State of Local Economic Development LEDNA Stock Taking for Algeria, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Libya, Morocco, Somalia, Tunisia and Zimbabwe

1

INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION April 2008

2 Table of contents Table of contents...... 3 LED in Algeria...... 5 Overview and key issues...... 5 Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats to LED programmes...... 5 Major players and donor agencies...... 5 Main types of LED programmes projects...... 5 National and sub national legislation...... 5 LED in Cameroon...... 6 Overview and key issues...... 6 Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats to LED programmes...... 7 Major players and donor agencies...... 8 Main types of LED programmes projects...... 9 National and sub national legislation...... 9 LED in Cape Verde...... 11 Overview and key issues...... 11 Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats to LED programmes...... 11 Major players and donor agencies...... 12 Main types of LED programmes projects...... 12 National and sub national legislation...... 13 LED in Libya...... 14 Overview and key issues...... 14 Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats to LED programmes...... 14 Major players and donor agencies...... 14 Main types of LED programmes projects...... 14 National and sub national legislation...... 14 LED in Morocco...... 16 Overview and key issues...... 16 Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats to LED programmes...... 16 Major players and donor agencies...... 18 Main types of LED programmes projects...... 20 National and sub national legislation...... 20 LED in Somalia (Somaliland and Puntland)...... 21 Overview and key issues...... 21 Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats to LED programmes...... 21 Major players and donor agencies...... 21 Main types of LED programmes projects...... 22 National and sub national legislation...... 22 Recent study of LED in Somaliland and Puntland...... 22 LED in Tunisia...... 24 Overview and key issues...... 24 Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats to LED programmes...... 24 Major players and donor agencies...... 24 Main types of LED programmes projects...... 24 National and sub national legislation...... 24 LED in Zimbabwe...... 25

3 Overview and key issues...... 25 Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats to LED programmes...... 25 Major players and donor agencies...... 25 Main types of LED programmes projects...... 25 Appendix: ...... 26 1.1 LED projects in Algeria...... 27 1.2 LED projects in Cameroon...... 30 1.3 LED projects in Cape Verde...... 37 1.4 LED-related projects in Libya...... 43 1.4 LED projects in Morocco...... 46 1.5 LED projects in Somalia and Puntland...... 52 1.6 LED projects in Tunisia...... 57

4 LED in Algeria

Overview and key issues Algeria is divided into forty-eight wilayat (sing., wilaya), which are, in effect, provinces. The wilayat owe their origins to the colonial system, where they served as bureaucratic units of colonial administration. The system was reformed and expanded (from fifteen provinces to forty-eight) by the Wilaya Charter of 1969, which enumerated a specific legal code for the government of the provinces. The system was reformed again in 1976 by the national constitution. Each wilaya is governed by a Popular Wilaya Assembly (Assemblée Populaire de Wilaya--APW). This deliberative body consists of thirty deputies and holds elections every five years. The first APW elections were held in May 1969. Each wilaya is also governed by a wali, or governor, who is appointed by the president and is the latter's direct political representative at the regional level. Both the Executive Council of the APW and the APW itself report directly to the wali. Wilaya government is responsible for the distribution of state services; the regulation of small and medium-sized industry, agriculture, tourism, road transport and education institutions; and the creation of new state-owned enterprises. Efforts, most notably in the reforms of the early 1980s, to strengthen the financial and political autonomy of these regional governments have achieved only mixed success. The APWs and other popularly elected bodies were in abeyance in late 1993. Algeria benefits from a substantial amount of oil revenues. However, there appears to be minimal support for LED programmes.

Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats to LED programmes Most LED-related activities appear to focus on the role of provincial administrations (i.e., wilayat), particularly in the field of water and sanitation.

Major players and donor agencies The main government agencies supporting LED-related initiatives in Algeria are: · Agency of Social Development · Forty eight wilayats (i.e., provincial authorities) The main donor and development agencies supporting LED-related initiatives in Algeria are: · UNDP supports the Algerian Government and local authorities with pilot projects for the identification and mapping of vulnerability to different natural hazards. The Country Programme provides three lines of intervention: human development, governance and environmental protection, while the gender issue was dealt with on an across in the overall activities. · European Union · Government of France

Main types of LED programmes projects As indicated above, the evidence collected suggests most LED-related programmes are focused on water and sanitation.

National and sub national legislation Very difficult to obtain the information required to map or assess this.

5 LED in Cameroon

Overview and key issues Cameroon's economy has slowed down its growth by 1.1 per cent from 2004 to 2005. This is partly due to the decrease of 1.3 per cent in the activities from the secondary sector. On top of this, prices increased, eroding households’ purchasing power and diminishing final consumption GDP. Cameroon has attained some success in combating poverty. The percentage of the poor in Cameroon dropped by 9 points from the time of the first national household survey in 1996 to the second one in 2001. However, the decline mainly benefited people who live in urban areas: in Cameroon poverty is fundamentally a rural phenomenon. Women and children are particularly hard-hit: 52 per cent of the people in poor households are women, and half of the members of poor households are under 15 years of age. Under-employment (rather than un-employment) is the greatest failure in Cameroon’s labour market. The Enquête sur le Emploi et le Secteur Informel of the National Institute of Statistics suggests a link between the high rate of under-employment and the very poor educational attainment of the majority of the active population. Of the active population (35-50 year olds) only 9% of men and 4% of women have attained higher education. Given that half of Cameroon’s population is composed of under 17-year olds, improved efforts towards better education policies will help improve opportunities for the country’s development.

The level of corruption at governmental level is a hot issue at the moment and the legitimacy of the envisaged constitutional reform is being discussed. The African Development Bank’s (AfDB) 2004 Country Policy and Institutional Assessment (CPIA) exercise puts Cameroon in the third quintile of a list of reviewed countries with respect to the measured governance factor. The country ranks in the fourth quintile for economic management, in the second for policies for social inclusion and equity and in the third for public sector management and inclusion.1

An report by the the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and development following the 2006 visit of the mission to the country, affirms that “Improving governance and fighting corruption are perhaps the most critical factors in increasing growth and broad- based development in Cameroon to the levels necessary to significantly reduce poverty.” The same report ranks Cameroon 137th out of the 158 countries assessed in 2005 against the Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index. In 2006 Freedom House rated the country as Non Free and in the same year Cameroon fell from 147th to 152nd out of a list by World Bank (WB) of 175 countries from on administrative factors facilitating business activity2.

1 A multi-donor government and anti-corruption mission to Cameroon was also established to ameliorate donors’ interventions in the country and improve the structure and functioning of its governance, through exercises such as lessons for improving donor harmonization and mutual accountability. 2 Doing Business, WB (2007)

6 Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats to LED programmes Among the major causes of poverty, Cameroonians generally cite a lack of job opportunities, declining incomes, inadequate road infrastructure, illiteracy and problems with access to land. Poor rural people believe that better living conditions would come with job creation, better communications and transportation, improved access to infrastructure and information, stable prices for staple foods and better access to health care, water and credit. From the reviewed evidence on the national enabling environment for local development processes, it emerged that consistent efforts are being carried out by the national government and international partners in developing infrastructure, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), local firms and skills and in strengthening and improving governance at all levels and supporting the decentralisation process, for the purpose of promoting local development (Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper, PRSP). According to the PRSP, the government commits itself to increased budgetary expenditure for infrastructure development in support of its efforts towards removing impediments to private sector growth, and to improving information and communication technologies. It privatizes public service providers, in order to increase delivery efficiency. The PRSP promotes employment intensive investment programmes, and in particular labour-based infrastructure works. However, on the one hand no space is given to interregional disparities reduction strategies and on the other hand improved international connection via the construction and extension of a considerable number of airport terminals is not assessed against the evenness of their localization, their connection to local markets and their responsiveness to the needs of local communities (rather than of expatriates temporarily based in the country). Private sector development is sustained by the government’s investment in selected sectors. The PRSP also supports rural development through several projects, such as the Programme Nationale de Développement Participatif (PNDP) and the Programme d’Appui au Développement Communautaire (PADC), it provides a provincial financing fund to revive Micro-Finance Institutions (MFIs) with low interest rates, in the poorest region of the country (the far North) and for women only (they constitute its economically most disadvantaged group) and it promotes partnerships for capacity- building in infrastructure and human resource development and at-work training as part of its agricultural mechanization scheme, aimed at the poorest families who cannot afford higher education. However, vocational training is not endorsed as an element of integrated approaches to local development. Notwithstanding, the PRSP recognizes the limits of its sector-based development strategy in engaging local expertise and motivating local participation in the regions’ development processes. To this scope, it promotes the formation of Steering Committees in those provinces where they do not already exist and improvements in the organizational, technical and financial management of the existing committees. Their function is to draw together all local economic actors for setting up the strategy of those programmes funded and executed by private sector and civil society. The paper also sets the framework for the creation of Medium Term Expenditure Frameworks (MTEFs) to help current development programmes in the phases of implementation, monitoring, evaluation and revision phases.

7 For the purpose of labour skills and private sector development, the PRSP promotes infrastructure investment, capacity-building for SMEs, economic diversification, policies against dumping and smuggling, and reforms for improved economic governance.3 Similarly to the PRSP, the 2008-2012 UNDAF is focused on employment intensive investment programmes. A greater focus on these may however disguise the upgrading of local skills. Also, UNDAF’s choice for the indicators of the success of vocational training schemes is limited to the number of enterprises involving youth in professional courses, and it excludes any measure of the outcomes of such schemes (such as indicators of the use of the programmes’ skills in the new jobs, or professional and economic growth of youth following the courses or still, indicators of performance of those firms which absorb the students as part of their staff). As far as school education is concerned instead, the private sector is the major provider for disadvantaged individuals, such as the physically handicapped (PRSP). The demographic pressure in the country causes further threats to an equal distribution of the educational services. Budget allocation has dropped from CFAF 300.2 thousand million in 2004 to CFAC 264.1 thousand million in 2005, so most part of the budget has been devolved to reform the schools’ management system and decentralize human resource management, in order to guarantee a more efficient expenditure of resources and improved educational response to local needs. A World Bank mid-term review of the PRSP dated December 2006 reports on improved access and reduced regional disparities in public education, higher accessibility and availability of school manuals, improved management processes and a commitment to fight corruption in schools. According to the 2002-2012 UNDAF, international partners have committed to introduce participative school management systems, involving teachers and students, for the purpose of developing partnerships between schools and the private sector and of contributing to an easier insertion of young professionals into the labour market. The link between educational and vocational training with labour market opportunities is however still weak, contributing to the high under-employment rate of Cameroon.

Major players and donor agencies Amongst the tools that influence development processes in Cameroon are the government’s PRSP for 2002-2012 UNDAF. Assistance Francaise au Développement (AFD), Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ), WB, European Commission (EU) and AfDB accounted for 85% of Overseas Development Assitance (ODA) to Cameroon in 2003 to 2004. Although some efforts have been made by GTZ and AFD to align programmes on the national PRSP, whether the PRSP’s priorities are responsive to local needs remains an open question, especially considering that national legislation limits parliamentary discussion of the PRSP, making it a governmental programme. Improved harmonisation between partners’ intervention would help to leverage on each agency’s technical and territorial expertise and support local actors’ contribution to the national development framework. The approach of the PADC programme, for example, is

3 For example, the PRSP sets the framework to activate the existing Regulation and Competitiveness Board towards more efficient business development, by enabling the private sector to participate as part of a tripartite body in drafting instruments to implement the mechanism of the Investment Charter (e.g. the Investment Promotion Agency, the Export Promotion Agency and the Trade and Industry Observatory).

8 based on the support of local development processes and of the current projects and governmental efforts towards decentralisation. The government commits itself to engage in partnerships with the foreign private sector towards increased industrial subcontracting and industrial guilds, in view of establishing a Subcontracting and Industrial partnership Board in Cameroon with the assistance of the United Nations Industrial Development Organisation (UNIDO), to be jointly owned with local Small and Medium-/Micro- Size enterprise (SMEs/SMIs).

Some efforts towards improved inter-agency coordination have been made through the establishment of the Comité Multi-bailleurs in 2004 and through WB’s Development Effectiveness Scorecard (CDES) for Cameroon, which tracks the implementation of the 12 country-specific effectiveness objectives envisioned in the Paris Declaration, for the purpose of a better integration of World Bank’s development goals in Cameroon to the guidelines of the Paris Declaration. World Bank’s December 2006 revision of the PRSP suggests how “The CDES could become a basis for a joint monitoring framework to assess progress towards strengthening development effectiveness in consultation with the Government and other external partners” (WB 2001). Moreover, field coordination efforts endorsed by WB and GTZ serve as an additional coordination framework and an alternative from existing out-of-country, on-paper declarations. Some efforts towards the eradication of government corruption in Cameroon are in progress and may contribute to renewed support of ODA programmes. The PRSP sets the framework for the establishment of a National Financial Investments Board (ANIF) aimed at receiving, processing and referring information for the punishment of people guilty of money laundering or/and of funding terrorism to competent judicial and legal authorities. On the other hand, the WB 2006 report on the PRSP highlights how anticorruption units are only set up in certain ministries and most units were not yet operational at the time of writing their report. Similarly, in March 2007 the ILO started a programme aimed at supporting Cameroon in to implement Declaration 87 for the protection of unions’ freedom. To date, the national labour law has not been accounted as a guarantor of the protection of the unions’ delegates, collective negotiation is still being planned, there is no body representing the unions in national firms, certain regions’ practices and attitudes (cultural, of the communities, families and religions) being tolerated are interpreted as forced labour and there is still discrimination in the treatment and remuneration at work, on the basis of religion, culture and tribal origin.

