : reason for this is that, particularly in the early days. many families New South Wales : shipped a disappointing son to The Honorary Secretary, Australia, also many people who Society of Australian GeneaIogists, could not make good at home History House, decided to try their luck in a new 8 Young Street, country and in many cases immi- Sydney, grants wished to cut themselves N.S.W. 2000 completely adrift from their old ties, For rhis reason many changed tlieir Queensland : names on landing in Australia. The Archivist, Registrations in the various Commonwealth Archives Office, Parishes in the early days left a lot Canon Hill, to be desired and many details are Brisbane, rnissing. Early graveyards have been Queensland 4000 neglected and though headstones exist many are cornpletely illegible. South Australia : For those wishing to obtain The Principal Librarian, amateur assistance or advice a letter Public Library of South Australia, to the: Archives Department. North Terrace, Honorary Secretary, Adelaide, Society of Australian GeneaIogists. S.A. 5000 Nisrory House, Tasmania : 8 Young Street, State Librarian, Sydney. State Library of Tasmania, N.S.W. 2000 Archives Section, will always produce a helpful and 9 1 Murray Street, informative reply. Hobert, Those who wisli to retain the Tas. 7000 services of a professional genealo- gist in Australia, application should Victoria : be made to: The State Librarian, State Library of Victoria, Heraldry Enterprises, Archives Division, Suite 2, 513 Toorak Road, 304-324 Swanston Street, Toorak. Melbourne, Vic. 3142 Vic. 3000 Western Australia : The State Librarian. B The J. S. Battye Library, State Library of Western Australia, 3 Francis Street, Bahanlas - Records date back to Perth, 1851 for births, 1850 for deaths and W.A. 6000 to 1799 in the case of marriages. Application should be made to In some cases it may be foiind the Registrar General, Nassau, that al1 trace is lost after the arriva1 Bahamas. 122 Barbados - Records of births com- Registers. It is not fully complete menced in 1890, -deaths in 1924. In but when one realises that by 1937 some cases registration is carried it was estimared that the index con- out by the rectors of parishes or tained over three and a half million police magisirates, the remaiilder by names, omissions are not surprising. the Registrar. Registers of baptism, marriage and burial go back to as British Guiana - Cornpleted regis- early as 1631 but prior to 1826 the ters of births and deaths from 1869 information is limired to the person and marriages from 1903 are avail- baptised, married or buried. able from the Registrar General, Georgetown. Bankters - Of those who achieve ' silk' in England al1 are admitted British Honduras - Registers of through one of the four Inns of births and deaths from 1885 and Court, namely Lincolns Inn. The marriages from 1881 are with the Middle Temple, The Inner Temple Registrar General, Belize. and Grays Inn. Al1 the Inns except Tnner Temple have published British Milibry Records - admission registers. h the case of INTRODUCTION.Before the Civil the Inner Temple it is necessary to War, 1642-49, tllere was no Regular write to the librarian for informa- Standing Army in England. Regi- tion. ments were raised to meet special Bermuda - The Registrar General, occasions and requirements and Hamilton, has the completed regis- were usually known by the narnes ters back to 1866. Before civil regis- of the Colonel who raised them. Of tration began, church records of systematic records of such regiments baptisms, weddings and burials were there are none. References to mili- kept, some dating back to the 17th tary operations, and sometimes to Century. individual officers and soldiers, may be found in ' State Papers. Domestic Ilisbop's Traoscripts - In 1597 the and Foreign ', in the ' Exchequer Province of Canterbury decreed tl-iat and Audit Office Accounts ', and in copies of Parish Registers should be the Privy Council Registers. It sent to the Registrar of each would, however, be exceptional to at Easter tirne. These returns are find any reference in these sources particularly valuable where the to the birth-place, wiFe or family of original registers have disappeared any individual. ' State Papers, or when seeking information with Domestic' include a few widows' regard to birth, rnarriage or death petitions, in any one of a number of Parishes For the period of the Civil War within the same locality. and ~ommonweaththe officers of both , with their regiments, Botswana - No information is avail- are listed in ' The Army Lisis oj able wiih regard to the supervision Roundheads and Cavaliers', by of records in this State. Edward Peacock (1865), and for Parliamentary troops much derailed Boyd's Marriage Index - An index information will be found in The available at the Society of Genealo- Regimental Hisrory of Cromwell's gists which lists the various mar- Army by Sir Charles Firth and riages which have taken place in Godfrey Davies (1940). If further England during the period of Parish information is required various series of Calendurs for Staie Papers Commander-in-Chief's Memoranda during the Inkrregnum will prob- (W.0.31), Certificates VOS & OS ably be found to be the best starting (W.0.42)from about the same the. point. Unpublished material of im- The principal records of officers' portance is among the Common- are: wealtb Exchequer Papers (S.P.28). After the Restoration of the Records of Oficers' Services. Monarchy (1660) the sources became far more abundant. They Systematic records of Officers' are most convenjently approached Services were introduced only in in the first instance through the four 1829. Similar records were com- main Lists of War Office Records. piled at intervals throughout the These are the printed Lists and nineteenth century, They are Indexes LI11 and XXVIII, and the arranged by regiments. Some regi- two typescript War Ofice Supple- ment's records have not been mentary fists. The classes listed transferred to the Public Record here cover a wide range of subjects, Office and are feared lost. These including military operations and records are most useful and the administration, finance, supplies, main series are: courtsmartial etc. Some of these are (i) Returns of Officers' Services not normally of much use for bio- (Military Service only 1808- graphicaI purposes; but almost any 1810) Registers Class W.0.25. of them may sometimes supply These contain no personal vaIuabIe details. Lists and Indexes details. LI11 is an Alphabetical Guide and (ii) Services of Officers returned includes a list of the numbers and on Full and Half-Pay, com- narnes of regiments. There are also piled in 2828, Registers Class card indexes to various classes. W.0.25. These give age on Records from the War Office being commissioned, dates of selected for preservation, in corn- marriage and birtlis of child- mon with records from other ren. Government Departments, are in (iii) Services of Officers on the general open to public inspection Active List, 1829-1919, Regis- when they are 30 years old, though ters Classes W.0.25 and certain records. such as Embarka- W.0.76. Tbese include date tion Returns, are available ader 5 and place of birth, particulars years. There are gaps in most series of marriage and childreo. due to loss or destruction; but The date of an officer's death, iE it defects in one series can often be cannot be ascertained £rom any made good by the aid of another. other source. can usually be found in the Paymaster General's Records RECORDSOF OFFICERS.The ser- of Full and Haif-Pay (P.M.G.3 & vice records of Commissioned 4). Officers of the British Amy can be RECORDS OF OTHER RA~s. traced with approximate complete- Records of Soldiers are arranged ness from the year 1660. Family for the most part, by regiments. so details and birth-places of officers that it is almost essential to know were seldom recorded until the end the name of their regiment in which of the 18th century. Occasionally a soldier served in order to trace his they can be round in the appii- record. If it is known where he was cations for Con~missions among serving on a given date. it may be 124 possible to discover his regirnent men discharged or dead, his trade, from the Station Returns (W.0.17), and his date of enlistment. Before which show where particular regi- 1883 this sometimes provides the ments were stationed during any only means of discovering the birth- particular year. Once his regirnent is place of a man not discharged to known, the best sources for tracing pension. By tracing him back a soldier's record are as follows: through the Musrer Books it may Regular Soldiers' Documents be possible to find his age shown (W.0.97). These date back to 1756- on the day of enlistment as a recruit. Among other service records they N.B.: Few W.O.classes quoted contain the ' Discharge Certificates '. above are in thenselves complete. Up to the year 1883 the Certificates The periods of time to which they of soldiers ' discharged to pension ' refer can only be ascertained by were kept separately from those dis- reference to the lists and indexes charged for other reasons, such as of War Office classes. ' lirnitcd engagements ' or ' dis- Birth-places of soldiers may be charges by purchase'. After 1883 found in the following series in al1 discharge certificates are pre- War Office classes, served in one group. The records Descripfion Boolcs (W.0.251266- of soldiers who died whilst serving, 688) and thus never received discharge Royal , Royal Engi- certificates, together with those who neers (W.0.54/260-316); W.0. were not pensioned, were accident- 69/74-80) ally destroyed by fire many years Royal Irish Artillery 1756-1774 ago. (W.0.69 1620) Al1 discharge certificates, except Depot Description Books (W.O. for a few of the earliest, record the 671 1-34) place of the soldier's birth and his Casualty Reirtrns (W.0.2511359- age on the date of enlistrnent. After 2410. 3251-3472. Ind: 7860- 1883, details of the next-of-kin, wife 8223) and children are sometirnes given. Royal Artillery, Royal Engi- Pay Lists and Muster Rolls. These neers (W.0.54/317-337) form an extremely comprehensive Chelsea Hospiral Pension Regis- series dating from 1760 and are ver- fers From 1715 (W.0.116/ useful for establisIiing the dates of 1 - 151: W.0.117/1 - 70; W.O. a soldier's enlistment, and his move- 1211136) rnents throughout the world. and of Foreign Regiments (W.0.1221 his discharge or deatIi. They are 1-14) arranged by regiments in volumes, Royal Hospital, Kilmainham, Dub- each covering a period of 12 months. lin - Pemion Regislers There are separate classes dealing (W.O.i18/1-43; W.O.I19/1-70) with Royal Artillery (W.0.10). Reg~ilarSoldiers Documents, from Royal Engineers (W.O.11) . about 1760 to 1900 (W.0.971 Guards and Line Regiments (W.O. 1-4231) 12), and Yeomanry, MiIitia and Before 1883 the documents Volunteers (W.0.13). refer to pensioners only. Others In many of these volumes a form which were kept separately - showing ' Men becoming Non-Effec- were eventuaiiy destroyed by tive' will be found at the end of Eire. each quarter. Where this exists. it should show the birth-place of the Royal Artillery Records of Ser- 125 vice (W.0.6911-16, 74-177; Regimental Districts as at the 626-64 1) time the Regiments were re- These terminate about 1877. designed by their district rather Marriage and children of soldiers than their number, a practice may be found in : Lists, except that had been out out of use for Regiments in India where for the previous skty years they generally appear at the (about 1820-1880). In 1880 the beginning. They only exist from Regiments numbered 1-25 con- about 1868. Certain Regimental sisted of two battalions, those Registers of their chiidren are bearing nurnbers higher than 25 preserved at the General Regis- consisted of one battalion. At ter Office, Somerset House, this time, when the territorial Strand, W.C.2. names were re-introduced. many of the regiments consist- Rccruits: The entry of a recruit ing of one battalion were amal- in the Musters generally states gamated to form Regimeols of his age and where he joined, two battalions. Thus the 84th but does not give bis birthplace. Foot becarne the 2nd battalion of the York and Lancaster Regiment (formerly the 65th Monthly Returns Foot). The numbers of the When the unit in which a man Regiment's Districts correspond served is not known, but a place with the Eormer numbers of the and date are given, the Regi- Regiments; but where Regi- ments stationed at that place ments were amalgamated, the can be found from monthly number which the new second Returns (W.0.17 and, froin battalion fonnerIy bore is 1859 W.0.73) dropped. Thus there is a 65th Regimental District but no 84th ( -1872 Up to about 1872 Regimental District. The Regi- these are generally bound in ments with which Regiments with the other Musters of the were amalgamated are given in Regirnents at home. If they are the list of Musters (W.0.16). not there look at the end of Vol. 2 of the (W.0,12) List Milifia Records W.0.12/12122-13184). The A few soldiers qualified depot of the Regiment can be for pensions during the French found from Hart's Army Lists. Revolutionary and Napoleonic (1 873-1880) Musrers of Brigade Wars. Discharge Certificates Depots (~.0.12/10216-10335. showing place of éirth and age W.0.16/2177-2283) covering on enlistment will be found in the period 1873-1880 are only the class Soldiers Docurnenrs for . (W.0.97/1091-1108). N.B. : The number of the Bri- Militia Attestation Papers from gade Depot does not corres- 1860-1914 (W.0.96/ 1-1522 pond with the number of the show place and date of birth, Regiment. The number of a employer etc. Regirnent'sBrigade Depot shoiild be found, in the Army Lists. South African War 1899-1 902 (188b1888) Brigade Depots British Auxiliary Forces (i) City were succeeded in 1880 by Imperia1 Volunteers. Certain 126 Records held at Guildhall. preserved at the Public Archives of These show the volunteer's Canada, Ottawa. originaI unit. Enlistment papers in original unit will be found in (W.O.108/4-6). RECORDSOF SERVICE IN INDIA. (ii) Imperia1 Yeomanry - Scrvice records of the Regular Soldiers Documents (W.0.128/ Army in India will be found in 165) South African Local rnany of the sources mentioned. The Armed Forces (i) Enrollmenf record of a man's discharge appear- Forms; showing place of birth. ing in the Muster of a regiment in age, next of kin (W.O.126/ 1) India gives no particulars about tlie (ii) Nominal Rolls (W.0.127/ man. Casualty Rerurns often men- 1-23), tion the wife's name as next of kin j.e. when the soldjer has actually The documents djed. Muçters of regirnents in India British Regular Soldiers who served 1883-18S9 are to be found in in African War were, for 16,2751-2887). There are no Mus- the greater part, destro~edb~ enemy of bombing in World War IT' terç Liere Ar[i]lery or Engineers which survived are beld (1967) at India, A soldier discliarged on bis the : return from India will be found Army Record Centre, ejther in the Depot Musters of his Regiment or 1863-1878 in the Bourne Avenue, Musters of the Victoria Hospital, Hayes, Nerley (W.0.12/ 13077-13105), Middlesex. 1875-1889 in the Musters of the The class of Medal Rolls from Discharge Depot, Gosport (W.0.161 1793-1904 (W.0.100/ 1-371) sorne- 2284, 2888-29 16). Those of Euro- times contain a few details relating pean Oficers and soldiers of the to the soldier. Honourable East Tndia Company's Service and of the Tndian (Imperial) Army are preserved at the: RECORDSOF THE AMERICANWAR India Office Records, OF INDEPENDENCE (1776-83) Muster 194 Blackfriars Road, Books and Pay Lists of rnany Regi- S,E.l. ments that took part in this war may be found; but the Discharge Certi- ficates of men discharged in North BOOKS OP REFERENCE. Arnerica, showing place of birth and The following may be found use- age. can very seidom be traced. A ful, in addition to those already men- man's name, rank and date of dis- tioned: charge rnay appear, but it js very Army Lists (Printed from 1760). unlikely that anything else will be Hart's Army Lisfs, from 1840. found. C. Dalton: Lisfs and For Troops, certain Regi- Commission Rrgisters 1661-1714. mental Pay Lists have been pre- Col. Kingsley-Foster: Military served. besides Account Books, etc. Generai Service Medal 1793-1814. Here again a man's name may be Lists by Regiments of al1 officers found jn a Pay List, but with per- and men who received the medals sonal details only in a few cases. when issued in 184647: Loyalist Regiment Muster RoIls C. Dalton: Waterloo Roll. List of 1777-1783 (ProvinciaI troops) are regirnents and officers who took 127 part in the Battle of Waterloo, vince. Full delails of the procedure with biographical notes. can be found in ' Abstract of E. DweUy : Waterloo Muster Rolls Arrangements respecting Registra- - Cavafry Lists of N.C.O's and tion of Births, Marriages and Deaths men who took part. DwelIy did in the United Kingdom and other not Jive long enough to complete countries of the British Common- the Infantry Muster RoIls. wealth of Nations and in the Irish J. Kane: List of Oficers, Royal Republic' (published by H.M. Artillery, 1716-1899. Stationery Office), however, the T. W. T. Condly : List of Oficers foiiowing sbould be noted : Royal Engineers, 1660-1898. Johnston : Roll of Army Medical Alberta. The Regisrers dating Services 1727-1 898. from 1885 are with the Deputy Lt.-Col. M. E. S. Laws: Bartery Registrar General. Bureau of Vital Records of the Royal Artillery, Statistics, Edmonton. 17161857. There are also various Histories British Columbia. 1s divided into of Individual Regiments. References seventy-three registration areas and to Military operations and personnel al1 records emanating from these will be found in Adrniralty, Colonial areas are sent to the Director of Office, Foreign Office and Home Vital Statistics, Parliament Build- Office Records. ings, Victoria, British Colurnbja. Compulsory regisiration cornmenced British Solomon Islands - No in 1872 but there are many churches records exist before 1893, but infor- which have their own records dating mation regarding Births, Marriages from 1836. Indians are not subject and Deaths may be obtained from to the normal registration but are the Registrar, Births, Deaths and covered by eighteen Indian Agents. Marriages, Suva, Fiji. Brunei - The Registrar of Births Manitoba. Cornpleted registers and Deaths and the Registrar of dating from 1882 are deposited with Marriages hold completed registers. the Division of Vital Statistics, These go back in the case of births Department of Health and Public and deaths to 1922 and for Moslem Welfare. 327 Legislative Building, marriages to 1913. There was no Winnipeg, Manitoba. A few records registration for other denominations are held in many churches dating prior to 1948. back some sixty years earlier. New Brunswick. Early records prior to 1920 are held by the Secre- taries of the County Boards of Health. Since 1920 when compul- C sory registration cornmenced records are deposited wilh the Registrar General of Vital Statistics, Province anadian Res=& - The Vital of New Brunswick, Department of Statistics Act of each particular pro- Health~Fredericton, N.B. vince is generally the authority governing the registration of births, Newfoundland. CiviI registration marriages and deaths of that pro- commenced in 1891. Prior to that Fess Pale

P-v

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I time records were held by individual Indians. Registration for Indians registering officers. All records since is carried out on a similar basis in I 1891 are with the Registrar General, each provi.nce. She Indian Agents Department of Health and WeIfare, are Civil Servants and act as District St. Johns, Newfoundland. Registrars of births, marriages and deaths and fomard their original l Nova Scotia. It is not known when registrations to the Director of Vital civil registration became compul- Statistics in each province where sory but a11 inquiries should be they are rctained separately from i addressed to the Registrar General other records. of Nova Scotia. Cayman Islands. No records are Ontario. Many church records go available prior to 1886 when civil back to 1812. The civil records date registration began. Inquiries should from 1869 and are avaiIable from be made to the Registrar General The Registrar General of Ontario, (Cornmissioner). Montreal. Censns - A com~leterecord of the 1 1 prince ~d~d~~h~d.~~~~~d~ population taken as a' a s~ecific date. Tlie census is held every ten 1 date from 1906 and are available I from neRegistrar Genera], Vital yearS excePt during Ihe War years Statistics Branch, Department of of ne1941, commencingcensus of invalue 1801. to the Health and WeIfare Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island. Genealogist is that of 1841 which is available for research purposes at the Public Record Office (q.~.). Quebec. Du~licateregisters Xe Returns of the ansus taken b~ each of the principal on 30th Mar&, 1851, which are aIso denominational churches. One copy far as concerns ~~~l~~dand must be sent to the prothonotary of WaIesl among the H~~~ office the Superior Court of the District in Records in the Public ~~~~~d offifice which the registers are kept. Regis- m.0.107),give full names, exact go back to as early as 1617. ages, the relationship of each rnem- ber of a household to its head, and Smkatchauan. Civil registration the sex, occupatjon and Pari& and began in 1879 pri0r to whicli there County of Birth of ,=a& person are no records of anY sort. Inquiries enumerated. The same information may be sent to the Division of Vital is also given in the Returns of the Statistics, Department of Public Census taken on 7th April, 1861 Health, Regina, Saskatchewan. which are (so far as concerns Eng- land and Wales) among the Records Yukon. Registers dating €rom of the General Register Office in the 1898 are maintained by the Regis- Public Record Office(R.G.9). trar of Vital Statistics, Adrninistra- tion Building, Dawson, Y.T. Census Returns of 1841, 1851 and 1861 - The Census Returns of 1841, Northwest Terriiories. The regis- 1851 and 1861 for addresses in Eng- ters. which date from 1870, are kept land and Wales are preserved in the by the Registrar General of Vital Public Record Office, where they Statistics Bureau of Northwest Ter- may be inspected without charge by ritories and Yukon Mairs, Ottawa. the holders of Readers' Tickets. 129 Temporary Readers' Tickets. valid cient preliminary information has for 7 days, may be obtained on per- been provided; in such cases the fee sonaI application at the Enquiries will be refunded and the names and Desk. Application forms for hree- addresses of two independent record yearly Readers' Tickets and copies agents supplied. of ' Information for Readers ' will Applications for searches should be sent on request. be made on the appropriate form. For persons unable to make a Payments should be made in ster- persona1 search, the Public Record ling, and for the exact amount Officecan provide the names and specified, either by postal order or addresses of two independent record by cheque drawn on an English agents who might be prepared to account or by International Money undertake a search in these Returns. Order, payable to the Public Record The Public Record Office accepts Office. Applications for up to three no responsibility for arrangements searches may be made on any one made between such agents and their forrn; further forms will be sent on clients, nor can ir supply informa- request. tion as to the scales of charges of There may be a delay of some such agents or offer any opinion of weeks before searches can be under- the probable cost of any particular taken and the resuIts notified to Lhe search undertaken by them. enquirer. Alternatively, the Public Record Office is prepared to search for the entry relating to a particular house- Cerna Retum Ireland - From hold at a particular address in any 1861 to 1891 these were not one of these Returns at a fee of preserved and most earlier returns £3 Os. Od. (£3 5s. Od. for corres- were lost in the destruction of the pondent~ overseas) for each such Four Courts during the civil wars. search, and. if the search is success- The few surviving Returns are kept ful, to supply a copy of the entry at the Public Record Office of Ire- or particulars of the information land. Four Courts, Dublin. therein contained. Returns are arranged by enum- Census Returns Scotland - Are kept eration districts and no search can at the General Register Office, New be undertaken unless the village, or, Register Wouse, Edinburgh 2. in the case of towns. the district and street, where the household was CeyIon - The originai registers of living at the the of the Census. can general and MosIem births, mar- be supplied. There are no street riages and deaths, and both original indexes to some towns. some and duplicate registers of Kandyan Returns are missing or defective marriages are deposited, when com- and some households were not at plete, in the custody of the Provin- home on the Census days. There cial Registers. The duplicate regis- can, therefore, be no guaraiztee fhar ters of general and Moslem births, the required enfry will be locared, marriages and deaîhs are iled with and the Public Record Office wiIl the Registrar General. Kandyan retain the fee when a search has registrations date from 1859. others been made even tiiough it has pro- from 1867. Some additional records duced no positive resuIts. The Pub- prior to civil registration are also lic Record Office reserves the right available in the Registrar General's to decline searches where insuffi- Ofice, Colombo. These are: (i) Ola Thombus wriiten up by tendency in many families for chris- schooImasters 1704-1 822. tian names to continue in some forrn (ü) OIa Thombus 1822-1851. of pattern, for example, in some (iii) Records (on paper) 1852- families the eldest sons will always 1867. be named after their farber, in (iv) Wesleyan records, 1822-1867. others it is the custom for the eldest (v) Roman CathoIic records son to be given his mother's maiden 1822-1 867. surname as a second Christian (vi) Baptist records 1822-1867. name. Researchers will very quickly notice regular sequences of this Chancery Proceedingsi - Chancery nature and it can frequently help proceedings can be of great hpor- them in their task. tance in early research as it has been said on many occasions that Clan Associations - Most of the very few of the land owning families larger Scottish Clans have a Clan have gone through history without Association which can assist very some dispute resulting in a Chan- considerably in helping with cery case. Such a case, if one is dis- genealogical enquiries. The address covered, may well reveal a host of of the various associations can be information regarding relationships obtained from the and the papers of the case may Office of Lord Lyon, include chart. pedigrees, certificates King of Arms, of baptisms, abstracts of deeds and New Register House, wills and many other documents. Minburgh 2. One of the many difficulties in using Chancery Proceedings is the Class Distinction - Though one discovery of their existence. Apart realises that in modern days al1 men from some very early proceedings are equal, in mediaeval times this there are no printed calendars, and was far from being the case and the M.S.calendars in the P.R.O. are there were virtually tliree classes divided between the six clerks in amongst the population, the Chancery or Prothonotaries as they Nobility, the Freemen, and the were called. Thus it is necessary to Serfs. search each year's proceedings in Records of the Nobiliiy are not six d8erent places. Occasionally bard to come by as, generalIy speak- one may be fortunate enough to find ing. they have been fairly well pre- the mention of a Chancery suit in a served by the family or for their Will and once you know that the historical value. Records of the suit existed. it is not so difficult to Freemen really only come into ascertain at least the approximate prominence in cases where they dalc of it. Many of the deeds relat- were landowners and information ing to lease and release which do can be obtained from such lists as have to be regjstered centrally, but the Manor Court Rous, Wills etc. were merely heId by the two parties Information with regard to Serfs is concerned, are at last finding their however practically non-existent way into the various County Record ihough there is one case at least on Offices and gradually some record record where a serf obtained his of land holdings is being built up in freedom and was eventually able to these offices. purchase the land on which he worked. His descendants still occupy Christian Names - There is a great the estate and bear a title. 13 1 CoIIege of Anna - The Headquar- Larnaca - 1914 but incomplete ters of English Heraldic authority. records from 1895. Here though the work carried out Limassol - 1899, plus British is principally in connection wjth births from 1896. heraldry the Heralds and Pursuiv- Nicosia - 1900, but incomplete ants carry out a considerable records for years, 1890. 1893 amount of genealogical research. and 1895. Though the fees are high, their Paphos - 1850. opportunity for research is vast as they have the records preserved at the College available to hem. County Record Offices - County Record Offices are maintained by the County CounciI in each county and a great many of the earlier Date ReEorm - There is one pitfall records are now gathered together which one must avoid in searching under the one roof, though the for ancestors in Britain. Prior to actual extent of the records held 1752 the legal year ended on 24th Vary somewhat in the different March, thus records dated Say, 20th counties. February 1710 would in fact be In many cases the Record Offices 20th February 1711 according to are extremely helpful and will carry the historical calendar. Thus. prior out a limited amount of research in to 1752, January, February and up return for a comparatively small to 24th March must be considered fee. in other cases these offices wili as being the Iast three months in the merely reply offering the names of year, local researchers who can carry out the work for you. Domesday Book - See History Aflecting Genealogical Records. Conrtesy Titles - These are nominal degrees of rank conceded by RoyaI Grace to the children of certain Pers. It applies particularly where the father's second title is borne during his lifetime by his eldest son.

Cyprns - The completed registers East India Company - A great are kept by the District Officers of Company founded in 1601 which the six Districts; Famagusta, becme one of the greatest adminis- Kyrenia, Larnaca. Limassol, Nico- trative uni& in the world. The East. sia and Paphos. Dates of availa- India Company's records are bility Vary, being as follows: amongst the finest there are and the Famagusta - 1914 but incomplete material is available in the India records to 1830. Library, Commonwealth Office, Kyrenia - 1st Aprii 1915-31st King Charles Street, Whitehall, March 1920 and from 1st London S.W.I. January 1926. Cornpleted regis- The records contain information ters of Marriages are deposited about both civilians and of the with the Registration Officer, officers and other rads who served Niçosia from 1923. in the company's army, together with Embarkation Lists from 1753- date from 1st January 1875. In 1860, giving details of al1 ranks addition he holds the consular embarking for India and civilians. records of births 1870-1874, mar- such as free merchants and their riages 1861-1874 and deaths 1870- wives. 1872.

Falkiand Islands - Registers of Gambia - Civil registration com- Births from 1846, Marriages from menced in 1845 for births, 1835 for 1854 and Deaths from 1849 are marriages and 1834 for deaths and maintained by the Registrar these records are held by the General, Stanley, Falkland Islands. Colonial Registrar. Bathurst, Gambia. In addition, the local mis- Fees for CerMcates - 1. Public sions kept certain records prior to Record Office. See 'Census Return and since these dates: of 1841 etc.'. ' Non-Parochial Regis- ters and Records ' and ' British Anglican Mission: Military Records'. 2. Somerset Baptisms, 1834-1887. House. A short certificate merely Marriages, 1832-1887. recording the birth, marriage or Deaths, 1855-1887. death.costs 31-. a full certificate giv- ing considerably more information. Roman Catholic Mission: al1 of which is of value to the Baptisms. 1848-1 857. genealogist, costs 13/- plus postage Marriages, 1851-1887. in either case. 3. Parishes. The fee Deaths, 1855-1 887. for a certificate where no specific research is involved is 5/-. The cost - The Principal Registrar of for searches amounts to 3/- for the Births and Deachs and the Principal first year of searcb plus 116 for each Registrar of Marriages, both located subsequent year, payable to the in Accra hold records from 1885. vicar. Feet of Fines - A valuable record Gibraltar - The Registrar, Registry of land transfer of grear importance of Deaths and Marris ges, because the vendor joined with Gibraltar holds completed registers wife and children or Other hejrs in dating frOm 1848 births and order to avoid or overcome entail 1869 for deaths and 1862 for mar- order. ~h~ foot of the fine was riages in the Registrar's Office and enrolled in the Court, the other two the Presbyterian and pieces beinp he]d by be two Churches; ail other churches from ~h~~~ records are 1902. The following records are also and date from the tirne of available prior to the years given Richard 1 to 1834, above: : Fiji - The Registrar General, Suva Garrison Churches: Births 1769. holds the completed records which Marriages 1771, Deaths 1786, held in the cusfody of the Senior called Angleland which was divided Chaplain. into a number of small Kingdoms. Cathedral: Birtlis, Marriages and known as the Kingdoms of Tlep- Deaths, 1836, held by the Dean. tarchy, constantly at war with one Roman Cathoiic: another. Once again the few survi- Births 1704, Marriages 1705, vors of this invasion gradually Deaths, 1697, held by the Parish became intermarried with the Priests. Saxons and once igain no Church of Scotland (Presby- records were ever made of the terian): Births, 1840. Marriages population at this time. In fact the 1842, Deaths 1855, held by the on1y possible link, which any family Minister. could claim today with the Saxon Wesleyan Methodist: Births 1804. period, might be where a surname Marriages 1840, Deaths 1818, is similar to one of the old Saxon held by the Minister. place names and this does arise in a Jewish: Births 1807, Marriages few instances. 1823, Deaths 1828, held by the In 1066 Britain was once again Registrar, Webrew Community. invaded. this time by the , and for the next two or three cen- Gilbert and EUce Lslands - The turies they were completely under registers which date from 1893 are Norman influence. retained in the custody of the High Wi th the coming of the Norrnans Commissioner, Tawara. the system of record-keeping began. The Nonnans paid great respect to birth and nobility, probably be- cause most of them possessed neither of these qualities until en- nobled by William the Conqueror H for the support they gave him dur- ing the invasion. Everyonc has heard of the Domes- History Affecting GeneaIogical day Book which was the earliest Records - The Ron~ansoccupied form of record. However, this did Britain in 55 B.C. and although they not contain genedogical material, intermarried largely with the indi- but was merely designed to set out genous population, no records of how the land in England was held any sort were kept and, though and the value pIaced upon it. some peopte may like to believe Between 1066 and 1538 when Henry that they are descended from these VTII ordered that al1 Parishes early times, any possible chance of should maintain records of bap- proving it is quite out of the ques- tisrns. marriages and burials, only tion. a very few records of any sort were When the Roman Empire had in existence, partly of course collapsed, Britain was invaded by because so few members of the the Saxon tribes from across the population could read or write. North Sea and 180 years later, when Even in the families of the nobil- Britain once again made serious ity and landed gentry, where a cer- contact with Europe, there was tain amount of recording was nothing left which in any way carried out, there is littie whicll resembled a Roman Province. survives further back than the six- hstead had risen a new country teenth century and where it does it 134 is principally hearsay evidence rather different and in spite of the which has survived being told by difllculties involved most parishes father to son up to the time when had some form of record in opera- eventually comrnitted to paper. tion, though not always very accur- In spite of Henry VIII's order ate. rnany parishes were very dilatory in In 1837 an Act of Parliament compiying with the instruction and decreed that records of births, mar- for this reason only a few Parish riages and deaths in both England records go back as far as 1538. and Wales should be registered at However, by 1600 the story was Somerset House.