Main types of LED programmes projects The stock take of LED programmes in Cameroon highlights a strong focus on basic service provision and rural community development. Efforts towards multi-sectoral development strategies, decreased regional disparities and shared programme design and ownership involving local stakeholders are limited.

National and sub national legislation

The government draws the framework to set up Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs, such as the Comité interministerial élargi au secteur prive) to improve on business development efforts, and it commits itself to draw together the necessary resources for the purpose of a joint review and design of the PRSP on behalf of NGOs, trade unions, religious groups, professional organizations and community-based groups. However, Cameroon’s recent corruption debate may hamper this progress. OECD views corruption

9 as “a profound problem in Cameroon and a fundamental constraint on development, growth and poverty reduction” (J.Lourenco and C.Foy, 2003). With respect to decentralization efforts, a legal framework for it was set up in 2004, but WB’s 12/2006 PRSP review judges the fiscal autonomy of local authorities too weak. This may impede capacity-building investment for the majors and councils, aimed at purpose of enabling the “National Colloquium of majors on the fringe of Africity” (established in 2004) to function properly. According to the IMF report “On the Observance of Standards and Codes (ROSC)”, the Special Council Support Fund (FEICOM) has been audited and the responsibilities of central and local governments are well-defined in procedural terms, but the legal framework governing the delegation of powers still lacks an efficient structure for the monitoring and enforcement of policies. The report also judges the management of public investment inefficient and the definition of financial responsibilities between local and central governments blurred, in particular with respect to measures such as the transfer of the special municipal surtaxes (centimes additionales communaux), proceeds from business licence taxes (patents) and local communities’ share of forestry reveneues. The report finally suggests to strengthen expenditure control of budgetary appropriations managed by the local governments and delegated appropriations (eg. Credits délégues). Weak support by the central government to local authorities may also limit full implementation of the Urban Governance Programme, aimed at establishing capacity- building schemes for national and local actors of twenty-three councils, in the field of poverty reduction strategies and of the fight against urban delinquency (in the towns of Yaoundé and Douala). No other educational or training scheme is currently running in Cameroon. The 2008-2012 UNDAF too supports the decentralization process, as well as improved social dialogue (especially with a view to including socially-marginalised groups and particularly women). For this purpose the framework calls for the international partners’ commitment to assist in the formation of elus locaux of local governance and economic development.

10 LED in Cape Verde

Overview and key issues Cape Verde is about to enter the Middle-Income Countries group, with a GDP per capita of 1330 $, life expectancy of 69 and a percentage of living poor of 30%. The incidence of poverty is concentrated in rural areas and in the island of Santiago, with the exclusion of Praia, the capital. For the rest, inter-island development is equally distributed. According to estimates by the International Monetary Fund (IMF), real GDP grew at a record of 10.8% in 2006, reflecting stronger growth in telecommunications, construction and financial services. Cape Verde remains however a vulnerable economy, because of the high risk of draughts and the few natural resources. Being and archipelago of islands it suffers from high transportation costs, but its location also makes it a crossway for maritime and aerial routes. Local development processes in Cape Verde can be analysed at the national level or on an island-basis. Please refer to the Appendix for a description of each project and for an evaluation of the state of development processes on each island. At the national level each programme includes several strategies linked to the LED approach (Economic Governance, Enterprise Development, Workforce Development, Livelihood Development and Locality Development), although they are never all included in one single programme and tend to be distributed across different parts of the territory. The national legislation contributes to creating a favourable environment for: 1. The synergies between educational schemes and industry development. Cape Verde’s Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) draws a strong focus on the promotion of both higher education and industry competitiveness (Priorities 3 and 2 respectively). Priority 3 outlines the need to sustain the local economy: with educational and vocational programs, also for students who leave school early to work and contribute to the family income. The PRSP advocates for demand-driven vocational programs according to national employment patterns (formal and informal). 2. Improved economic governance. The PRSP sets as its priorities for the 2005-2007 triennium, municipal development, training and improved financial independence. 3. Local enterprise promotion. The PRSP emphasises its commitment to sustain local comparative advantages. Given a same level of investment, Cape Verde’s comparative advantage in productivity lies in the tourism industry, whilst as far as job creation is taken into account, the secondary sector ranks higher.

Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats to LED programmes Cape Verdian government is recognised by its international partners and by the donors for its honest and efficient management of resources and funds. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) ventures in Cape Verde are thus numerous. Improvements in infrastructure and service provision, which is supported by international development agencies, a well developed tertiary sector and a national legislative framework which encourages business development, constitute an attractive ground for FDI in Cape Verde. However, recent corruption scandals resulted in closer parliamentary scrutiny of public contracts, which can slow down the pace of reforms. Nonetheless, the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) forecasted real GDP growth to accelerate from an estimated 7% in 2007 to 7.5% in 2008 and 8% in 2009, a trend which makes Cape Verde one of the best performers economically amongst West African states.

11 This is partly due to the high inflows of foreign direct investment in the tourism and construction sectors. The revised projects do not include an equally strong focus on educational and vocational training and on improvements of the national structure for economic governance. The country does not have enough national executive managers and directors and this might slow down long term growth.

Unequal development patterns across Cape Verde pose further threats to local development processes, in that they impede exploitation of the full range of national resources and hamper the formation of mutually reinforcing market linkages between the islands.

Major players and donor agencies There are a number of donors involved in workforce, livelihood, locality, enterprise and economic governance development. Some work with Cape Verde’s Ministry of Finance (International Fund for Agricultural Development, IFAD), whilst others with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Millennium Challenge Corporation, MCC; Assistance Francaise au Développement, AFD; Luxemburg Développement, LUXdev; Instituto Portugues de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento, IPAD). The table below highlights the strategic focus of the development programme per agency.

Workforce IFAD IPAD AFD LUXdev

Livelihood IFAD LUXdev

Locality MCC IPAD LUXdev

Enterprise MCC LUXdev

Economic IFAD MCC AFD Governance

The strongest support to an improved system of Economic Governance to ignite autonomous local development processes come from IFAD, which engages mainly in consolidating local partnerships and strengthening rural decentralisation, and AFD, which supports the development of the National Association of the Municipalities of Cape Verde.

Given the important role of the Cape Verdean “Diaspora” in the economy of the country, AFD is implementing a strategic programme aimed at promoting exchange programmes between Cape Verde’s labour force and young and professional expatriates. Such policies contribute to improved local industrial development and thus limited brain drain.

Main types of LED programmes projects Infrastructure development and basic service provision are the primary focus of development activities in Cape Verde because of their support to the growing tourism industry, and their contribution to limit the country’s vulnerability to draughts and other

12 problems linked to its insularity. The programmes display instead a weaker focus on local skills, local industry development and institutional capacity building.

The programme documents show efforts towards the protection and development of local natural resources (mostly fisheries and water), and the implementation of educational and vocational programmes to some extent. However, the strong link between the education and vocational training programmes and job-creation measures and local industry development is still weak. Equally, only a few projects include improved Economic Governance and support to decentralisation efforts as the main goals. The majority of the projects does not encompass a participatory methodology (through tools such as PPPs and local consortia), and does not include knowledge transfer, training programmes, improved financial capacity and institutional capacity-building, for the purpose of supporting to chambers of commerce, workers’ unions and local governments and improving social dialogue dynamics in the country and mobilising local markets and firms. The question o f whether the development of the tertiary sector (especially the tourism industry), which is more remunerative but less labour-intensive than the secondary sector accounts for greater growth than the latter remains nonetheless open.

National and sub national legislation

There is very little information on functional legislation supporting (or constraining) LED activities.

13 LED in Libya

Overview and key issues Libya is officially known as officially the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. There are two branches of government in Libya. The "revolutionary sector" comprises Revolutionary Leader Gaddafi, the Revolutionary Committees and the remaining members of the 12-person Revolutionary Command Council, established in 1969. The historical revolutionary leadership is not elected and cannot be voted out of office; they are in power by virtue of their involvement in the revolution. Constituting the legislative branch of government, this sector comprises Local People's Congresses in each of the 1,500 urban wards, 32 Sha'biyat People's Congresses for the regions, and the National General People's Congress. These legislative bodies are represented by corresponding executive bodies (Local People's Committees, Sha'biyat People's Committees and the National General People's Committee/Cabinet). Every four years, the membership of the Local People's Congresses elects their own leaders and the secretaries for the People's Committees. The leadership of the Local People's Congress represents the local congress at the People's Congress of the next level. The members of the National General People's Congress elect the members of the National General People's Committee (the Cabinet) at their annual meeting.

Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats to LED programmes There appears to be very little support for LED programmes in Libya. The country is extremely urbanised, with 90 per cent of its population living in cities. Most LED-related activities appear to be in the form of urban and regional planning initiatives.

Major players and donor agencies The main government agencies engaged in LED-related activities are: · Urban Planning Agency, Secretariat of Housing and Utilities The main donor agencies supporting LED-related activities are: · United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat) · UNDP has a small office (less than 20 people), the largest projects that UNDP Libya have been involved in have included assisting local authorities in restoring the city of Ghadames, a UNESCO World Heritage site.

Main types of LED programmes projects No “narrowly defined” LED projects or programmes were found in Libya. Those that could be considered LED-related, focused mainly on regional and urban planning. In addition to one project to establish a business incubator in Tripoli.

National and sub national legislation It has proved very difficult to assess any LED-related legislation in Libya. One LED- related issue found concerns the formulation of a National Spatial Policy (NSP). The NSP is the overall spatial strategy of the Great Jamahiriya, to provide guidance to the Third Generation Planning Project. The aim of the NSP is to provide an appropriate standard of living for Libyan citizens. In addition, it will promote sustainable economic and environmental development; organize demographic distribution; protect the environment; safeguard agricultural land; increase productivity; raise public awareness for planning and the environment; and provide safety and security, as well as transportation. The NSP was

14 approved by the General Planning Council and will be implemented through the 3GPP. The fundamental challenge is how the spatial development plans at the different planning levels can facilitate and stimulate economically viable projects and processes and also achieve environmental sustainability.

15 LED in Morocco

Overview and key issues

Poverty is essentially a rural phenomenon in Morocco. Almost one in every four people living in rural areas is poor, compared to one in ten in urban areas (World Bank, 2004). Although rural dwellers account for just 46 per cent of Morocco’s total population, rural poor people account for 66 per cent of all of the country’s poor.

Some 75 per cent of rural poor people depend on agriculture for a livelihood. Yet many of them have access to only a limited amount of non-irrigated arable land, which has a poor agricultural potential. Because farmers often do not have formal title to land, it is difficult for them to obtain credit and diversify their income.

Incidence and distribution of poverty vary considerably among regions in relation to the quality and availability of natural resources. Mountainous zones, where soil is susceptible to erosion, are among the country’s poorest areas. The coastal areas, for instance, are generally better off and thus less affected by poverty.

The most vulnerable groups include smallholders, people engaged in artisanal fishing, landless people, rural wage earners, unemployed young people and women in all categories.

Difficult geographical conditions and deteriorating infrastructure contribute to rural poverty. A prolonged drought from 1999 to 2001 worsened the situation.

Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats to LED programmes Very little evidence of LED programming has been found in Morocco. As mentioned, natural catastrophies constitute a threat to development processes and a challenge to LED programming. The 2007-2011 UNDAF for Morocco cites the following additional impediments to its development goals in the country: crises, lack of financial commitment by the government, mismanagement of rural/urban migration flows and revenues, persistence of taboos in society, low scholarly attainments, heavy investments devolved to the fight against HIV, lack of monitoring of fiscal decentralisation processes, lack of human resources in decentralised units and little cooperation with civil society. The PRSP identifies the following failures in the current national development framework that call for an increased focus on local processes of economic development: - Mis-coordination between different programs and implementing agencies, - Participation of the targeted population to program conception/implementation below the minimum expectations. - Short-term versus long-term structured interventions (the government’s economic management needs to be reoriented in favour of the implementation/consolidation of a primary and secondary distribution systems that bring more benefits to the poor, of both formal and informal labour markets with a view to solving the problems of unemployment and poverty). - A clearer and more specified role must be identified and assigned to administrative entities other than the Central State, as for example, regional and local groups and associations, civil society and the private sector. The new actors

16 must be coordinated, according to domains and geographic regions of respective interest

17 Major players and donor agencies The 2007-2011 UNDAF assigns the following development goals to the respective agencies, Food Agricultural Organisation (FAO), the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF); The United Nations Population Fund (UNPFA), the World Health Organisation (WHO), the United Nations Industrial Organisation (UNIDO), United Nations Office against Drugs and Crime (UNODC), the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), the United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM); the United Nations Human Settlement Program (UN-HABITAT), the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO), the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and the International Labour Organization (ILO).

Social Financial Food Urban Workforc Local Partici Youth Rural/ur services and non- security and e multisectoral pation inclusi ban and financial : semi- developm development of civil on in linkages basic services urban ent (in strategies society the manage infrastru provision infrastruc response (based on in public, ment cture (targeted ture to labour human rights develo social provisio on the provision market and decent pment and n needs : needs) : work proces politic expressed promotion): ses al by (throug sphere vulnerable h s : groups): better partner ships betwee n the State, local comm unities and private sector) :

ü ü ü ü FAO

ü

ü ü ü ü UNICEF

UNPFA ü ü

WHO ü ü ü

18 UNIDO ü

UNDP ü ü ü ü

UNODC ü

UNIFE ü M

UN- ü HABITA

ILO ü ü ü

UNESC ü ü O

UNHCR ü ü

19 Main types of LED programmes projects An overview of the collected projects highlights how development programmes focus mainly on rural development and basic service provision rather than on territorial multisectoral development strategies. UNDP-led ARTGOLD programme is the most encouraging plan an integrated development strategy based on cooperation with local public and non-public authorities.

National and sub national legislation The 2008 budget reforms highlight the government's desire to boost employment and address infrastructure issues, notably in housing. However, progress will be slow, reflecting the high level of bureaucracy, financial constraints and structural weaknesses. Prospects for non-agricultural growth are relatively strong, but overall GDP growth will remain subject to the risk of drought. The government’s Social Development Strategy sets the framework for the following policies for the promotion of local development processes: -deep reforms of the education system for the purpose of fighting illiteracy; -basic health provision; -institution of the Hassan II Fund for the purpose of establishing micro-credit projects, tourism sector and road infrastructure development.

Finally, in 1994 The Government identified 14 provinces where poverty is most severe and launched a poverty reduction programme, the First Social Priorities Programme, for the provinces of: Al Hoceima, Azilal, Chefchaouen, Chichaoua, Al Haouz, El Kelâa, Essaouira, Ouarzazate, Safi, Sidi Kacem, Taroudant, Taza, Tiznit and Zagoura.

20 LED in Somalia (Somaliland and Puntland)

Overview and key issues The current social, economic and political crisis in Somalia and the lack of a functioning national government are not conducive to supporting LED programmes. Despite this, there appear to be a number of donor and development agencies engaged in the support of LED-related programmes. While the DFID and ILO Employment, Enterprise and Livelihoods programme focuses on local income generating and economic development initiatives, most other LED-related initiatives focus on governance. UN-HABITAT manages the Somalia Urban Development Programme, which is supported by a number of donors and works with local authorities across the country, (especially in Somaliland and Puntland) to improve urban planning, leadership and financial management. The UN and other development agencies have also been supporting efforts to establish a civil service and to proceed with the preparation of a new constitution for Somalia. However, these activities are on hold at present because of the unfavourable political environment.

Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats to LED programmes As indicated above, support for LED in Somalia and Puntland is largely undermined by the current social, economic and political crisis. While there are functioning regional government authorities, the national government is unable to provide any services of this kind.

Major players and donor agencies The main government actors appear to be: · Regional government authorities in Somalia and Puntland The main donor and development agencies supporting LED in Somalia appear to be: · European Commission - through its Somalia Operations of the Delegation of the European Union in Kenya · UNDP – including support provided through its Governance and Financial Services Programme, under which a long-term cooperation with UN- HABITAT exists. · Government of Italy · Government of Japan - funds the Emergency Assistance for Resettlements of Returnees and Internally Displaced People programme (ARRI) which has started with two pilot projects for the inhabitants of Ayaha II in Hargeisa and three sites in Eastern Garowe. · UK Department for International Development (DFID) – DFID's Country Engagement Plan for Somalia gives high priority to improving governance. · DFID and the World Bank support a Community Driven Recovery Programme to support increased delivery of services, empowerment and increased accountability through community control over decision-making and resources. · DFID and the ILO support the Somalia Employment, Enterprise and Livelihoods (EEL) Programme (2006-2008) which contributes to sustainable economic growth and diversification in Somalia and Somaliland leading to the creation of new sustainable jobs and livelihood opportunities.

21 · United Nation's Children Fund (UNICEF) and UN-HABITAT recently started cooperation to rebuild the houses for the tsunami-affected town of Xaafuun as part of a new resettlement project; implemented with UNICEF funding. · UNICEF implements a training programme for young people and is an important counterpart as the Implementing Agency for another EC-funded programme for urban water. · United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT) implements the Somalia Urban Development Programme under its Urban Planning Framework and gives inputs to activities from other agencies that are not part of the SUDP. · Save the Children Denmark in Somaliland is currently conducting Employment Promotion Through Training (PETT) Project as a Lead Agency of a Consortium Member Agencies consisting of CARE and SCD in Somaliland and Gothenburg Initiativet (GI) and Diakonia Sweden (DS) in Puntland; funded by the European Commission. · Italy: while the Government of Italy supports various initiatives, the Italian NGO Consortium, UNA, representing three Italian universities and a number of international NGOs, takes the lead in the urban services component of the Somalia Urban Development Programme. · International Labour Organization (ILO) is responsible for the Local Economic Development component of the Somalia Urban Development Programme. The Local Economic Development activities are a continuation of previous work by ILO, but are more focused on urban areas. · Dutch NGO Novib, a part of the Oxfam network, supports the strengthening Somali civil society organizations since 1995.

Main types of LED programmes projects Most LED-related programmes, such as the Somalia Urban Development Programme, focus on the functioning of regional government authorities in urban areas. Some work is undertaken in both urban and rural areas to support livelihoods.

National and sub national legislation There is very little information on functional legislation supporting (or constraining) LED activities.

Recent study of LED in Somaliland and Puntland The Employment Promotion Through Training (PETT) project, implemented by Save the Children Denmark and others, has commissioned a study into LED in Somaliland and Puntland. The study identifies LED opportunities that can be pursued in employment promotion through the provision of skill training in technical vocational education and training (TVET) centers. It was carried out between 25th February and 4th March 2006 by Ezekiel Esipisu, an associate consultant with ITC Eastern Africa, conducted the study in February and March 2006.4 It was envisaged that as part of the project’s activities, the review and identification of gaps in the existing LED materials would facilitate the

4 http://practicalactionconsulting.org/?id=consulting_eastern_africa

22 synthesis of the requirement of a targeted LED study in future. The specific objectives of the study were · Identify gaps in the existing LED materials that might be helpful in the promotion of employment. · Identification of marketable skills areas relevant with employment promotion. · To plan for the future LED study to be carried in order to fill the identified gaps. The study identified the following as sectors with high potential for generating employment: i) Fishery ii) Livestock iii) Mining – gemstones, precious and base metals, sepiolite, meerschaum and limestone iv) Micro, Small and Medium enterprises v) Beekeeping vi) Gum – frankincense, myrrh, opoponax among others vii) Construction viii) Telecommunication ix) Government agencies specifically the ports However, several gaps were identified in these sectors that are affecting their ability to create more jobs and/or generate more income. Some of the gaps identified include: · Insufficient capital for deepening or expanding operations · Lack of markets or information about markets · Lack of capacity to develop a good marketing strategy (including the formation of marketing groups) · Lack of skills in business management which leaves those in such sectors badly exposed to middlemen · Lack of or inadequate technical skills that are required for such sectors · Lack of adequate technical skills trainers · Poor government policy framework · Absence of institutions that would provide relevant training for skills required in the sectors · Inadequate or lack of information on appropriate inputs for improved production. The study recommends the need for a further Local Economic Development study to be carried in Somaliland and Puntland in order to fill the identified gaps.

23 LED in Tunisia

Overview and key issues Tunisia is a republic with a strong presidential system dominated by a single political party. Tunisia's precise political situation is hard to determine due to a strong level of silence and lack of transparency maintained by the government. The Tunisian government imposes significant restrictions on freedom of speech and human rights. Tunisia is subdivided into 24 governorates. The governorates are divided into 262 "delegations" or "districts" (mutamadiyat), and further subdivided into municipalities (shaykhats).

Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats to LED programmes Very little evidence of LED programming has been found in Tunisia. Most LED-related projects and programme focus on agriculture and integrated development planning.

Major players and donor agencies Government agencies that appear to have an interest in LED projects and programmes, include: · Ministry of Social Affairs, Solidarity, and Tunisians Abroad · Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development · Ministry of Industry, Energy and SMEs · Ministry of Economic Development International donor and development agencies active in supporting LED-related activities include: · International Labour Organization · United Nations Development Programme · United Nations Industrial Development Organization · Italian Embassy in Tunisia

Main types of LED programmes projects Very few LED or LED-related projects or programmes have been found to operate in Tunisia.

National and sub national legislation It has not been possible to assess the policy and legal framework for LED in Tunisia at either a national or sub-national level.

24

LED in Zimbabwe

Overview and key issues Most multi and bilateral donor agencies have either terminated or put on hold their programmes and projects in Zimbabwe, with the notable exception of HIV/AIDS prevention and impact mitigation initiatives. For example, most ILO technical support programmes in Zimbabwe falls under the theme of combating HIV/AIDS in the workplace. Beyond HIV/AIDS, some donor agencies intervene with humanitarian assistance and disaster relief and some NGOs – among them notably church organizations – struggle to continue their capacity building support initiatives at the grass-root level. There is apparently nothing significant happening at present within the broad area of SME development and LED programmes, apart from some support to small income generating projects supported by DFID and the Canadian Embassy in association with local churches. There is no evidence to suggest that NGOs follow a systematic LED approach in their interventions. Most bilateral donor funding is currently blocked and will likely only return once the problems with democracy are addressed. Donor support from the East typically comes in the form of soft loans or grants, but tied to procurement contracts. UNDP and the Ministry of Social Welfare are working in about ten districts to support community rehabilitation. Initially this was designed as UNDP's response to targeting up to Operation Clean-Up a few years ago.

Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats to LED programmes The overarching political and economic conditions, including the lack of capacity of government agencies to drive development programmes is a major threat to the operations of LED programmes in Zimbabwe and undermine developments in this field. Moreover, the withdrawal of support by most western donor and development agencies has produced a situation in which support for LED is very weak.

Major players and donor agencies The Ministry of Social Welfare appears to the main government actor in the limited range of LED initiatives currently in place. Main donor and development agencies engaged in the support of LED in Zimbabwe are: · DFID (through the British Embassy) · Canada Embassy · UNDP · SNV Finally, local churches appear to play a role in a few of the LED initiatives.

Main types of LED programmes projects While the volume of LED projects in Zimbabwe is very small, the limited number of projects in place appear to focus on rural areas (including Matebeleland South and Manicaland). Most LED project focus on income generation.

25

Appendix:

LED Projects and Programmes in Algeria, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Libya, Morocco, Somalia and Tunisia.