HistoricaI Events Affecting Genealogical Research - 16th centuw. Many agriculturally employed moved to different areas due to the break up of flic mediaeval agricultural system and the dissolution of the monasteries. Entry of patch-cloth workers who settled in England. 1534 - Break between Church of England and Roman Catholics. Henry VIII assuming tirle of head of the Church of England. 1536 - First order issued with regard to the Keeping of Parish Registers. 1538 - Second order issued re keeping of Parish Registers. Approximately 600 English and Welsh Parishes comply. 1547 - Third order issued with regard to keeping of Parish Registers. 1549 - Approximately 1,250 English and Welsh Parishes have records dating back to this date. 1553-58 - Mary 1 makes every effort to force people to return to Roman Catholicism. This has considerable affect on registers of this date. 1559 - Elizabeth 1 issues edict repeating the order for keeping Parish Registers. 1563 - Papal recusants heavilv fined for non-attendance at the Church. ~écordsof these fmdl'ngs in the quarter sessions of the county courts and in the Queen's Exchequer Courts became valuable evidence in tracing Catholic pedigrees. 1567 - Flemish exifes settle in southern counties. 1571 - Introduction of Presbyterianism into England. 1578 - Earliest Quaker records (the Society of Friends). 1589 - Records of over 5,000 English Parishes exist back to this date or earlier. Many others have lost early records. 1592 - Congregational (Independent) Church formed in London. Earliest registers however cornrnenced 1644. 1597 - Elizabeth 1 issues edict that Parish Registers should be kept on parchment, al1 earlier records at least back to 1558 to be recopied. The same edict ordered copies of Christening, Marriage and Burial entries to be sent yearly to the office of the Bishop of the diocese. These are known as Bishop's Transcripts. 1601 - Poor Law Acts of 1597-1601 order the appointment of two over- seers of the poor in each Parish. These records are of Genealogical value. 1603 - Repetition of previous orders concerning keeping of Parish Registers. 1620 - Emigration of Congregationalists to America in Mayflower. 135 1642 - The commencement of civil war. This had considerable effect on the keeping of Registers until 1660. Many early records lost or dest royed. 1644 - Earliest Presbyterian and Independent (Congregational) Registers. 1647 - Earliest date Cor Baptist Registers. 1649 - Records of about 6,600 English Parishes existing back to this date or earlier. Commencement of Commonwealth period, many Parish incum- bents disappeared. 1653 - Tntroduction of civil commission to grant probates. These records absorbed into the Prerogative Court of Canterbury in London. 1654 - Solemnisation of marriages restricted to Justices of the Peace. Parish Registers appointed to record births, marriages and deaths. but many failed to comply. 1660 - Parish ministers, if still living returned to their Parishes but many registers prior to tbis date were lost or destroyed. Provincial ccclesiastical probate courts reopened: al1 Parishes again record christenings, marriages and burials in the normal rnanner. 1662 - Poor Relief Act introduced and appropriate records provide genealogical information. 1663 - Earliest date of Roman Catholic Registers. 1665 - The Great Plague. Burial Register entries in London increased enormously. 1666 - The Great Fire of London. Many Churches and Parish Registers destroyed. 1684 - Huguenot French Protestant Registers commenced in London. 1688 - Separate burial grounds permitted for non-conformists, Roman Catholics and Jews. Thus Church of England Parishes would not record persons buried clsewhere. 1695 - Act of Parliament imposed a fine upon aU who failed ro inform the Parish Ministers of the birth of a child. 1714 - Land holders takc oath of allegiance and renounce Roman Catho- licism; quarter session records therefore provide information with regard to Protestant dissenters and Roman Catholic recussants. 1720 - Manufacturing towns increase in population. This indicated move- ment of population frorn country districts. 1741 - Earliest date in known Scotch Registers in London. 1749 - Records of over 10,000 English'Parishes existing back to this date or earlier. 1752 - New style calendar inaugurated: year to commence on the 1st January instead of the 25th March. 1754 - Marriage Act. Introduction of the publication of banns in Parisbes. Marriages must take place in one of the Parishes of residence unless a licence is obtained. 1757 - India becomes part of the British Empire, many families involved in the East Xndia Company. 1759 - Introduction of Irish labour for use in construction of canals. 1760 - The commencement of the Industrial Revolution. This has the effect of increasing the importance of towns and the consequent 136 migration of families from country dislricts to the north and the . This process took place over approxirnately 100 years. 1780 - The eariiest known Metbodist Registers. 1783 - Parish Register Tax imposed. This had the effect of causing omis- sions in the Register of christenings, marriages and burials. 1788 - Commencement of the settiement of Australia. 1790 - Commencement of army records and registration of births, baptisms, marriages and deaths. 1793 - Considerable improvement in Military Records. 1796 - Commencement of Register-keeping by Army Cbaplains. 1813 - Introduction of new type of Parish Register consisting of ruled and numbered pages. 1828 - Army Half-pay Return gives useEu1 information with regard to military officers retained on half-pay. 1829 - Army Full-pay Return gives valaubIe information with regard to serving ofücers. 1830 - First passenger railroads resulting in many families having children in dserent areas. 1831 - The Goverment prepares lists of al1 Parish Registers dated prior to 1813. This is known as the 1813 Parish Register Abstract. 1837 - Introduction of Somerset House as from 1st July. Over 6,000 volumes of Church Registers received by the Registrar GeneraI in London from non-conformists al1 over England. These are now at the Public Record Ofice. 1841 - First population census of value to genealogists. 1846 - Irish famine. Many Irish immigrants settled in North West, particularly Liverpool and Manchester. 1851 - Improved population census. 1858 - Probate Courts taken frorn ecclesiastical jurisdiction and placed on a district and national basis. Hong Kong - Registers of Births Huguenots' Society, University Col- and Deaths are held by the Director lege, Gower Street, London. of Medical Services and date £rom 1873, A few of these were lost dur- ing the Japanese occupation. Records of marriages dating frorn 15th September 1945 are held by I the Registrar. India - Registration of Bii-ths, Mar- Hnguenots - There are three main riages and Deaths of the Christian groups of Huguenot Records avail- community was covered by the able: Christian Marriage Act of 1872. 1. The Dutch Church of Austin Records of al1 British personnel are Friars of which the records are now available in the Commonwealth deposited in the Guildhall Library. Relations Office, King Charles 2. The Threadneedle Church Street, London, S.W.1. Library, Threadneedle Street, No compulsory registration exists London, E.C. for members of the numerous other 3. The French Hospital and the religions in India. 137 Inqnisitioos Post Mortem - which lish Throne there was a spate of were held on the tenants in chief Irish rebellions, as the result of relate only to the larger land owners which in 1609 the whole of the but where they exist îhey are most northern province of Ulster was valuable as they reveal the heir of cleared of its Irish inhabitants in the property concerned and his favour of pople £rom Scorland and relationship to the previous owner. England who were encouraged to Indexes for these are available and settle there. Consequentiy the people some counties have printed of Ulster are mainIy of Scottish and abstracts in the County Record English stock and protestant in reli- Office. They end with the close of gion. Charles 1's reign. The vo~ulationin the rest of Ire- land iS made up of three main Ireland - Those people who wish to factors. Firstly the Celtic families research into their family history in who are descended from the original Zreland will in many cases 6nd an Irish people. In many cases these extremely uphill task in front of families changed their names to the them. This fact is due to the pecu- English equivalent in order to liar structure of Irish politics and escape persecurion during the early the chain of events within the English rule. course of tlieir history. Treland, The second group consists of the though known by the Romans was Anglo Norman families who settled never colonised by them and their in Ireland betwe.cn 1485 and 1690. first real connection with the Chris- In some cases these families 1.ian world was during the 5th cen- changed their names on settiement tury when they were converted to in Ireland to something that was by St. Patrick. At this more Irish in flavour. time there were four provinces, Until the 6th Decernber 1921 the Ulster, Munster, Leinster and Con- whole of Ireland was united under naught. Eacl~of these provinces had the British Crown but on this date its own King and one of these was it was virtually divided into two elected as ' Ardrig ' which is the separate countrics. The six courities Irish name for High King, or if he comprising Ulster came to be styled was of sufficiently strong personality which was united he generally took the position by with Great Britain. The remaining conquest nnd did not wait to be twenty-six counties were formed elected. into a repubtican state under the In 1166 the King of Leinster was name Eire which is entirely inde- driven out of Ireland and he pendent of Great Britain. These appealed to Henry II, King of Eng- counties of course comprise the old land, for assistance, as a result of provinces of Munster, Leinster and which Ireland was invaded by the Connaught. English or. as they were then, the On 13th April 1921 during a Anglo Normans. serious rebeilion the Public Record The English rule over Ireland did Office in Dublin (the capital of Eire) not extend beyond Dublin and the was occupied by armed men and on immediate surrounding counties the 30th June of the same year the until during the time of the Tudor block which contained al1 the Public Sovereigns when the rest of Ireland Records was burned. These included was colonised. a great maiiy of the births, mar- When James 1 came to the Eng- riages and deatbs and the wills. Since that time a great deal of It is here that the records of births. I work has ben carried out by the rnarriages and deaths in Ulster have Irish to tiy and reconstitute the bcen recorded since 1921. Here dso 1 damaged records and though a very will be found records of adoptions fine job has been done it is not un- and the Census Returns of 193 1. natural to expect that there are still 1951 and 1961. very serious gaps. When applying for information to As most people know, Ireland is the Registrar General one should and always has been an agricultural complete as much of the following country, dependent alrnost enrirely information as possible. on what they can grow for them- selves. By 1845 the population of Births: l Ireland as a whole had risen to Full names of the cbiId. l 8,000,000, but in 1851, as the result Date of birth. of the potato famine, this number Place of birth. (As much detail had dropped to 6,500,000, while at as possible). the present time due to the constant Father's name and rank or great flow of immigrants £rom Eire, occupation. the population has dropped to very Mother's name and maiden sur- 1 Iittle over 3.000.000 in the three name. I provinces. Marriage: These facts should be understood Full names of parties married. by the genealogist and bearing in Dare of marriage. mind that the majority of dwellers Place of marriage. (IncIuding in Ulster are Protestant while almost address of church). exclusively those in the Republic Death: of Ireland are Roman Catholics, the Full narnes of deceased. first question we must ask is what Date of death. is the religion of the farnily for Place of death. whom we are undertaking research. Age. Let us now consider these two Rank or occupation. separate parts of Ireland in some Marital status: detail. In addition to the above the Pub- lic Record CHce was created in 1923. Here there is a Ennanent oficial, styled. The ~e~ui~Keeper, Prior to 1921 the Registrar from whom, particularly from over- General in Dublin dealt with the seas. one will always receive a cour- registration of births, marriages and teous reply, The address is as deaths in the whole of Ireland. foIlows: However, since partition a Regis- trar General's Office has been The Deputy Keeper. created in Belfast, the address being Public Record Office of Northern as follows: Ireland, May Street, The Registrar General, Belfast. Generd Registry Office, Femanagh House, Those people who are fortunate Ormean Avenue, enough to be able to visit the Public Belfast. Record Office may searcb ihere free of charge providing their research is Norroy and Ulster King of Arms. Historical, Genealogical, Antiquar- The College of Arms, ian or Academic. Queen Victoria Street. Postal queries, providing they are London E.C.4. for similar purposes, will generally be undertaken free of charge unless There are a number of Presby- very extensive. but in this case the terian families in Northern Ireland query must be addressed to: and applications with regard to these families should be sent to: The Secretary, The Secretary, The Ulster Scott Historical Society, Church House, Lawcourts Buiiding. Belfast. Chichester Street, Belfast. A11 inquiries with regard to an ancestor who was resident in Ulster Legal searches are not undertaken should contain as much information and for this purpose it is advisable as possible, which for the sake of first of al1 to contact a Belfast simplicity should be tabulated in solicitor to undertake such a search roughly the following style: on your behalf. At the present lime the Public Surname. Record Office contains al1 records Christian Narnes in full. (Tt is of Court cases in Northern Ireland, much easier to trace John officia] copies of district probate William Brown than it is ro registries dated back to 1838. (Ori- hace John Brown). ginal wills only from 1900), Records Residence. (In as much detail as of Government Departments back possible). to the early 19th century and private Date and PIace of birth. (if îhis archives of important families back is not available give similar to approximately 1600. In addition details of baptism). there are the usual documents to be Religion or Occupation. found in a Public Record Office Date and Place of Marriage. together with papers relating to Details of wife and of chiidren. families which in England would normally be found in a County Record Office. Repubiic of Ireland - Eire The first and most obvious place Up to 1940, when Sir Neville to apply for details of births, deaths, Wilkinson, Ulster King of Arms and marriages in Eire is the Regis- died, the Office of Ulster was situ- trar General's Office which opened ated in Dublin Castle. However, in on the 1st January 1864 when civil that year the Irish Government registration became compulsory. appointed its own Chief Herald and This office also contains the records the Office of Ulster King of Arms of all Protestant marriages from became joined to that of Norroy, 1845. The address to which to apply situated at the College of Arms, is: London and copies of al1 relevant documents are retained by each. The Registrar General's Office, Queries with regard to Ulster fami- Custom House, lies should be sent to: Dublin. Applications for searches shouid Perhaps the worst effected in the in so far as is possible be sent in on fire were the Census Returns prior the official form which will be sup- to 1922 and of those remaining. plied on application. The foilowing tbere are twenty-three volumes on details are asked: County Antrim for 1851, fourteen volumes for County Cavan for 182 1 Birth: and in six volumes for County Lon- Full names of the Person hos se donderry for 1831. For some curious birth details are required. reason the returns for 1861, 1871, Date of birth (or approximate 188 1 and 1891 were never preserved. a@). With regard to the Parish records Place of birth. pull details t0 of Protestants living in the Republic, be given). these should also have been Father's name and occupation. deposited at the Public Record Mother's Christian names and Offia, If they had been, they too maiden surname. would probably have been destroyed Marriages: in the fire. Fortunately however an Full names of the parties con- additional clause in the Act allowed cerned. a clergyman in charge of the Parish Date of mamiage. OF this is un- to retain his records provided he known gve a ~eriodof five could prove adequate storage faci- cansecutive Years in which Iities. Of the 1,643 Protestant was likely to have Parishes in Ireland 1,006 of those taken place). prior to 1871 were deposited and Deatbs: duly destroyed and the remaining Full names of deceased. 637 are still retained in their own Date of death (or ~eriodof. fiye Parishes or have been deposited at consecutive years wlthln the Public Record Office since the which death is believed to fire. In some cases these registers have occurred). go back to as early as 1634 but in The Public Record Office for the most cases for the first two cen- Republic of: Ireland was established turies they were badly kepr but in 1867. This came into behg be- neverti~elessuseful information can cause the Public Records of Ireland be obtained from them. A letter to were widely scattered and badly the Public Record Oace will ~reserved. ïlere js a permanent always give the answer as to ofhial in charge of this office to whether the records of a certain whom al1 applications should parish exist and if so where they sent. may be found. The Deputy Keeper, Inquiries with regard to Quakers Public Record Office of Ireland, are kept and maY be referred The Four Courts, to by application to: Dublin. The Society of Friends, As has been mentioned above. 5 Eustace Street, this office was largely destroyed in Dublin. 1921, but nevertheless a great deal of work has ben done where poss- Catholic farish records were not ible to reconstitute records and the recorded as officia1 prior to 1829 gaps are not nearIy as wide as may and in fact the keeping of such be supposed. records at that stage was frowned 141 upon. However, application to the grees prepared by Roger F. Ferra1 Priest of the relevant Parish could in the year 1709 are contained in a sometirnes prove fruitful. volume called ' Liez Antiqua '. Details with regard to protestant This publication gives a great deal parishes and name of the incumbent of reliable information with regard can be found by referring to Crock- to many of the ancient Irish families fords Clerical Directory or if a whose surmanes begin with ' 0 copy is not available a letter and ' Mac'. This volume is of addresseci to: course in the . Trinity College, Dublin which is The Editor, the Premier University of Ireland Crockford's Clerical Directory, has the largest library in Ireland Oxford University Press. and references to any of its volumes Amen Corner. will be made on behalf of an London E.C.4. inquirer if they are sent to: or alternatively for catholic parishes, appIication may be made The Assistant Registrar, for simiIar information from : Trhity College, Dublin, The Editor. Thom's Directory of Ireland, Furthemore, the University pre- Alex Thom Co. PS. Ltd., pares and keeps up a complete list Crow Street, of al1 admissions to the University. Dublin. In addition to details of the - For information with regard to students. their entry. their University wills, application sliould be made attainments also their father's pro- once again to the Public Record fessions and occupations may be Office where the collection from obtained from this record entilted 1904 is cornplete and from 1858 ' Alumni Dublinenses '. almost complete. In addition there Though it is popularly believed are many abstracts of wills which that a Roman Catholic cannot be- were originally made for Genealo- corne a Freemason, this statement gicaI purposes, many of which go is completely inaccurate as the ban back as far as 1536. These too are lies on the Catholic side, on the avaiIable at the Public Record grounds that Freemasonry is a Office. secret society. Consequently many The Genealoaical Office. Dublin Irish are Freemasons. Their records Castle, which is-the combked office are well kept and many Genealogi- of the Chief Herald and the Chief cal facts can be brought to light by Genealogist of Ireland contains al1 applying to: the Heraldic records of the Republic and photo-stat copies of the early The Grand Secretary's Office, Ulster records. Applications to this Freemason's Hall, Office should be sent to: 17 Molesworth Street, Dublin. The Chief Herald of IreIand, Geneal ogical Office, Dublin Castle, Printed Sources Ireland. 'The Origin and Stem of the Many of the original Celtic pedi- Irish Nation' published by John 142 O'Hart in 1875 and generally fast application rnay be made 10: referred to as O'Hart's Irish Families, gives an extremely ambi- Messrs. Ellis, tious genealogical record of ali 78 May Street, well known Irish families consist- Belfast. ing generally of nothing more than a string of names. This volume A certain arnount of reliable in- must never be taken as reliable formation with regard to Irish mili- unless information taken from it is tary history rnay be obtained from: checked from some other source. ' Burke's Landed Gentry of Ire- The Society of land ' consists of four editions. 1899, Ireland, 1904, 1912 and 1958. Prior to 1899. 1 Northgate Street, the Irish families were included in Athlone, the English Edition entitled Co. Westmeath. 'Burke's Landed Gentry', estab- lisbed in 1836 by John Burke and Senrch into Irish pedigrees should carried on by his son Sir Bernard never be looked upon as being easy. Burke who was Ulster King of One must possess a considerable Ams. amount of patience and not be jn Other printed sources include a burry and be thanuul when one Dalton's ' King James's Irish Amy is able to produce information that List' of 1689. The Freeman's Jour- gives a reliable answer to one's prob- nal, Walker's Hibernian Magazine lems. (1771 to 1812) and old copies of the newspapers. IsIands, Channel - These Idands If reference is to be made to a consist of a small group of Islands Society well versed in searching close to the North West Coast of Irish records there are one or two France. The principal Islands are avalable. For example: Jersey, Guernsey, Alderney and Sark, and they are the only portions The Society of Genealogists, of the Duchy of Normandy which 37 Harrington Gardens, still belong to the British Crown. London S.W.7 Acts of the British Parliament do not apply to tliese Islands withour has a considerable amount of Irish their consent, material. but the Society is excep- tionally busy and inquiries rnay Jersey. rake a considerable time to be answered. Births, marriages and deaths have Aiternatively. the application may been officially recorded in Jersey be made to: since 1842. Complete Regislers of births and The Secretary, deaths are kept by the Parish con- The Irish Genealogical Resea cerned. In the case of marriages, Society. two registers are kept, one by the 82 Eaton Square, Parish concerned and the other by London S.W.1 the Superintendent Registrar. Infor- mation may be obtained by apply- For additional searchers in Bel- ing to: 143 The Superintendent Registrar, tained by the Churches concerned. States Buiiding. St. Helier, Jersey. Aiderney. Registration of baptisms and A number of registers of Alder- funerals are carried out in the ney were destroyed during the Ger- Parish concerned and date from man Occupation, 1940 to 1945, but approxhately 1542, Inquiries in the following are still available. this case should be sent to, Births from 3rd August 1850, deaths from 2nd August 1850, marriages The Dean, from 1st July 1891. Duplicates of St. Saviour, the registers of births and deaths Jersey. from 1925 and of rnarriages from 1919 are maintained by the Regis- Searches and certificates can be trar General of Guernse~. obtained on application either to Copies of Wills of Realt~are the Pari& concerned or to the available in tbe Registrar General's Superintendent Registrar. Ofice while copies of the Wills of Copies of WiNs and Contracts Personalit~are by: relating to Real Estate are main- tained and the records will be The Registrar to the Ecclesiastical inspected if application is made to: Court, 9 Lefebvre Street, The Judicial Greffier, St. Peter Port, States Building. Guernsey. St. Helier, It should be noted that the Channel Jersey. Islands fa11 withia the diocese of the Bishop of Winchester. It should be noted that though the nationaI language of the Island is French, English is understood Sark. everywhere on the IsIand, but if copies of documents are applied for, me remainhg Islands nameIy in manY cases the language used is Sark. Hem, Jethou and Brecqhou, French. al1 fa11 in the administration of the States of Guernsey and inquiries should be sent to the Registrar Gnernsey. General of that Island. The Registrar General's Office. LsIe of Man - This Island, which Greffe, Guernsey maintains registers lies approximately half way between of births and deaths since 1840. Pnor England and Ireland, is not bound to this date records are maintained by Acts of the United Kingdom by the Parish Churches. Registers Parliament unless specially men- of marriages from 1919 onwards are tioned in them. also maintained in this Office. co- The compulsory registration of gether with registers of al1 mar- births and deaths came into opera- riages in places other than Churches tion in 1878 and that of marriages of the Church of England since in 1849. The completed registers 1840. Al1 other records are main- are deposited witlt. 144 The Registrar General. the Jewish World and the Ashkena- Government Office, zim Jews who consisted largely oE Douglas, the refugees £rom oppression in Isle of Man. Russia. and Rumania. Examples of some known pecu- Registraîions prior to this date may liarities with regard to changes in be obtained £rom the Parishes con- Jewish names include the following. cerned . Isaac Ben Israel - Isaac son of Wills are recorded in: Israel. Mordecai Hamburger - Mordecai from Hamburg, Zevi be- The Probate Registry, came Hirsch, Hirschell, Hart and Finch Road, even Harris. Ben Uri became Douglas, PhilIips and Ben David became TsIe of Man. Davis. Jewish records are retained in the synagogues and may also frequently and the title deeds to Real Estate be obtained from: are preserved in the Register of Deeds at the same address. Searches can be made and certi- The Jewish Historical Society, fied copies of any entries in the Yad Washern Building, registers can be obtained on appli- Har Hazicaran, cation to the Registrar General. The P.O.B. 1062, fees are exceptionally low. Jerusalem, Israel.

Reference may also be made to: J The Jewish Museum, Woburn House, Upper Woburn Place, Jamaica - Compulsory registration London W.C. 1. dates from 1st April 1878 for births and deaths and 1st January 1880 Judges - The judges are al1 for marriages. Inquiries should be appointed from members of the bar. sent to the Registrar General, King- They can thus be traced through ston. Inns of Court. In addition al1 judges of the higher courts are traceable Jewisb Records - There has been a through Foster's ' Judges of Eng- considerable amount of changing of land '. surnames amongst the Jewish popu- lation. particularly on their first arriva1 in England. Jews present in England in 1290 were expelled by Edward 1 and were not permitted K ro settle in England again until 1695. There are two kinds of Jews, the Kenya - The Registrar General. Sephardic Jews who had interrnar- Box 231 Nairobi, holds records of ried with the Spanish and who were births and deaths from 1896 and recorded as the Aristocracy of marriages from 1899. 145 Knights Fees - Members of the Earlier records are available but nobility were in the habit of letting are retained by the ministers of the out land to men who thus held it appropriate religious denominations. directly from them and not from the Applications should be sent to the crown. Tbese holdings were known Registrar GeneraI of the Presidency. as Knights fees and called rhus be- cause they were designed to sup- Virgin Islands. Records dating froni port the armed service of a Knight 1859 are heId by the Commis- together with, in most cases, a num- sioner. Prior to this date there are ber of his retainers. Anglican records from 1816, Wes- This service was generally avail- leyan from 1800. Applications to able for so many days in each year the Registrar General, Tortola, and in this mannzr the noblemen British Virgin Islands. could be sure of providing an army for himself. or if called upon by the Lesotho - No details of the regis- Sovereign. This system operated tration procedure in this state are £rom circa 1150. availabfe at present.