26

1.1 LED projects in Algeria Support to Socio-economic Development in North-East Algeria (€2,754,100; 2002- 2007) The Algerian Government has recently established a programme for economic and social revival in the North-East of Algeria. To reach tangible improvements, the project concentrates its activities on a territory covering 50 especially rural communities in six poor Wilayate in the Northeast of the country with about 700,000 inhabitants. The ambition of the project is also to create a model to be replicated in other Algerian regions. The project aims at improving the level and the quality of life of the population in the poor rural zones of the North-East of Algeria, prevent migration from rural areas, to promote a better economic and social cohesion, to raise the economic and social situation for women, promote the active participation of vulnerable social groups, and to reinforce the capacities of the institutions and local municipal groups in the local development. Objectives: The specific objective is to reinforce the local economic and social development in 50 municipalities belonging to six Wilayate in the Northeast of Algeria by supporting the development of local initiatives with productive income generating activities, offering perspectives for improvement of the standard of living of the underprivileged populations. Activities: · Elaboration of local development strategies · Establishment of pilot projects in three participating municipalities · Pre-selection of 120 municipalities on the basis of poverty criteria. Final selection of 47 municipalities which clearly show their will to cooperate with the project · Potential analysis in the selected municipalities (SWOT analysis) · Preparation and implementation of local development plans · Improvement of the local infrastructure · Planning and overseeing of investment projects in infrastructure vital for economic and social development. Establishment and follow-up of maintenance systems · Promotion of profitable activities · Starting pilot projects in the selected municipalities · Establish the requirements for micro credits · Establish a system of lease to finance micro-enterprises · Creation of local centers for start-ups in order to create employment · Set up of 18 agencies for spurring local development · Establishing regional coordination offices in each of the six Wilayate · Train the staff of the Agency of Social Development (ADS) · Contribute to the creation of a favourable environment for local development · Promotion of the visibility and capitalisation of the project activities through publication of documents and organisation of seminars

27

Assistance to Local Socio-Economic Development of the Rural Region of North-East Algeria This is possibly the most ambitious project financed by the European Community in Algeria. The overall Project budget is 70 million Euro, of which 50 million Euro is EU funding, ten million Euro the contribution of the Algerian Government, and ten million Euro from project beneficiaries and local authorities in NE Algeria. The main objective of the project is to improve the socio-economic quality of life for people living in the 50 poorest villages/communes in the North East region, which are distributed over six districts. The project is designed to support the process of sustainable local development in the villages and to develop local initiatives through building on peoples’ strengths and creating new income generating activities. The project has four main fields of intervention: · The creation and support of strategies for local development. · Improvement of the socio-economic local infrastructure (an investment fund is available for selected projects). · Promotion of income-generating activities (through micro credit and business support services). · Capacity building for local institutions. WYG International has established a Project Support Unit (PSU) that supports the Agency for Social Development (ADS) and its operational arm with technical and financial management and monitoring during the implementation of the project. The PSU comprises four long-term experts: an international expert in the management of socio- economic development, who is the Director of the PSU; an international expert responsible for the development of income-generating activities and micro-credit; another international community-development expert; and one local expert specialising in accounting and the management of projects. Under this Programme WYG International are managing the preparation and implementation of over 350 projects, working with regional authorities and municipalities. Over 200 projects are in the field of municipal infrastructure development. Source: http://www.wyginternational.com/3what_we_do/projects/007.htm

Rural Employment Project (1997-2005) The Rural Employment Project seeks to generate and stimulate sustainable rural employment in poor areas of northwest Algeria. The instruments to be used emphasize asset creation, mainly through natural resource management and environmental protection, with the purpose of increasing labor productivity in a sustainable manner. The project is part of a wider effort to support growth in agriculture, a key sector for the economy, and it complements agricultural reform, in that it seeks to enhance popular support for reform and to alleviate the adverse social effects of adjustment. It will provide a model and laboratory for developing experience in community involvement in rural development in Algeria. The project components are: erosion control, including reforestation and flood control structures; agricultural development comprising land improvement through destoning, windbreaks, and fruit trees and grapevines on sloped land to replace cereal monoculture, and maintaining and opening rural roads (to reduce isolation and to integrate populations into a larger economic area); water resource mobilization through hill ponds, wells and springs; promotion of rural women, especially economically disenfranchised women, using training workshops, family gardens, etc.; increasing the capacity of the decentralized rural organizations acting in place of the

28 implementing agency, and focusing on community participation, technical training and training in project management; and monitoring and evaluation for independent consultants to monitor project performance. Source: http://web.worldbank.org/external/projects/main?pagePK=104231&piPK=73230&theSite PK=40941&menuPK=228424&Projectid=P043724

29 1.2 LED projects in Cameroon Programme d’Appui aux Reformes en Matiére de Gouvernance, African Development Bank (AfDB) The “Programme d’Appui aux Reformes en Matiere de Gouvernance”, financed by AfDB, is a project to reinforce decentralization efforts by linking them with civil society initatives and by focusing development efforts on the lagging regions of the country in order to solve for territorial inequality. Strong emphasis is played on education and basic service provision, therefore the project does not work across different income-generating activities and different support mechanisms to community’s livelihoods (e.g. support to infrastructure development and institutional strengthening are not parts of the programme). Service delivery is charged on all local actors (public, non-public and private), but they are not involved in the strategy design and local ownership of the programme is thus limited. The contribution of the project in the creation of a sustainable business environment enabling of local growth depends on the success of the education and vocational schemes.

Economic Governance Livelihood Development Work force Development

Improvement of the participation of Establish the priority target groups The government will hire new civil society and citizens to the and areas for improving the quality personnel to fill in vacancies of management of public affairs: of medical provision and the access the education system. Their increase subcontracting to NGOs to services of child, maternal and integration in the public function for the provision of services nutritional health and for reducing will be done gradually in order to targeted at the lagging regions/most the financial burden on the most ensure financial feasibility. vulnerable groups. disadvantaged families by introducing mechanisms of risk- Administrative and pedagogic The government aims at reinforcing sharing. measures will be pursued with the the capacity of the civil society by: purpose of reducing the rate of repeating years, in view of (i) establishing a legislative improving on the efficiency of the documentation to rule the sector of system. the associations; (ii) reinforcing the capacity of cooperation between the Ministry of Terrritorial Administration and Decentralisation (MINATD) and civil society; (iii) putting in place a framework of coordination with the activities of the civil society. Improvement of the performance of the public administration.

Projet de Développement Participatif de la Région de Rumpi, AfDB The “Projet de Développement Participatif de la Région de Rumpi” is axed on agricultural production improvement. There are elements of capacity-building and knowledge-transfer (notably project management skills). Project delivery is left to AfDB itself rather than involving local actors and an integrated approach across different sectors is lacking.

Economic Governance Enterprise Development Workforce Development

Capacity-building ; support Agricultural production and productivity Project management access to market and to local improvement. training.

30 initiatives.

Projet de développement rural participatif et décentralisé de Grassfield, Asian Development Bank (ADB) ADB’s “Projet de développement rural participatif et décentralisé de GRASSFIELD” targets infrastructure and agricultural production development, involving the community ownership in both planning and implementation of the programme. The target groups are however farmers only and the focus of the project is linked to the mentioned infrastructure and agricultural sectors only.

Economic Governance Enterprise Livelihoods Locality Development Development Development

MIDENO, the Improved Reinforced Rural and community executive branch of the agricultural management capacity of infrastructure development mission of production and the village development, according the North-Western revenues. communities, to the community and regional authority, will professional agricultural municipal development The project will be in charge of the associations (OPA) and plans. implementation of the also contribute to producers, with the project. the creation of scope of improving The responsibility of 29.300 new jobs agricultural production the works’ execution (fixed and and revenues towards rests with the village temporary), with poverty reduction and communities, the the scope of improved food security. municipalities and any controlling rural local entrepreneur emigration and thereof employed. helping social and labour market- inclusion of women.

Projet d’Assainissement de Yaoundé, International Labour Organization (ILO) ILO’s “ Projet d’assainissement de Yaoundé” is focues on labour-intensive techniques and it targets basic service provision. It involves Yaounde’s communities and NGOs in service delivery, although project planning rests with the agency.

Economic Governance Livelihood Development Locality Development

Capacity-building: training for Job-creation following labour intensive Treatment of pluvial labour intensive schemes targeted techniques in a number of employment water in the town, at CEOs of the Bureau d’études, sectors. community SMEs and NGOs. ILO subcontracts sensibilisation to to local NGOs and community Reduced water illnesses through the hygienic issues, organizations the organization of treatment of river-washed greenfields. provision of the the collection of solid waste in necessary tools for the informal settlements. collection of solid waste.

Projet Pilote d’Entretien des Routes Rurales par la technique HIMO, ILO The GoC started in 2005 a pilot project in labour intensive construction of rural infrastructure to target Cameroon’s unequal regional development. The project builds on

31 the Government’s emphasis on labour intensive techniques for infrastructure development, aimed at reducing expenditure and increasing the impact of infrastructure works on the social indicators of the rural communities there involved. The utility of the infrastructure works of the target groups is yet to be evaluated. Equally, remain to be weighed the outcomes of the loss of efficiency in the construction works and its consequences in the long run on the one hand and short term benefits from increased employment on the other hand. Project planning stays with the implementing agency, the ILO, but both hard and soft infrastructure are targeted.

Economic Workforce Development Locality Enterprise Development Governance Development

Prepare the Assistance to the project management unit. Infrastructure Training for the enterprises’ terms of development and the design offices’ reference for Evaluate training modules in labour intensive personnel in charge of the the impact- works and draw up the necessary construction works. Establish a assessment documentation for the training schemes. building site for schools. Train evaluation of Publish information on the training and labour 30 technical directors: five for the project. intensive road development works in the the design offices and 25 for standard job opening advertisements. the enteprises.

Training of the 10 CEOs of the “Direction des Routes Rurales” for the supervision of the works. A study trip for 5 CEOs two African countries with experience in labour intensive techniques.

Training of 20 technical local agents for the planning of the HMLI matrix of road development.

Projet d’Appui au Développement Communautaire, IFAD The “Projet d'Appui au Développement Communautaire”, financed by IFAD, aims at promoting the socio-economic development of the poorest amongst the rural communities in Cameroon and in particular women, by increasing their earnings and improving their food security. The project was developed following the government’s request for support to the reintegration of marginalised communties, in view of their autonomous development ( i.e. local ownership of planning and management processes). The project’s approach is based on supporting local development processes and encouraging the progress of decentralization. IFAD’s focus tends to be on the rural poor only. However the project may be classified as LED because it takes into consideration development of local institutions in view of autonomous and sustainable development and it provides for the inclusion of the most disadvantaged groups of the local communities into business and economic development opportunities thereof created.

Economic Governance Enterprise Development Livelihood Development

Capacity-building of local communities Promote income-generating Improve access to services, and organisations for public and private activities for the rural poor. resources and income for the services provision and support. rural poor.

32

Community Education and Development Services (CEDS) Community Education and Development Services (CEDS) works with grassroots communities in the Northwest Province and the South Province of Cameroon, which have little or no access to the vast majority of NGO services available in the country. In addition to leadership training for grassroots women’s groups, village councils, and national and regional organizations, CEDS carries out HIV/AIDS sensitization in prisons, post-primary institutions and rural communities. CEDS also carries on training in information communication technology (ICT) in the WLP-CEDS Information Technology (IT) Center based in Bamenda, Cameroon. The project only targets female groups.

Economic Livelihood Development Workforce Development Governance

Leadership- Implementation of community initiatives for HIV/AIDA sensibilisation training for livelihood improvement in the North-Western and activies in prisons, educational women’s Southern regions of Cameroon through integrated institutes and rural communities. community development programmes aimed at increasing associations, female self-sufficiency. For example, the Women’ Training in information village councils Empowerement programme, or the programme for technology and communication and national and the protection of reproductive health and rights, or for the women of the CEDA regional advocacy and fundraising activities. centre of technology in Bamenda, organisation. Cameroun.

Programme National de Développement Participatif - Gouvernement of Cameroo, World Bank (WB), French Embassy, German Techincal Cooperation (GTZ) Cameron; IFAD Cameroun; AFD Cameroun; Food Agricultural Organisation (FAO) Cameroun; Fonds spécial d'équipement et d'intervention intercommunale (FEICOM); Ministere De L'Agriculture Et Du Developpement Rural (MINADER). The Programme National de Développement Participatif (PNDP) aims at promoting sustainable development around: the organisation of the beneficiaries, reinforcing their capacities, their involvement in identifying their own priority needs, the quest for solutions, planning and implementation of concrete actions for the social and economic development of their localities. It involves establishing mechanisms for making the communities responsible of their own development in view of the progresses attained in the course of the decentralisation process.

Economic Governance Livelihood Development Locality Workforce Developme Developme nt nt

Development of the institutions in the Community Economic Development : the Services Strengthene municipality Développement rural municipalities and their for the d training institutionnel de la commune (capacity- communities form the main target group municipalit ventures building, physical infrastructure, human of the programme. They benefit of the ies (e.g. resources, mobilisation of financial rural community development road resources…); initiatives for the investments and of the support developme promotion and strengthening of programmes for the muncipalities in veiw nt, partnerships between the municipalities of the decentralisation process, as well as improved and other local actors. Support the of capacity-building activities such as infrastructu municipalities in the progress towards training, consulting and communication re and decentralisation. development. market exchanges between villages)

33

Programme d’Appui au Développement Urbain de Douala et de Yaoundé, IFAD IFAD’s “Programme d'appui au développement urbain de Douala et de Yaoundé” is based on the needs of the two target localities for improved infrastructure development through improved social dialogue between ecoomic actors of the municipality. IFAD assigns the responsibility for the project’s implementation to all local actors (public and non public).

Economic Governance Locality Development

To establish social dialogue between the local associations and the To increase the quantity and quality of beneficiaries in the local population. To make the urban infrastructure, equipment and services communities the main actors in the management and for the establishment of the social implementation of the development matrix. dialogue.

Programme Supporting Decentralisation and Local Development, GTZ GTZ advises government actors in planning decentralisation and participatory development, as well as in implementing Cameroon’s poverty reduction strategy paper (PRSP). Support is also provided to civil society representatives in local development, decentralisation processes, and implementation and monitoring of the PRSP. The programme is defined as a catalyst and moderator of development processes.

Economic Governance

The programme cooperates in various degrees of intensity with about 40 municipalities in three regions on the topics of municipal planning and implementation, mobilisation of local revenues, financial administration, municipal administration, strengthening the city council and local economic development. The planning ministry has dealt with the integration of the municipalities into public investment planning and with the participatory monitoring of poverty reduction strategy implementation.

Agence canadienne de développement international,ACDI ACDI promotes inclusion of marginalised groups through microfinance support to rural families, improved access to education services for targetd women groups and local resources’ protection and development. It does not involve support to the decentralisation process and to the saving schemes with revenue-generating activities.

Enterprise Development Livelihood Development Locality Development

Good governance : Family income ACDI’s contribution to improving sexual Support to rural has increased thanks to equality had a direct impact on the women development and microfinance support projects target groups following on the efforts to local resources’ which offer credit saving schemes promote women’s rights and improve their utilisation. to families leaving in the rural access to education. regions.

UK Department for International Development, DFID DFID’s project is strongly centred on governance issues of forestry resource management. It promotes the use of local resources but local labour retention is not pursued through educational and training schemes.

34 Economic Governance Enterprise Development

Increased regulatory capacity of the Ministry of MINEF continues to focus on forest sector Environment and Forests (MINEF) to monitor illegal governance in recognition of its importance in the logging activities through support of an Independent economy, the number of poor people living in Monitor working with the Central Control Unit of forest zones and the global and local value of MINEF; Cameroon’s biodiversity. DFID works with the local donor community to support information quality and flows, policy coordination, analysis and dialogue for forestry resources’ management.

Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP), Government of Cameroon

Economic Enterprise Livelihood Locality Workforce Governance Development Development Development Development improve on the boosting of private Fight of urban Development of employment and management of sector; poverty throught: basic vocational public affairs; infrastructure; training; financial Promotion of priority road Implementation Strengthened rule of intermediation; community network that links law and general development in a borders, of the education security; The transfer of range of strategy; technological programmes such Natural resource anti-corruption innovations is as the Community- management; creation of a policies; accompanied by Driven sub-regional increased research Development urban centre for decentralisation on rural areas. development training in process; Programme (PNDP, in 33 councils in strategy paper. agricultural automation. capacity-building of four provinces) and sub-regional training the Community institutions. Development Support Programme (PADC, in two provinces). Updated health MTEF.

Netherlands/ILO Cooperation Programme (NICP), ILO ILO’s project is aimed at contributing to reinforce and improve the indigenous practices of local economic development which are already under implementation and to address through an integrated approach across different sectors and institutional player, the issue of trafficking of children and indigenous people in the North-Western region of the country. The program targets: CEOs and the public administration of the targeted municipalities with capacity-building activities; the families the most vulnerable to poverty and child trafficking with support in starting up micro enterprises and cooperatives;$ other local partners, such as decentralised units of selected ministries, local non- governmental organisations (NGOs) and micro finance institutions. The organisation of the strategic and executive units of the programme is aimed at improving social dialogue in the region, promoting local ownership of the development process and building local expertise to secure long term sustainability of the development progress. It thus engages the government authorities of both central and decentralised

35 units, and unions’ and employers’ groups, in a municipal consultative committee, as a forum for the agreement of the different partners in the implementation of the project. Other local actors, such as civil society and other UN agencies and training centres (such as the International Training Center of Turin) are involved.

Specific objectives of the programme are: I. Create the necessary base of information on the potential for the development of the target communities, taking into account the gender issue, for the purpose of establishing revenue-creating activities grounded on local resources and capacity building activities for the improvement of institutional and organizational capacities in place; II. Create equitable work opportunities for men and women in view of the local development processes of the region, by encouraging entrepreneurial ventures, support to starting and managing micro, small and medium size enterprises, with specific emphasis on women and youth. III. Continued protection of children against trafficking, by improving measures of social protection, and promoting their rights of access to education, health and professional training services.

The programme is aligned to the national development priorities (from the government’s Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper, the United Nations Development Framework for Cameroon for 2008-2012 and ILO’s Decent Work Country Program for Cameroon) to leverage on the impact of the project.

36 1.3 LED projects in Cape Verde Rural Poverty Alleviation Programme, International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) Project objective: Poverty alleviation for target groups and improved decentralisation efforts. Project Description: To mobilize common-interest groups and communities; develop effective partnership relations with other organizations in the private and public sector and with the grassroots; higher wages, better access to social services and better living conditions for poor people; assistance to government’s efforts towards decentralised rural development. The programme will be implemented in three distinct phases, under the flexible lending mechanism, and should enhance the Government's decentralization policy by transferring responsibilities and resources from the central to the local government level. Project website: http://www.ifad.org/operations/projects/regions/pa/des/CV.htm#1015 Project Budget: more than 5 million $ Project Start: before 2000 Project End: 2009 Project Manager Name: Mohamed Manssouri Project Manager Email: [email protected] Specific Objectives: Livelihoods development (LiD): Basic Services to enable Economic Activity Economic Governance (EG): CRPs, i.e. regional commissions of partners, comprising: representatives of local communities and common-interest groups, NGOs, reprentatives of municipalities and decentralized government services that join on a voluntary basis Locality Development (LoD): Economic Infrastructure - Water & Sanitation Partners: National Government, Local Government, Private Sector Spatial Focus: mainly rura Contributors: IFAD, Cape Verde central government

Compact, Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) Project objective: The Millennium Challenge Corporation supports Cape Verde in achieving its overall national development goal of transforming its economy from aid- dependent to sustainable, private-sector led growth. Project Description: MCC funds are being used to improve the country’s investment climate and reform the financial sector; improve infrastructure to support increased economic activity and provide access to markets, employment, and social services; increase agricultural productivity and raise the income of the rural population as well as carry out key policy reforms needed for sustained economic growth. Local teams from the Ministry of Agriculture are implementing Community Based Water Management Plans in the areas of intervention. The extent to which "key policy reforms" contribute to improved economic governance and strategic planning, crating the institutional basis for sustained activities of local development depends on the capacity of local and national governments to manage development programmes. The MCC’s Compact programme in Cape Verde does not account for capacity-building schemes. Project website: http://www.mcc.gov/documents/csr-capeverde.pdf Project Budget: more than 5 million $ Project Start: 2005

37 Project End: 2010 Specific Objectives: Economic Governance (EG) : public sector capacity building, improved transparency in government operations, government e-readiness Enterprise Development (ED): Business Retention and Attraction, develop plans and design deliverables in the areas of SME market access, tourism circuits, tourism linkages Locality Development (LoD): Regeneration and Quality of Place Improvements, Community Based Water Management Plans by Local teams from the Ministry of Agriculture Partners: National Government, Local Government, Private Sector, Civil Society Spatial Focus: mainly rura Contributors: Millennium Challenge Corporation, United States Government

Partenariat France – (2006-2011), Agence Française de Développement (AFD) Project objective: The French cooperation in Cape Verde works in the framework of its participation in the Multidonor Trust Fund for the country (for the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals) and its direct support to the Government of Cape Verde. Relatively modest in its financial resources, it is focused on the key areas of development and consolidation of the democratic state. It needs to play a role of leverage and it also aims at developing synergies between the Francophone and the Portuguese-speaking organizations. Such technical assistance is aimed at a smooth exit strategy for Cape Verde to leave the group of Less Developed Countries (LDCs) and enter that of Middle-Income Countries (MIC). Project Description: The purpose of the cooperation is to improve infrastructure, participating in a better water supply, consolidate democratic governance and participate at reducing poverty and inequality. The proximity of Cape Verde to Senegal and the Canaries, a peripheral region of the European Union, its strategic position on the sea routes to Europe, its membership to the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and the African sub-regional organizations as well as the links that its inhabitants kept with the diaspora of France, Portugal and the Benelux countries, are conducive to the development of ties with the European Union and to strengthen its involvement in the Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie, of which Cape Verde is a member since December 1996. To this end, the French cooperation is redefining cross-cutting development synergies, promoting harmonization of the actions of other sponsors including Europe, setting up sustainable networks and integrating, where possible, local, national, regional and continental development frameworks. For some sectors, the Cape Verdean authorities have decided, in view of the large number of outsiders, to put in place a system of coordination and monitoring involving donors, the government, civil society actors and municipalities. This is true for the water and sanitation and in the fight against trafficking in illicit commodities. Delegated Cooperation systems, as recommended by the Development Assistance Committee of the Organisation of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD / DAC), are already being implemented in Cape Verde thanks to the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) which manages bilateral donors’ contribution in the field. Project website: http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/actions-france_830/aide-au- developpement_1060/politique-francaise_3024/instruments-aide_2639/documents-cadres-partenariat- dcp_5219/document-cadre-partenariat-france-cap-vert-dcp-2006-2011_44271.html Project Budget: more than 5 million $ Project Start: 2006 Project End: 2011 Specific Objectives:

38 Economic Governance (EG): Capacity Building and Organising for LED - Strengthening the rule of law, improving the efficiency of government, administrative modernization. AFD supports the decentralization process through the National Association of Municipalities of Cape Verde (NACVM). The donor community has confirmed the leadership role of France in this field. AAFD’s main partner, the NACVM, is a major player in the decentralization process. Workforce Development (WD): Youth Development and Inclusion Programmes – The programme sustains: local development projects implemented by associations of Cape Verdeans in France and which are integrated in the development plans for local and regional municipalities in Cape Verde; economic initiatives of migrants in priority sectors for the development of the country; mobilization of executive directors of the diaspora; youth exchange programmes. Staff training and development of regional cooperation programmes will be the main targets for improved domestic security. Partners: National Government, Local Government, Private Sector, Civil Society. Contributors: AFD (Assistance Francaise de Développement)

Growth and Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (GPRS), Government of Cameroon Project objective: The objectives of this Growth and Poverty Reduction Strategy (GPRS) are set around 5 major strategic priorities: Priority 1: Promoting good governance, by reinforcing its effectiveness and ensuring its equity (Economic Governance, EG); Priority 2: Promoting competitiveness, in order to favour economic growth(Enterprise Development); Priority 3: Developing and enriching human capital, Redirecting budget expenses to the health and education sector to favour the accumulation of human capital and speed up economic growth (Workforce Development, WD); Priority 4: Improving and developing basic infrastructure, promoting spatial planning: investment geared to contributing to poverty reduction, to economic development and to unifying the country by way of an effective and sustainable transport system (Locality Development, LOD); Priority 5: Improving the social protection system, reinforcing its effectiveness (Livelihood Development, LID). Project Description: Priority 1: Reform of Administration and Decentralisation, Reform of Justice System, reform of State financial system. Priority2: Promoting competitiveness: accumulation of human and physical capital, increased productivity, attraction of national and foreign investors Priority 3: Extended and improved schooling system, vocational training, improved health services. Priority4: Improved transport between certain islands and easier integration in the goods and services markets, improved social infrastructure. Priority5: Reform of the social protection system, priority focuses on the development of the non-contributive regime. Project Start: 2005 Project End: 2007 Specific Objectives: Economic Governance (EG): Empowerment & Inclusion; Enterprise Development (ED): Business Retention and Attraction; Livelihoods development (LiD): Reduction of Economic & Social Discrimination Locality Development (LoD): Economic Infrastructure - Transportation

39 Workforce Development (WD): Vocational Training and Skills Development Partners: National Government; Local Government Funder: World Bank (WB)/ International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)

Indicative Cooperation Programme (PIC), Instituto Português de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento (IPAD) Project objective: Portuguese cooperation is underpinned by two intervention strategies: (i) economy sector-based (education, health, agriculture); (ii) cross-sectional (institutional capacity building and rule of law / justice, vocational training). As regards aid modalities, IPAD contributes to: (i) a better integration of Aid in national development planning processes and its insertion in Public Investment Programmes (PIP); (ii) the optimisation of the Aid efficiency / effectiveness binomial; (iii) the continuous adjustment to the evolution in the country’s needs. Project website: http://www.ipad.mne.gov.pt/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=278&Itemid=248 Project Budget: more than 5 million $ Specific Objectives: Workforce Development (WD): Vocational Training and Skills Development - Education of officials (in those areas that are important for socio-economic development, good governance and democracy building, such as health, public finance, public administration, diplomacy and the media). Economic Governance (EG): Capacity Building and Organising for LED - Inter-municipal cooperation for environmental protection activities. Livelihoods development (LiD): Basic Services to enable Economic Activity Locality Development (LoD): Economic Infrastructure - Transportation Partners: National Government, Local Government Contributors: IPAD Contact email: [email protected]

Programme Cap Vert, IPAD Project objective: Priority is given to the social sectors of education and training of human resources, health, water and sanitation.