Library Padlities - The Library at the British Museum receives copies of every book published. This same right is heId by the Bodleian at Oxford, the University Library at Cambridge, the National Library of Wales. the Scottish National Lay Subsidiary Rolls and Hearth Library and Trinity College, Dublin, Tax Returns - Indicate the exis- If therefore one wishes to carry out tence, locality and ro some extent research in any of the numerous the status of peopIe. publications of assistance to a genealogist and one is near one of Leeward Islands - ihese centres. the volumes one requires are readily available there. Antigua. Records of Births, Mar- Public Libraries are operated by riages and Deaths dating alrnost every city and town council 1856 are deposited with the Regis- a,d many of these hold a number trar General. of such volumes but the choice will Montserrat. Civil registration was naturally be limited. made compulsory in 1869. Records prior to -this date are Livery Companieg - As early as the held by the parish clergy. In- 12th century groups of London quiries should be made through craftsmen and tradesmen, in asso- the Registrar General, Plymouth. ciation with each other forrned St. Christopher - Nevis. The com- guilds for the general protection and mencement of civil registration in assistance of their craft or trade. the Presidency are widely dis- Many of these livery companies as persed as follows: St. Kitts, Births they came to be called are no 1859, Marriages 1885, Deaths longer in existence but 83 of their 1859. Nevis. Births 1860, Mar- number still survive. riages 9 Deaths 1861. Many of îhese livery companies Anguilla. Births 1901, Marriages maintain records and assistance can 1925, Deaths 1901. frequendy be given to the genealo- gist with regard to inquiries about Should such Rolls survive you a man who followed a particular may well be in a position to learn craft or trade. much of your earlier ancestors, and may even succeed in tracing them, even though they were only humble folk, for a couple of hundred years back before the start of Parish Renisters.- M Mrprriage by Licence - Marriage has often becn by ' banns', which is a Malaya - Records of births and notice of intention to marry, called deaths in the States of Penang and out three times during Sunday xr- Malacca date from 1869 and 1870 vices in the Parish Church in which respectively. Those of the old the bride and bridegroom resided. Federated States date back to 1894 If for some reason or other the (in Selangor) while those of the old parties concerned wished to dis- unfederated States were onIy corn- pense with this requirement they menced between 1915 and 1.930. could do so by being married by Marriage records are held by the licence. An occasion of this sort Registrar of Marriages. Birhs and rnight arise if the couple wanted to Deaths in each state. be marrie. in a hurry and at one stage in history it became a status Mslta - Registration dates from symbol to be married by licence. 1863 and the records are retained There were rnany types of licence: in tbe Public Registry of either if the couple both lived in the same Malta or Gozo. Applications should diocese it could be obtained €rom be addressed to the Director of the the bishop of that diocese but if Public Registry of Malta or Gozo. they resided jn different it Earlier records are kept by the was necessary to obtain the licence parish churches. €rom the archbishop's office. If they lived in two ecclesiastical provinces Manor Court Rolls - These rolls it was necessary to apply to the are to a great extent still privately Master of Faculties of the Arch- owned and apart from the diaiculty bishop of Canterbury. of tracing their ownership, chances Useful information is contained of their surviving at al1 is nor great. in what are known as the Allega- However, any such Manor Court tions. These were statements made Rolls in existence have to be regis- by the bride and bridegroom, to- zered with: gether with bonds, whicfi were assurances by the bondsmen and The Historical M.S.S. Commission. were retained in the diocesan Manorial Documents Registry, register. Quality House. A number of marriage licences Quality Court, have been published by the Har- Chancery hne, Ieian Society and other bodies and London W.C.2. the Society of Genealogists has many Manuscript copies. There is legislation today which guards against their destruction or Manritius - Records date from sale overseas. 1712. Prior to 1793 they are held by 147

Non-Parochial Registers and from Protestant- Non-Conforrnist Records - The Non-Parochial Churches, but not al1 such churches Registers and Records formerly in kept their own Registers and many the General Register Office were of their members and adherents had transferred in 1961 to the Public their births. marriages and deaths Record Office, where they may be recorded in the Parish Registers: inspected without charge by the the few Roman Catholic Registers holders of Readers' Tickets. Tem- come mainly from the North of porary Readers' Tickets and copies England : there are no Jewish of Information for Readers will be Registers : with the exception of the sent on request. Registers of the Society of Friends For persons unable to make a per- (Quakers) there are virtually no mar- sonal search the Public Record riage registers: few of the Registers Office can provide the names and are of more recent date than 1837. addresses of two independent There is no general index to the Record Agents who might be pre- Non-Parochial Registers and no par& to undertake a search. The search can be undertaken without Public Record Office accepts no knowing the location and preferably responsibility for arrangements also the denomination of the church made between such agents and tl~eir at which the birth, baptism, mar- clients, nor can it supply informa- riage, death or burial is likely to tion as to the scales of charges of have been recorded. For larger such agents or offer any opinion of towns searches can be undertaken the probable cost of any particular only when the precise narne of the search undertaken by them. church can be given. For London Alternatively the Public Record and its environs there are the Regis- Office js prepared, for a fee of ters from over two hundred £3 Os. Od. (£3 5s. Od. for correspon- churches and institutions; search dents overseas) per search, to search will not be undertaken in these over a period of five years and in up unless the applicant can specify a to three registers for an entry relat- particular church or the Registers ing to the birth (or baptism), rnar- of births ejther from Dr. WiJliarus' riage or death (or burial) of a parti- Library (1742-1837, relating 10 cular person,'and. if successful, to Presbyterians, Independents and supply a copy of the record or par- Baptists) or from the Wesleyan ticulars of the information contained Methodist Metropolitan Registry therein. (1818-1837). A list of the two main classes of There can be no guarantee thac an Non-Parochial Registers - Lists of entry relating to a particular person Non-Parochial Registers and wjll be located. The Public Record Records in the Cusfody of the Regis- Office reserves the right to decline to trar General (London, H.M.S.O., make a search. When a search has 1859) - may be available ar or been made the fee will be retained, through a public library. Persons whether or not any positive result unable to consult tbis list before has been obtained. applying for searches should bear Applications for searches should the following in mind: The Non- be made on the appropriate form. Parochial Registers relate only to Payments should be made in ster- England and Wales and they do not ling, and for the exact sum specified, include Parish Registers of the by postal order, or by a cheque Church of England. Almost al1 are drawn on an English account or by International Money Order payable and Records authenticated by the to the miblic Record Office. Up 10 Commissioners, together wilh cer- three applications may be made on tain unauthenticated Registers of any one forn~;furtber forms wiil be baptisms and rnarriages performed sent on request. There may be a at the Reet and King's Bench delay of some weeks before searches Prisons, at May Fair and at the can be undertaken and the results Mint in Southwark, which had been notified to the enquirer. deposited in the Bishop of London's The Parish Registers often con- Registry in 1821, should be tain entries relating not only to deposited in the General Register rnen~bersof the Church of England Office. but also to Dissenters, since the A new Commission was appointed Registration Act of 1695 required in 1857 to consider a number of notice of al1 births to be given to Non-Parochial Registers which had the Rector, Vicar. Curate or Clerk corne to light since 1838. It made of the parish, while Lord Hard- its report later in the same year wicke's Marriage Act of 1753 vir- (House of Commons, Sessional tually restricted marriages to Parish Papers. 1857-58, vol. 23), and this Churches. although it did not apply was followed by the Births and to Quakers or Jews and was often Deaths Registration Act of 1858, ignored by Roman Catholics. Many which provided for the authentica- Dissenting Churches, however main- tion of these Registers and their tained their own Registers of births deposit in the General Register or baptisms (particularly after 1785. Office. when the extension of stamp duty to The Non-Parochial Registers and registration in Non-Conformist Records deposited under the Acts Registers appeared to give official of 1840 and 1858, together with a sanction to them), whiIe a Registry few unauthenticated Registers of births for Presbyterians. Indepen- deposited subsequentiy in the dents and Baptists living in and General Register Office, were trans- around London was established at ferred in 1961 to the Public Record Dr. Williams' Library in Red Cross Office, where they have been Street in 1742 and the Wesleyan arranged in fivc classes, comprising Methodists established their own some 7,000 volumes and files. They Metropolitan Registry in Paternos- are open to inspection without pay- ter Row in 1818. Those Dissenting ment of a fee in the Search Rooms. Churches which had their own There is no general index to these cemetries also maintained Registers classes and for a search to be prac- of burials, whjle the Quakers and ticable it is necessary to know at (until 1753) a few other Dissenting least the approxi.mate locality in Churches maintained Registers of which a bùth, marriage or death marriages. occurred and preferably also the In 1836 Commissioners were denomination of the church or appointed to inquire into the state, chape1 at which it would be likely custody and authenticity of these to be registered. Extended and Non-Parochial Registers and their speculative searches in these Regis- Report of 1838 (House of Com- ters cannot be undertaken by the rnons, Sessional Papers, 1837-38. stan of the Public Record Office. vol. 28) was followed by the Non- With one exception (the Register Parochial Registers Act of 1840. of the Independent Church ar St. This provided that those Registers Petersburg, Russia, 1818-1840) the 150 Non-Parochial Registers relate solely to England and Wales. Almost al1 are £rom Protestant Non-Conformist Churches; they include several Registers of Huguenot and other P Foreign Protestant Churches in Eng- land and a separate class of Regis- ters of the Society of Friends Pakistan - Completed registers are (Quakers). Indexes to the latter are deposited with the Registrar preserved in the Libraty of the General of Births, Marriages and Society of Friends, Friends' House, Deaths of the respective provinces. Euston Road, London N.W.1. The Registration of Christian and most few Roman Catholic Registers Parsee mariages date back to 1872 which are included corne mainly and 1865 respectively. There is no from the North of England; other registration for Hindu, Moslern or Roman Catholic Registers remain in other religious secrs. the custody of the present priests-in- charge of the respective churches. Parish Registers - These were A few Registers reIate to non- ordered to be kept by Henry VITI denominational institutions; such as in 1538. the City of London burial ground Initially there was considerable al Bunhill Fields and the British opposition against the keeping of Lying-In Hospital, Holborn. There Parish Registers, in consequence of are no Jewish Registers. which, except in a very few Parishes. Most Non-Parochial Registers they are very haphazard and in relate to the period 1775-1837, al- rnany cases almost impossible to though a few do continue beyond read. tliat date to as Iate as 1857 and Various Ordinances were passed several go back as far as the middle to ensure better maintenance of the of the seventeenth century or even, Parish records but it was only in the case of some Foreign Protes- gradually that the sysrem came to tant Churches, to the sixteenth cen- be adopted wholeheartedly. lury. In 1597 an order was issued by A fuller account of the history of the Archbishop of Canterbury that these Registers will be found in copies of the registers should be Edwin Welch. ' Nonconformist sent each year to the Registrar of Registers ' in the Journal of the each diocese. These came ta be Society of Archivists, Volume II, known as the Bishop's Transcripts. No. 9, pp. 41 1-417. Parish Registers, Proceedings for North Borneo - Al1 registrations Obtaining Information - The first prior to the Japanese invasion were step is to write to the vicar or rector los1 but efforts are being made to of the Parish giving hirn as much reconstruct the oId registers. Regis- information as possible and ask hirn trations from 15th July 1946 are specific questions to which you rilade with the Registrar of each require answers. district. One must remember rhat the Parish incumbent is a busy man who is generally poorly paid and one sliould, therefore. if at al1 poss- ible. send him tlie rettirn postage fee. 151 The standard fees for research are Arms personaily it is better to write very small (see Fees for Certificates) to him direct. If not a general letter but as it is not always possible to of application to the College will be give an estimate for the number of dealt with by the 'Officer of Ams years to be searched it is perhaps in Waiting '. better to offer the incumbent a choie of either the statutory fee or Society of Genealogists, a donation to the Parish funds. In 37 Harrington Gardens, most cases he will elect the latter London S.W.7. but one should ensure that by this method he receives at least as much A letter to the secretary will provide if not more than the statutory fee, the assistance one requires but plus postage. owing to a terrific volume of work The narne of the incumbent can in hand there may be anything up always be ascertained from the to nine months' delay before one's latest edition of Crockford's Ecclesi- application can be dealt with. astical register. Parish Registers, Scotland - Scot- Lyon Office, tish Parish Registers commence in New Register House, the middle of the 17th century. Edinburgh, Their origin is obscure and initially Scotland. they were Iess well kept than those in England, They are now al1 stored Deals with Scottish applicants and in the New Register House, Edin- a general letter addressed as above burgh and may be searched by per- will provide information on Iiow to sonal application. Alternatively, for proceed further. those living away frdm Edinburgh an application for search may be The Scots Ancestry Research sent througli the post, though there Society, will be considerable delay before it 22 York Place. can be answered. Edinburgh 2. Professional Help - Very few A non-profit rnaking Society which amateur GeneaIogists have time carries out research for its members. available to carry out research into A membership fee of two guineas their family history as they would is payable on application after like to and at some time or other it which researches are carried out becomes necessary or desirable to for a reasonable charge on a rota- arrange for professional assistance. tion basis. There is usually a delay In a case where the cost is not of of about three to six months. vital importance recourse may be made to certain professional bodies Genealogical Office, to carry out the entire research. Dublin Castie. Such bodies include: Dublin. Eire. The Coilege of Arms. Queen Victoria Street, The oltice of the chief Herald of London E.C.4. Ireland, which came into existence in 1943 will carry out research into If one knows one of the OfTicers of Irish families at a moderate fee but there is considerable delay before work can be commenced. Where an amateur researcher requires assistance from, Say. another part of the country or over- seas he can then apply to the Society of Genealogists (address given above) for the name of a local Reasons for Undertaking Research researcher who will probably be - Tliere are five reasons for wishing prepared to try and provide the to undertake this type of research. answer to his query. Negotiation 1. Personal, a simple interest in between the applicant and the the family pedigree. researcher is left to the applicant. 2. Personal. to provide a link Fees for such researches Vary con- with an armigerous anestor with siderably and one is strongly the object of establishing one's own advised to ask the fee before com- right to use the appropriate armorial mitting oneself to a particular bearings. researchet. 3. Personal and general, a matter of interest in making a collection Protestation Oath Rous - These of a number of family pedigrees. rolls dated 1641-42 are kept in the 4. Professional or semi-profes- record office of the House of Lords. sional, carrying out research for They contain lists of people holding other people either on a purely office at the the who affirmed professional basis or to occupy one's their loyalty to the crown. A similar time, the other party purely paying roll named the Association Oath the expenses of the research. Roll was signed in 1696 and is he1d 5. A combination of two or more at the Public Record Omce. of the above. Public Record Office - See Census Now let us consider these in some Returns 1841 etc., Non-Parochial. detail. Most people have an interest Registers and Records, and Records in their own family, though this of Services of Members of the interest varies very considerably in Armed Forces. different countries. Possibly the Scots are the most interested and rhere is an old Scottish saying ' Heredity is a hereditary study '. Because of the clan system. Scot- tish history goes back a long time before civic records were main- tained. The family links are excep- ' Q ' List or Record Publication - tionally strong and it is tme to say A guide to the publications put out chat where a family history is in by the Record Commissioners and existence in connection with a Scot- the Masters of the Rolls. This can tish family it is more often than not be obtained free of charge from accurate. H.M. Stationery Office. With regard to the Welsh and the Irish, their early history may or rnay not be correct. The more prominent families invariably go back to the Welsh Princes or the Irish Kings, but in the very early vice preserved in the Public Record days boih of these were somewhat Office include those of members of numerous and most of the records the British Amy before 1900 and were handed down by word of those of members of the Royal mouth, so one cannot vouch for Navy before about 1910, also those their accuracy. Furthermore, the of other ranks (but not oficers) of records, such as they are. pass only the Royal Marines before 1901 and from father to eldest son and no of members of the Royal Irish Con- details are given with regard to stabulary. They may be inspected other relatives. Neither is there a without charge by the holders of record of births, deaths or mar- Readers' Tickets. Temporary riages, except in so far as the really Readers' Tickets, valid for 7 days, outstanding individuals are con- may be obtained on a personal cerned. application at the Enquiries Desk. The English are in many cases Application forms for three-yearly somewhar reluctant to delve into the Readers' Tickets and copies of In- past. There is often the fear of formation for Readers will be sent finding an ancestor who was born on request. out of wedlock. Tliere is also a There is no general index to ser- reluctance to bring 10 light many vice records and without a certain of the Iowly forebears, but if one amount of preliminary information remembers the old saying that for- search is not feasible. In general it tunes are made and lost every four is necessary to know the name (and generations, then one can more number if possible). service. rank, readily accept the good with the ship or regiment and dates of ser- bad. After all, in these modern vice. Where medals are heId. this times there is no slur on one's information will be found engraved character even if an ancestor, of on the rim. Records of service Say, three hundred years ago, was have been kept in various ways in illegitimate or if he earned his liv- different services and at different ing as a crossing sweeper. The fact times; for certain periods records of tIiat we are in better circumstances some kinds of service have not sur- today should be adequate recom- vived, while for others, patticularly pense and we can look back over before the nineteenth century, the the years with pride. Conversely, if records of service do not give much we find ourselves to be in a more information of a personal nature. IowIy position than that occupied There can, therefore, be no guaran- by the ancestor - then we can be tee that the record of service of any inordinately proud of that ancestor. particular person can be traced or that, if it is traced, it will necessarily Records oE Service Fionourable East be cornplete or supply the particular India Company and Indian Govern- information sought. The Public ment - Records of service of Euro- Record Office reserves the right to pean members prior to indepen- decline to make a search. When a dence are preserved in the India search has been made, the fee will Office of Records, Commonwealth be retained whether or not any posi- Records Office, King Charles Street. tive result has been obtained. London S.W.1. Alternative]y the Public Record Office is prepared, for a fee of Records of Service of Members of f3 Os. Od. (£3 5s. Od. for correspon- the Anned Forces - Records of ser- dents overseas) per search to search 154 for the basic record of service of a births £rom 1924 and Asiatic deaths particular person or for the record Erom 1925. The Marriage Registrar providing a specilic piece of infor- in each district holds details of al1 mation about him and, if this is church and civil marriages back to successful, to supply a copy of the 1931. Al1 Sarawak records have un- record or particulars of the infor- fortunately been subject to the mation therein contained. Estimates Iapanese occupation and for this of the cost of officially certified reason some gaps exist. Applications copies will be given on request. to the Directory, Kuching, Sarawak. Applications For searches should be made on the appropriate forrn. Scotland - There are quite a lot of Payments shouId be made in ster- differences between English and ling, and for the exact sum specified, Scottish Genealogy which must be by postal order, or by cheque drawn understood by the inquirer of Scot- on an English account or by Inter- tish origin if he is not to be beset by national Money Order payable to pitfalls. Apart Erom anything else, the Public Record Office. Up to most Scottish records began later three applications may be made on than those in England. primarily any one fom; further forms wjll due to the turmoil in Scottish His- be sent on request. There may be a tory. delay of sorne weeks before searches It is as well to understand some- can be undertaken and the results thing of Scottish History before notified to the enquirer. attempting research into Scottish genealogy. First of al1 one must Recossant Rob - Give the names realise that the Highlanders and and residence of people found guilty Lowlanders belong to a completely of nonconformity either Roman different group of people. The High- Catholics or Protestant dissenters landers were of Celric orjgin while and there is a useful return of all the Lowlanders were of Germanic convicted recussants giving their origin; in fact similar in every status and place of abode in August respect to those who overran the 1677 in the British Museum Manu- Roman Province of Southern scripts Department. (Add M.S. Britain. 20.739). Another faIlacy believed by most people is that everyone bearing the name of a clan is descended from the same stock. This is broughc out very clearly by the fact that many s people who took refuge in Scotland and in some cases the survivors of Scoltish family feuds invariabIy St. Helena - Civil registration com- placed thernselves under the protec- rnenced in 1852 and applications for tion of another family or clan and information must be sent Co the adopted the same nanie as their Registrar. There are no earlier protectors. records. It is a good idea for the researcher into Scottish genealogy to obtain Sarawak - Records are held by the a copy of a Scottish Clan Map and Director of Health and Medical study this in conjunction with such Services. Those for European births a book as ' Scottish Clans and their date from 1910 and for Asiatic Tartans' or 'The Clans, Septs and 155 Regiments of the Scottish High- 1637 Cumfries. lands' both published by Messrs. 1539 Dumblane and Perth. W. & A. K. Johnson of Edinburgh 1867 Dunkeld. as they will help considerably to 1547 Glasgow. clarify the position. 1564 Hamilton andcampsie. Compulsory registrations of births, 1630 Inverness. marriages, and deaths was insti- 1661 The Isles. tuted in ScotIand in 1855 and since 1663 Kirkcudbright. that rime al1 the records have been 1595 Lanark. kept at: 1561 Lauder. 1684 Moray. The General Register Office of 1644 Orkney and Shetland. Births, Marriages and Deaths. 168 1 Peebles. New Record House, 1802 Ross. Princess Street, 1549 St. Andrews. Edinburgh 2. 1607 Stirling. 1700 Wigtown. The fees for research and Certifi- cates are basically tlie same as those The Registers of the four Scottish in England. Universities, Glasgow, Edinburgh, Strangely enough al1 the ancient St. Andrews and Aberdeen will pro- Parish registers prior to 1855 are vide useful information in the case also maintained in the same build- where an ancestor matriculated at ing but they do not go back much one of the Universities. In most beyond 1700. One must of course cases in addition to the names of realise that the established Church the entrants, names of the parents of Scotland is the Presbyterian are given as well. Church. Application to H.M. Regis- There are a number of Societies trar General will also provide infor- in Scotland designed to help with mation with regard to the Parish the study of family history. The registers, though one must be excep- chief amongst these is: tionally careful that the Parish con- cerned is named and spelt correctly. The Scots Ancestry Research The reason for this is that the Society. Registry Clerks will not guess at a 20 York Place, narne. Unless correctly spelt the Edinburgh 2. reply will corne back as ' Unknown ' or, ' No Record '. The Society was founded in 1945 Census records are available for as a non profit making organisation the years 1841, ,1851, 1861, 1871, and considerable help has ben these are also maintained at New given to inquirers of Scottish descent Record House. both at home and overseas. Testaments or Wills were proved The application fom supplied by before the Commissariat Courts and the Society asks for the folIowing the following dates give the earliest details: entries available. 1514 Edinburgh. Name of persons about whom 1715 Aberdeen. search is king made. 1674 Argyll. Date of birth. 1576 Brechin. Place or Parish in ScotIand where 1661 Caithness. born. 156 If married, name of spouse. A most important Office in con- Date and Place of marriage. nection with Scottish genealogy is Place of death (if in Scotland). the Lyon Office, Edinburgh. Was the person the owner or Lord Lyon King of Arms is a very tenant of any land or house powerful Officer of State in Scot- property in Scotland. If so give land and has the last word wjth address. regard to everything which concerns What was his profession or trade. Scottish heraldry. The bearer of a Was he or she resident in Scot- Coat of Arms holds his Grant for land in or after 1841. If so, himself for life and for his eldest where and when. son, but the younger sons may not bear Arms unless they have been There is also: matriculated at Lyon Office and provided with the appropriate differ- ence marks for their particuiar The Society of Genealogists, branch of the family. These differ- 37 Harrington Gardens, ences are decided by Lord Lyon. London. An extrernely useful book on the subject of Scottish Heraldry is that which bas a very excellent Scottish written by Sir Thomas Innes of Library and it is frequently worth Learney, the late Lord Lyon rnaking application to the Research which is called ' Scots Heraldry.' Section of the Society for assistance. Two other useful sources of infor- 'T'here are a number of printed mation are the National Library of works which rnay assist the Scotland and : researcher. These include the following: The Scottish Genealogical Society, 21 Howard Place, 'Scots Peerage.' (Sir James Edinburgh. Balfour). ' A Guide to the Public Records Seychelles - The Chief Civil Status of Scotland ' deposited in H.M. Oficer ho1ds the records which for Register House, Edinburgh. births date from 1794 and rnarriages (Livingstone). and deaths from 1808. ' The Surnames of Scotland, Their Origin, Meaning and Estory.' (George Black). Sierra Leone - The Registrar 'Scottish Farnily History. A General holds the Marriage Regis- Guide to works of reference on ters which date from 1796, wtiich the History and Genealogy of the Chief Registrar of Births and Scottish Families.' (Margaret Deaths, Medical Department, Free- Stuart). town, Sierra Leone holds records ' Fasti hlesiae Scoticanse.' of births and deaths frorn 1854. ' Register of Deeds 1662 to 181 1 .' Scots Magazine 1739 to 1826. Singapore - Civil Registration of Kirks Session Records. births and deatlis commenced in The Register of Tailzies. In Eng- 1872, the records are held by the land these are known as entails. Registrar of Births and Deaths. The First formally legalised in 1685 Registrar of Marriages holds the the register runs through to records of marriages which com- 1903. menced on the following dates: Marriage Registry 1880 area of ones search to a period of St. Andrews Cathedra1 1890 a few years and by so doing one Presbyterian Church 1859 lessens the cost and lighkns the task. Cathedra1 of the Good If it is impossible to gel to Shepherd 1899 Somerset House one can apply for Church of St. Joseph certificates by post though the cos1 (Portuguese Mission) 1899 is naturally slightly higher and it is Methodist Church 1890 necessary to give rather fuiler infor- mation than one needs when under- Solicitors - Can frequently be traced taking ones own search. In a case through Lhe Law Lists from which, of this sort the Officials of Sornerset by patient research, one can gener- House will undertake a search ally establish a date of death. covering a period of five years. Somerset Home - A large building Soathem Ithodesia - Official regis- overlooking the Strand in London tration only began in 1904, but there which was built on the site of a are some records of deaths and mar- palace originally desigaed for the riages from 1891. Records are with Duke of Somerset during the reign the Registrar of Births and Deaths, of Edward VI but as he ended on Salisbury. Records of Marriages are the scaff old the proposed palace held by the Secretary, Deparlment was never built. Somerset House is of Home AfEairs, Salisbury. the home of a vast collection of records the most important of Snrnames, Adoption of - English which, so far as the Genealogist is surnames date back in many cases concerned. is the record of births, to the 13th and 14th centuries. niarriages and deaths which was Welsh surnames are of considerably siarted on the 1st July 1837 and later origin but the WeIsh were in covers details for England and the habit of giving a string of names Wales. with the word ap, rneaning 'son of' For procedure with regard to in berneen; thus we can find David obtaining information from Somer- ap Rhys ap Guillim ap Morgan, set House see Somerset House, meaning that David was the son of Method of Obtaining Information. Rhys who was the son of GuiIlini who in was the son of Mormn- sornerset ~~~h~dof 0btairr and this system was used in lieu of ing information - By far the best method of obtaining information Surnames, Irish - Many Irish namcs from &merset House is to mke a date from before the conquest of personal application. A search ticket England. In the reign of Henry II cari be obtained which enables one an army was sent to conquer Ireland to search unrestricted for a whole for the English King. Many of the da^. This, howevery is net a satis- Irish Barons who led this enterprise factor^ method as research of thls remained in Ireland and established nature is a very tiring business; themselves, particuiarly when one realises that Many the ~]doriginal rrish each volume measUres about two names were anglicised at the same feet by eighteen inches and weighs rinie. somewhere in the neighbourhood of ten or eleven pounds. By careful Surnames, Scoîîîsh - In Scotland thought one can generally limit the the system of naming was different. 158 Life was hard and men could only Trinidad and Tobago - Civil regis- I - live and bring up their families in tration dales from 1848. The records safety by being banded together. are held by the Registrar Gencral, These groups came to be known as Red House, Port of Spain, Trini- ' clans ' and they took the clan name dad, B.W.1. as their surname. Turks and Caicos Islands - Records which date £rom 1863 are held by the Registrar General, Grand Turk.

Tanzania - Applications musl: be U made to the Registrar General of Births and Deaths, Dar-es-Salaam. The records were only commenced Uganda - The Records of births, on 1st April 1921, but there are marriages, deaths and adoptions sorne records available from 28th date from 1st January 1905. though August 1917. there are details of marriages for With regard to the records of nine months earlier. These are kept Zanzibar, information may be by tbe Registrar General. In addi- obtained from the Custodian of tion the Vice-Consulate at Entebbe Registers of Births and Deaths holds a register of births which (Administrator General). The fol- precedes civil registratioi~. lowing records are available: United Empire Loyalists - Records Births: Zanzibar from 1st July 1909, of members are preserved jn the Pemba £rom 1st January 1925. Public Archives of Canada, Ottawa. Deaths: Zanzibar £rom 1st March 1906, Pemba £rom 16th March University Entrance - Records of 1907. al1 entrants to Oxford and Cam- Marriages: from 26th August 1907. bridge may be found in Alumni Oxonienses and Alumni Cantabri- In addition there are sorne records gienses which are available at many available prior to civil registration. of the larger libraries. Other universities issue Calendars Births: British Consulate Books, which have the names of graduates Zanzibar from 19th July 1868 to for each year. Some of these are 13th June 1913. Pemba from 26th collecteci together into volumes as July 1900 to 16th November for example at London University 1923. and Trinity College, Dublin. Deaths: British Consulate Books One must, however, remember 20th May 1868 to 23rd January there were only two universities in 1914. England until 1900, when London University was founded. Tonga - Records of births and deaths commence from 1867 and United States of America - The for marriages from 1892. Applica- following information is extracted tions to the Registrar of the from U.S. Public Health Service Supreme Court, Nukii alofa. December 1961). 159 For every birth and death, an place of birth for fornis and official certificare should be on instructions for filing a delayed Publication 630A- 1. (Revised certjdcate of birth because they record in the place where the event will probably be asked for copies occurs. These certificates are pre- of the record on many occasions pared by physicians, funerai direc- throughout Ise. tors, other professional attendants, 2. Older people shouid ask the or hospital authorities. They are agency needing evidence of birth permanently filed in the central vital facts what records other than the statistics office of the State. indepen- birth certificate will be accepted. dent city, or outlying area. Infor- Persons nearing retirement may mation contained in the certificates save the by using records js useful for many purposes and can already in existence insread of be obtained by requesting certhîed filing a delayed record. Also, copies of these original records. some agencies need to see such To obtain a certified copy of a otlier records whether or not a certificate, write to the vital statis- delayed certificate has been filed. tics office in the place where the birth or death occurred. Addresses An officia1 certificate filed at or of these offices and fees charged are near the time of birth is the first listed on the following pages. and best proof of birth facts. How- In writing for a certified copy. it ever, if the birth was not recorded. is suggested that a money order be two or more of the following enclosed with the letter together records may be useful in establish- with the cost of return postage. ing date of birth, place of birth, and Fees listed are subject to change. parentage. The Ietter should state the purpose for which the copy is needed. Records may be obtained as The letter should give as much as follows: possible of the following facts: Hospihi record of the birth - 1. The full name of the person as Request a certified statement from given on the birth or death the person who has charge of the record, official hosiptal records. 2. Sex and race. Physician's record of the birîh - If 3. Parents' narnes, including maiden the physician who delivered the name of rnother, baby lias a record of the birth, 4. Month, day and year of the buth obtain a statement certified by hh. or death. 5. Place of birth or death (city or Baptismal or other church records - town. county, and State; and If the baby has been baptised, or name of hospital, if any), has undergone some other church rite. request an officia1 statement When a birth was not recorded from the custodian of the church with the vital statistics office either records. of Iwo courses of action may be taken by the individual to prove School records - It may be possible birth facts: to obtain an officia1 statement from the person in charge of the scbool 1. Younger persons should apply to records, giving age (or birth date) the vital statistics office at the and parent's names. Insaiance records - If application and place of birth, Request fonn has ever ben made for insurance, 10-611, 'Application for search of request an oEciaf statement £rom Census Records.' the insurance Company of the birth facts as given on the insurance Other Federal records - The records. National Archives and Records Ser- vice General Services Administra- Selective service records - (1) tion. Washington 25. D.C.,main- Veterans registered during World tains many records which may prove War 1 should write to the Federal a person's age or citizenship, for Records -Centre, 221 St. Joseph example: homestead applications. Street, Eastpoint, Georgia; (2) sliip passenger lists, seamen's pro- Veterans registered during and since tection-ceracate applications, pen- World War II should write to the sion applications, and persona1 Selective Service Board of the State records. where they were registered. In either case. be sure to provide the Other persona1 records - Records following information: name of the such as applications for motor person when registered, where regis- vehicle operators permits. marriage tered, and date of birth as given on records, employment records. and the registration. records of fraternal organisations usuaIlv include one or more facts of Census Records - The Personal Cen- birth. sus Service Branch, Administrative In obtaining these records to Service Division, U.S.Bureau of the prove age or place of birth, remem- Census, Pittsburg, Kansas, will ber that records created nearest the search decennial population census date of birth usuaiiy are the most records for information about age helpful. Stat e Address of Vifal Statisiics Alabama Bureau of Vital State OfEce has records Statistics, since 1908. State DepL Health, Montgomery 4, Alabama Bureau of Vital State Office has records Statistics, since 1913. Alaska Dept. of HeaIth & Welfare, Aiaska mce Building, Juneau, Aiaska Amencan Registrar of Vital Records on file since Samoa Statistics, Pago Pago. 1900. C American Samoa tabr Arizona Bureauof Vital State ûfüce has records Statistics, since 1st July 1909, State Dept. of Hdth, also al1 original records 18, Arizona aed in counties before that date. Arkansas Bureau of Vithl State OfFice has records Statistics, since 1st Feb. 1914. State Board of Health, Verification of informa- Little Rock, Arkansas. tion from this file costs 50 cents.For records before 1914 in Ljttle Rock, Fort Smith or Texarkana, write : City Clerk in place where birth or death occurred. Bureauof Vital State CMim has records Statistics. & Data since 1st July 1905. Processing, For records before that State Dept., Health date write to County 63 15 St. Sacramento 14. Recorders in county California of event. Canai Zone Vital Statistics Clerk, Central Offie has Health Bureau, Balboa records sinct Heights, Canal Zone May 1904. Colorado Records & Sîatistics State Ofke has records Section,State Dept.of since1907. For records Public Healîh, before 1907 write to 4210 East 11th Av., County Clerk in county Denver 20, Colorado. where birth or death occurred. Connecticut Public HeaIth Statistics. State Onice has records Section. State Dept. of since1st July 1897. HeaIth, State Office For records before that Building, Hadord 15, date write to Registrar COMX~~CU~ of Vital Statistics of town or city where birth or death occurred. Bureau of Vital State Offjce has records Statistics, beginning with 1861 State Board of HeaIth, but no records available Dover, Delaware for 1863-1881. District of D.C. Dept. of Public Death records on file Columbia Health, Vital Statistics beginning with 1855 Section, Room 1028, and birth records 300 Indiana Av., beginning 1871 but no NW Washington 1, D.C. death records were fiid during the Civil War. State Addras of Vital Remarks Srdistics Fiorida Bureau of Vital State Office has some Statistics, State Board records since 1865 and of Health, P.O. Box 210 majority of records Jacksonville1, Fiorida since 1917. Georgia Vital Records Service, Sîate mce has records State Dept of Public since 1st Jan. 1919. For Health, 47 Trinity Av.. records before ttiat date SW. Atlanta 3. Georgia in Atlanta or Savannah. write City Health mcer in pIace where bkth or death occurred. Guam 06ce of Vital Statistics, Records on fde since Division of Public 26th October 1901. Health, Dept. of Medical Senices. Govt. of Guam. Agana. Guam. Of3ce of Health Has records since 1853. Statistics, ' Certificates of State Dept of Health. Hawaün birth ' (in Punchbowl and effect, delayed certs) on Beretania Streets, fiIe in office of Lt.- Honolulu 1, Hawaii. Governor of Hawaii. Burea of Vital Has records since 191 1. Statistics. State Dept. For records from 1907- of Public Health, 1911 mite to the Boise. Idaho. County Recorder in county where birth or death occurred. Bureau of Statistics, Has records since 1st Illinois Dept of Public July 1915. For records Health, Spring£ieId, before that date (and Illinois for copies of State Records sinceIst July 1915) write to County Clerk of place where birth or death occurred. Indiana Division of Vital Has records since 1st Records, State Board of Oct. 1907. For records Health, 1330 W. Michi- before that date write gan, St. Indianopolis 7, to Health Officer of cily Ind . or county where birth or death occurred. Iowa Div. of Vital Statistics, Has records since Sîate Dept. of Health. 1st July 1880. Des Moines 19, Iowa Kansas Div. of Vital Statistics, Has records since 1st State Board of Health, July 1911. For records Topeka, Kansas before that date, write to County Clerk in county where birth or death occurrd. Kentucky Bureau of Records and Has records since 1st Statistics, State Dept. of Jan. 1911, and for Health, 275 East Main LouisviTIe before îhat St. FrMort, Kentucky date. Tfbirth or death osmcd in Covhgton before 1911 write to City Health Dept. State Address of Vital Remarks Statistics Louisiana Div. of Public Health Has records since 1st (except Statistics, State Board JuIy 1914. For records New Orleans) of Health. 325 Loyola before that wnte to Av., P.O. Box 630, Parish Clerk or Parish New Orleans 7, Clerk or Parish where Louisiana birth or death occurred. New Orleans Bureau of Vital Has birth records shce Statistics, City Health 1790 and death records Dept., IWO3 City Hall, since 1803. Civic Center, New Orleans, buisiana Maine Division of Has records since 1892. Statistics, State Dept. For records before that of Hedtb & Welfare, year write to Town Augusta, Maine Clerk where birth or death occurred. Maryland Division of Statisticai Has records since 1898. (ex=pt Research & Records, Battimore) State Dept. of Hdth, 301 West Preston St., Baltimore 1, Maryland

Baltimore Bureau of Vital Has records since1875. Records, City Health Dept., Municipal Buifding, Baltimore 3 Maryland Massachusetts Registrar of Viîal Has records since 1850. (ex='pt Statistics, 272 State For records pxior to Boston) House, Boston 33 that year write to City or Town Clerk. where birth or death occnrred. Boston City Registrar. Rem Has records since 1639. Division, Health Dept.. Room 1004, City Hall Annex, Boston 8, Massachusetts Michigan Vital Records Section, Hasrecords since 1867. Sîate Dept. of Health, Copiesof records since Old deWitt Road. 1867 rnay also be bnsing 4, Michigan obtained from County Clerk. Village and City Clerks have records of births and deaths since 1906. Detroit records may be obtained from City Health Dept. for births since 1893, deaths since 1897. Minnesota Section of Vital Has records since 1900. Sratistics, State I)ept. of &pies may be abtained Health. 469 State Ofûœ from Clerk or District Building, St. Paul 1, Court of county where Mimes0ta birth ldeath occurred. For records in St. Paul. Minneapolis, or Duluth, write Health Officer of city where birtb or death occurred. State Address of Vital Remarks Statistics Mississippi Division of Public State OBSce has records Health Statistics, State since 1st November Board of Hedth, 1912. Box 1700. Jackson5. Mississippi

Missouri Bureau of Vital Has records £rom Jan. Statistics. State Dept. of 1910. If birthldeath Public Heaith and occurred in St. Louis Weifare, Jefferson City, (ciîy), St. Louis County Missouri or Kansas City before 1910 write City or County Health Dept.

Monbna Registrar of Vitd Has records since late Statistics, State Boatd 1907. of Health, Helena, Montana Nebraska Bureauof Vitd Has records since late Statistics, State Dept. 1904. If birth occurred Health, State Capitol. before rhat date, write Lincoln 9, Nebraska State Office for infor- mation.

Nevada Division of Vital Has records since July Statisiics, State Dept. 1911. For earlier Health, Carson City, records write County Nevada Recorder where birth/ death occurred. New Division of Vital Copies of records may Hampshire Sîatistics, State Dept. be obtained from State Health, 61 South Spring Office City/Town Clerk Street, Concord, where birth / death New Hampshire occutred. New Jersey State Registrar of Vitai State Office has records Statistics, State Dept. since 1848. of Health. Trenton 25. New Jersey New Mexico Division of Vital State Office has records Statistics, State Dept. since 1st Jan. 1920. Health,Box 71 1, Santa Fe, New Mexico New York Officeof Vital Records, Has records since 1880. State Dept of Health. Prior to 1914 in Albany Albany 8, New York Buffalo, and Yonkers, or before 1880 in any other city, write to Registrar of Vital Shtistics in city where birih/ death occurred. For rest of the State, except New York City. write to State office. New YorkCity Bureauof Records and Records on ide since Bronx Statistics Dept. of 1898 records from Health of New York 18661897 on file City, 1826 Arthur Av., Manhattan Bor. Bronx 57 Addressof Vital Statist ics Brooklyn County Clerk, Kings Records for deaths on Borough County Historical Divi- 6le £rom 1847-1865- sion,360 Adams St, Brooklyn 1, N.Y. Bureau of Records and Records on file since Statistics Dept. of Health 1866. New York City. 295 Flatbush Av. Ext., Brooklyn 1 N.Y. Manhattan Bureau of Records and Records since 1866, for Borough Statistics Dept of Old City of NY (Man- Hdth of New York hattan and part of City, 125 Worth St, Bronx) death records New York 13, N.Y. from 1847-1865 write to MunicipaI Archives and Records Retention Centre of N.Y. Public Library, 238 William St., N.Y.38 (No Fee.) Queens Bureau of Recordsand Records since 1898. Borough StatisticsDept of Health Records prior to that New York City 90-37 year are on fie with Parsons 3ouIevard State Dept. of Health. Jamaica 32, New York Richmond Bureau of Records and Rmrds since 1898. Borough Statistics Dept. of HeaIth Pnor to that year are New York City 51 with State Dept. of Stuyvesant Place, St. Health. George. Staten Island 1, New York North Carolina Public Health Statistics Recordssince 1 Oct. Section, State Board of 1913 and some delayed Heaith, P.O. Box 2091. records prior to that &te Raleigh, Nth. Carolina NorthDakota Division of Vital Statis- Records since 1908. tics Stak Dept. of Some £rom 1893-1908. Weafth, Bismarck Ohio Division of Vital Siatis- Records since tics State Dept. Health 20/ 1211908. Before G-20 State Dept. Build- that wnte Probate ing. Columbus 15, Ohio Courtin county where b/d occurred. Oklahoma Division of Statistics, Records since 1908. State Dept. Hedth, 3400 NorthEastern, Okta- homa City 5. Oklahoma Oregon Vital Statistics Section Records since 1903 State Board of Heaith. excluding those of Port- 1400 SW 5th Avenue, iand for 1903-1915. For PortIand 1, Oregon these write Portland City Health Dept. Pennsylvania Division of Statistics Records since and Records, State 1/ 1 / 1906. Before that Dept. Health, Health date write Clerk of and WeHare Buifding Orphan's Court in P.O. Box 90, county where b/d Harrisburg, Pen. occurred.Fox b/d in city of Phiiadelphia from 1860-1906 apply Vital Stat. Section Dept. Heaith, City Hall Annex, Philadephia 7. Pennsylvania. State Addtess of Vital Remarks Stafistics Puerto Rico Bureau of Demographic Centxal (Mice bas Registry and Statistics, records since Dept. of Health, San 22/7/1931. Prior to Juan, Puerto Rico that date write local registrar (Registrador Demografiw) where b/d occurred or central office. Rhode Island Division of Vital Statis- Records since 1852. tics, State Dept. Health, Pnor that year write State Ofice Building, Town Clerk where b/d Room 353, Providence 2. occurred. Rhode Island South Carolina Bureau of Vital Records since Statistics State Board of 1/1/1915.City of Health, 1821 Pendelton Charleston has bjrth St.. Columbia, S.C. records from 1877 and death records from 1821. City of Newbeq bas listings of b/d from late 1800s. Copies are ody obtained from Charleston County HeaIth Dept. and from Newberry County , HeaIth Dept. South Dakota Division of Public Records since Health Sîatistics, State 1/7/1906. Also access Dept. Health, CapitoI to other records for Building, Pierre, S.D. some b/d before that date. Division of Vital Records since Statistics, State Dept. of 1/1/1914 and 1908- Heal th, Cordeil HuU 1912, also prior to 1908 OEce Building,Nash- for Chattanooga, Knox- ville 3, Tennessee die, NashvilIe. If bjd occurred Memphis bdore 1914 write to Memphis-Shelby County Health Dept. Texas Bureau of Vital Records since 1903. Statistics, Dept. Health. 410 East 5th St., Austin 1, Texas Trust Qerk of Court (district Courts have records Territory where event occurred) since 21/11/1952. of Pacific Beginning 1950 a few Islands records for various islands temporarily fled with Hawaii Bur. Vit. Stat's. Division of Vitai Records since 1905. If Statistics, State Dept. b/d occurred 1890- Health, Salt Lake City. 1904 in Salt Lake City Utah or Ogden. wnte City Board of Health. For records elsewhere in State 1898-1904 write County Clcrk in county where b/d occurred. Sme Aaiiress of Vital Statistics Vermont Secretary of State, Cat%ed copies issued Division of Vital Stat., by Town and City Montpelier, Vermont Clerks where b/d occurred or by office of Secreîary of Staie. Public Health Statistics For idonnation on Division, Vermont Dept. registration procedures, of Heaith. Burlington, how to correct a record Vermont etc., write Dept. of Hdth. Virginia Bureau of Vital Records 1853-1896 and Statistics. State Dept. of since 14/6/1912. Health, 1227 West Broad Ektween these dates Street, Richmond 20. &te Health Dept Virginia where b/d occurred. Virgin Lslands Registrar of Vitai Birth records from (US)St Thomas Statistics. Charlotte 1/7/ 1906, death from Amalie, St. Thomas, 1/1/1906. Virgin Islands St. Croix Registrar of Vital Records on fdesince Statistics, Christiansted, 1873. St. Croix. Virgh Islands Washington Public Health Statistics Records from Section, State Dept. 1 /7/1907. In Belling- Health, 214 General ham, SeattIe, Spokane. Administration Building, Tacoma a copymay be Olympia, Washington obtained from City Hca1t.h Dept. Before July 1907 write Auditor of county wbere b/d occurred.

Usefal Printed Sources for Information with regard to Research - Roman Catholic Priests is best 'Complete Peerage', edition by sought through theh own Churcb Edward Cockayne. Authorities. ' Peerage of England '. ColIins. ' The Scots Peerage ' by Sir James Balthes. ' Burkes Peerage '. ' Debretts Peerage ', first pub- lished 1803. w 'The Landed Gentrv of Ireland from 1899 '. 'The Landed Gentry of Great Wales - Prior to 1284 which was Britain 1898 ', wiîh an Irish Supple- the year in which Edward 1 of ment 1937 and American Supple- England had conquered Wales and ment 1939. amexed it to his dominions, the ' Complete Baronetage 1900 to basis of old Welsh Genealogy lay in 1906 '. tenure of land. At that the the Fox Davies' ' Armorial Families '. Welsh held their land through their Burkes ' Family Records '. family groups. There was no servi- Walfords 'County Families 1864 lity, there were merely Kings and to 1920 '. Nobles, and the mass of the Welsh Kellys ' Handbook to Titled, freemen who were known as 'Bon- Landed and Officia1 Classes heddig '. '. Al1 classes of WeIsh take tremen- ' The Upper Ten Thousand '. dous pride in their pedigrees, pri- 'Dictionary of National Bio- marily because they had to, as it graphy '. was through the pedigree that they VVho's Who '. claimed tl~eirright of land and many ' Who Was Who '. other rights and privileges. Gentleman's Magazine first pub- The old Welsh pedigree may be iished 1731. useful to 1868. contains divided into four principal sections: many notes re distinguished people, 1. The Biblical Section. These clergy, service personnel, farmers were people who claimed to be able and artisans. to trace their pedigrees back to United Services Journal from Biblical figures and there is reputed 1829. to have been one famiiy which even Naval and Military Gazette. produced a pedigree back to Noah Alumni Oxoniensis, by John in the Ark. Foster in two sections 1500 to 1714 2. The Classical Section. These and 1715 to 1886. people clab ancestry amongst the Alumni Cantabrigiensis 1751 to Greek and Roman Gods and in fact 1900. the names of some of the Roman The above are particularly useful Rulers of the Government in Britain in respect of clergymen who will be during the Roman occupation are found referred to as ' Clerk in Holy frequently found. Descent £rom Orders ' or ' Clerk ' for short. Knights of King Arthur's Round CrockFords Clerical Directory Table is also not a rare occurrence from 1858. and in fact these two forms of pedi- ' Index Ecclesiasticus ' by John gree vie well with many of the old Foster 1800 to 1840. Irish FamiIy Trees. 1 '6 1 3. The Dynastic Section. These Grfitlis son of Morgan son of contain many genuine names and Rhys. In this way the Welshman simple pedigrees go back as far as recited his pedigree through a num- the sixth century and represent a ber of generations, every time he number of old traditions. Those in gave his name. this category from the ninth en- For those people who are lucky tury to 1284 are comparatively enough to be able to get hold of the 1 reliable. last definitive edition (1952) of 4. The Bonheddig Section. These ' Burkes Landed Gentry ' theie is cover a wide range of princes, lords a very careful account of Welsli and lesser families from the perjod genealogy written by Major Francis of A.D. 900 to A.D. 1200 and are Jones, one of the leading Welsh also generally accurate. It is from scholars of the present age. this group that the majority of the Great changes were produced in Welsh aristocratie families emanate Wales during the time of Henry today. VI11 and it was at this the that Between 1284 and 1542, when the Welsh were made aware of the Henry VI11 imposed a new admin- College of Arms through the istrative system on Wales, the sys- medium of Visitations and the great

l tem remained virtually the same, interest which the English Heralds but was probably a little more took generalIy in Welsh pedigrees, efficiently carried out. and it is interesting to note in this From 1542 up to 1837 Welsh connection that a number of Welsh- records may be compared with men were appointed deputy those in England. In other words, Heralds, records of births, marriages, and There js a most important collec- deaths, or perhaps it wouId be more tion of manuscripts available for correct to Say baptisms, marriages the genealogist in the National and burials will be found in the Library of Wales of which the ecclesiastic parish records. In the address is: earlier days they were badly kept but as time went on the general The National Library of Wales, efficiency improved. Abesrstw~th, From 1837 al1 WeIsh records of Wales. rhis nature are available in Somer- set House. This is one of the libraries founded Before dealing with the research by Royal Charter, granted in 1907 into a Welsh family it is necessary and Iike that of the British Museum to have some idea with regard to it is entitled amongst other things 1 Welsh surnames. For example: to receive a copy of al1 books When surnames were first adopted printed in Britain. by the Welsh. which was rather later There are many collections of than in England, many of them manuscripts of the older Welsh took the English counterpart of their families and for those who think Christian names, thus John became their family might be amongst Jones. William became Williams, them a letter to the library js an Hugh became Hughes etc. Prior to advisable move. this the Welsh had used a system of Other places where useful names sornething after this style. material can be found are the John ap Graths ap Morgan ap Bangor University College Library, Rhys. In other words, John son of the Cardiff Public Library, the Bod- 177 1 leian Oxford Library, and there are ever proved the prinred will and quite a number of Welsli genealogy administration calendars at Somer- records to be found in the Harleian set House and at District Registries manuscripts which are in the British list them. Museum. Wills prior to 1858 present more A very good WeIsh section is aIso dii3cultv as their provinn was in the availabli: at: hands if the ~h&ch.1f-a man had property in two or more diocese his The Society of Genealogists. will wouId have to be proved in one 37 Harrington Gardens. of the archbishop's courts either the London S.W,7, England. Prerogative Court of Canterbury or the Prerogative Court of York and A letter to the Secretary will always if property was held in both the produce a courteous reply. provinces of York and Canterbury Welsh wills are now available at the proof would be found at Canter- the Bishoprics, namely at Bangor, bury. Llanduff, St. Asaph (now deposited In cases where property was held at Bangor) and St. Davids at Caer- in only one Archdeaconry the marthen. executors could prove his will in that The Public Record Ofiice in Lon- Archdeaconry, but there was no bar don contains the Equity Records, to its king proved in a higher court Comrnon Law Records, including and this alternative was frequently the Fines and Recoveries of the adopted because of the reluctance in time of Henry VI11 to William IV having family affairs dealt with Jail Files for the period and the locally. Plea Roles from 1485 onwards and An excellent publication dealing in addition a number of miscellan- with the whereabouts oE wills is eous or general records. ' Wills and Their Whereabouts ' by It is true to say that the genuine Anthony J. Camp. inquirer into Welsh genealogy has a far greater chance of success if he Wills, Scotland - Scottish Wills were understands Welsh, as much of the proved before the Commissariat old material has never been trans- Courts and 1514 is the date of the lated into English. earliest entry. The wills have al1 been indexed. An enquiry with Wills - A will can be a most valu- regard to a Scottish will should be able document and it can equally sent to H.M. Registrar General, be a most frustrating one. At its New Registrar House, Ed inburgh. best it will give a great deal of infor- mation with regard to the testator's Widward Islands - family together with some interest- Dominica. Records date from 1860. ing bits of history which would Information may be obtained probably not be found anywhere from the Registrar General. ëlse. Grenada. Records of marriages date Since 1858 WiIls and Administra- from 1841 and births and deaths tions in England and Wales present from 1866. Applications with no difficulty because from that time regard to these should be sent to onward they have been proved the Registrar General. Records either in the Principal Registry at prior to these dates, and some do Somerset Nouse or at one of the exist, are retained by the clergy District Probate Registries. Wher- of the various denorninations, the oIdest being in the parish church clear the details of a particular of St. George, from 1784. branch of the family one must place Saint Lucia. The Registrar of Civil a figure and a letter before each Sratus holds the records which name using if necessary a mixture date back to 1869 with a few of Roman and Arabic figures with baptismaI registers to 1806. the letters a, b, etc. (to denote the Saint Vincent. The records are different generations). This could maintained by the Registrar be easily understood by referring General, Kingstown, St. Vincent to Chart No. 1. Sons are listed first and date £rom 1st July 1863. commencing with figure 1, the Some earlier records are kept by second son is 2 and so on. This is the clergy. followed by the daughters who also commence at 1. Issue from this Writing up the Pedigree - One generation becarne l(a). 2(a), and should never be too long before put- the issue from generation (a). ting the results one has achieved became I(b). 2(b). etc. £rom ones research into some sort The second system and one of of logical fom on paper. which we are al1 familiar is the A family pedigree may be written chart system as used in many his- up in various ways and to illustrate tory books. This system is undoubt- the different systems, the Banks edly the best when preparing the family history has ken set out. original material, but in a case First of al1 there is a narrative sys- where for exampIe, say, three sons tem as used in ' Burkes Peerage ' in one family each marry twice and and ' Burkes Landed Gentry ', etc. each produce ten children, the chart This system is not aIways easy for will very soon become unwieldy and the inexperienced geneaIogist to it will be aImost impossibIe to keep follow, but providing one keeps a the generations on the sarne line clear head and a logical sequence, which is always preferablc if it can it is undoubtedly the rnost compact be managed. Once again we can method and it is a system which refer to the Banks famdy in Chart lends itself to reproduction by II and this system can easily be means of a typewriter or photostat understood. process. In addition to a chat? of this It should be noted particularly nature, supposing branches of the when writing up a pedigree by this family have moved to düierent system that the sons are al1 listed parts of the world each branch first, followed by the daughters. can then be kept as a separate Secondly, in order to keep the head chart, if necessary on separate sheets of the next generation in his correct of paper. position in the chart, one uses the An alternative method, but still words ' of whom presently' against in the form of a chart and once his name and on completion of the again showing the Banks family is details of that generation one starts that given as Chart III. This system off the next generation by referring is best used either in the early stages to him not only by name, but giving of the compilation of a pedigree or his position in the family, for in families where the number of example: ' The EIdest Son ' or ' The issue has been relatively small. It is Third Son ' whichever it may be. essential to keep each generation It is also of great importance in in its logical place in the chart. In a this type of recording if one has to Chart of this kind each generation 179 is headed A, B. C, etc. and beside tion given and on the personal whim the chart a iist of notes should be of the narrator. set out to incIude information not given on the chart. When one is .collecting material z to make up the details of a pedigree, one will always acquire many Zambia - interesting additional scraps of in- Northern Rhodesia. The filled regis- formation with regard to ones ances- ters are deposited with the Registrar tors. This wilI always be of great General, Lusaka and date froni interest to later generations and un- 1902. Some of the records of the less preserved it is the sort of infor- British South Africa Company dat- mation which easily becomes lost. ing back to 1898 have also been This should be collected and may prese~ed. either be set out in the form of Nyasaland. Records of marriages legend notes at the foot of the chart have been kept from 1903 and or may be written up in narrative births and deaths from 1904. There form as a separate document. The are available from "the Registrar system decided upon will depend General, Births, Marriages and largely on the amount of inforrna- Deaths at Zambia. Goodwin Banks J.P. of Kanturk House, b. 8th Decernber 1739; m. Mary Allan (whose family had property near Kanturk, Co. Cork), BANKS CEART 1. and had issue: 1. George. Richard Banks (of the ancient family of Banks, Barons of Bally- 2. Richard, Major North Cork hauris) of Kanturk House and MiMia. Springfort Co. Cork Temp. Charles 3, J~~~~. II m. Miss Butler and had issue, 4. Goodwin, Major 31st Regt. 1. John b. 22nd January 1687. The eldest son. 2. Janles b. 22nd November 1692. George Banks, J.P. of Glannanore, Castletown Roche, near Fermoy, 3. William b. 23rd November 1694. cork; ,,,, 1791 M~~~ dau, of 4. Richard of whom presently. Rev. Edward Delaney. Rector of White church or Ternplegall, 1. Sarah b. 1st October 1696. Diocese of Clovne and d. 29th 2. Mary b. 3rd July 1698. January 1830 having had issue by The 4th Son. her (who d. 22nd May 1837) four Richard Banks of Kanturk House sons and five daus. and Springfo* b. 16th July 1703 1 James George (Rev) of Glann, m. Jane dau. of Richard Goodwin Vicar of Worminghall, co. ~~~k- of Coomhool~and Reindesart, Co. ingham; m. 17tli AprZ 1820, htitia, Cork and had issue, seven SORS and dau. of Francis Talbot (of the Wex- two daus. ford Talbots) of Foxboro House. 1. Richard (Rev) b. 1728. Scholar King's Co.. by Mary his wife, widow Trinity Coll. Dublin 1747, m. of Robert Norton, K.C. and dau. of 1762 Catherine Grove of Bully John EifFe, and d. 7th November Rimmock, Co. Cork and d.s.p. 1843 having by her had issue. 12th August 1797. l(a) George, his heir b. 12th January 2. Wjlliam b. 20th September 1730: 1827; m. Eliza Hamilton and d. at St. Helena 16th 3une 1753. d.s.p. 18th September 1871. 3. Percival b. 23rd September 1731; 2(a) Francis Talbot (Rev), Vimr of killed at the Storming of Bellisle. Edstaston, Co. Salop b. 30th January 1833; 5th Octoùer 1858, 4. James b. 5th June 1733; d. 5th m. October 1801. Fanny Jane dau. of Edward Keane, Capt. R.N. by Sarah Ladd Peake 5, John b. 12th May 1735; d. in his wife and grand dau. of Michael Portugal 29th August 1759. Keane, uncle of 1st Lord Keane and 6. Thomas b. 3rd June 1738; d. had issue. 24th July 1775. l.(b) James Edward b. 20th April 7. Goodwin b. 8th Decernber 1739. 1866. 2.(b) John Norton b. 20th Novem- 1. Catherine b. 10th July 1732. ber 1870. 2. Mary b. 18th May 1734. l.(b) Letitia Sarah, b. 1st January The youngest Son. 1860; m. 3rd July 1883 Rev. Victor Reginald Banford, Vicar Prebendary of Clayne. and Rural of Wiggmton, Staffordshire, who Dean, grandson of Sir James d. 24th August 1920 leaving a Colter of Rockforest, near MaI- dau. low Co. Cork, and d. 15th April 2.(b) Frances Xsabella Mary, b. 25th 1851 having had issue. February 1862. 2. Jane m. William Delaney of 343) Agnes Talbot. b. 23rd Aprd Conwaymore Co. Cork and had 1864. issue. 4.(b) b. July 1868- 3. Anne Rev. James White, 5.(b) May Eiffe b. 22nd April 1873; Vicar of Inchegeela, Co. Cork d. 14th December 1896. and had issue. I.(a) Bridget Francis b. 9th Feb- 4, susan ~~b~~~ ~~ll~~of ruary 1821; d. lgth 1B2l. Ballythomas House, Mallow Co. 2.(a) Mary Georgina b. 31th April; Cork and had issue. ci. May 1822. 5. Catherine. d. unm. 3.(a) Mary Anne Bridget b. 4th The second Son. August 1823; d. August 3850, Charles Percival, b. 1806 m. 16th 4.(a) Francis b. 20th October 1824; ~~~~H~lf~h~~~$,,e~~~m~or~! d. May 1825. Iater emigrating to Australia. He d. 2. Charles Percival of ~hom at Baltaret. Victoria. 5th August presently. 1874 having had issue. 3. George of Kemare* Co. 1. George Charles of whoin Kerry. ~resentlv. 4. Goodwin (Rev), Vicar of Char- Iesworlh. Co. Derby; ni. 1 st Sarah 2. Godfrey Holmes b. 3rd Nov- dau. of Joseph Lea. of Davenham. ember 1849. Co. cheste; and -had ho sons 1. Susan Low b. 9th June 1842. and one dau., 2. Sarah b. 10th March 1849, d. l.(a) Joseph who d.s.p. 1849. 2.(a) James of Carringmore House, 3- Sarah b. 20th October 1850. Co. Kerry b. 1840; rn.1875 Eliza- The Eldest Son. beth, dau. of John Dickinson of George Charles b. 29th October Wembrick House. Omskirk. Co. 1840; m. Enmie Lord@ and by

Lancashire and has~~ a son.. . . her had issue, Goodwin b. 1875. 1. Charles George of whom ].(a) Anne. m. 24th August 1881 presently. Henry Daniel Connor, K.C. of Manch House, Co. Cork and has l- Emmie. issue. 2. Mary Helen. He m. wndly EIizabeth Latouche. He d. 1877. 3. Dora Susan. 1. Mary m. 5th August 1819 Rev. The Son. Joseph Rogerson Colter, Rector Charles George Banks, b. 30th of Donoughmore Co.Cork, Senior August 1875; m,Amelia AIIan, he d. 14th June 1959 having had issue, 1940. *Ilan Oeorge b. 27tb Januaq1912. 2. Glenrose Lorraine b. 22nd Feb. m. 12th August, 1939 Myrtle Anne Madden and has issue, niary 1948. Ellen Mary b. 11th luly 1908. 1. Roger Howard, b. 6th October 1942. 2, Rowan wesley, b. 13tt, Nole: The above is a genuine pedi- 1946. gree but for obvious reasons the name has been changed. 1. Gai1 Patricia.' b. 24th August BANKS. of ihe ancien1 faniily of Banks. Barons of Ballyhausis. Co. Cork. Ircland icmp. Charles TI. Richard Banks = Miss Butler

John James WiUiani Richard = Janc Goodwin Sara b.22.1.1687 b.22.11.1692 b.23.11.1694 b. 16.6.1703 datt. of RicliardGmdwin. b. 1.