Project Description: The programme is part of the Indicative Cooperation Program (ICP) signed in October 2005 between the governments of Luxembourg and Cape Verde for the period 2005-2010. The information in this document refers to several projects by Lux- Development started in 2003 at the most. They involve many aspects of LED strategies, although the component of Economic Governance (EG) is not addressed by the programme. The complete list of projects by Lux-Development can be found at the web site cited below. Project website: http://www.lux-development.lu/pays_details.lasso?pays=cve Project Budget: more than 5 million $ Project Start: 2003 Project End: 2008 Project Manager Name: Frédéric ROUFFE Project Manager Email: [email protected] Project phone: (+352) 29 58 58 1

40 Specific Objectives: Workforce Development (WD): Vocational Training and Skills The Development Institute for Employment and Professional Training participates in the project "Support for vocational training," Enterprise Development (ED): Enterprise & Entrepreneurship Development – e.g development of a new market of local goods, promoted with the collaboration of local NGOs in Tarrafal; Livelihoods development (LiD): Basic Services to enable Economic Activity; Locality Development (LoD): Economic Infrastructure - Sites and Premises for Business; Partners: National Government (especially Departments of Infrastructure and Transportation) Local Government, Private Sector, Civil Society (A national NGO was hired to ensure support to the local authorities, in drafting the project for the market in Tarrafal.) Contributors: LUX-DEVELOPMENT (Agencie Luxemburgeoise pour la Coopération au Développement), the European Commission.

LUXDevelopment provides information on the programmes implemented in each island, making it possible to draw a brief evaluation of the territorial LED processes on each island.

Workforce ISLAND OF SANTIAGO Development

Livelihood Dev ISLAND OF SANTIAGO ISLAND OF SANTO ISLANDS OF FOGO AND ANTAIO BRAVA

Locality Dev ISLAND OF SANTO ISLANDS OF FOGO AND ANTAIO BRAVA

Enterprise Dev ISLANDS OF FOGO AND BRAVA

Economic Governance

LUXDevelopment’s projects in the islands of Santiago, Santo Antaio, Fogo and Brava have a strong focus on livelihood and locality development. On every island Workforce Development projects (educational and training programmes) are not equally balanced to Enterprise Development on the same territory. For example, the Island of Santiago benefits from a strong WD focus, but not in ED, whilst the opposite happens in the Islands of Fogo and Brava. Yet the extent to which different elements from other agencies’ projects work together toward an integrated development framework on every island and draw together a forum of stakeholders inclusive of territorial representatives is not clear from available data, cooperation between agencies and between agencies and national or local partners is rare. Besides the Portuguese Cooperation (IPAD) which works toward integrating its intervention along the priorities listed in the PRSP, there are not similar initiatives by the other agencies. The question of whether improved inter-agency coordination of efforts would lead to more successful local development programmes remains open.5

5 It should be investigated whether efforts toward improved Economic Governance and increased industry diversification, these tasks should be tackled by each

41 agency or if each agency would instead benefit from improved coordination. The first approach guarantees greater coordination of action, but it may involve multiplication of efforts amongst agencies. Evidence by LUXDevelopment, which operates along a multidimensional spectrum of interventions on every island, does not show better compliance with territorial integrated development strategies is concerned. The second approach on the other hand might lead to a strengthened role for every agency. ILO can play as a guarantor of social dialogue in local development processes. However, the experience of the European Community’s intervention framework, which envisaged a clear breakdown of responsibilities amongst donor countries for the development of Cape Verde, did not hold to expectations. Programmes by France, Portugal and Luxemburg look at a diversified intervention strategy, which goes beyond what each country had been assigned to in the cooperation strategy drafted jointly by Cape Verde and the EC for 2001-2007.

42 1.4 LED-related projects in Libya

Institutional Development and Capacity-building of the Urban Planning Agency (USD9,205,00; 2002-2008) This project is wholly funded by the Government of Libya through a UN-HABITAT trust fund. Under the joint management of a national project manager from the Urban Planning Agency (UPA) and an international project coordinator from UN-HABITAT, Libyan planners and technicians are engaged, trained and guided to carry out numerous activities. The project focuses on institutional development and capacity-building of the Urban Planning Agency. The objectives of the project are to: · Support the process of the implementation of the third planning phase (Third Generation) and the implementation of the National Physical Perspective Plan (NPP) 2000-2025; · Develop and build the institutional capacity of the UPA and its branches; · Train and build the capacity of the UPA staff in improved urban development and management and GIS technologies; · Specify the basic planning standards in cooperation with the national authorities and revise planning laws as well as ordinances to include participatory approaches to ensure sustainable development. Activities · Evaluation of the 1996-2020 draft National Physical Perspective Plan (NPPP), and production of final 2000-2020 NPPP. · Setting-up of operational geographical information management systems (GIS) in the UPA main office and familiarizing the staff with the operation of the equipment. · Support to the launching of the Third Generation Planning, which will be executed nationally and not through the United Nations. · Update urban planning approaches utilizing participatory decision-making and planning techniques. Results The training needs assessment has been completed and an action plan is under implementation. The GIS expert, during 2002-2003, has designed and conducted training in GIS for the UPA staff. A national expert has trained the staff in scanning and documentation of maps, which have commenced, and the plans and maps of several areas have been scanned and archived. In 2003, UN-HABITAT conducted two backstopping missions to review progress and provide advisory services in capacity-building to UPA and its branches. The GIS expert's contract was not extended as the national project director indicated a preference for short-term consultancies in particular areas of expertise. Two UPA staff have been sent to a GIS training institute in Holland, while three others are participating in a GIS programme at an Egyptian institute. As the large- scale planning exercise is about to be launched, a project coordinator has been fielded in July 2004. Given the large budget required for the Third Generation Project and the current delays in allocating funds, a realistic assessment is hard to predict as to when this will materialize. A project document on the rehabilitation of historic settlements that was prepared upon the request of the National Counterpart in 2002 has been accepted by the relevant authorities.

43 Settlements Planning and Training (USD2,862,723) The Libyan population is projected to increase to 6 million by the year 2010 and to eight million ten years later. Over 90 per cent of the population increase is in urban centres. This project is completely funded by the Libyan Government through a UN-Habitat trust fund. Under the joint management of the Urban Planning Agency (UPA) and the project, Libyan planners and technicians are engaged, trained and guided to carry out numerous activities. The project aims to technically reinforce the UPA to implement a large scale regional and settlements planning programme, produce the final 1996-2020 draft national physical perspective, setup automated settlements development planning decision-making and land use development control support systems (GIS) in the main UPA offices and to provide support to the housing and utilities departments and organize and directly support training of officials from the planning, housing and utilities departments of the secretariat and government consulting companies. Activities To achieve these objectives, the project carries out activities based on outputs from the earlier project LIB/91/X01 through the use of national and international expertise. Activities include evaluation of the 1996-2020 draft National Physical Perspective Plan (NPPP), and production final 2000-2020 NPPP. Furthermore, activities include the setting-up of operational geographic information management systems (GIS) in the UPA main office and familiarizing the staff with the operation of the equipment. Results The project has prepared digital mapping proposals and has evaluated offers received; as costing was too high, it was decided to include this activity in a separate project (the Third Generation Planning). The project has procured equipment and computer programmes and submitted the draft 1996-2020 NPPP for comments and finalization. The NPPP will be discussed and disseminated during the spring of 2001. The training and fellowships programme Libyan officials from the UPA is continuing with one staff member undertaking doctoral studies and two others studying for one year in ITC (2000- 2001). Study tours are also ongoing to various places of interest and similar context. The Secretariat of Housing and Utilities has requested further support from UN-Habitat and UNOPS for management of the large-scale third- generation planning (2000-2020) on the modalities of implementation. The new project will provide support to the Urban Planning Agency on the technical management of this large-scale regional and urban planning programme, the establishment of urban information systems in the main cities and continuation of institutional capacity building and staff training.

Incubator for Technology and Innovation A project of the Libyan National Bureau for Research & Development Incubators have proven to be a very efficient approach for stimulating the setting up of new companies and for contributing to create new jobs in technology oriented companies. The role of Incubators in economic development is being recognized all over the world. An Incubator is a local or regional partnership structure with a full range of services, on favorable terms, designed to foster the growth of new and emerging companies. There are lots of surveys being conducted by different bodies on the success of Incubators, and the common denominators for success are found to be the role of sponsors and the skills of the management teams. Furthermore, the aim of such kind of institution is the increase in competitiveness of regions or territories by stimulating a culture of quality and innovation among its associated businesses and knowledge-based institutions, by organising the transfer of knowledge and technology from its sources to companies and to the market place, and by

44 actively fostering the creation of new and sustainable innovation-based companies through incubation and spin-off processes. Mechanical Processing, Biotechnology, ICT, Oil & Gas, Solar Energy, Food Industry, Agriculture & Fishing, Transportation, Optic Industry, Electronics or Building Construtctions have been identified as very important areas for future industrial und scientific development in Libya. In order to remain successful, an appropriate industrial infrastructure should be generated to which the establishment of the Libyan Incubator for Technology and Innovation will contribute to. Small and Medium Enterprises (SME) create the bulk of new jobs in all countries world- wide, but they have high failure rates in early years of Business. The imperative today is to provide targeted support to start and grow new ventures for creating employment in the face of globalization, rapid technological change, economic uncertainties and more-open markets. Incubators are considered to be an excellent tool for supporting start-ups and SME. VDI/VDE Innovation + Technik GmbH has been awarded a contract by the National Bureau for Research & Development (NBRD) to carry out the ELITE project. This project will be accomplished in partnership with the Berlin Innovation and Business incubation Centre (BIG). The project started in July 2006, and will run at least until Spring 2008. For further information please contact: Mohamed A. Alaswad, ELITE Programme Director, Tel. +218912122227, [email protected] Uwe Seidel, ELITE Project Manager, VDI/VDE-IT, Tel. +49 30 31 00 78 181, [email protected] Source: http://www.eliteproject.net/

45 1.4 LED projects in Morocco

Rural Development Project in the Mountain Zones of AL Haouz Province, IFAD Project objective: The project’s overall objective is to contribute to the social and economic development of poor people in the mountainous zones of Al Haouz province. Specifically, the aim is to increase their income and diversify their sources of income with the overall objective of improving their living conditions and promoting sustainable natural resource management. Project Description: Strengthening participation by local organizations in project implementation, particularly among poorest households, women and young people; improving farm and livestock production and adding value to products increasing and diversifying farm and off-farm income through income-generating activities, particularly for women and young people; helping the poorest rural communities gain access to basic social and financial services; restoring, protecting and managing natural resources in a sustainable way Project website: http://www.ifad.org/english/operations/pn/mar/i556ma/index.htm Project Budget: more than 5 million $ Project Manager Name: Mounif Nourallah Project Manager Email: [email protected] Project phone: +39 0654592367 Specific Objectives: Economic Governance (EG): Capacity Building and Organising for LED Livelihoods development (LiD): Basic Services to enable Economic Activity Enterprise Development (ED): Product Innovation & New Technologies Locality Development (LoD): Economic Infrastructure - Water & Sanitation Workforce Development (WD): Job Seeker Support & job Matching Programmes Partners: Civil Society Spatial Focus: mainly rura Spatial Scale: Part of one country Contributors: Ministry of Agriculture, Rural Development and Marine Fisheries, and United Nations Office for Project Funder: IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development

Rural Development Project in the Eastern Middle Atlas Mountains, IFAD Project objective: This project seeks to improve the living conditions of rural populations in one of Morocco’s poorest regions. Small-scale farmers, women, unemployed young people and landless labourers are among the project participants. A number of different development activities are being pursued: improved natural resource management, rational water use, improved farming techniques, soil and water conservation, rehabilitation of rural tracks, access to rural financial services, promotion of microenterprise, and any other activity identified by the population. Project Description: All formulation of development plans, programming and implementation of activities will be carried out by the beneficiaries in collaboration with the project team, to ensure that their immediate needs are assigned priority. Over time, the poor people living in this region will become active participants in the community-

46 based management of a development process geared towards growth and diversification of their incomes. Project website: http://www.ifad.org/english/operations/pn/mar/i685ma/index.htm Project Budget: more than 5 million $ Project Manager Name: Mounif Nourallah Project Manager Email: [email protected] Project phone: +39 0654592367 Specific Objectives: Economic Governance (EG): Capacity Building and Organising for LED Livelihoods development (LiD): Community Economic Development Programmes Enterprise Development (ED): Micro Business Development Programme Locality Development (LoD): Natural Resource Management Workforce Development (WD): Vocational Training and Skills Development Partners: National Government, Local Government (The Director of the Boulemane Provincial Directorate of Agriculture, in his capacity as project manager, will be responsible for managing all project activities), Civil Society (the specific objective will be to strengthen the capacity of target groups to engage in participative community development). Spatial Focus: mainly rura Contributors: IFAD, Ministry of Agriculture, Rural Development and Fisheries Funder: IFAD International Fund for Agri. Dev.