Richard = Catherine Grove will- Percival James John b. 1728 (m. 1762) Scholar. b. 20.9.1730 b. 23.9.1731 b. 5.6.1733 b. 12.5.1735 T.C.D. Rector of Colle 1759 died at St. k. af ' Stormine d... 1801 d. in d.s.p. 1797. Helena ,753. of ~ellisk.' " ~o;t&al

George = Mary Delaaey Richard Jiunes (m. 1791) Major in d. 1830 dau. of Rev. Ed. North Cork Militia Delsney d. 1837

James George = LelitiaTalbot Charles Pcrcival = Sarah Holmes Gcorge Goodwin = (1) Sa (Rev) (m, 1820) b. 1806 (m. 16.1.1840) (Rev) (2) E I d. Ballarat 5.8.1874 Vicar of

Georgc Francis Talbot Bridget. Mary. Georgina, Mary Anne, Frances. Ceor b. 1827. b. 1833. (Rev) Vicar b. 25 d.s.p. of Edstcston. = = Faony Jane Kcane.

James Ed., John. Lctitia. Francis. Agnes Eleanor. May. Charles Georgc = Amel b. 1866 b.1870. b.1860. b.1862 b.1864. b.1868. b.1873. b.30.8.1875. AI1 d. 14.6.1959.

Ellen Mary b. 11.7.08. I Gail Paûicia b. 24.8.1940. ornas Goodwin = Mary AIIan Catherine 1.6.1738 b. 8.12.1739 b. 10.7.1732. 1775

I Goodwin Major 31sl Reg1.

n Mary. lane. Anne. Susan Catherine I Latouche

tries Susan Low Godfrey Holmcs Sarah Sarah PO. b. 9.6.1842. b. 3.11.1849 b. 10.3.49. b. 20.10.1850 Lording d. 1849.

Joseph James = Elizabeth Dickinson &a I A Son -Enimie Mary Helen Dora Susan

Allan George = Myrile Anne Madden I b. 27.1.12. (m. 12.8.39)

Loger Howard Rowan Wesley Glenrosc Lorraine , 6.10.1942. b. 13.4,1946. b. 222.1948. - n. - Richard George James Gcorge p687James b. 1728 b. ? d. 1830 = Lctitia Talbot - - - Charlcs Pcrcival b. 1692 Catherine Mary Delaney b. 1806 William Grove Richard - Sarah Holmes b. 1694 William James George Richard b. 1730 -Godwin Goodwin b. 1703 Percival = (1) Sarnh Lm - b. 1731 = (2) Elizabeth 3anc Goodwin James Latouche Sarali Richard Banks b. 1733 Mary b. 1696 John Janc Mary b. 1735 Anne -b. 1696 Yhonias Susan b. 1738 Catherine Goodbvin - b. 1739 Mary Allen Catherine b. 1732 Mary -b. 1734

Notes teneration. A. Richard Banks of the ancicni family of Banks, Barons of Ballyhauris of Kanturk House and Springforr Co. Cork. Ireland, Lemp. Charles IL B. Sane Godwin dau. of Richard Goodwin. C. Richard. Sdlolar Trinity Coll. Dublin, Reclor of Coole 1759. d.s.p. Willi,am d. St. Helena 1753. Pcrcival d. ar Storniing of Bellisle. John d. in Portugal. Goodwin,J.F. of Kanturk House. Co. Cptk. George, J.P. of Glannanore. Coslletown Roche:. P. o. S. 1.

b. 1860 Frances b. 1862 6. 6.10.1942 Rowan Wesley b. 13.4.1946 Eleanor 1868 Gai1 Pautcia b. 1868 b. 24.8.1940 Glcnrose Lorraine

Allan George b. 27.1.1912 - Myrtle Anne Madden b. 3.11.1849 Ellen Mary Sarah b. 11.7.08 b. 10.3.1849 Amelia AUan Emmie

James-

-.D. Marv- Delanev. dau of Rev. Ed. Jklaney, Rector of *ite chu;di. Richard, Major in North Cork Militia. Godwin. Major 31st Regt. E. James George. Clerk in Woly Orders, Vicar or' WonningliaÏl. Charles Percival emigrakd fo Ausimlia, d, Ballarat on 5.8.1874. Goodwin, Clerk in Holy Orders. Vicar of

F. Francis Talboi, Uerk in Holy Ordms, Viar 00 Edstaton.

PART THREE ARMOUR AND ARMS

ARMOUR AND ARMS A study of armour and arms is one of the subjects closely related to Heraldry. It is not long after comrnencing to learn about Heraldry that one begins to be fascinated by the different shapes of shield. by the introduction of the surcoat and the reasons for jt and the various ways in which the Knights of the Middle Ages displayed their armorial bearings for al1 to see. Immediately there is an interest aroused in the mind of the student with regard to the peculiar shaped pieces of metal with which the earIy fighters clad themselves to go into battle. How they could move at all, let alone fight their enemies, with so much iromongery around them. This Dictionary of Armour and Arms has been allied to a similar work on Heraldry to provide a natural outlct for this interest and to give the student of Heraldry an easy means of egress to the meaning of many of the terms which he may find jn books on Heraldry. 1 have included a short reference with regard to al1 the various pieces of amour and the arms of tbe period which the student nlay find referred to. In fact 1 have gone further, as 1 have made the work as comprehensive as possible though I have only given in general terms the descriptions of the various items and their uses together with the approximate dates when the various items were used. Much of my information has been obtained frorn or verifed in ' Armour and Blade ' by Ellacott, ' Arms and Weapons ' by Martin and the ' Diction- ary of Chivalry ' by Uden al1 three of which are most interesting and valuable references and to which 1 give grateful acknowledgement. this respect can have been of very little use as they were made of material far too flimsy to yrovide adequate protection. They may have A been purely decorative because in- variably they were painted with the armorial bearings of the wearer. Aaispiess - This was a colloquial name for the thrusting-lance which shouId not in any way be confused Aketon - A knee length shirt-like with either lhe mounted man's lance garment stiffened with vertical quilt- or the soldieris pike, though fre- ing. The sleeves varied between quently it could resemble and even short and wide and long and tight be mistaken for the plançon à picot. and there was an upsranding collar. It was designed entirely as a strik- It was used principally by foor ing weapon, particularly for thrust- soldiers as a form of non-metallic jng and in order to protect the hand defence but later many mounted it was fitted with a guard-ronde1 at men used it as a lining for the the socket. It had a much shorler . shaft than the man at arms' lance. The adoption of the aalspiess coin- AN-round - A type of plate cided with the knightly practice at armour designed to enclose the the time of fighting on foot. thighs completely. They were intro- duced early in the 16th century par- ticularly for the protection of those fighting on foot. Almain Rivets - A type of light armour, first used in Germany, which consisted of plates sliding on rivets set in slides to ensure greater flexibility. Almain is derived from the early name for Germany. Even- tuatly tbis type of armour was made in other countries and records show that Henry VIII sent to Milan for five thousand of Almain Rivets. Angon - A type of spear almost exactly similar to the Roman ' pilurn ' which was developed by the early Frankish tribesrnen. It was Aiiettes - A curious accessory used used to hamper their apponents' by the Nobility between the years rnovements and was in use about 1270 and 1350. They consisted of a A.D. 450. pair of small vertical plates either oblong or square which were secured Archer - The origin of the archer is to stand up on the shoulders. They obscure but they appear to have nay have been designed as addi- been first used by the eariy Egyp- tional protection for the neck but in tians. For many years only a short 192 bow of approximately four feet in in other countries. It was vastly length was used giving a range superior to the early as it somewhere between 150-200 yards. was botb lighter to Wear and it gave The Greeks developed a speciai better protection. The principal tactic for the archer by mounting difference between the armet and two on a . At the tirne this earlier types of helm was that the form of warfare had rremendous latter had to be put on by lowering impact upon their enemies. them over the head, which incident- The Romans surprisingly enough ally had to carry rnost of the weight. did not develop archery any further However, the lower parts of the and in fact made little use of the amet were made to open out on weapon. However. by the Norman hinges so that jt could be closed era the bow had become popular around the head thus transferring again though it was shortly replaced the weight to the shoulders. by the cross-bow. In 1272 Edward 1 introduced the Am Gnards - Various Qpes of Iong bow, which had been developed protection were developed through in Wales. giving his troops a weapon the ages to protect the arm. The with greater fire power and a longer earliest of these being the ordinary range and in later years it was rhe . which in various forms English archers who were primarily was in existence until the 15th cen- responsibIe for the victories of tury. During the 14th century, plates Crécy and Aginwurt. were introduced to cover bolh the upper and lower arm and these Anned Cap&-pie- Virtuaily amed were strapped on top of the under- from head to foot. coat of mail. At the same rime plated gauntlets were introduced Armet - This was a type of helm with protection over both wrist and originating in spreadjng fïngers. through other continental countries From tirne to time additional and eventually arriving in England pieces of armour were added to pro- rect the elbow, the shoulder and the various slits through which the lance might penetrate when the arms were bent. During the 16th century a more cornplex system of plates was developed. Lhough mail was still used to protect the gaps between the plates at vital spots such as the bend of the elbow. This form of protection Iasted until the decline of armour. Anning Cap - Initially this con- sisted of a kind of skull cap of leather reinforced with an iron covering which in turn was pro- Armet tected by a mail hood. Later, how- ever, the same name was given to a about 1450. It never became as kind of quilted roll worn around the popular with Englishrnen as it was head under the helm and with a 19 broad chin strap to protect the order to give the hand complete cheeks from being mbbed. freedom of movement. Arming - This was a kind Armonr, Body - A general term of under gannent developed on the covering dl types of armour pro- lines of the Aketon which was tecting the body. designed for use under the more cornprehensive type of mail in use Armoor, Cnstom Made - Owing to in the 15th century. In addition to the vast difEerence in the sue of its quilted material it had pieces of individuals. it was as important for mail laced to al1 the vital points armour to be made to fit the indi- which were not covered by pIate or vidual as it is today with tailor-made where the plates rnight allow the suits. lance to penetrate. Annonr, Gothic - Gothic armour is Arming Sword - During the 15th particularly noteworthy for its styl- century Knights used two types of ised elegance and it was at its peak sword one long and one short. The during the second half of the 15th Arming Sword was the short sword century. Many of the Gothic styles he wore on his belt when on horse- were reproduced in the Italian work- back, while the long sword was shops, largely because tbey catered attached directly to the saddle. Thus for the export trade whereas the if disrnounted at any time he was German armourcrs were kept busy still sure of having a weapon. enough fulflling the requirements within their own country. Armonr - Refers to the defensive covering worn by a fighting man. In Armonr in the German Style - A early days it was made of toughened general term embracing al1 Ger- leather or quilted material sorne- manic armour from the Gothic style what similar to canvas but Iater it to the later Maxirnilian armour. was generally constructed of metal either in the fom of mail or plating. Armoor, Krebs - The name given There is an interesting point in to a forrn of armour considerably connection with mediaeval armour: lighter in weight from the early at the time no one talked of a 'suit rjgid plates. The system consisted of of annour ' as it is referred to today. several overlapping lames somewhat Instead both the Knight and similar to the shell of the crayfish. armourer referred to it as 'an It was particularly popular in amour ' or ' harness '. Poland and Wungary when used for The separate types and parts of cavalry. armour are discussed in the relative atphabetical position. Amour, Maximifian - It was the youthful Arch-Duke Maximilian, Amour, Articuiated - A system a conternporary of Henry Vm, deviçed in connection with plate who. as the resu1t of his wealthy arrnour using rivets and sockets rnarriage, was able to display a keen desig~edto make armour more iiex- and early interest in the production ible at specific places, such as the of the best armour. His generous elbow. the knee, and the foot. In support of numerous armourer's addition a particular type of arti- workshops stimulated German out- culated gauntlet was devised in put. 194 The Maximiiian type in general Some of the better known artists is looked upon as the armour with who worked in this connection in- the cIosely Buted plates. and it was clude Hans Burkmair. Andrea del always highly deeorative. Castagno. Albrecht hrer, Hans Holbein, Leonardo da Vinci and Annonr, Parade - Most members ~~~h~~l. of the Nobilitv were satisfied to use ordinary undecorated ~~ourin Aquebos - A kind of carbine it times of war, however, became first introduced in the mid 16th the custom for each to possess a highly decorated armour for parade ,ntury. and cerernonial purposes. During Anif Belmet - Introduced by the the 16& centuTmuch of this was Greeks as a lighfer and less am- constructed in the Greenwich work- bersorne form of helmet hanhad by Henry VnT. ben used earlier. It consisted of a Amour, Plated - Refers to the later round metal cap with protwding types of armour as opposed to the defence for the check and time when mail was used. nose, the ears being left free. The cheek pieces were generally decor- Annoor, Tonlet - COnsiskd of rigid ated and jn many they could imitation pleatS, with Cut awaY par- be pushed up on hinges net tiens in front and at the back to required. In addition it possessed a enable the wearer to mount bis triangular fronted ornamental band horse. for protection of the forehead. A Amomrs - Some of the better crest was mounted consisthg of a known amourers induded Tomasso horse hair fan which ran over the Missaglia, who was knighted by central portion from slightly for- Duke Filippo Marja Visconti ward of the perpendicular to the 1435. Desiderius Helrnschmied, neck Potection. whose name actually meant '~~1-The early Romans copied the met-maker', and Negroli. the latter's principal cornpetitor. Arrow - A straight shaft with a metal point at one end which was generally barbed at the tip and had a flight of three feathers at the other end. During the days of the short bow arrows were no more than two feet in length. However, when the long bow came into being arrows were norrnally three feet in length. Articniated Plates - See Armour. Articulated. Arüsts - With the great increase in the decoration of armour it became necessary for artists of the time to provide the designs to which the armourers worked. 195 Greek style of helmet but intro- Baldric - A bandolier type belt for duced two additional plumes. This carrying the sword. It dates back was discontinued during the 1st to antiquity and has its modern century A.D. counterpart in the shoulder strap of an army officer's sam browne belt. - Consisted of a tippit of mail attached to the lower edge of Banner - There were three principal the bascinet and hanging over the types of fiag carried during the shoulders. It was in use about 1330. Middle Ages, the banner, the stan- dard and the uennon. The banner may be descriked as the principal battle fiag. It was square or rectan- gular in shape and bore the anns of the Nobleman for whom it was carried and wss always of consider- able importance, not the least being that it nrovided a rallying oint for the Noblemen's retainers. One of the principal banners of France was the Oriflamme which was captured al. Agincourt.

Barbut - A barre1 type helmet with solid cheek pieces extending round the face but leaving a 'T' shaped Axe - One of the principal Knightly opening in front for the eyes, nose weapons but always subsidiary to and mouth. It was not attached to the lance and sword. Manv Nobles an aventail. in fact preferred the axe above al1 otlier weapons. There were several types in use at various rimes some with long handles and some with short handles but in every case it was essential that perfect balance was obtained in its structure.

Barbut Back Plate - This refers to the first and subsequent rigid defence Bard - A general terrn used to designed to cover the back in a cover both the arrnour and trap- sirnilar rnanner to the pings of a horse. The earliest forni covering tlie chest. of bard consisted of mail covering over the head, neck and body down Back Sword - A single-edged sword. Io below the stomach. In addition four mail ' Trouser legs' hanging some 30 years Iater Iiad a heavier to knee level were used. This must plated rounded visor and was often have been of great weight and for used in tournaments. that reason is was seldom used. A later fom of horse amour Bassilard - A sharply tapering two consisted of a series of plates over edged dagger wliich had its popu- the neck and head whiIe the body larity in the 13th and 14th centuries. was covered with a fom of short Occasionally worn with armour but caparison. These were known as the it was of more general use in civi- chanfron. After a few years the lian and was quite frequently peytral and crupper were added carried by ladies attached to their which consisted of solid plates of girdles. cuir bouilli or in some cases metal. Bastard Sword - A sword with a shortened blade sornetimes known Barre1 Helm - A mediaeval fom of helmet called thus because of its as the ' hand-and-a-half ' sword. simple barre1 shape which often had ~atteriagRani - A crude but a flat top. It gave complete covering usually effective means of breecl-iing to the head, which with the aid of the walls of a castle or city. It gener- Iining and some sort of skuH cap, ally consisted of a tree trunk to took the full weight. which an iron head was fixed and it was generally swung to-and-fro by Bascinet - A basin shaped helmet a team of men working on cither originally open at the front but later side. It was generally brought to the fitted with a snout type visor ter- wail or gateway under cover of a minating in a Iong point. This was strong team using timber mounted in use circa 1390. on wheels designed to give tempor- The great bascinet introduced ary cover to the operators.

Types of Battle Axe Battle Axe - A well balanced axe and the back of the blade. Parti- generally with a splayed out head cuIar attea~on was paid to its and curved blade. In addition there balance. was a point on the end of the shaft BatCle - A heavy type of Besague - A circular plate attached curved sword general ly used for to the bracer and lad to the front cutting purposes by cavalry. It of the shoulder and the outside of could also be used for thrusting. the elbow. These were in use circa 1320. Bears' Feet - An unusually wide form of believed to have been adopted by the French Knights with a view to concealing a physical deformity of Louis XIi. Beaver, - A piece of amour designed ta protect the lower part of the face. It could either form part of the helmet or be frxed to the breastplate. It could be raised or lowered according to its type thus allowing the wearer to eat or drink. Besague

Belt - Various types of belt have been in use throughout the ages Bicoqnet - A forrn of closed helmet either worn round the wajst or slung consisting of several pieces of metal bandolier-wise over the shoulder which encIose the head, neck and and not infrequently a combination chin. It was fitted with a rounded of the two. These have alrnost in- visor hinged on pivots. variably been designed as a means of carrying sword and dagger. Bi11 - A mediaeval pointed at the end with a spike at the back and a short curved blade in the front. Body Amour - See Armour. Body. Bonnet - A type of padded skull cap over which was worn a metal covering generally used by foot soldiers during the 16th and early 17th centuries.

Bordon, Bourdonass - A light hol- low lance generally made of poplar and designed to shiver easily against the opponent's arrnour. In the early tournaments the principal object was to knock the adversary Rom his horse. This was difficult to achieve owing to the high projections both at the front and the back of the saddle. With the bordon however, honour was satisfied if the lance was Belt drca 1323 shivered. 198 Bue$ - A temu used for the project- the forearm and u per am with in$ knob in the centre of early the cuplike Por covering the shields, also for the ornamental stud elbow and a simiiar plate known as on a bridle, the spaudler attached to the shoul- der. The whole assembly was Bouché - The notch at the top or attached to the hauberk. near the right hand top of a shield designed to take the lance. Braconnikre - A system of lames designed to cover the lower abdomen. Braquemart - An accessory made by continental armourers and designed like the cod piece in civilian dress to replace the mail.

Breastplate - A rigid curved plate designed for protection of the chest. It was attached to the back plate and had a number of accessories attached to it.

Bourd - A system of broad strips of leather or wood fastened to the pomme1 of ihe saddle designed to afford protection for the abdomen, knees and legs of the rider. This was introduced in the latter half of the 14th century. Bow - The weapon used by an archer or cross bowman. Breastplate

Bracae - Padded extensions to the Breecb - A kind of mail short trousers worn by Roman for protection of the lower body soldiers in about the 1st century and legs. A.D. Bracae did not actually cover the knees but prorected the upper - Somewhat similar to half of the knee-cap and lower thigh. the but its plates were very much smaller and conse- Bracer - Originally the name given quently gave greater fiexibiiity. It to the leather cuff worn on the left was used fairly extensively by forearm of an archer to protect archers and other light troops. against the rub of the bow-string In the mid-15th century equip- in shooting. ment was based on the brigandine After 1300 the name was given to to ~vhich additional pieces were an assembly of plates curving round strapped. Broad Swoxd - The double edged sword of the 17th and 18th cen- turies, the guard of which was formed by a basket of open iron work which enclosed the entire grip.

Brocas Helm - One of the tiiting helrns to be seen in the tower of London amouries. It dates from circa 1500 and is considered by many to be one of the finest examples survjving. It weighs 22+1bs. and still possesses the origi- nal staples and locking bars both Bde - A type of Ieather back and front for fastening jt down covered on the outside by overlap- securely on the shoulder and chest, ping plates of iron, and in some cases hom. This forrn of re- - A metal much used by the inforced jacket originated during early Egyptian warriors. It was used the Roman era and was noteworthy to make helrnets, breast and back for the Aexibility of movement jt plates and the early type of allowed, at the same time offering . ample 2rotection from sword cuts, Bronze was also used in connec- spear thrusts and even arrows. Dur- tion with weapons for the heads of ing the Nonnan era the same name and for , though the was given to the jacket constructed latter were shorter in Iength and had completely of mail. to be used purely for thrusting as a It is interesting to note that in the slash with a bronze sword would scenes of the on have broken it. the Bayeaux tapestry the horse and foot soldiers are both shown wear- Buckler - A small round shield used ing the burnie. for fighting on foot.

Buff Coat - A stout leather coat with deep , originally made of buffalo hide to which various armoured accessories were strapped. During the 17th century these coats Cabacete or cabasset - A type of replaced the arming doublet. light helmet worn by the Spaniards. It consisted of a ta11 narrow piece Buffe - A kind of beaver used as with a turned down brim that came a face guard on the burgonet. to an upturned point fore and aft. It was frequently worn with a large Burgonet - An open peaked helmet beaver which practically covered used originally by the Burgundian the face and its plate troops. Tt had cheek pieces, some- extended well down over the ctiest. times with an adjustable buffe, and there were a number of different - A fom of leg covering shapes, some with an almost flat worn by Roman soldiers circa 1st top, others rising to a fan-like crest. century. CaIiver - A hand gun, lighter than guard, hinged cheek pieces and the musket, which was fired without extending to a broad neck guard a gun rest. of overlapping and articulated plates. Introduced about 1620. Camail - A form of mail cape which was suspended from the botrom of Carbine - A name given throughout the helmet and was designed to the ages to many light types of hand cover the chin, neck and shoulders. gun or rifie. It was originally intro- duced in the 16th century as a form Canon carB - One of the earliest of small wheeI-lock pn. types of armoured fighting vehicle which was used in the early 16th Case Hardening - A process insti- century. It was hand propelled by tuted €rom the 15th century for four men each side and was com- hardening amour, probably by pletely protected by a turret and means of heat in contact witl? char- deflecting surface over the top. coal.

Caparison - Originally designed as Case of Rapiers - The rapier was a form of protection for the horse the most commonly used weapon lo meet attacks against the under- for duelling and they were originally bel1y and legs. For battle purposes packed two in a case so that each it was made of toughend leather contestant could use an identical which was followed later by the blade, however, when duellinç light linen covering of the same became more intense it was not un- design gefierally emblazoned with common for each contestant to use the rider's mat of anns. two blades one in either hand. The term for this fom of bout was ' to fight with a case of rapiers '. Cassis - The type of helmet worn by the latcr Roman troops. Ils design combined that of the attic helrnet and the 5th century jockey cap. Tt possessed a frontal band, a prominent neck guard and hinged cheek pieces and it possessed a small attachment at the top to which a plume could be iked for ceremonial purposes.

Capeline - Sometimes called the ' lobster-tailed pot '. A helmet with a hemi-spherical skull piece fitted with a visor which comprised an adjustable rod forming a nose Cassis 201 Cataphractus The Roman mail duced originally during the 13th armour designed to protect the century in Flanders and still in use horse. See ' Bard '. The name was as part of the equipment of the foot also used in connection with the soldiers of various countries during troops thus equipped. the next century. Catapuit - One of a group of missile Chape - The small metal sheath at throwing engines used principally the bottom of a scabbard designed in siege warfare. The catapult was to strengthen it. used principally for hurling stones, darts and fire brands. Chapeau de Montauban, Chape1 de Fer - A kind of head piece derived Cavalier - One of the continental from the round hat worn in civilian names for Knight. GeneralIy refers dress during the 13th century and to any form of horseman. particularly popular amongst fight- ing men. It was sometirnes made of Cavairy - A general terrn applying steel and possessed a brim whicli to horsed troops. could be of varying width, slightly cuwed towards the back. Cementaiion - A lengthy process designed to produce steel for sword Chauses - Strips of mail introduced blades. about 1150 for the protection of the front of the leg for mounted men. Centuries - Roman units consisting These were provided with laces for of sixty men. fastening, Another form consisted of a complete mail . In either Ceremonid Armour - See Armour, case the chauses were braced up to Parade. the waist and they were often gar- tered below the knee. Cervellier - A light iron skull cap worn by English long bow-men. Cheek Pieces - These were fust introduced by the early Greeks in Chanfron - A form of head armour approximately 600 B.C. as a rigid for the Iiorse which was introduced attacbment to the helmet. during the 23th century. The Romans continued to use cheek pieces but smaller in design and generally hinged so that they could be raised when not in use. During the Norman era cheek pieces were oniy noticeable amongst some of the troops during the Battle of Hastings and after a few years they were discarded in favour of the ventail (q.v.). When the more solid type of armour was introduced cheek pieces were generally incor- porated in the construction of the Chmf ron helmet, though frequently they were hinged for rernoval when not ChsndeUer - A shafted weapon witli required. Alternatively they were an exceptionally long spike intro- part of the visor. However, in 1450 21 we see the Italian barbut which but broad blade, waisted near the returned to a style similar to the hiit and five 6ngers' widths across, early Grecian helmet of the 6th hence the name. century B.C. - The original Claymore Chiidren's Amour - Armour speci- was a long two-handed sword with ally designed for children wIio were very simpIe quillons, however, by eventually destined to become the 17th century it had becorne a Knights. moderarely broad-bladed double- edged weapon, the guard of which Chio Straps - Used in connection was formed by a basket of open with the arming cap and any other ironwork which enclosed the entire padded head piece worn under the grip. helmet. In lacer years the width of the chin strap was increased to pre- Cloak and Sword - A form of fight- vent the cheeks from becoming ing during the 16th cenlury when rubbed under the helmet. the cloak was used instead of a shield. The object was to rcnder the Chivalry - A general term used to adversary's sword am useless by cover the whoIe of the Knightly throwing the cloak over his blade. system of the Middle Ages and for the particular conditions and virtues - A type of helmet which governed their conduct. See which was much used towards the also ' Code of Chivalry '. end of the 16th and during the 17th centuries. It was derived £rom the - The volurninous cloak great bascinet and it fitted much generally caught up at the shoulder more closely to the shape of the by a brooch which was worn by the head. Roman soldiers. Coat Armour - A general term Cinquedea - A dagger with a short applying to coats of ams or armorial bearings. Coat EmbIazoned - The original surcoat used by the crusaders was emblazoned with the appropriate cross of the army to which the wearer belonged. In addition, strips of colourd material were stitched to the of particular leaders. Subsequently these surcoats were reduced in length and emblazoned with the arms of the wearer. Coat of Mail - A general term covering the mail garment worn by the Iater Romans and the Normans until solid armoar was introduced. Coat 01 Plates - Consisted of a leather or canvas garment, some- 13 times quilted, to which smail plates generally made in one piece with were lacd as a means of body pro- the hauberk. tecdon. The plates were so arranged that there was always a double Cohort - A Roman unit of 600 thickness of metaI. men.

Code of CàivaIry - It is almost irn- Collar - Generally constmcted of possible to reconcile the code under plates, it replaced the gorget during which the Knights of the Middle the 16th century. Ages lived and fought and the near- est we can corne to it is by referring Conical Hehet - Generally refers to Leon Gautier, a French scholar to the Norman type helmet, either who devoted the greater part of his of pointed or 0at-topped design. life to the study of the literature of chivalry. Frorn his researches, Gautier worked out what he des- cribed as Lis ten cornmandments of Knjghtly conduct. These were: 1. Unswerving belief in the Church and obedience to her teachings. 2. Willingness to defend the Church. 3. Respect and pity for al1 weak- ness and steadfastness in defend- ing them. 4. Love of country. 5. Refusal to retreat before the Conical Helmet enemy. 6. Unceasing and merciless war against the jnfidel. Contours of Armonr - It was essen- 7. Strict obedience to the Feudal tial to the armourer, in order to overlord. so long as this duty make his product so that it would did not conflict with duty 10 protect the wearer and yet not God. hinder bis movements, to have a 8. Loyalty to truth and Co the sculpter's understanding of human pledged word. anatomy. He had to understand the 9. Generosity in giving. play of every muscle and the hing- 10. Championship of the right and ing of every joint both human and the good in every place and at in tlie metal. As the result the con- times against the forces of evil. tours of amour foltowed those of the figure it was designed to protect. Cod Pieces - The front part of the of the armour which was often Copper - Between the age of the replaced by a piece of mail. stone weapons which terminated about 5000 B.C. and the inception Coi - A kind of avenlail made of of bronze about 200 B.C. the only leathcr or canvas. The name metal available for weapons was has also been given to the close fit- copper. This material, in very rough thg mail hoods worn at the time of fom, was used both for swords and the Battle of Hastings. These were daggers, the blades of which had 204 to be riveted to the handles and the weapons couId only be used for thrusting purposes as they were not strong enough for cutting.