Livestock and Rangelands Development Project in the Eastern Region – Phase II, IFAD Project objective: The main objective is to increase incomes and improve living conditions among rural poor people in the eastern region. The project will create new opportunities to generate incomes and build autonomy among local communities, to enable them to rehabilitate and improve management of natural resources. Project Description: Building upon the first phase, the project aims to: strengthen capacity among grass-roots organizations to promote participation in identifying and managing investment opportunities; improve animal production systems to add value, promote quality and create linkages with potential markets; promote diversification of income-generating activities by improving access to technical, commercial and financial services. Project website: http://www.ifad.org/english/operations/pn/mar/i615ma/index.htm Project Budget: more than 5 million $ Project Start: 2004 Project End: 2011 Project Manager Name: Mr Mounif Nourallah Project Manager Email: [email protected] Project phone: +39 0654592367 Specific objectives: Economic Governance (EG): Capacity Building and Organising for LED Enterprise Development (ED): Business Enabling Environment Improvements

47 Livelihoods development (LiD): Community Economic Development Programmes Locality Development (LoD): Natural Resource Management Workforce Development (WD): Job Seeker Support & job Matching Programmes Partners: National Government (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development), Local Government(The local administrative structures of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development will assist cooperatives in formulating development plans, mobilizing the required financing, and implementing them), Private Sector (With the support of the provincial and regional administrations, the project will help each cooperative present its plan to the existing local and provincial technical committees to be incorporated on an annual basis into regional development plans. These will serve as official channels for institutionalizing the CDPs and facilitating the identification of financing and implementation partners in the public and private sectors), Civil Society Spatial Focus: mainly rura Contributors: IFAD, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of Government of Kingdom of Morocco Funder: IFAD International Fund for Agri. Dev.

Water Management and Integrated Development in the Drâa Valley (GEDINDRA), Belgian Technical Cooperation (BTC) Project objective: The GEDINDRA project was developed as part of activities to consolidate management of water in the irrigated areas of the Drâa valley. This activity aims to actively involve the men and women benefiting from the project to make them active participants in the works towards improved living conditions. The first phase, due to run for three years, seeks to improve participative management of the irrigation system, develop date production and better integrate women into local development process. Project Description: the range of planned activities focus on three main lines of action: improve the efficiency and effectiveness of participative management of the irrigation systems, activities to improve and develop the date-growing sector, and initiatives to boost the role of women in local development. Project website: www.btcctb.org Project Budget: 3 million $ to 5 million $ Specific Objectives: Economic Governance (EG): Empowerment & Inclusion Livelihoods development (LiD): Basic Services to enable Economic Activity Locality Development (LoD): Economic Infrastructure - Water & Sanitation Workforce Development (WD): Vocational Training and Skills Development Partners: National Government, Civil Society. Spatial Focus: mainly rura Contributors: - Belgium,MADRPM,ORMVAO Funder: BELGUIM. Technical Cooperation (BTC)

Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) Project objective: Morocco and the Millennium Challenge Corporation signed a five- year, $697.5 million project: the Millennium Challenge Compact to reduce poverty and increase economic growth in the Kingdom of Morocco. The program seeks to stimulate economic growth by increasing productivity and improving employment in high potential sectors, including investments in fruit tree productivity, small-scale fisheries, and artisan

48 crafts. Small business creation and growth will also be supported by the investments in financial services and by the support to local enterprises.

Project Description: The Compact components include:

The Fruit Tree Productivity Project, to stimulate growth in the agricultural sector and reduce volatility of agricultural production , thorough increased irrigation efficiency and productivity;

The Small-Scale Fisheries Project, to improve the value-chain by means of modernizing catching, storing, and marketing of fish. Fishers’ access to both local and export markets is thus increased. The project also includes technical assistance and training, to ensure its long-term sustainability and it involves local communities (mobile fish vendors) in the management and (partially) funding of equipment. A key component of the project is due to establish a network of Marine Protected Areas and increase monitoring efforts to ensure the sustainable use of fish resources;

The Artisan and Fez Medina Project seeks to stimulate economic growth by leveraging the links between the craft sector, tourism, and the Fez Medina’s rich cultural, historic and architectural assets. This project strengthens the national system for literacy and vocational education in modern production techniques and business management, to benefit artisans and the general population, in particular women and girls. Small enterprise creation is also encouraged through improved access to bank or micro-credit loans for investment in local industries (e.g. modern kilns and pottery workshops). In order to serve local residents, attract tourists and increase artisan sales in Fez, MCC extends its assistance to the design and reconstruction of historic sites within the Fez Medina, including regional promotion schemes through the funding of an international architectural design competition for two of the most prominent sites.

Improved access to financial resources for micro-enterprise development is further supported by the Financial Services Project. It addresses the key constraints to the development of a broader, deeper, and market-based financial sector. MCC assistance support investments and technical assistance to improve efficiency and transparency in the financial sector in an effort to lower borrowing costs on a sustainable basis for micro- enterprises. The project offers legal advice and assistance to offer savings and other non- credit financial services to its customers. MCC funding will also support an investment in the subordinated debt tranche of Jaida, a non-bank financial institution launched in late 2006 to lend to the Moroccan micro-credit sector.

Micro-enterprise creation is further addressed by the programme in Enterprise Support. This addresses two economic priorities: to reduce high unemployment among young graduates and to encourage a more entrepreneurial culture. The objective of this project is to improve the outcomes of two existing high-priority Moroccan government initiatives, Moukawalati and the National Initiative for Human Development (INDH). Moukawalati is a relatively new national program initiated to drive Morocco’s businesses to be more competitive in the face of globalization and to address high unemployment rates among youth, whilst the INDH is a multi-year Government initiative aimed at creating opportunities for the poor, vulnerable, and socially excluded.

Project website: http://www.mcc.gov/countries/morocco/index.php Project Budget: $697.5 million Specific Objectives:

49 Economic Governance (EG): Empowerment & Inclusion Enterprise Development (ED): Micro-businesses support Workforce Development (WD): Vocational Training and Skills Development Partners: National Government, Civil Society. Contributors: - Millennium Challenge Corporation

Acteurs Locaux et Intiative pour la Création d’Emploi et d’Enterprises (ALICE), ILO Project objective: The project is aimed at addressing the following problems in the local development processes of the region Téouan: unemplyoment (mostly youth), migration (internal and external), regional development. ILO supports the National Government and employers’ organisations in drafting and implementing policies for employment, self-employment and enterprise creation. The project contributes to the development of the locality by supporting small enterprise development, upgrading local institutions (both from private and public sector) and influencing the national framework toward job creation promotion. It thus operates on an integrated approach at the micro, meso and macro levels, respectively. The project levies on local capacities and resources for introducing actors to community-based services, supporting enterprise development, capitalising on and disseminating best practice and promoting networking amongst players in the regional economy, including links between and scientific and technological research centers. Project Budget: 0.8 million $ Specific Objectives: Economic Governance (EG): Empowerment & Inclusion Livelihoods development (LiD): Comumunity Development Locality Development (LoD): Economic Infrastructure - Water & Sanitation Workforce Development (WD): Vocational Training and Skills Development Partners: National Government, , Local government, Private Sector, Civil Society Funder: Italian Cooperation

Gouvernance et Développément Rural Moroc (Gold Moroc), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Project objective: The ultimate aim is to help improve the living conditions of the population of the targeted Moroccan regions through a co-ordinated approach that meets the needs specific to the local population. This must be achieved through improved capabilities in the management and organization of the regions, articulating emergency action with medium and long term processes. For this reason, the Programme ART GOLD works with Morocco’s regional and national institutions in support of the actions in this direction. The project framework is based on territorial concertation of the international partners and the social and economic actors within the municipalities and provinces of the pilot regions, in order to insure the sustainability of the territorial services. To this end, the project document plans a field office for the cooperation and harmonisation of the projects by the different partners, the “Maison du Développement”, where debates, strategy brainstorming, networking between partners, training and operational tasks can take place. Project Budget: 2.6 million $ circa Specific Objectives:

50 Economic Governance (EG): Empowerment & Inclusion Livelihoods development (LiD): Comumunity Development Enterprise Development (ED): Enabling Environments Workforce Development (WD): Vocational Training and Skills Development Partners: National Government, Local government, Private Sector, Civil Society Funder: UNDP, Italian, Spanish and Belgian cooperation agencies, FNUAP; FAMSI; FCCD, Decentralised Italian Cooperation.

51 1.5 LED projects in Somalia and Puntland Promotion of Economic Recovery, Employment Creation and Support to Decentralisation in Somalia Promotion of Economic Recovery, Employment Creation and Support to Decentralisation in Somalia (ILO/PERPS) is supporting local economy recovery drawing heavily on the documented experience of the ILO InFocus Programme on Crisis Response and Reconstruction (IFP/CRISIS) in other post conflict countries to adapt and implement an economic recovery model for the Somali environment. The model involves two main components: * An employment-intensive job creation component that act as an entry point to the community and provides incomes and immediate temporary employment through the rehabilitation of infrastructure that is vital to the social, economic and physical recovery and development of Somalia; * A Local Economic Development component that includes a territorial approach to the development of a local economic forum involving public and private sectors, donor agencies, NGOs working in a particular area; which identifies economic opportunities and potentials. The project has focused on placing the concept of decent work, and the theme of employment for peace as a critical component of the development agenda of local authorities, donors and other agencies. The sub-projects that have been implemented in phase 1 have concentrated on creating immediate short-term employment opportunities and providing tangible benefits. These have acted as entry points to communities, created credibility and a foundation for more long-term development initiatives with communities that are often suspicious, very skeptical and in many instances downright dismissive of aid and agencies. Livelihoods: Since beginning its operations in Somalia in April 2002, the ILO/PERPS, has created about 90,000 work days all over Somalia from North West to Central Somalia. ILO supports local economic recovery by employment intensive job creation that acts as an entry point to the community providing incomes and stimulating demand, and acting as a foundation on and around which longer term Local Economic Development (LED) initiatives are built. In Mogadishu, a community-based employment project was implemented in six of the sixteen districts, employing 600 people, 70% of whom were women. This was the first small step in establishing a community-based Local Economic Development forum in Mogadishu. The project was the largest single legitimate employer in Mogadishu, with approximately 46,000 workdays of employment created. With the local roads authority, North East Somalia Highway Authorities (NESHA), the project commenced a pilot Employment Intensive Infrastructure Programme (EIIP) project on the Jeriban to Gara’ad road. It has created approximately 4,000 workdays of employment. ILO has also assisted in the formation of LED forums in Jeriban District. In the northwest a more stable environment has allowed a number of EIIP projects to be launched. ILO has so far created approximately 39,000 workdays of employment. The project has developed the capacity through joint on-the-job implementation and self- learning especially to the local authorities, municipalities, Village Development Committees (VDCs), District Development Committees (DDCs), Community Based Organizations (CBOs), and the Private Sector.