Cored Blade - An early idea of the Greeks was to provide cored blades Co their daggers. This provided a long socket in which a shaft could be fitted, thus turning the dagger into a spear.

Corinthian Belmet - A solid armoured helmet produced by the Greeks, circa the 6th century. It had solid defence over the neck and chceks but an opening in front allowed the wearer to see and eat his food,

Corseque meeting the enemy. thus conversing the bearer's strengh. This system was discontinued in favour of the lance rest or queue thus taking the strain from the rider. Originally introduced as a single hooked rest about 1390, the second, reversed hook came in about a cen- tury later. Condieres - Special plates of leather or metal in various shapes and sizes designed to protect the elbow in a Connthian Helrnet suit or amour. Those for right and Ieft arrns occasionally varied in Corone1 - A crown shaped head style and when the shield was dis- fitted to the point of a lance for carded as a mcans of defence, tliat use jn 1,ournaments. on tbe left arm was necessarily made larger and stronger. Corseque - A shafted weapon with a long point at its head and two Couteau de Breche - This was a smaller points at the neck. shafted weapon very similar to the with whic11 it was often Conching the Lance - The original confused. It consisted of a long posilion of holding the lance under shaft with a large type blade the ,armpit supported in the rider's wliich was riclily adorned with orna- right hand. This position could only mental engraving. It was occasion- be adopted imrnediately prior to ally used in combat for thrusting 205 rather than for cutting, but more joined shortly before sundown on generaIly it was reserved as a the 26th Aupst instead of waiting weapon carried by such troops as until dawn on the 27th as Philip palace guards, etc. had intended. There was consider- able shouting and jumping in the Conter - A fom of elbow guard air by the French forces which was introduced about 1260. greeted by compleie silence in the ranks of the English. Suddenly, however, when the French were in cornfortable bow shot, the English archers took a pace fonvard and firing four or five tirnes faster tlian their adversaries literally shot the French army to pieces. This virtual slaughter was fol- Iowed by an attack by the close- ranked Knights of France, which was met with the sarne repetition - the step forward, followed by the ruthless whistIing of arrows aimed at the horses. and once the Knights were unseated they were easy prey to the swords and of the Eng- lish. The battle ended soon after midnight when the surviving French wandered away in the darkness. Craniquin - An instrument working The French casualties were put at on the sarne principal as a lifting somewhere in the neighbourhood of jack which was used ta load certain between 13,000 and 30,000 whereas types of cross bow. the English losses, ascertained frorn al1 available records, did not exceed Crécy, Battle of - One of the more 50. famous victories in early English history. It took place on the 26th Crest - The emblem worn on the and 27th August 1346 when the top of the helmet as a further means French Knights under Philip VI of identification of a leader in addi- attacked the English who were tion to his coat of arms. 1ocated between the villages of Crécy and Wadicourt. The English Crested Amour - A kind of ridged had taken up a position on a low or fluted amour developed towards ridge with woods on their right and the end of the 15th century. behind them. It is estimated that the French army consisred of something Crinet - A protective amour for over 40,000 while the English only the horse's neck. It was constructed had about 13,000, of whom about of a series of overlapping plates to 3,000 were Knights and men-at-arms allow free movement. and well over half the remainder were archers. The French army Cros Bow - One of the earliest lacked discipline, which was one of forms of shooting weapon. It was the principal features of the English not, however, recognised as and, because of this, the Battle was weapon suitabte for warfare until the leather loop passing under the tail of a horse and round its hind quarters which is fastened to the saddle to keep it from slippjng forward. Cnisades - A number of expedi- tions which the European continen- tal countries including Eritain, France, Germany, Auslria, Italy and Spain undertook against the fol- lowers of Islam in an endeavour to regain and protect the Holy Land in general and the Holy City of Jerusalem in particular. The crusades were instrumentai, as are al1 wars, in improving and generalIy advancing armour and weapons.

Crest Cairass - A general terni lirst applied to the chest and body the 12th century. It was used exten- armour of the Greek soldier of the sively during tbe third cmsade and 5th entury B.C. Since then it has King John is recorded as having corne to be applied in alrnost every paid his cross bowmen three pence century to the armour of the chest. per day for foot soldiers and seven stomach and the back and is even pence halfpenny per day if they worn today by members of the were mounted. household cavalry. The cross-bow had a very short Zn its earIiest form it consisted of life in England as it was replaced toughened leather and cuir boulli about 1272 by the long-bow. a light material Iaced with small plates and 6naUy the solid forrn of breast pate. Cuirassine - A form of under gar- ment worn under the armour, usually witliout a back plate. It was rather similar to the brigandine in appearance and was designed as a strongly reinforced doublet as a protection against sword and dagger thrusts. Cuir Bouiii - Leather material. fre- quently hardened with hot wax, Crinet (wom with Chanfron) which was used extensively in con- nection with protective garments Crupper - In early days a protec- from early Roman times until the tion for the hind quarters of a horse, end of the 14th century, in Europe The word has now corne to mean and even Iater in the east. Cnisse - An extra protection the horse was trained to lead with designed to covcr the thigh of the tus right leg, thus ensurhg that if mounted man which was his weak- he swerved he would do so to the est point. right, thus avoiding a collision with the adversary. Cutlass - A comparatively short but very stout sword which was particu- Developmeat of Armour - Armour larly popular in naval establish- in some form has been in existence ments. FUst introduced in die 16th since the early Egyptians about century. 1500 B.C. but it was of simple con- struction and consisted, for the archers, of a of glued fiax with a padded felt helmet and for the spearmen, a fabric coat to which bronze scales were laced. The early Greeks during the 6th century B.C. wore plates, again of Dagasse - A broad knife with a bronze beaten to the shape of the double edged blade similar to the body, to cover the chest and back. braquemart. On their otherwise bare legs they had plated greaves, again beaten to Dagger - A weapon introduced to the contour of the legs, and worn on the Knightly classes during the 13th the head was the century where it was exceptionally with its solid cheek and nose pieces. popular. There have been many The Greek warrior also carried a types some similar to a short large round shieId. sword, tapering and double edged A hundred years later the solid and the other with a single edge. breast and back plates were ex- more or less similar to the modern changed for a leather jacket with carving knife. Some types reached bronze scales, somewhat similar to as much as two feet in length and the early Egyptian spearmen but to were frequentiy mistaken for small this he added comparatively solid swords. metal shoulder guards which were attached to the breast and back plates. He also changed to the Attic Demi Greaves - Light metal plates helmet, which though somewhat which protected the front of the legs sirnilar to the Corinthian helmet, on1y. provided more comfort to the wearer. Demi - A lancer of the The Roman soldier of the 4th period circa 1550 who carried a century B.C. really showed Iittle lance only eight feet in length. improvement on the Greeks of 100 years earlier as his arrnour was vir- Destrier - A very powerful type of tually copied from the Grecian horse used exclusively by Knights style. However. by the 1st century in the Middle Ages. They were A.D., though he had discarded the carefully bred and trained and bronze scaled jacket in favour of a reserved for use in rotirnarnents. slightly longer leather jacket rein- The name is said to have been forced by circular plates. laced to derived rrom the Latin dextra. right fit the body and shoulders. he had hand from which it is believed that introduced a form of tough leather a8 armour covering the thighs, known this tirne the visor had become as bracae and cdigae to protect his established. legs, instead of the early greaves. A century lakr the warrior was These latter were of thick fabric completely clolhed in steel with al1 and cross gartered over the top. the added extras such as stop ribs, Passing to the Saxon era Lve find haute pieces, and though mail srill tlie introduction of mail, which at existed it was only used to protect the time was more or less univer- parts of the body which plate could sally adopted. The Saxon warrior not cover or wliere gaps were likely also carried a round shieId and used to appear. a tight fitting metal skull cap. The 16th century sl~owsarmour The Normans of the 1 Ith cenlury at its peak when the armourers of relied almost entirely on mail with Italy and Germany led the field to the long mail hauberk whicb hung be copied later in Henry VIII's down to their knees and muaers Greenwich workshop. This was the and mittens which covered the arms great Maximilian age. and hands. This was rcinforced with From this time onward body pro- the pectoral covering the chest and tection was forced to comply with the coif which fitted the neck, ears the increasing eficacy of small arms and over the head, either under or and armour was thickened to with- over the helmet. stand the musket ball. Eventually The helmet was originally of con- this cornpetition reacl-ied a stage of ical shape and was worn over the absurdity and the soldiers refused coif but later became flat-topped to to use armour. be worn under the coif. This deciine was gradua1 as a In 1066 the Normans carried the and a helmet wcre used for unwieldy kite-shaped shield which, some time as a partial protection by the beginning of the 13th cen- but eventually it was al1 discarded. Lury, had been shortened, widened In the 20117 century the only and curved to fit the body. armour rernaining is io the form of This form of armour was used in a steel helmet worn in bai-tle by lhe early crusades with the addition îighting services and units of the of the surcoat. civil defence and in various forms of By the end of the 13th century bullet prooE , which appear the niai1 coif was discarded in favour from time to time. of a more comprehensive steel hel- met and a few years later certain Double Axe - A double headed elements of plate were added to the form of battle axe used occasionally mail, namely , schynbalds by tlie Romans. and to cover the feet, legs and knees. Bracers and for Double Prog - Introduced circa the am, plated gauatlets for the 1740 was used to carry both sword hand and the aventail, which joined and . Elle helmet, to cover the neck. At the same time the shield was made Double Knot Decoration - A parti- considerably smaller. cular rnethod of decorating armour By the begiming of the 15th cen- during the 16th century. First origi- tury we find the more solid pIate nated in Milan it was copied by introduced in tlie form of breast and English armourers. back plates, plates for the lower abdomen and also the lower leg. By DueUing - Prior to the introduction of the rapier. dueiiing was very much it could be slung over the am or a matter of chance and fair play was held in the hand. hardy considered. When the rapier came into use, however. strict rules Epaale de Mooton - A special piece for the conduct of duels was intro- of amour so named from its shape duced. Duelling was made illegal in attached to the right , thus England during the 18th century, giving protection to the bend of the but was still carried on until the am against tance thrusts. Even- early middle part of the 20th cen- tualIy the name was corrupted to tury in Germany, particularly the word by which this amongst students. piece of armour is probably better known. Epée - A type of small swocd with a shell guard protection designed entirely for thrusting. Used exten- E sively for duelling, particularly in France. EZbow Gauntlet - A particular type Estoc - An alternative name for the of gauntiet, witb a long reinforced anning sword. extension reacbing to the elbow, used by light cavalry circa 1645. Etched Decoration - A system of Tt was worn with the coat. decorating amour which was car- ried out by means of acid biting into the metal, the surface of wùich was ohenvise protected by wax. It was first used at the end of the 15th century.

F

Pdchion - A type of sword used Elbow Gauntlet during the 16th century. Fauchard - A weapon similar to the Elbow Pieces - Articulated rnetal couteau de bréche which was parti- sections designed to cover the elbow cularly popular arnongst the and allow free movement. Princely Houses of Italy for arm- ing their palace guards. Tt was never Embossed Amour - A type of popuIar in France but was used in bighIy decorative armour introduced Germany. Spain and Endand up to by Italian and German amourers the end of the 17th century. durjng the 16th century. Fadd - A kind of skirt made of Enarmes - The name given to tIie plates used as part of the amour straps inside the shield by which dunng the 15th century. (front and back view) Fendng - In early days fencing was a number of fencing academies were a means of practising sword play in exis.tence to teach swordsmanship. amongst the knights and esquires. Fencing is still practised in the As time progressed, however, it was Olympic Games. used as a method of setiling private grievances between two people and Field Amour - A specially srrongly then came to be known as duelling. constructed form of armour Various weapons have been used designed for use on the battlefield. for duelling the most popular of It was generally devoid of a decora- which was undoubtedly the rapier. tion which was reserved for parade Though duelling was always an armour. indictable offence in England it was quite cornmon during the 18th cen- Fioger Rings - An addition added tury and until a cornparatively late to the rapier to strengthen one's age, swordsmanship was a prerequi- control of the weapon. Introduced site of a gentleman and consequently circa 1600. n mlnpsln:nps a caun hi\ guead

Flail - One of the crueller weapons Fiancbard - Flank protection for of the Middle Ages. It was some- the horse. what similar to the hinged Bail used by country men for thrasliing corn Flat Topped Hehet - Introduced but with the shorter am having by the Normans early in the 13th instead a chain with a spiked bail century. It was generally used in on the end. The slang name for the conjunction with the and Rail amongst the soldiers of the time ventail. was the 'Holy Water Sprinkler '. 21 1 Fluted Amont - Introduced by Fy~d- A general term given to the Maximilian during the 16th century. levies in early England. Foils - A form of fencing weapon wlzich were llb small swords with a guard burton on the point. G Fortasse - Part of the armour attached below the fauld. The lower Gadlings - Short spikes sonletimes hoop was separated into two parts attached to the knuckle plates on by a semi-circular gap in front and the gauntlet assembly. further divided at the sides. A single haIf round narrow plate formed the fhnbeson - A form of Cfuilted coat rear of this lower hoop and al1 three ~~metimesworn bJ' rnounled men plates were attached to the hoop OVer theaketon. above them by straps and buckles. The two front sections were calIed Garde Braces - An additional form foretasses and the rear plate was plate fitting partly over each the hindtasse. In later years the ~auldfonand bearjng the haute name tasset was given to the fore- pieces. tasses. Gauntlets - An assembly covering the hand instead of the old mufflers Fork - A popular weapon used by foot soldiers from the 12th century onwards. It was based like many other weapons of the lime on im- plements used by the country men. There were different designs, usually of three prongs, and different lengths and some had hooks in addi- tion designed for pulling a horse- man frorn the saddle.

Fourche Ferrée - Tlie name given to a particular type of fork. Francisque - Originally a sliafted weapon deriving from the axe and serving as a tool as weli as weapon. It did not carry any form of attach- ment enabling it to be used for ~rustingand reniainecl in existence only until the 10th century.

Frog Head Helmet - A particularly heavy reinforced helinet characteris- tic of the end of tlie 15th century.

Fniler - The groove provided on each face of a sword blade to lighten it without weakening it. Gaunilet 212 which wcre an extention of the coat Gisarme, Gnisarme - A mediaeval of mail covering the wrist and hand pole weapon terminating in two and tied at tile sleeves. The gaunt- prongs one straight and the other lets consisted of a fabric glove curved. originally with a single plate four the back of the band fastenii~gto the Gladiator - A Roman professional fabric and with srna11 overlapping swordsman reserved prhard~for plates for the fingers, thus enabling P"rPoseS of entereahment. He wore (hem to move easily. With some a high crested, broad brimmed hel- types spikeç of iron called gadlings met with a ~erforatedvisor, a grcave tvere fixcd to the knuckles and On bis ridit kg and articulated joints, thus converting the gauntlet metal lames on bis sword and into a formidable weapon of on his left arm he carried a small offence. round shield. At a later stage the solid plate protecting the back of die hand was extended round the wrist. By the middte of 1Jie 17th cen- tury a special elbow gauntlet for the left am1 only (see elbow gauntlet) was dcveloped while that for the rigllt ami consisted of a reinforced leather glove. Genouiiiiéres - A general term covering arniour for the knee . In early tirnes they were made of cuir boulli or leather but even- fually they were constructed of metal in various shapes.

Roman Gladiator Ibencus - A short broad bladed Roman sword. - A mediaeval pole weapon consisting of a broad pointed blade with a long spike attached opposite the front of the blade. This spike was approximately 3 the length of the blade. - Tbere seems to be con- siderable discrepancy in the descrip- Guisarma tion of the goedendag amongst his- 213 torians but al1 agree that il must Graves - The early greavcs intro- have been a rnost terrible weapon duced by the Greeks during the 6th wliose effects during the 14th cen- century B.C. consisted of plates tury gave it a proverbial reputation extending round part of the legs. for its efficacy. During the time of the early Romans Some writers describe it as being greaves were extended by Gorgans similar to the rnace which was a which fitted over the knees. They club-like weapon with spikes on its were then discarded for many years ball-shaped head. Others describe it but returned about 1250 in the form as a pole weapon terminating in a of the schynbald (q.v.). long metal spke with, approxi- mately 18 inches from the end. a sharpened blade similar in shape to the pick-axe attached to it. Gonfanoon - Sometimes known as gonfalon. Probably derived from the Norse 'gunnefane' or war flag. It was used extensively by tlze Nor- mans with whom it had a square body with three or more tails. Later it was used more by the Italians than in any other country. Gorget - Consisted of a solid caped collar covering the Iower part of the face and extending over the shoulders. Goupillon - A short shafted weapon headed by an articulated joint from Greek Amour - This consisted of which were attached one or more a kind of plated cuirass with plated short chains. At tlie end of each guards strapped over the shoulders. chain was a wooden bal1 fitted wilh The metal used in al1 cases was spikes. bronze. Grand Guard - A large additional Greek Sword - A short but broad piece of plate fixed to tlie Ieft of the bladed weapon of bronze which breastplate extending over the right was riveted to the handle. It could side. Used specifically for . only be used for thrusting as it had insufficient strength to be used as a Grand Phalaux - A Greek rniiitary cutting weapon. unit containing well over 1600 hoplitai. Greenwich Amour - In 1519 Henry VI11 established a chain of Great Bascinet - The name of a workshops in Greenwich, chieffy new type of helmet deveIoped £rom sîaffed by German and Italian the ta11 pointed bascjnet to which amourers, for the manufacture of the beaver had become an integral high quality amour. This armour part. This was developed during the was made available to members of early 15th century. the nobility at exorbitant prices. Grey Goose Feather - Used exclu- ferent fonns but generally consist- sively for the flights of arrows for ing of a spike at its head and an axe the long bow. blade, either square or curved, con- cave or convex. particuIarly for Grip - The name given to the parade use. Its counterpart used in handle of a sword, by which it is war was generally only five or six held. feet in length. The most advanced types could hook, trip, pierce and Gmnenberk's Wappen Bnch - Pub- cut. lished jn Munich about 1483, is one of the finest records of German Haif Amour - So called because armour of the time that is still avail- it generally only protected the body able today. and head and sometirnes the arrns. Guige - A belt used for carrying the Hammer, or - A shield when it was not in use. weapon in shape somewhat similar to the modern craftsman's claw ham- mer but with a handle heavier in weight and at least twice the length. Frequently ic was fitted with a spike at its head for use as a thrusting weapon.

Hand Guard - A general nanic given to the form of protection for the hand on a sword. Haqueton - A close-fitting ganent of cloth or Ieather generally covered by a knee-kngth bearing the overlord's colours. The arms were protected by leather or cloth with padding at the shoulders, and tlie legs by strips of leather reaching to the ankles,

Harness of Ma2 - A form of Guige hauberk designed for the horse. Gussets - Attachments of mail used by amoured men to guard the Hastings, Battle of - The battle joints of plate equipment. fought in 1066 between the invad- ing Normans under Duke William and the defending English under Harold. A fine record of the battle may be found in the Bayeaux Tapestry H (q-v.1. Haubergeon - A shortened form of - A long shafted weapon hauberk generally with cut away which may be found in many dif- sides. 215 Hrtnberk - A gannent of mail which Cretan helmets of various shapes. fitted over the whole body and sizes and patterns, first constructed which was generally made in one of padded leather and then of piece with the mail coif or hood. bronze. followed by the famous Attic Helmet, into the Norman era Haute Piece - By 1430 the inner when either a conical or flat topped edges of the pauldron had been helmet was combined with the mail turned up as a fom of protection coi£ and ventail, to the various for the neck. A few years later these types of metal helmet including the were attached to the guard braces. bascinet, the snout type, the great bascinet, tlie barbet armet, . and burgonet. Hindtasse - Worn on the opposite side of the leg to the foretasse (q.v.). Hood of Mail - The mail coif. Hopütai - Part of the Athenean army consisting of free citizens who formed the main of the of the early Greek smy. Haute Pieces Horse Amour - The first attenipl at horse armour consisted of the Heater Shield - The type of shield mail barding used by the Roman that succeeded the kite shaped catafractus in the 4th century. This variety used by the Normans. It was was not successful and was dis- rather sirndar to the bottom of a carded. The next attempt in the flat iron but shaped to the body. early 14th century consisted of metal plates over the head, neck, chest Heanme - The continental name for and fianks. These included the a helmet. clianfron, crinet, pey tral, crupper and flanchard which were generally Heh - The particular pattern of used in conjunction with the capari- helmet used in a tournament. This son or trapper as it was sometimes had a jurting lower half of tlie part called. Later on, much of this was covering the face wliich slightly discarded but the neck plates and overlapped the upper hale and there chanfron were retained for another were narrow slits for vision. It century or two. appears almost impossible to have been able to see out of a helm but, Hosting Harness - In this sense providing the shoulders are hunched hosting means ' Batde ', therefore and the head slightly bent fonvard the expression refcrs to battle as though charging with a lance, armour. visibility is comparatively good. Hehet - A general term embracing al1 the various types of head cover- ing frorn the earlier Greek and used for the tournament was the great bascinet. Other types were also used but in general the protec- tion ai3orded by the jousting helm was greater than that in the more ordinary types.

Infantry - A general term referring to foot soldiers.

Jack - A rough canvas garment wilh plates of metal or horn sand- wiched between layers of material and stitched in. Worn particularly Jousting Helm hy infantrymen. Jaserenc - A very carly name for Jonsting Saddle - This was made to the mail hauberk. a particular pattern. The front of the pomme1 was raised considerably, - Derived from the lance. with the object of covering the lower The javelin was a very IigIit type of abdomen and affording additional spear designed to be thrown from a thigh protection for the rider. fairly considerable distance. Ifs point was barbed thus rendering it Jupon - An alternative name for more deadly. the surcoat when reduced in sue to thigh length. Jousling Amour - The tournament was always looked upon as a great cerernonial occasion and for that reason jousting armour was con- siderably more decorative thm battle armour. Furtliermore, it was greatly reinforced and specific items such as the stop ribs were intro- duced specifically For jousting. It - A type of helmet used should be remernbered that knights principally by foot soldiers. It spent far more tirne in jousting than resembled the British steel helmet of in battle. hedce the importance of the kst World War with padded special armour to avoid accidents. lining and a chin strap. Jousting Heh - A poppular helm Kidney Dagger - A kind of dagger 21 7 Iousting Saddle (circa 1430) so-caiied from the kindey-shaped by gorgans attached to the greaves lobes at the base of the handle. used by the earIy Romans about 400 B.C. The later Roman soldiers used padded material which was an extension of the short trousers but which did not connect with the caligae worn on the legs, These were called bracae. The next step in the early 14th century were the poIeyns which were plated knee pieces strapped to the greaves, This form of knee protection continued with minor amendments until the deche in amour. Knight - In the earliest days of the rnediaeval period a11 members of Kidney Dagger the Nobility were tenned Knights and it was not until some years later Klappvisior - A traditional German that other ranks graded above the type helmet the front of which Iifted Knights were introduced. The wliolc on a hinge set in the brow. It basis of chivalry revolved round tlie possessed long horizontal sights and Knightiy classes. air-holes. It was from this helmet Knigbts were divided into Knight that the visor was developed. bachelor, which is in fact, the lowest rank and Knighrs banneret who Koee Pieces - Tlie earliest for111 of were select4 as leaders. In addition protection for the kitee was provided there were certain orders, two of which evolved from the crusades. Laminsted Plates - Small reinforc- These were the Knights Templars ing plates used to fil1 the gaps or and the Knights Hospitallers, In protect vital joints in . addition to these almost every They were designed to overlap the country possessed their own Orders principal pieces of armour thus giv- of Knighthood. ing movement in addition to pro- tection. Knuckle Bow - The curved portion round the grip of a sword designed Lance - The principal weapon used to protect the knuckles. by the Knightly class and the one most used in the tournament. There were many types and sizes of lance and tliey were of various lengths. Generally the shaft was of plain lA wood but at one stage jt was of melal splayed out towards the handle to give protection. Behind Lambriquin or Mantling - A short the harid ho1d it was thickened con- shoulder length cape designed to siderably to give balance. This type hang from the top of the helmet for was considerably heavier and neces- the protection of the head and neck. sitaled the use of a lance rest. This was brought inlo use during the crusades as a protection against Lance Rest - With the increased the sun. weight of the metal lance ir becanie necessary to introduce a rest in con- junction with the armour. Conse- quently two hook

Lance rest was reversed, were fastened on the side of the breastplate. The lance Mantle or Larnbriquin rested on top of the front hook and was supported by the rear one, thus the weight was taken by the body Lamelllar Armour - Small meral instead of the arm and shoulder. plates laced together upon a leather or fabric base. Used extensively in Leg Lames - Articulated plates the east. used particularly in the leg armour and in the sabetons. Lames - The srnall metal plates laced to Ieather or fabric in certain kgion - A Roman unit consistitig types or amour. of between 4,500 and 6,000 men. 219 - The ordinary Roman Long Sword - Originally used by soldier. the Merovingians and , was also adopted by the Normans. It Lobster Tai1 - A name given to one consisted of a sword with Iong of the kinds of helmet used in the broad blade and cross shaped quiI- middle of the 17th century. It Ions. In some cases the handle was derived its nanie from the tail piece extended and the sword was used extending over the neck which as a two-handed weapon. looked like a lobster's scales, bcked Helmets - These were used principally by the German foot soldiers and consisted of a helmet M with a locking device for affxing it to the reniainder of the armour. Mace - A club-like and very Long Bow - The famous b0w intro- vicious weapon of which there were duced originau~by the Welsh circa numerous shapes. Most had a shor 1- 1272 which WaS primarily respon- ish handle and were headed by sible for the victories of the English either a spiked metal hall or various armies at Créc~and Agincourt types of fan-like protuberances against the French amies, which extending from the head, were of vastIy superior numbers. The long bow could be fired rapidly at an effective range of 400 yards and it used a three foot arrow, popularly known as the grey goose shaft. Long Shield - A name sometimes given to the kite-shaped shield used by the Normans.

Types of Mace

It was a particulariy favouritc weapon with soldier-churchmen, such as Bishop Odo of Bayeaux the brother of William the Conquerer who foughc at Hastings, because the mace was looked upon as a bruising weapon rather than a blood draw- ing weapon and they were thus able to argue that they were not shed- ding blood. Macedonian Phalam - A Greelc Long or Kiie-shaped Shield unit consisting of approximately 220 16,000 foot soldiers in 16 ranks thus ensuring adequate movement deep, armed with a 24 foot spear. and protection.

Mail Leggings - The mail covering Mêlk - A free for al1 fight in the for the foot and legs popular during lists between two teams of Knights. tlie Norman era. They were supposed to be friendly contests but accidents were fce- Mail Shirt - Another name for the quent. for exarnple, in a mêlée in coat of mail worn in the Norman the year 1240, 60 Knights were era. killed.

Main de Fer - A rigid defence for Misencorde - A straight thin bladed the haod and forearm strapped Io dagger, so callcd because it was the left side of the cuirass or brigan- frequently used to give the final dine. ' mercy ' stroke to wounded Knights.

Maine Gauche - A type of dagger Mittens - The name generally given designed specificaIly for a left to the mail covering for the hand. handed man. This was generally tied at the wrist.

Malctius - A short bladed sword with a slight curve in the blade which had a single cutting edge. Mameluke Sword - A curved Turk- isll sword the hilt of which liad a peculiar snake-like forrn.

ManipIe - A divjsion of tbe plialanx designed For more rapid movement particularly with a view to reinforce- ment when necessary. Morgenstern - A popular German Manteau d'Amies - A riçid cape- and Swiss weapon consisting of a like plate extending from the centre shaft about six feet in length bear- of the chest to cover the shoulder ing a hexagonal head bristling with and left upper arm. 1t was designed spikes. It was still in use in some primarily as a protection against districts in Switzerland in the 17th lance thrusts. century.

Mau1 - A particularIy unpleasant Morion - A form of Ilelmet used al type of percussion weapon which the end of the 16Lh century with was fitted to the end of a shaft. Tt strongly curved brim and a cornb- was used in France circa 1381. like structure which ran across the top of the head from side to side. Measurements of Koights - As il: uras of vital importance that amour Moulded Cuirass - An early Greek fitted the wearer jt was essentiaI forni of body arinour consisting of thar aririourers took careful a bronze plate hammered to fit the measurements of their customers, contours of the body. Mufiler - A mail covering for the back of the hand with Ieather inset for the palm and an under slit for freeing the hand when required. Munition Amour - A Iow quality form of amour introduced about 1500 for the infantry and light cavalry. P

Mdsket - The early 17th century form of small arm. Pansiere - Part of the defences for the lower abdomen. - Inf antry soldiers armed wifh an or musket. They Pas d'Am - A special ring guard wore a broad brimmed hat or extending down the blade of a morion with no visor or neck guard. rapier circa 1600.

Passage at Ams - A fight or en- counter. A favourite method adopted by the Knight Errant was to pick a narrow bridge and en- deavour to hold it against any other Knight that wished to pass that hl way. Sometimes they would camp out for days waiting for a chance adversary. Nasal - The small nietal strip extending from the brow of a hel- Pass Guard - A large extra defence met to cover the nose. It was used for the left elbow generaIly worn extensively during the Norman era with a main de fer. and it also appears in the early Corinthian helmet but was later dis- PauIdron - A large curved plate continued and was subsequently attached to the breastplate which replaced by the visor. extended over each side of the chest and back. Neck Gnard - Tbroughout the ages the neck has been protected by Pannce - An additional plate or various means. The early Greeks sornetimes strip of strengthened and Roman helmets had a protec- leaiher used below the breastplate tive strip extending from the back for the protection of the lower of the helmet. In Norse and Nor- abdomen. man times the neck was protected by the ventail and after the incep- Pavise - A type of shield used par- tion of the solid helmet the neck ticularly by long bowmen who was taken care of by part of the could shelter behind it when not helmet. actually shooting. An additional part of the neck protection was provided by the Peaseod - A civilian garment which haute pieces introduced in the early played an important part in the 16th century. design of the breastplate. 222 Note: Left side larger for greater protection, nght side cul awny allowing room for lance. Pectoral - A reinforced plate used about 900 B.C, and again during the to cover the chest. It was first used Norman era with mail.

Pectoral Peltast - A general name given to Pbaianx - See . mercenaries formed into light infan- try units circa 500 B.C. Phalerae - Medallions denoting mili- tary honours used by the Romans. Pemon - A srnali twin tailed flag They were fastened to the cuirass. carried either by a Knight or one of his retainers on his behalf and Picad& - The extended scalloped emblazoned with his badge and edges of the fabric or leather Iinings livery colours but not with his coat worn under the . of ahs. Pieces of Advantage - Additional Peytral = Chest protection for the pieces of amour addcd to the ordi- horse. nary harness for special protection during the tournament. Initially - A quilted cover for the only the left side was reinforcecl, knee worn above ihr. schynbald as that was the more vulnerable, circa 1250. but gradually they spread to other parts of the armour. Introduced in Pour Point - A general term for the middIe of the 16th century. any quiIted protection. Pike - One of a number of pole weapons employed by the foot soldier primarily against horsemen. Its shaft was approximately 15 feet and in battle it was held inclined forward with the butr of the pole Q inserted in the ground and held km by the soldier's foot. Quene - The lance rest (q.~.).

Pikeman - A general name for QuiUons - The cross guards of a soldiers armed with shafted sword. weapons. - The Roman javelin adopted in preference to the spear. The shaft was about 7 feet in length.

Pizaine - A sîifûy made mail collar with stout rings which was used with the haubergeon. Plackart - Another name for paunce.

Plançon - A group of weapons in- cluding the plançon B picot, plançon à broche which were forbidden by the statutes of the Lille Magistra- ture as being prohibited weapons during the 14th and early 15th en- tury. This was because they were Italian Sord circa 1530 particularly viïe weapons.

Poignard - One of the numerous Qniited Fabric - Various types of types of dagger. quilted fabric were used in connec- tion with armour. In the earIy days Pomme1 - The circular knob on the it was used instead of armour, later handle of a sword designed particu- with plates Iaced to it and later still larly to give it balance. as a lining, thus acting as a kind of shock absorber against blows Pot Helmet - The type of broad received on the plates of the armour. brimmed metal helmet worn wjth a face guard and the lobster tail by Quiotaio - An apparatus used by light horsemen circa 1645. horsemeu for practice. It consisted of a pivoted horizontal arm mounted constant struggle between the pene- on a taIl post. At one end of the tration power of modern weapons arrn was the target and at the other and the effectiveness of the armour end a sand bag. Providing the rider on tanks etc., so in the Middle Ages hit the target, the Sand bag was it was a constant struggle between whirled round by the blow thus the armourer and the constantly im- knocking him from the saddle un- provjng weapons which they were less he was quick enough to avoid protecting against. By the beginning it. of the 17th century, jn order to pro- lect against the improved power of Quiver - A sheath or case slung on the tnusket, armour had become so to the belt or baldric for carrying heavy that the fighting men either arrows. refused to Wear it or demanded extra pay for wearing it at any other time than when actually fighting. Rondache - The general name given to any circular shield carried by horsemen in the 16th century and Ram - See Battering Ram. from the next century by foot soldiers. It was frequently made Ransom - A sum of money or entirely £rom iron or steel and quantiw of vaIuables payable by a served as a lance or sword breaker. prisoner in exchange for his free- dom. Ronde Dagger - A dagger used Generaii y speaking the ordinary almost exclusively by military per- soldier stood very little chance of sonnel. Its pomel and hand guard having his life spared if he was cap- were formed of roundles consisting tured unless, of course, he couId be of flat discs or plates of various sold into slavery. shapes set horlzontally to the blade. Higher-ranking prisoners were almost invariably spared as they Rowel - A spiked wheel or disc on were normally in a position Eo pay a spur as opposed to the plain adequate ransom. pointed type.

Rapier - A slender and hely- pointed type of sword used for thrusting and parrying instead of cutting and hewing with its edge. It was used extensively for duelling. Sabatons - A system of overlapping Rerebrace - Originally referred to horizontal lames introduced early the plated covering at the back of in the 14th century to cover the both the upper and lower arm, but shoes. later generally referred to both pIates on the upper arm. Sabre - The cavalry sword designed principally for cutting but also for Resistance of Amour - The story pointing. It was a stout weapon was the same in the Middle Ages as with a particularly fine edge and a it is today and where today it is a curved blade. Saddlebow - The front part of a Saxe or Scrammer Saxe - The sword saddle which during the 12th cen- used by the Franks which had a tury was developed in height thus single cutting edge but a very sharp protecting the rider and assisting point. him to resist the shock of any blows made at him. Scabbard - The cover for sword or bayonet. Saddle Tree - The wooden frame- work of the saddle. Scale Armoar - Refers in general to al1 types of armour of which the Salade Helmet - Somethes called make-up is prirnarily of S~T'E~I]scale~ Sallet. A popular helmet at the end of metal. of the 15th century. Tt rested entirely on the head and was not attacbed Scalmg Fork - A particularly long to the body amour. There were shafted weapon with prominent various shapes, but the later types hooks, sornetimes carried on scaling al1 carried a movabIe visor. ladders for the purpose of dragging defenders from the battlementç. - A class of Japanese pro- fessional swordsmen who came into Schyribald - Long strips of plate being during the 12th century. covering the iront of the . Tntroduced about 1350. Saracenic Amour - A mixture of mail and subsidiary pieces of plate, Scimitar - A curving sword, gener- in some cases the plate being in- ally broader towards the point, with serted in the mail. There was very a single cutting edge on the convex little change in this armour between side. the time of the Iater crusades and when the British fought in the Sudan Scntnm - A large square, curvçd in 1898. type of Roman shield on which they 226 emblazoned the insignia of their together the Romans formed a kind unit. By standing a number of scuta of defensive wall,

tum

Segmentata - Refers to the long nar- Shafted Weapons - These have been row plates laced round the body of described under the alphabetical a Roman soldier. name of each weapon. Shaft - Refers to the handle of cer- Shield - Throughout the ages the tain types of weapon including shield has taken many forms. The lance, pike. halberd, axe. etc. early Egyptians carried a shield approximately the same shape as The later Saxons and Normaas used the modem Heraldic shield though the long kite shaped shield which up-side-down. The Greeks and was perfectly sensible for foot soldiers but extremely awkward to handle on horseback. About 1200 the shape of the shield changed to what came to be known as the ' heater' type. This was shorter than the kite shield and con- siderably wider and curved to fit the body. It was upon this type of shield that the early coats of arms were emblazoned. By the late 13th century the size had been much reduced and the cuve of the shield was nothing like so pronounced. This was followed in the 14th century by a type which did not follow the conventional shape, it was nearly rectangular, pointed ak the base and carried a notch in the left hand corner (£rom the viewer's point of view) for the lance. %y 1600 the shieId had almost disappeared in European couutries in favour of improved armour for the left side of the body. The one exception to this being the round target shield with central spike car- ried by the clansmen during the Jacobite rebellions. Shrimp - A type of small armoured Knight 1220 with 'heaîer' shield barrow with two light guns pointing forward through a tapered shield and a cluster of curved blades in the Bronze Age tribesmen used a round front. This was used at the siege of shield; in the case of the Greeks Boulogne 1543. it was generally emblazoned with some rnonster or animal. The Shonlder Pi- - A general name Romans preferred the square given to armour specifically scutum which stood about three designed for the protection of the feer high and was slightly curved. shoulder. . These were frequentIy used in batches to form a protective walI. SM- A skirt shaped piecc of plate The early Saxons used a round armour designed to cover the shield named ' target ' which was abdomen and hips. This has been generally painted in different variously designed to fit closely to coloured roundles and from which the contours of the body and to be the word larget of today is derived. flared out. Skull Cap - The strengthened incursions of ~heHun. They were leather cap fitting close to the head designed to allow the horseman to which preceded the introduction of brace his feet and legs fonvard, thus the helmet. securing more power to strike with his weapons. Soleret - Flexible armour for the foot generally made of steel plates Stop Rib - Small rnetal projections or cuir boulli. They were frequently added to plate arrnour to prevent an fastened by straps which could be attacking lance head from sliding cut if it was necessary for the between joints. Originally used wearer to fight on foot, thus remov- around the neck but later spreading ing the projecting point to permit to othet vital joints. easier walking. Stodded and Splintered Arrnour - Spauàier - A series of small over- The name sometimes givcn to the lapping plates to protect the type of armour worn during the shoulder. transitional period of 1330-1360. In it there were many varieties and Spear - A general term erubracing combinations of mail and plate. weapons with a pointed head on a long shaft. Used both by foot Surcoat - The light linen coat worn soldiers and cavalry though for the over the armour adopted during latter it was generally termed lance. crusades for protection against the sun and rain. Later shortened in Speannen - Foot soldiers armed size and emblazoncd with coats of with a spear, arms and used to assist identification on the battlefield during the 14th Spontoone - A half pike retained and 15th ceni-ury. until the beginning of the 18th cen- tury and carried by officers. primar- Swingle - A weapon fitted with ily to denote rheir difference in tank sharp spikes which was attached to from ordinary soldiers. the shaft by an articulated joint, thus enabling the bearer to strike a Spws - An essential part of the two-handed blow to the head of an Knight's equipment when on horse- opponent. back. Tbere were many different designs which frequently displayed Sword - The types of sword have superb craftsmanship. ben discussed under their separate alphabetical headings. Sword Belt - Originating of a ban- dolier or sling type worn over the right shoulder. Zt has also included the waist belt type and the combina- Kinght's Spur with Rowel tion of the two culminating in the sam browne belt of today. Süietto - A needle sharp dagger of ItaIian origin. Sword Breaker - A comb shaped bladed weapon designed to catch Stirmp - First adopted during the the blade of an adversary's sword 8th century particularly against the and with a sharp twist to break it. 229 Todets - Rigid imitation pleats cut away fore and aft which formed the skirt. Circa 1511.

Sword-breaker

Sword Smith - An amiourer specia- lising in making swords. His craft has been of paramount importance froni the eariy Saxon time.

Tournament - A meeting held dur- ing the Middle Ages at which knights proved their skill by joust- ing or tilting. There were various types of bout, the ' mêlée ' in whicll T teams of knights fought against each other and the ' lists ' at which two knights fought each other in Taces - A name given to gaps likely single combat. Originally the object to appear between plates in armour was to unhorse the adversary but and which were generally protected later a system was developed where- by strips of mail. by points were obtained by merely breaking . Tang - The projection from the In early days there was very little blade of a sword on to which the control kept during these bouts but grip and handle furniture are iatterly a system of rules was rigidly attached. enforced. A tournament was always a gala Target - A type of shield (¶,va). affair, combined with banquets and jollifications and invariably a local - Small metal strips beauty was selected as Queen of the strapped to the fauld to provide Tournament. additional protection for the thigh. Trottiog Amour - A kind of half Three Quarter Amour - A çystem amour used in Germany. so named introduced during the 17th century because it gave tlie horsemen more for cavalry providing armour down mobility. to the knee and leather riding for the Feet and legs. Helmet - An eastern inno- vation, about half-way between a Tilting Annour - Specially pro- turban and a helmet. Constructed lectd amour designed for use in of metal, sometimes pointed and tournaments. It was generally decor- Rat topped, it had flutings round the ated but not so gencrously as that circumference representing the folds used for ceremonial parades. of ~heturban. 230 Two Handed Sword - A very large designeci for huge, horizontal cutting type of sword popular during the sweeps. The grip was elongated and 15th century. Tts size and weight the blade was generally over four necessitated the use of both hands feet in lengih, though some speci- to wield it. It could not be used in mens have been found up to six close formations and was generally feet over all.

Y Two-handed Sword cover the defences of the whole am. Vamplate - The circular disc used to protect the hand on the shaft of a lance. It did not appear until the u early 15th century. Velvet Covering - About 1400 it Upper Canon - A name given occa- was the custom in ItaIy to cover sionally to the pair of plates enclos- the body defences with a short ing the upper arm. similarly the pair velvet jacket rather simiiar to the for the forearm were known as the jupon but not decorated with any Lower Canon. form of armorial bearings.

Ventail - See Aventail.

Vizor, Visor - The name covcring various types of defence for the front of the face. It was first seen in v the gladiators' helmets during the 1st century. It was not used by the Normans who preferred the nasal Vambrace - The name originally and the aventail. It was, however, applied to the frontal plates on reintroduced during the 14th cen- both the upper and lower arm. A tury. little later it was appUed to bot11 There werc many types and front and rear plates of the forearm, shapes of the vizor but basically the and finally the name was given to mechanics were the same in each

Lances with Vamplates case, namely that when not in use hinges a&the back which pennitted theycould be raised over the fore- it to open in front where it had head, where a clip held them in fastenings in stud form. A row of position. steel imitation buttons down the front compieted its decoration, Waist Plate - A form of metal belr used in Germany to Wear over armour. Circa 1520, War Hammer - See Hammer. War - A form of shafted weapon whose design was based on the implement of the countryside but stronger in construction and of better balance. Wearing of Annoor - Naturally it was impossible for a Knighr to spend day after day dressed up in his plate armour. Frequently even in battle they preferred to Wear the Types of Vizor more flexible shirt of mail. For many years, too, mai1 was retained as use- ful in an ernergency. It was carried in the saddle bag and could be donned in a hurry if the Knjght ran into trouble in town or along the road. Waistcoat Cuirass - Introduced in 1580. it was another example of Weight of Amour - Some compar- making armour to resembie the ative weights of armour are given civilian garment. It generally had in the following:

Complete Armour Italian Field Armour (c. 1450) German Field Amour (c. 1525) English Field Armour (c. 1590) Jousting Armour (c. 1500) Mail Long Hauberk (14th century) Short Hauberk (14th century) Helmeis Black Prince's Relmet Bascinet (visored) and camail (c. 1390) Sallet (c. 1470) Jousting Helm (c. 1480) Wheel Lwk - A more advanced White Harm - An alternative type of musket than the matchlock. name for . White Amour - Sometimes called Wrapper - A form of reinforcing Alwyte Armour. Up to the early beaver designed to fit around the 15th century it had been the custom cheek pieces of the amet and to cover armour wilh a surcoat or covering part of the chest. A strap jupon. At about this the, however, and buckie secured this piece of this outer gament ceased to be the heimet. htroduced in the worn and the Knight thus appeared middle of the 15th century. with his armour uncovered, cased virtually in glittering steel from head to foot. This was known as white or alwyre amour.

PART FOUR HISTORICAL AND MISCELLANEOUS

HISTORLCAL AND MISCELLANEOUS

?i-ris SECTION is designed to incorporate a number of items which do nol correctly belong to one of the other three parts in the book. The Historical rderences, whether referring to a particular King or to a battle, have been chosen because îhey are of significance in-so-far as Heraldry is concerned and they are references which will occur from time to Cime in the reading carried out by any keen student of Heraldry. The items which are non-historical are also items which are better grouped together on their own, rather than being classified as Heraldry, Genealogy, or Amour and Arrns.

army on a fume1 shaped piece of ground bordered on both sides by thick masses of trees. In front of the English positions the soIdiers set six- foot stakes which were pointed at A both ends, into the ground. These were pointed forward at a height of about five feet. Agiocourt - A battle fought on the By midday nothing had hap- 25th October 1415. pened and the two armies still stood On the days prior to the battle and looked at eacb other. On the the English army of some 5,000 comrnand ' Banners Advance' the men at arms and archers had been English army moved fonvard about dogged by a vastly superior French 200 yards and replanted their stakes. army estimated at approximately As the afternoon wore on the 50,000. On the evening of the 24th French decided to attack. October, Henry V who led the Eng- The French army. which con- lish army decided to bring the sisted almost entirely of knights and French to battIe on the following mounted men-at-arms, al1 wanted to day. fi personally spent the night be in the van. They had very little in careful reconnaissance of the discipline and as they rode jnto the ground and in prayer and, by exer- gradually lessening area between the cise of the strictest discipline, main- trees they were bumping and boring tained aIrnost complete silence in each other and when some 200 the lines of the English troops. The yards from tlie English positions French army, at the same tirne, tiley met a hail of arrows frorn the spent most of the night in rowdyism Englisli archers. From tlien onwards and drinking. a11 was pandemonium. Those of the Early on the morning of the 25th French Knights who managed to October Henry lined up the English reach the English positions could not 237 avoid riding on to the stakes. These Alfred, who was also his grand- wounded their horses and unseated father. the riders who were quickly des- patched by the English axemen. This continued with a mounting pile of dead and wounded bodies in front of the stakes until the French B had completely lost heart and fled. The casualties were estimated at over 10,000 Frenchrnen and under BaIdwia of Fianders 1058-1118 - 1,000 EngIishmen. The first titular King of Jerusalem. Tt is interesting that shortly after During the first Crusade 1096-1100, the battle Henry V knighted a which was the only successful cm- number of his followers and con- sading expedition, Antioch was firmed the armoria1 bearings of al1 captured after an eight month siege those who had borne them during in 1098, and the Holy city was cap- the battle. tured in the summer of the follow- ing year. Godfrey de Bouillon was Annonrer's Company - One of the in reality the first Christian King earlier craft guilds of the city of of Jerusalem but he refused to London whicli is believed to have accept a crown and merely retained been established at the beginning the titie of Count. However, on his of the 14th century and which was death in 1100, Baldwin succeeded given its original charter by Henry him as a properly crowned King. VI in 1453. During the years a nurnber of allied crafrs were incor- Balista - A siege engine which porated with the company including looked something like a giant cross the Heaumers (who made helmets). bow worked by tension. Ir could the Garnishers and Repairers and project Stones against defences but the Bladesmiths. More recently it was more often used to hurl great was amalgamated with the Braziers metal shafts and bolts, which were and it survives today under the frequently combined with incendiary name of tlie Worshipful Company material, with tlie object of setting of Armourers and Braziers. Xts ear- fire to the area besieged. lier surviving record, dated 1413. shows that the company had the Bannem, Standaràs, Guidons and right to examine any weapon or Colours - Standards and ensigns go armour offered for sale in the city back to the very earliest days and of London and if it reached the they are referred to in numerous required standard of workmanship books of the Bible. InitiaIly intro- it would be stamped with their duced as ernblems of a tribal chief, official mark which was the cyphet they became objects of veneration. ' A' and a crown. As such, besides adorning the chief's dwelling. they were carried into AtheIstan - One of the early Kings battle where they became nor only of the West Saxons and Mercians the rallying point of the force, bu.t wIlo lived from 895-940. He is said one of its principal factors in the to be the first man given the acco- maintenance of morale. So long as lade of Knighthood by his king, the ensign or standard was flying using a sword to confer the honour. the battle was not lost. The King conferring the honour was During the Roman era we know 238 that the standard was an important ousIy cut off, thereby convexting it to feature in the army and the stm- a temporary banner which was used dard-bearer was invariably an offi- thus until he was able to provide a cer of importance. banner of the correct size and form. Referring to the Bayeaux Tapes- The esquires used a srnall triangular try, we see that both standards and pennon. The banner and pennons of banners were carried by the forces the Middle Ages can be seen of both sides, though the emblems reflected in modern times Ui the Bags used appear childish and il is doubt- flown on the ships of the more fui if they bad as rnuch meaning as senior naval cornmanders and did those in Roman times. vehicles of the commanders in the Passing to the mediaeval period other two services. we find a much more concrete sys- An example of the beautiful ban- tem introduced which coincided ners of today are those of the with the growth of heraldry. At this Knights of the Garter and the Bath tirne land was generally granted to to be found hanging jn St. George's . the king's favourites or supporters Chapel, Windsor Castle and West- or, in fact, to anyone who did a ser- minster Abbey, respectively. These vice to the crown. particularly dur- personal banners show the arms of ing a campaign. Frequently a titie the Knights to whom they belong was included, but in return, the and they remain in position during nobleman, be he baron or knight, the lifetime of the owner. was required to raise a force of so The origin of ' Colours' also dates many fighting men. according to Iiis back to the Middle Ages. As the rank, who could be calIed upon to feudal forces were replaced by the fight for the king in case of invasion standing army of the King, it from abroad or expedition against a became the custom for individuals foreign country. to be entrusted with the task of rais- Each of these landowners had ing regiments. They in turn deputed taken, or very soon took, a suitable to others the task of raising com- coat of ams. At the same time, it panies. Thus each company became became the custom for each to carry accustomed to fighting under its a banner decorated with his house own captain. This system was vir- arms thereon in exactly the same tually similar to, tliough a definite fom as were borne upon Ixis shield, step forward from, d~efeudal system surcoat and caparison. The banner referred to above. Here the service was generally square, though occa- was paid, and not given in exchange sionally it was to be found greater for the right to a piece of land or by in depth than in Iength. The lowest virtue of being some nobleman's rank to use a banner was the Knight serf. Many captains possessed arms Banneret. Other and lesser knights and soon each company fought and their retainers invariably fol- under its captain's banner. Fre- lowed somebody else's banner. quently the regiment divided into These lesser knights. each carried a two sections, the Right Wing and pennon or srna11 swallow-tailed flag Left Wing, one under the colonel attached to the head of his lance. and the other under the Lieutenant- This too was ernblazoned with the Colonel. This, therefore, meant two arms or badge of its owner. If the or more regimental banners, some- knight was promoted banneret for times there was division into three his prowess in the campaign. the parcs; thus the Major too had a ban- tails of the pennon were ceremoni- ner. Many of these captains did not 239 possess an entitlement to bear arms consultation with ' our trusty and and it became the custom for these well-beloved servant Sir Edward non-armigerous officers to adopt Walker, Knight, Garter Principal Bags of distinctive colours which, King-of-Arms.' As a result, we find owing to their varied , carne to ' The Colonel's colour in the first be known as 'The Colours'. place, is of pure clean colour, with- out any mixture. The Lieutenant- From then onwards, there was a Colonel's only with St. George's gradua1 process of evolution and, Arrnes in the upper corner next the to quote Edwards' 'Standards. staff; the major's the same, with a Guidons and Colours': page 14. pile wavy flottant, and every cap- ' By the end of the sixteenth cen- tain with St. George's Armes alone, tury continental amies were throw- but with so many spots or several ing off their loose character as devices as uertain to the demity of regards formations and adopting a their severd places.' (Capt. Thomas systemised arrangement. One of the Venn, 1672.) pioneers of this movement was This reference to ' Garter ' is Gustavus Adolphus, King of interesting because it was not until Sweden, who regimented his troops 1806, that the Office of Inspector of for the Thirty Years' War in Ger- Regimental Colours was inaugu- many (1618-1648). His regiments of rated, since when it has always been Horse and Foot were divided into a heId by an officer of the College of regular number of units, each com- Ams who has invariably become posed of a definite number of men. Garter during his tenure of it. (See Each unit had its Standard below.) (Cavalry) or Colour (Infantry). and At the same time, we find that al1 the units were of the same in the greater part of the army in general pattern.' existence, other than as part of the To confirm the trend of opinion Standing Army, ' the infantry, and at the time we find in Ward's some of the cavalry, bore on theit ' Anirnadversions of Warre ' pub- Colours the armorial devices of the lished in 1639, where he sets out the Colonels in some shape or other.' duties of a Colonel of a Regiment. ('Standards and Colours of the 'He ought to have al1 the Colours Army '. Samuel Milne Milne.) of his Regiment to be dike both in The Colonels practically owned colour and in to avoide con- their regiments and the badges and fusion so that the soldiers may dis- crests frequently changed when the cerne their owne Regiment £rom the Colonels changed. other Troopes; likewise, every par- In the early eighteenth century ticular Captaine of his Regiment (1707), when the infantry am was may have some small distinctions re-organised for tactical reasons the in their Colours: as their Arrnes, or nurnber of colours, except in regi- some Emblem, or so that one Com- ments of the guards, where Company pany can be discerned from die colours are still in existence, was other.' reduced from twelve to three; pre- In 1660, when Charles II came to sumably the ColoneIs, the Lieuten- the îhrone, one of his first tasks was ant-Colonel's and the Major's to raise a standing army. At the remaining. same time, he issued a Royal War- In 1747, we see the introduction rant giving instructions for the of the present system of Regimental appropriate colours ro be made in Colours with Regulations to govern hem, the first four paragraphs of once again we see the mediaeval which are given below: difference i~seniority reffeckd in 'No Colonel to put his Arms, modern times, the standard arising Crest, Device or Livery on any part out of the nobleman's banner and of the Appointments of the Regi- guidon from the Iesser knight's pen- ment under his command.' non. The actual word ' Guidon ' is, 'No part of the Cloarhing or of course, derived from the French Ornaments of the Regiments to be ' guide Homme ' which was the altered, after the following Regula- name given to the flag carried by the tions are put into execution but leader of a French Regiment of by His Majesty's permission.' Horse. 'The King's or First Colour of every Regiment or Battalion is to Barbican - A special f~~tifiçation be the Great Union.' built to protect the gateway of a ' The Second Colour to be tl~cade which was one of the greatest the Facing of the Reg]- weaknesses in the castle's defence. with the Union in WPer The barbican generally consisted of canton, Ln the centre of each Colour strong towers, a drawbridge and a is to be painted or embroidered in portcullis. gold Roman characters the number of the Rank of the Regiment within a Wreath of Roses and Thjstles on Beauchamp, Richard, Earl of Wu- the same stalk; except the Regi- wjck 1382/1439 - One of the most ments which have Royal Badges or c010urfuI figures in histor~and a particular ancient Badges a1lowe.d member of one of the most famous them; in these, he number of the of English families. He was a Knight Rank of the Regiment is to be to- of the Garter. and of the Bath and wards the upper corner. The Iength On June 26th 1403, at the age of of the Pyke and the CoIour itself to 20. he sucessfull~jousted at the be of the same size as those of he coronation of Joan of Navarre, Royal Regiments of Foot Guards. Queen of Henry IV. In 14083 he The and Tassels of travelled to Jerusalem to visit the Colours to be crirnson and gold.' HO~YSe~ulchre and on the WaY was These regulations were prornul- challenged ro ~erfoma feat of gated a second time in 1751, in al. arms at Verona where he galned vic- most identical wording, but in the tory. He was Lord High Steward form of a Royal Warrant. Exactly at Henry V's coronation and held why this was done is net entireIy other various important commands clear unless it was thought advis- under him in France and by the able to elevate the regulations to the King's wish had tare of the infant status of a Royal Warrant, and, of Hen~VI. His efig~which is one of course, the Warrant inc]uded regu- the most splendid and important in lations for Cavalry standards, England is in the Beauchamp chape1 Guidons and Drum Banners which in the Church of St. Mary in War- had not been included in the earIier wick. regulations. Standards were authorised for Bobemnnd of Tarsntnm - One of Regiments of Household Cavalry the leaders of the first crusade who. and for the Guards, while after the capture of Antioch. the lesser horsed regiments (the remaineci as ruler of tlie Principality ) carried guidons. Thus, of Antioch. 241 Book Plates - This was a very popular method of Heraldic display particularly during the . Book plates are designed to in- corporak the armorial bearings of the owner together with his name. They may, of course, be in colour or black and white and of any con- venient size. Brandon, Charles, First Duke of SnfFok (Temp. Henry VIU) - A famous soidier and Earl MarshaI of England. Be was squire to the Royal body of Henry VIII, and held several important military commands under the King. He had a considerable reputation for joust- ing and in 1514 appeared with the Marquess of Dorset as the cham- pion of England at the tournaments held in Paris celebrating the mar- riage of Henry VIII's sister Mary to Louis W. 'He rode in the famous tournament held at Westminster id 151 1 in honour of Queen Catherine of Aragon and ran eight courses against the King. Br- - A mernorial tablet generally set in stone which attempts to give some sort of pictorial representation of the person commemorated. The metal is sometimes known as Latten which is a corruption of the French ' Laiton ' meaning brass but it actually consists of an alloy com- posed of copper, lead and tin. provide invaluable sources of information concerning contem- porary costume and armour. Over 7,000 survive in England of a probably originaI figure in the neigh- bourhood of 150.000. While many brasses are devoted to commemorating civilians, un- doubtedly the most popular are those portraying Knights and esquires cornplete with their armour Brasç-Thomas de Berkeley, 1243 and weapons. One of the most ,the wa11 of South Aisle in the famous being that of Sir John Choir of EnstoI Cathedra1 d'Abernon (circa 1277) in the of the early fortifications of cities church at Stoke d'Abernon in and towns such as York, Colchester, Surrey. etc. and Hadrian's Wall. A particularly popular hobby During the troubled time between amongst many people is that of the Roman occupation of Britain brass rubbing which is now forbid- and the Norman conquest the prin- den in many churches owing to the cipal defences lay in the old Motte very considerable Wear of the metal and Bailey type castles. and consequent defacement of the After the Norman conquest a mernorial. great many castles were erected in various parts of Britain, there were various types and designs consisting generally of outer walls protected by towers and a moat. The gateways were protected by a barbican or gatehouse with drawbridges and a portcullis. Inside the outer crust the area where garrison Iived was fre- quentIy divided into two or three defensive areas each of which pos- sessed its own defences and this in turn culminated in the ' keep ' which initially was built as a square tower c and later changed to a round tower. It was in the keep that the caslel- lan and the princjpal rnembers of Castles - The castle was developed his force Iived and it was to the keep as a natural means of fortification that the remainder of the garrison for man to protect him~lfand Es retired when the outer defences had possessions. fallen. Examples exist in a few cases of The early Norman period was the fortifications existing in Britain in tirne when most of the English the pre-Roman ers but from their castles were erected and by the time position, generalIy on top of a hiIl of King John th~rewere as many as and the consequent difficulty in pro- 127 in existence in England and viding their inhabitants with water, Wales. it is not likely that these fortifica- tions were ever intended to be Château Gaillard - One of the most manned for lengthy periods of cime. famous of the castles built by An excellent example of one of Richard 1 on the mode1 of some of these is Maiden Castle near Dor- those great fortresses in the HO~Y chester, whose defences extend 4 Land. Ir had three baileys in a line of a mile in length and 3 of a with deep moats between each. The mile in width. Part of this structure Chfiteau was the scene of a bitter dates back to approximately 2,500 siege in 120314 when Roger de Law, B.C., and it was extended and im- holding the castle on behalf of King proved in about 250 B.C. John, was besieged by Philip Il of Roman fortifications consisted France. more generaliy of fortified walls to theu camps and an excellent Chatelaine - The wife of a castellan, example may be seen in the remains mistress of a castle or château. 243 CUdren's Cmsade - A disastrous consisting of approximately 40,000 expedition undertaken by thousands Knights. men at arms and archers, of French and German children in attacked and were defeated by an an effort to rescue the Holy Land. English force consisting of 13,000 of The crusade was preached by whom about 3,000 wexe Knights Stephen a 12-year-old boy who and men-at-arms and the remainder promis4 his followers that the seas archers. would dry up before them, as they The success of the battle was due had done before the Israelites. By to the rigid discipline exercised by the end of 1212 approximately the English army as compared with 30,000 children of the age of 12 or the complete indiscipline of thc less had gathered at Vêndome and French. accompanied by a few Priests they slarted their southerly trek with Crnsad& - The name given to the Stephen their leader riding in a cart military expeditions carried out by covered by a canopy to shelter him the Christian countries for the £rom the blazing sunshine. recovery of the Holy Land from ti~e Before long, due to shortage of Saracens. water and food, many had dropped Then rhere were a number of out. At Marseilles the remainder small and insignificant expeditions were disappointed to find that the eight of which are generally distin- seas remained stubbornly impass- guished by the name Crusade. The able. However, two merchants hired Grst, from 1096-1100, was the only a total of 7 ships to take the children expedition which could be temed to the Holy Land. After they had successful and which resulted in the sailed nothing more was heard of capture of Jerusalem. The Iast was them for a period of 20 years when that led by St. Louis, King of the news gradually leaked out that France 1270-72. The most impor- rwo of the ships had been wrecked tant from the English point of view off Sardinia and the remaining 5 was the third crusade led by captured by a Saracen squadron Richard 1. and the chiIdren soId to slavery.