52 ILO has established a resource centre that includes document, information and access to designated websites for the promotion of Local Economic Development (LED) activities and use of appropriate technologies. ILO has constructed a Community Resource Center in Koosar Settlement Area and the provision of block making machines and carpentry tools so as Koosar residents can be trained and obtain employment through the supply of blocks and materials to the construction of low cost housing in the settlement area. In Sanag region, ILO has implemented a road improvement employment intensive project and the activities were carried out through four different communities and their VDCs with a total of 200 workers. This was the largest employment project in the Sanag region. Contacts: ILO Project in Somalia: Joseph Connoly, Chief Technical Adviser PO Box 39981-00623, Kalson Towers, Crescent Street, Parklands Road, Parklands Nairobi, Kenya Tel: +254 20 3754150-6 Fax: + 254 20 3754157 Email: [email protected] ILO Area Office for Kenya, Somalia, Tanzania and Uganda: Mr. Ali Ibrahim, Director PO Box 9212 Seaview Road Upanga, Plot No. 2410/5 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Tel: +255 22 2126821/4/6 Fax: +255 22 21 2126627 Email Address: [email protected] or [email protected] ILO Crisis Response and Reconstruction InFocus Programme (IFP/CRISIS) Mr. Alfredo Lazarte, Socio-Economic Reintegration Senior Officer 4 route des Morillons, CH-1211 Geneva 22 Tel: +41 22 799 6270 Fax: +41 22 799 6189 Email Address: [email protected] or [email protected]

Employment, Enterprise and Livelihoods (EEL) Programme The Promotion of Economic Recovery Project in Somalia (PERPS) commenced operations in April 2002. Through the implementation of sub-projects, ILO has identified and tested an appropriate development strategy, Local Economic Development (LED), which places the issues of employment, economic analysis and planning firmly on the agenda of national and local administrations, other agencies and international donors. In particular, it has provided Somalilanders with a Somaliland-owned practical methodology for bridging the gap between relief and development and lays a solid foundation for long term economic development and social dialogue. Employment, Enterprise and Livelihood (EEL) programme funded by DFID and DANIDA consolidate the results achieved with the PERPS and is planned to continue until March 2009. The sub-projects that have been implemented in phase 1 of the programme have concentrated on creating immediate short-term employment opportunities and providing tangible benefits. These have acted as entry points to communities, created credibility and a foundation for more long-term development initiatives. It involves supporting a process that develops from the employment intensive infrastructure projects (EIIP) and the dialogue that they generate, to broaden the scope of the local development agenda. It includes building upon existing institutions and forms of cooperation, broadening the

53 representational forum, assessing local potentials and resources and eventually developing a framework of actions and initiatives (plans) for the longer term through LED methodologies. Local Economic Development focuses on public/private partnerships to address long term strategic economic development issues and promote dialogue between main economic actors: government at all levels, the business community, civil society and especially ordinary rural Somalilanders. The most significant output to date has been the development, testing and fine-tuning of an LED model tailored to the Somaliland context. This participatory development model provides a practical and responsive framework for local authorities, communities, economic actors, donors and implementing agencies to kick-start economic recovery and sustain it growth in the long run. Crucially, it provides government with important tools to develop appropriate coordination mechanisms amongst all development actors. PAST ACHIEVEMENTS Territorial Diagnosis And Institutional Mapping (TDIM) The first step in initiating the LED process is a socio-economic contextual analysis to get a better understanding of the areas of intervention, in terms of natural resources, social structures, problems and opportunities to allow development efforts to focus on economically viable sectors. This has been done way of the Territorial Diagnosis and Institutional Mapping (TDIM) exercises, a tool for community dialogue through which a project intervention strategy on a territorial basis can be developed. The initial objective of the TDIM tool is to obtain more in-depth knowledge on the true nature of the local economy in selected areas, and to identify the priorities based on local needs by permitting local stakeholders to come together in a forum and develop a common strategic vision based on local development issues. This will lay the ground work for using the TDIMs as a national strategic planning tool. It is expected that those sub-sector projects identified by the TDIMs will be further elaborated, and together with both our national and international partners, a prioritisation will be made and funding sought for implementation of the projects through local communities. · 66 TDIMs studies were completed 2004-06 laying foundations for urban and rural LED forum formation and action plans, value chain/sub-sector development and rural community-urban SME linkages. · TDIM summary (problems, resources, opportunities) /translation of summary TDIM to assist LED forums in preparing action plans. TDIM summary and translation of the summary were carried out in 13 locations out of the 66 TDIMs carried out Led Forums Formation: The second step of LED process is sensitization of the different stakeholders in defined territory and third step is creation of LED forums that facilitate and make the development process happen. To achieve this; the following outputs were achieved in 2006_2007: 1 Rural LED Forum established South Hargeisa: · Consensus of 3 villages in one forum (Salahaley, Qol Aday & Habasweyn). · Agreement to rotate chair annually · Women involvement at executive committee level. · The rural LED forum is officially registered in the Somaliland authorities as local economic development forum · Community action plan and prioritization were done 2 Urban LED Forum - Hargeisa.

54 · The government, private sector and civil society is represented in the forum · Constitution and ToR is developed for the forum Exchange visits To complement and assist communities and government to effectively address the challenges faced in tackling economic problems in a territory the size of Somaliland, improved cooperation between development actors is vital. A more effective output strategy relying on exchange of information and experience sharing and between communities, agencies and government were achieved by adopting a coherent development strategy based on LED principles. This outputs strategy rely on LED methodology as a tool which facilitates government in coordinating development actors at all levels · Representatives from eleven different villages spread across four regions in Somaliland gathered in a round table meeting with representatives from the government and local authorities to present their experiences and the lessons learned on the adoption and application of community contracting approach. · The gathering, the first of its kind took place in Koosaar, a returnee village; 7km in the north of Burao on June 25, 2007. The meeting was facilitated by the International Labour Organization (ILO), the ministry of planning and coordination and the Ministry of Health and Labour. LEDAT resource centre: supporting entrepreneurial somalilanders The ILO-PERPS programme recognized the general necessity for technical capacity building within the country, and as such the Local Economic Development and Appropriate Technologies (LEDAT) Resource Centre was established in Hargeisa with funding from ILO and UNDP. With 4000 books on topics ranging from business development skills to rural engineering and intermediate technologies, veterinary medicine, water harvesting, construction and road maintenance, it provides the public access to specialized technical information on appropriate technologies and local economic development. Its objective is to become a focal point for economic stakeholders in Hargeisa through the provision of services in support of the entrepreneurial community. In the longer term, it is also planned to create institutional linkages with the ILO Training Centre in Turin to facilitate more intensive training and to permit the Turin Centre to learn from the unique experiences of Somaliland. Project information provided by Abdikarim Egeh, UNDP, Somalia (email: [email protected])

Somalia Urban Development Programme (SUDP) The aim of this component of the Urban Development Programme for the Somali Region (SUDP) is to enhance donor coordination and high quality programming for the urban sector. It ensures that the programme acts as a policy framework and guidance for future external funding within a cohesive framework, especially for increased joint programming activities. The aim of this component of the Urban Development Programme for the Somali Region (SUDP) is to enhance donor coordination and high quality programming for the urban sector. It ensures that the programme acts as a policy framework and guidance for future external funding within a cohesive framework, especially for increased joint programming activities. Activities:

55 Contribution to policy documents aimed at joint programming and coordinated investments: · UN-HABITAT assessments on Puntland IDP resettlement options contributed to the Joint UN IDP Strategy. · A Road Map developed for priority action with regard to IDPs in Bosasso, and coordinated programming with UNHCR, UNDP, UN-HABITAT, UNICEF, FAO and DRC. · Contributions were given to the Puntland Five-Year Development Plan housing and shelter section, developed by the Puntland Government with the support of UNDP. · Active participation in the Somali Joint Needs Assessment (JNA) process by leading the sub-clusters on Urban Infrastructure (including shelter) and on Land & Property in close cooperation with the World Bank, UNDP, UNICEF, and UNHCR. Mobilization of extra funds to strengthen specific components of the SUDP: · Active mobilization of extra funds for different components of the SUDP. · UN-HABITAT Somalia took a leading role in developing the "Puntland Tsunami Joint Recovery and Development Programme" on behalf of the UNCT. Contributions to activities of other organizations to spread 'good practices' developed in the SUDP: · Support was provided to CARE international with regard to resettlement strategies for Kulub and Garad (tsunami-affected villages) upon initiative of HADMA. · UN-HABITAT developed a spatial analysis of the flood problems in Hargeisa and identified development opportunities within the action plan spearheaded by UNDP. · Basic governance modules have been developed for the UNDP/UNOPS District- based Peace-Building and Reconciliation Project for South-Central Somalia. Communication instruments: · Quarterly SUDP newsletters are used to divulge progress made in the SUDP to other international organizations and donors with interest and/or activities in the urban sector. · Urban priorities, defined during the Somaliland Urban Forum, have been summarized in a colour brochure and distributed. · The UN-HABITAT Somalia website has been updated with SUDP activities. · A technical report and brochure were developed on the approach of the UN- HABITAT property taxation system in Hargeisa. Results: · Formal proposals presented to established donors’ consultative mechanisms on strategically coordinated programming and investment for the urban sector. · Communication instrument developed to enhance information and coordination between donors and the Somali stakeholders on programmes for the urban sector.

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1.6 LED projects in Tunisia

Zaghouan Integrated Agricultural Development Project This six-year IFAD-initiated project is expected to respond to the needs of the targeted population by improving the management of natural resources in the project area in a participatory and sustainable manner. Improved management will lead to increased productivity and incomes, and thus better living standards and conditions. The project area, which covers the four south eastern communes in the Zaghouan Governorate, has a population of approximately 83,000 inhabitants (1994 figures), 70% of which live outside the rural towns. Taking into consideration the recent experiences in community development and the participative approach adopted by the Government of the Republic of Tunisia, all project activities will be implemented with the participation of the population in their own development, on the basis of sharing in the decision-making process and in the maintenance of project investments. Group formation is a prerequisite for project interventions. Within this framework, the project will provide training and support for associations of users of irrigated perimeters, drinking water points and rangelands, based on relevant existing laws. In order to provide support to other project activities such as those targeting rural women, and to facilitate coordination between various associations, the project will promote social structures based on socio-territorial units. The target group will include: · Small and medium landholders practising rainfed agriculture; · Smallholders irrigating less than 3 ha; · Forest users' communities; · Rural women; and · Youth These target groups might be interested in one or more project activities according to their needs, interests, and the potential of their farms. However, some project activities related to the management of commonly-owned natural resources (rangeland), and soil and water conservation (watershed management) affect other categories of smallholders living and exploiting the agro- and sylvo-pastoral resources. Innovative Features: The project's design is innovative in two ways. For the first time in Tunisia, all project activities are based on active beneficiary participation, and group formation or users' associations will be a prerequisite for most investment activities to be financed by the project. Secondly, the project includes as backstopping activity in the field of micro-enterprise development through support from the National Solidarity Bank of Tunisia, a newly-established bank specializing in micro-credit. IFAD Loan amount: SDR 11.4 million (approximately USD 16.0 million) on ordinary terms. Total project costs: Estimated at USD 33.4 million, of which USD 12.4 million will be provided by the Government, USD 2.9 million by a national financial institution and USD 2.0 million by the beneficiaries. Source: http://www.idrc.ca/es/ev-97645-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html

Agropastoral Development and Local Initiatives Promotion Programme for the South-East

57 Poverty in Tunisia remains essentially a rural phenomenon. In 1990, two thirds of the nations poor lived in rural areas. Poverty levels in rural areas can be as high as 13%, almost twice the national average of 7%. Poverty is endemic in the south east as a result of harsh natural conditions and climatic hazards. Only those who have built up large herds and capital are able to resist recurrent droughts. For many decades, the bulk of the population has adopted survival strategies such as temporary wage labour, other precarious activities and emigration abroad. Although public investments have considerably improved infrastructure, water supply, electricity and other social services, there are still significant pockets of poverty. Women and youth, in particular, are likely to be poor as they have no economic autonomy and little access to decision-making. Small- and medium-scale agropastoralists, who are the most vulnerable to recurrent droughts, are also among the poorest people in these areas. The programme covers the south eastern part of the country. This area, which encompasses the Governorate of Tataouine and a large pastoral community in the Governorate of Kebili, Delegation of Douz, is sub-arid and arid. Its main potential is extensive pastoralism and marginal dry-land agriculture, with some scattered recent irrigation. The programme will affect some 10,000 households (66,000 people) in Tataouine and 1,000 households in Douz (7,000 people). The villages hold transhumant land rights over 25 socio-territorial units (STUs), in addition to two inter-community areas. Those households comprise a focal group of 6,500 farmer-herders, and 3,500 rural households that have no significant farming activities (landless). Through its income- generating and diversification activities, the programme will address the needs of about 17,000 young rural men and women who have little access to land and other productive assets. The programme goes beyond participation, seeking to promote a broad-based partnership between the people, the state and other operators. While a number of activities of general concern are implemented through public investment and services, the main programme thrust focuses on activities programmed and implemented on a participatory basis through territory- and community-based agricultural development allocations. It is expected that programming and implementation of about 35% of total investments will be under the direct responsibility and control of community-based organizations. IFAD Loan amount: SDR 14.1 million (equivalent to approximately USD 18.7 million), on ordinary terms. Total programme costs: USD 44.3 million Cooperating Institution: United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS) Source: http://www.idrc.ca/es/ev-97646-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html

The Global Compact in Tunisia The International Labour Organization (ILO) is currently implementing the project "Sustainable Development through the Global Compact", funded by the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The project organized the launch of the Tunisian Global Compact network on Thursday 29 September 2005 in Tunis. The event benefited from the High Patronage of the President of the Republic of Tunisia, and the support of the Tunisian Union of Industry, Trade and Craft industry (UTICA), UNDP, the Institute of Social Audit of Tunis (IAST), and the University "Tunis El Manar". The Steering Committee of the Tunisian Global Compact network is composed by the following institutions and organizations: · the Tunisian Union of Industry, Trade and Craft industry (UTICA) · the Tunisian General Union of Labour (UGTT)

58 · Ministry of Social Affairs, Solidarity, and Tunisians Abroad · Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development · Ministry of Industry, Energy and SMEs · Ministry of Economic Development · the International Labour Organization (ILO) · the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) · the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) · the Italian Embassy in Tunisia · the Italian Commercial Delegation (ICE) in Tunisia

Contacts: Mr. Mohammed Ennaceur, Global Compact Focal Point in Tunisia: [email protected] Ms. Paola Pinoargote, Multinational Enterprises Programme, International Labour Office, Geneva: [email protected]

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