Concentric Castie - A type of fort- ress popular in the late 13th and early 14th centuries, consisting of E an outer and inner ring of defences. Harlech and Caerphilly are two of the more famous surviving Edward 1, 1239-1307 - 1s generally examples. looked upon as one of the greatest soIdier Kings of England. He was a Council of Westminster - Sm- very ta11 man and his great length moned by Ansel in 1102. One of its of leg earned liim the nickname of important decisions was that ' Longshanks'. He was famous in Bishops and Abbots would cease the tournament and as a hunter,.yet from having the power to make he loved music. poetry and chess. In knights. 1271 he joined the crusade defeat- ing the Saracens at Haifa where he *y - Fought on the 26th and made a ten year truce. He was 27th of Augiist 1346 when the accompanied on the expedition by chivalry of France under Philip VI. his wife EIeanor of Castile who was 244 herseIf the daughter of a cmsading King. When Edward was struck down by a poisoned Saraccn dagger she saved his lile by devoted nursing and it is believed that she persondly sucked the poison from his wounds.

Edward II, 1312-1377 - He was Field of the Cloth of Gold - Tlie the grandson of Edward 1 and like renowned meeting which took place liim rvas also renowned as a soldier in June 1520 between Henry VIF1 but less for his Kingship. During his of England and Francis 1 oE France. reign the English won the bath of The two monarchs vied with each Crécy and Poitiers. other in the richness of their retinues It was this King who founded the and their lavish hospitality. A tem- Order of the Garter. porary palace was erected, specially Edward Prince of Wales 1330-1376 for the reception of Henry WT. - Better known hi history as the wIlich had fountains spouting wine ' Black Prince '. He was one of the in front of it. Besides this sonle greatest heroes of English chivalry. 2,800 tents were needed. He commanded the vanguard at A week was spent in tournaments. Crécy 1346 while slill only 16 years both Kings taking the field with of age and was responsible for the their Knights. rout of the French at Poitiers 10 years later. 11i spite of his Knightly FIags - Flags are so ancient that courtesies he was Frequently ruth- their origin is unknown. They are less and cruel in his campaigns. alluded to in many ancient writings The efigy of the Prince may be and their use is always taken for seen in Canterbury ]. ganted. Flags have taken many forrns Eglinton Tournament - An attempt from the early standard referred to made by Archibald William Mont- in the Bible to pennons carried on gomerie 13th Earl of Eglinton to the tips of lances, banners of the revive the splendours of the days of Nobility carried in battle, regimental chivalry by staging a tournament at colours, flags of countries. flags of Eglinron castle. schools, institutions and other A great deal of money was spent bodies, house flags of the mercantile on the arrangements which would marine, flags used for signalling pur- probably have been a great success poses by the fighting forces on both but the whole process was ruined land and sea, even down to bunt- by a fantastic downpour of rain ing used for purposes of decoration. which started shortly before the Fîags in their various forms have tournament was due to begin and been of many different shapes and which resulted in turning the whole sizes but are generally of a standard area into a sea of wet, sIimy mud. size in every particular section in The whole of the story is very which they are used. thus signal thoroughly described in ' Knight and flags are the same size, regimental ihe Umbrella ', by Ian Anstruther. colours are the same size, and so on. Esdade - One of the methods of close assault of castles by means of Flanking Towers - Towers set at scaling ladders. intervals in the walls of a castle which projected ourwards. These Sacrisiy in the Church of the Holy were designed so that the defenders Sepulchre at Jenisalem. could shoot down along the wall. particularly at attackers trying to Golden Fleece - The second most make a breach at the base or to famous order of Knighthood in mine under the walls. Europe coming after the Order of the Garter. Founded in 1430 by Frederick of Barbarossa - Emperor Philip, Duke of it was of Germany 1155-1 189 - He was a probably named fronl the fieece or fine rnonarch possessing al1 the sheep wool thar was the foundation qualities most admired in the age of the wealth of Burgundy. of chivalry. He set out with an army to join the third crusade but GuiIlam, John 1665-1621 - One of was drowned when crossing the the best known early writers on River Calycadnus. Heraldry. His book ' The Display of Heraldry ' published in 16 10 was Free Conrse - One of the methods the first serious treatment in Eng- of combat in a tournament but run lish of the subject, and he was also without the centre barrier. The chief an officer of arms. object or' the contest was to shiver one's Iance against the adversary's shield or armour.

G Henry V. 1413-1 422 - Not on1 y was Henry V a cultured, handsome and reatly Christian type of man. but he George, St. - The patron saint of was one of the finest generals thar England and hero of one of the Britain has ever known. He person- most famous legends of the Middle ally planned and organised the Ages. The real St. George, George whole of the expeditionary force of Cappadocia was a Christian which left EngIand on the 14th soldier who was martyred in A.D. August 1415 for France. Prior to 303 after imprisonment and torture their departute. every inlet and in defence of his faith. creek along the Hampshire coast The council of Oxford of 1222 opposite the Isle of Wight had been ordered that 23rd April should be packed with shipping. The largest maintained as a national festival in ship of the fieet was the Trinitk l~onourof St. George but it was Royale which was Henry's flagship. approxirnately 100 years later when This ship hâd a crew of 300 under Edward IIT nominated him as her master Stephen Thomas and a patron saint of England. , portage of 500 tons. The program, of loading and Godfrey of Bouillon - One of tlie the loads of each vesse1 were leaders of the first crusade wlio planned by the King who personally became the first ruler of the Holy exercised supervision throughout. Land. He refused to Wear a crown Following disembarkation in or to use the title King. His sword France the army carried out a siege and spurs are preserved in the Latin against the small but defended sea 246 port of Harfieur, after which they make tbe broad statement, either marched towards Calais. In the that anybody can assume arms at vicinity of Agincourt (q.v.) they will or if his name is the same as a brought the French army to battIe previously recorded arrniger they and, in spite of ovenvhelming odds may use his arms. against hem, the English army This is of course completely in- defeated the French. correct and these places should be Prior to and during the battle avoided. Henry V's generalship stood out. yet Nobody is entitled to bear arms he found time in which to pray and unless they have been granted by 10 give his troops adequate the and the College of Arms, Lyon office encouragement to do so. Edinburgh. the Chief Herald of After Agincourt he married Ireland or by the Heraldic authority Catherine of Valois, daughter of of the country from which the arrni- Charles VI King of France, but ger originated, or they can trace unfortunately died in 1422 at the lineal male descent, which must be age of 34. conclusively proved, from a In spite of a short life it had not properly registered armiger. been in vain as he bequeathed Eng- land something far more valuable Hexaldry in Wartime - As armorial than foreign territory. His life and bearings worn on the surcoat and achievement awakened Engljshmen the shield provided means of recog- to the truths of unselfishness and nition in battle in the Middle Ages, inspiration and also to a great so in modern day warfare rnembers awareness of their country. of the British army wear certain insignia on their sleeves to denote Henry Vm. 1491-1547 - Probably the unit and formation to which best known for his matrimonial they belong. These formation em- problems but a good king and, blems are also borne on al1 unit though vain and greedy, he was and formation vehicles. valiant and in his early days good A form of Heraldry is aIso used looking. by the Royal Navy and the Royal As one of the principal parties in Air Force in the form of ships' the Field of the Cloth of Gold (q.v.) and squadron badges, which are he took a very active part in the designed in conjunction with the tournaments and the following Officer of Arms responsible at the extract may be found about him in ColIege of Arms. the Hollinshed Chronicles ' Acquit- In addition, regiments of the Brit- ting himselfe so worthily that the ish army possess guidons and beholders tooke passing pleasure to colours for cavalry and infantry see his vaIaunte demanoure in those respectively which are carried on al1 martial1 feates '. ceremonial occasions in peace tirne. These too corne under the inspecter Heraldic Stationers - The name of regimental coiours who in tbis given to a number of firms and case is generally Garter Principal small businesses who provide bogus King of Arms. heraldry. In general terms they offer to Holy Land - Equally revered by supply your 'coat of arms accord- both Christians and Saracens bb. ing to your aarne ' and to applica- for different reasons. It was the site tions by the general public they of most of the crusades and during 247 the Middle Ages was regarded as a the ' mon '. This is a design which place of for both men is generally, but by no means and women. aiways, circular in shape and which is frequently based on the blossom of one of the many flowers growing in Japan. Jenisalem - The capitaI of the Latin Kingdom, Jerusalem which was captured from the Moslems during the first crusade but lost Inn Signs - The Middle Ages and again in 1187. Richard 1 carne Heraldry in general are constantly within striking distance of it during illustrated in many of the varie. Inn the third cmsade but owing to the Signs of England, examples being insuficient six of his army was ' The Trip to Jerusalem ' and the cornpelled to refrain from trying many Saracen's and Turk's Heads, to retake the city. It was tempor- reminding one of the days of the ariIy recovered again in 1222 but crusades, others include the BIack was lost again 15 years later, and Prince, George and Dragon, the it was nearly 700 years later, during Castle, The Five Arrows etc. the first World War, before the city Others incorporate the arms of was enrered again by a Christian some of the more famous English army. families such as the Granville Arms. the Abergavenny Arms, The ~arlJoan of Arc - Who was sometimes of March, etc. Others are named known as the Maid of Orleans was after the various Royal badges, in- perhaps France's best known figure cluding the Swan, the White Hart. of the Hundred Years War. She the Lion. the Lion and Unicorn, claimed that she had a divine mis- the Red Dragon, etc. sion to lead the armies of France to vicrory. InitialIy she was looked Itaiian Course - A form of tourna- upon with complete scorn but her ment run with a central barrier simplicity, directness and complete which was constructed of wood sincerity eventuaIty overcame the sonie five feet in height. The doubters and the King gave her a Knights rode on either side, left rnilitary entourage. On the 27th Iland to left hand. Originally the April 1429 she left Blois to keep object was to unhorse one's adver- ber promise which was to raise the sary but later the system was siege of Orleans. It was a strongly devised that only the shivering of fortified place which had been one's lance on his shield or amour under siege by the English for many scored winning points. months and was reaching a stage of desperation for Jack of food and water. On the 29th April she crossed a flooded river and with a force of about 200 lances and carrying quan- J tities of provisions she rode straight through the English lines hto Orleans. Naturally this raised the Japanese Mon - Almosl al1 of che morale of the French and approxi- better class families in Japan use mately a week 1ater.she launched an 248 attack against the English anny &are in the great family which was completely successfuI. which was divided between Henry, Joan was always in the forefront of Richard and Geoffrey bis elder l the battle with her pure white brothers, hence he acquired the amour and riding a black horse nickname ' Lnckland '. This, hm- , and she possessed three banners ever, was later remedied when his which she is said to have treasured fatber, King Henry, gave him the more than her sword, and in fact county of Mortain in France. she was never known to have shed He was originally a5anced t0 ~ blood. Alice of Savoy, though the mar- Her career was short because, rîage never actually took place. after fulfilling her promised mission However, in early days fiancement to relieve Orleans and having had was generally looked upon as 1 one or two other srnaller successes, equivalent to a rnarriage and many l slie was capturcd on the 25th May historians describe Alice of Savoy 1430 and a year Jater was burnt at as John's first wife. l the stake as a witch. Ris first official marriage took place in 1189, his wife being Isabel, Jousting C3ecks - Strips of paper daughter of William Earl of G~OUC- or parchment which were marked ester. However, after ten years of with the points scored by corn- childlessness he divorced her, much batants during a tournament. Scores to the annoyance of the English were kept generally by pricking the nobility, and a year later married parchment or marking with a small Isabella daughter of Aymer, Count stroke as each Knight scored a win- Angoulême. Isabella was ooly ning hit. Few of these survive today twelve years old, while John was and those tbere are, are in the Col- 32, and six weeks later she was con- lege of Arms in London. secrated Queen of England. John's reign is remarkable on the one hand for his acts of brilliance and on the other by the utter cruel ty and ru thlessness. Nevertheless, pri- rnariIy by diplomacy, he managed Il I( to remain on the throne until he died at the age of 48 in 1216. King Job - Mediaeval people for- Knighb of St. John of Jerusalem - gave their Kings much. because the One of the great monastic orders of worst King was better than the knighthood which largely grew out shortest spells of anarchy. ' King of the crusades. Originally known as John in the sparkle of his intelli- the Knights Hospitallers, rheir ear- gence was a true Plantagenet, excel- liest duty was to protect and enter- ling in military and diplornatic tac- tain pilgrims to the Holy Land and tics, a great charmer of women, a records show that in 1112 their fine bunter but cruel and mean '. monastery in Jerusalem was capable Tnus he is described by Andre of housing as many as 2,000 guests Maurois. in addition to providing accommo- He was his father's favourite and dation for the sick. When they were in the early years was popular with turned out of Jerusalem thoy his brothers. He was born in 1167 acquired the island of Rhodes and near Oxford. At first he received no for a time were known as the 249 Knights of Rhodes. However, in without success. It eventually fell 1530 they moved to Malta and in 1271 to another Sultan. It was became known as the Knights of imrnensely strong, having been built Malta. high on solid rock and no expense At the height of their power they was spared in its beautiful interna1 were an immensely strong organisa- decoration. tion, extremely wealthy and were responsible for building great castIes such as the Krak des Chevaliers, barracks for their Knights, hospitals for the sick and rest houses for the pilgrims. Tlley established communities in a number of European countries which were responsible for provid- 'Laissez Auer ' - kt go. This was ing recruits to the order and raising the command called by Heralds at funds. a tournament as a signal for the The order was suppressed in Eng- Knights to charge. land by Henry Vm but in 1888 Queen Victoria granted a Royal Lists - The actual area where jousts Charter which constituted a restora- and tournaments were held. The lists tion of the old religious and military used at the farnous tournament held order under the title of the Qrder of at Srnithfield in 1467 were 90 yards the Hospital of St. John of Jeru- long by 80 yards wide surrounded salem. by posts 7+ feet high which were joined by heavy bars. This area was Knights TempIars - The second of for a contest between only two the great religious rnilitary orders knights and when contests involved arising out of the crusades for the a greater number of knights larger protection of pilgrims and the areas had to be used. At the Field defence of the Holy Sepulchre. The of the Cloth of Gold (q.v.) the lists organisation was much the same as were 300 yards in length by 100 tiiat of the Knights of St. John in yards in widtli, this area being sur- îheir early days but because of the rounded by a deep ditch to keep great corruption. vice and heresy back spectators. which arose in connection with the order, accusations were levelled at it from al1 quarters. In October 1307 the order was suppressed in France with consider- able crueIty and a few years later it was suppressed in England but without acts of cruelty. The property of the order was handed Magna Carta - The Great Charter over to the Knights of St. John. is generally considercd to be a docu- ment wrested from a tyrannical Krak dm Chevaliers - The great King by a united Baronage sup- castle of the Icnight's Hospitallers posed to bc the champions of the which was built sorne 25 miles in- liberty of al1 individuals. Yet it was land north east of Tripoli. They not intended to be a revolutionary were frequently attacked by Saladin document. but 10 provide for the l preservation of ancient rights and ter King John had no intention of privileges. It was worded so as to observing its clauses and he was involve general principles and these supported by Innocent the LX1 made possible interpretations which who, in spite oE earlier disagree- had never occurred to the Barons. ments, sided with Jolin and excom- In drawing up Magna Carta the municated both Magna Carta and counsellors and justices who framed Stephen Langton the Archbishop of it drew extensively on Henry I's Canterbury. who had sided with the Charter of 1100 which was a recog- barons in revolt. John died a year nition of the national laws and later to be succeeded by the young which largely secured the rights of King Henry III in November 1216, land owners whether of high or low and the charter was confirmed by estate. William Marshal as regent and as Thcre were 197 Iay barons plus guardian of the young King. It w?s 39 ecclesiastical, or 236 in all. The in fact read in al1 the Churches in lay Baronies were held by 45 barons England twice yearly throughout who maintained 127 castles, thus the Middle Ages. a number of the barons held several baronies. The total of 236 was Mangonel - A siege engine designed divided into 7,200 Knight's fees or to hurl Stones high into the air Lordships which consisted of a against a fortified place, and it was manor or a tenure with sufficient also used actually for breaching the income to support a Knight. Of the walls. It worked by torsion and had 45 lay barons only 24 were in revolt. a long flexible beam which was fixed These 24 barons. together with the to twisted ropes. This was forced Mayor of London composed the 25 backwards and downwards and the Magna Carta sureties. The other 21 missile was placed in a hole at the barons either remained neutral or free end. sided with the King and were only interested in preserving their fiefs. Mêlée - The oanle given to hand t0 Thus it is clear, the baronage was hand fights between two teams of not united against King John and knights at a tournament. of the Knights only a small percen- tage was in revolt. As for the great Middle Ages - The period in his- mass of Englishmen there was no tory generally taken from the 5th national feeling in that age: each to the 15th centuries. The name man was bound by fealty to his Higli Middle Age is generally taken Lord and Pollowed his banner no to mean the period covered by the matter how vacillating that may be. 13th and 14th centuries which em- On June 15th 1215 on the plain braced the principal age of chivalry. of Runnemede King John was forced by the barons to grant Mine - A method used by besiegers Magna Carta. which he ensealed to breach the wall of a castle or but did not sign. However. this fortification. It generally consisted was not unusual because at the time of digging under one corner of the many important nobles and even structure being attacked and prop- some Kings and Emperors could ping up the walls with stakes as neither read nor write, hence it was the mine progressed. When a suffi- more usual to enseal al1 documents ciently large area had been un- rather than to append a signature. covered the attackers withdrew. hav- In spite of his granting the char- ing first set fire to the stakes. When 25 1 these burnt through they of course collapsed and the waU overhead fell, thus causing a brtsch through which the attackers entered the fortress. Motte and BaiJey - The name given to the early type of castle just prior to and immediately after the Nor- Pavilion - A gaily decorated and man conquest. Consisted of a srnall highly coloured tent used by a hill, sometimes natural and some- Knight at a tournament in which Cimes man made, on to which a to put on his amour and to await stout wooden structure was built. his summons to fight. The whole of the motte was sur- rounded by a deep ditch which Poitiers, Battle of - One of the became the forerunner of the moat. Black Princes' great victories in France in which, with only 6,000 men, he defeated a vastly superior French army numbering some 50,000 soldiers. The principal attri- bute of the English army was its strict cornpliance with orders and its discipline throughout, which has been the means of bringing about a French defeat on so many occa- sions. Odo - Bishop of Bayeaux and half brother to William the Conquerer. PortcuIlis - A strong grating. simi- Though he was made a Bishop lar in design to a farmer's harrow, at approximately 15 years old his constructed of heavy wood and shod rnind was filled with other than with metal, which slid down in church matters. He was jmprisoned grooves to close a castle gateway, by William 1 for his pride and tyranny and was later banished by Posteni - A small back gateway fre- William II. He Cook an extremely quently found in a castle. It was active part in the battle of Hastings designed as a rneans of exit which in which he used a mace as his would probably be unknown to a weapon thus salving his conscience besieging force and through which in that a churchman rnust never a messenger could be sent. shed blood, the mace being looked upon as a bruising weapon only,

Open Conrse - A joust between Knights run in the open with no barrier between. Sometime calleci R Free Course.

Outremer - Literally meaning ' over Richard 1. 1189-1199 - Richard seas ', a general narne frequentIy Coeur-de-Lion. GeneraUy looked used to cover the territories in upon as one of the most glamorous whjch the crusades took place. of England's Kings. He was un- doubtedly a magnificent fighter and which the Lancasuians were of very strong physique yet he was defeated. In the second occasion, on one of the worst Kings England has the 17th February 1461. the Lan- ever known. He bled the country to castrians were victorious but com- finance the Crusade which he led. pletely threw away their advantage, he was inordinately brave. yet he because within a fortnight the York- was cruel, greedy and vain. Of his ist armjes had taken London and ten years as King he spent less than Edward IV had been proclairned nine months in England and then King. only to raise money, firstly for his Crusade and secondly for his Saladin - The name by which a expedition against France. famous Sultan of Egypt and Syria He rnarrjed Berengaria of and the most famous of the Saracen Navarre whilst on Crusade. She her- chie€$ was known, his real name self never even visitai EngIand. being Salah Ad-din Yusuf. In spite Due Iargely to his quarrels with of al1 that has been said about hh his allies Richard's crusading army he was a particularly fine, generous gradually dwindIed and it was also and chivalrous man and though he due to one of his quarrels that he displayed cruelty on many occasions spent so long in captivity on his these occasions were no more fre- return journey from the Crusade. quent than the acts of brutality He. died in France as the result of ordered by Richard 1 who was a wound received from a French Saladin's principal opponent. archer. Sandford, Francis - One of the Roll$ of Arms - It was the custom early writers on Heraldry who dealt in the early days. in order to record exclusively with the history of the the presence of Knights at a parti- Royal family in England and their cular siege, battle or tournament, armoria1 bearings. His work ' A to prepare a roll of arms consisting Genealogical History of the Kings simply of the shield in colours and Queens of England and Mon- beneath which was the name of the archs of Great Britain ' was first Knight W~Obore them. Many of published at the end of the 17th these rolls have been preserved and century. The best eàition of his are retained amongst the records of work is that published in 1707. the College of Arrns. where they provide valuable information from Saracens - The gerieral name given time to tirne. by the Christian ôrmies to Arabs, , Moslems, etc. Though they l were invariably Iooked upon as l , being uncivilised and almost in- , human they were extremely skilful S fighters, generally far more chival- I rous than the crusaders and in their camps far more highly civilised than Saint Aibans, Battle of - There the Europeans were, even at home were two battles of this name both in their own countries. of which were fought during the . The first, which Sergeaot - The narne used during ~ took place on the 22nd May 1455, the Middle Ages when refening to I was the opening battle of the war in a non-kniglitly man at arms or 253 trooper. In a few military orders it strict control and on al1 principal described an Esquire aspiring to occasions two or more Officers of Knighthood. Ams were present to act as con- trolling staff and masters of cere- Siege Towers - Wooden towers con- mony. structed in the vicinity of the Prizes were awarded and at each besieged fortress which were tournament a 'Queen of the designed to raise numbers of the Tournament' was elected who, by attacking troops to the height of her presence, virtually ensured that the top of the wall to attack over the Knights observed the laws of the top of it or to a height above chivalry. It was she who presented the wall from which archers could the prizes at the end of the meeting. fire more effectively down on to the The procedure was roughly as defenders. follows. On the day prior to the en- counters beginning, the shields of al1 Srnithfield - A district of central the participating Knights were dis- London, north of the Thames and played in a field near the lists by immediately outside the old city two or more of each Knight's waIls, which was used quite exten- retainers. The competing Knights sively for tournaments during the then rode round the field touching Middle Ages. the shield of a11 those to whom they issued a challenge. If the shield was touched with a sharp weapon the contest was to be fought with sharp- ened lances, if the shield was T touched with blunt weapons then blunt weapons were used. The encounters took place in an Tournaments - Apart €rom hunting, area known as the Lists which varied tournaments were the only sport in size according to the type of available in the Middle Ages and baltle that was to be fought. In the even these could only be taken part case of the mêlée large areas were in by the Nobility. needed but in the later types of Tournaments were held on al1 tournament when the strictest con- possible occasions, such as corona- trol was observed a barrier some tions. births of Royal heirs, impor- five feer in height was constructed tant marriages, etc., and on fre- in the middle of the lists and the quent occasions they were held two Knights charged each other with no particular cause to cele- with the barrier on their left side. In brate. this way, though the Knights could Originally the early tournaments be wounded the horses were gener- were generally between teams of alIy untouched. Knights, sometimes mounted, some- Initially the principat object was times on foot, but although these to unhorse one's adversary but in were intended to be peaceful en- later years a speciaI type of brittle counters it was not uncornmon in lance was employed which shivered the heat of the moment for blows to (broke) on contact with the adver- be struck in anger and rnany fatal sary's armour or shield. The points casualties occurred. were scored by the number of In later years rules were produced lances shivered and each contest and tournaments were held under consisted of eight or ten courses. 254 A cornpetitor was disqualified for querer both to protect and intirni- various reasons, for example, for date the occupants of the city. Only breaking the rules, or wounding his part of the buildings are of Norman adversary's horse, or if he lost his construction and maoy later styles helmet and so on. are also represented. The original Occasionally, where a severe keep is what it now known as the quarrel had arisen behveen two White Tower. knights and a challenge had been The Tower of London has been issued. by permission of the King occupied as a Royal Palace by al1 the contest could be held ' to the the English Kings and Queens up to death '. In diese contests rules were the time of James 1 and it has been even more strictly enforced and it garrisoned continuously since i t was was not uncornmon, wlien one of hrst constmcted. the two contestants had been un- horsed, the King would cal1 a halt and summon the rwo contestants to him. He would then issue summary punishment to the loser, such as banishment from the Kingdom, or he might order the two Knights to make up their quarreI declaring that honour was satisfied. There were many particularIy War Cries - These were always used farnous tournaments such as the by the armies of the Middle Ages. two at Dunstable, tlie first in 1308 Sometimes they were of national and the second in 1334 and that origin and on occasions have been held in Srnithfield in 1467 and at the a family battIe cry. Many of them Field of the Cloth of Gold. In addi- are recognisable today in the moeto tion there was a tournament area at used in certain armorial bearings. Westminster where quite a number of tournaments were held at com- Westminster Tournament RoU - A paratively regular intervals. well known pictorial record which Many attempts have been made is held by the College of Arms, in various European countries to London of the tournament held by renew the glamour of the tourna- Henry VI11 at Westminster in ment, perhaps the most famous February 151 1. The tournament being the abortive attempt by the was held in honour of Queen Earl of Eglinton in 1839 which is so Catherine of Aragon and the birt1.i ably described by Tan Anstruther in of their son Henry, Duke of Corn- ' The Knight and the Umbrella '. wall. The Roll is almost 60 feet long and nearly 15 inches wide cornpris- Tower of London - One of the early ing 35 sheets of vellum, illuminated l castles built by William the Con- in gold, silver and various colours. SELECTEDBIBLIOGRAPHY FOR ~THERREADING Shield and Crest-Julian Franklyn Armoriai 11z.signia of the Kings and Queem oof England-Williment The Armorial Bearings of the Guilds of London-John Bromley Complete Guide to Heraldry-Fox Davies Boutells Herald-cott-Giles A rmour and Weapons-Mar tin Diclionary of Chivalry-Uden Gbssary of Heraldry-Parker Orders of Chivairy-de la Bere Mediaeval Armour, Costume and Weapom-Wagner. Durdik and Drobna Herddic Design-ChiId A History of the Crusades-Runciman Scots Heraldry-Innes of Learney Armour and Blade-Ellacott Castles and Fortresses-Selhan Wills and their Whereabouts-Camp Sume Feudal Caals of Arms-Foster Magna Carra, King John and ~heBarons-Bye Battle of Agincourt-Nicolas Heraldry in War-Cole English Inn Signs-Larwood and Hotten The Coat of Arms-The quarterly journal of The Heraldry Society The Escurcheon-The quarterly journal of The Heraldry Society of Australia