Natural History of the Pine Butterfly, Neophasia Menapia Menapia (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) Donald W

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Natural History of the Pine Butterfly, Neophasia Menapia Menapia (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) Donald W United States Forest Blue Mountains Forest Insect and 1401 Gekeler Lane Department of Service Disease Service Center La Grande, OR 97850-3456 Agriculture Wallowa-Whitman National Forest (541) 963-7122 File Code: 3410 Date: March 7, 2018 Dear Interested Readers, This manuscript of pine butterfly life history is a rough draft written by retired Service Center entomologist Donald W. Scott. It is presented in rough draft so that the information contained herein is available for anyone who wishes to consult it. It represents a considerable amount of work, and there is a considerable amount of information in it. However, it has not undergone editing or review. It has not been checked for accuracy, statistical or otherwise, some sections are incomplete, citations and figures have not been checked. It is offered AS IS, READER BEWARE. Don studied the pine butterfly during its outbreak in eastern Oregon on the southern Malheur National Forest from 2008-2012. Don was interested in taking advantage of the outbreak to gain some life history and biological knowledge about this insect that is rarely seen in any numbers. Don took data from 2010-2012 with the assistance of some field technicians, tracking both butterfly measurements as well as tree measurements. In addition, he gathered all of the references to this insect he could find and consulted them to try to build a comprehensive record of knowledge. This document contains a timeline of recorded outbreaks in the west with lengthy excerpts from references to these outbreaks. It also contains a detailed life history with data on parasitoids, predators, defoliation, egg mass, larval size, and much other information about the outbreak. In order to finalize this draft into publishable form would entail considerable work and expense, which the Service Center and the Region cannot currently undertake. We have explored partnering with the Forest Service PNW research station, as well as Oregon State University. However, during this time of declining budgets, publishing this manuscript is currently not possible. I hope you find the information in the manuscript educational and useful. Sincerely, /s/ Lia H. Spiegel Supervisory Entomologist Caring for the Land and Serving People Printed on Recycled Paper Natural History of the Pine Butterfly, Neophasia menapia menapia (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) Donald W. Scott Donald W. Scott is Forest Entomologist (retired), Pacific Northwest Region, Wallowa-Whitman National Forest, La Grande, OR 97850 1 Natural History of the Pine Butterfly, Neophasia menapia menapia (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) Donald W. Scott Published in cooperation with: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Pacific Northwest Region Wallowa-Whitman National Forest Cover Photo Caption: Pine butterfly defoliated ponderosa pine on the Malheur National Forest in eastern Oregon, and pine butterfly larvae feeding on ponderosa pine needles (inset). (Photos by D. W. Scott, USDA Forest Service) 2 Contents [this table of contents will need to be revised once we decide on the chapters and organization of the book] PART I: POPULATION MONITORING Chapter 1: Introduction Hosts Distribution and Life Cycle Characteristics of Endemic and Epidemic Populations Impacts to Trees and Resources Population Studies Chapter 2: Chronology of Pine Butterfly Infestations Pine Butterfly Habitats and Outbreak Dynamics Outbreak Significance Pine Butterfly as Forest Pest Historical Limitations in Reporting Pine Butterfly Outbreak Chronology Historic Chronology of Pine Butterfly Infestations 1880-1883 Newport, Washington Outbreak (Stretch, 1882) 1890-1895 Olympic Mountains, Washington Outbreak (Barker, 1924; Hopkins 1908) 1892-1898 Southern British Columbia, Vancouver Island and Olympic Mountains Outbreak (Chamberlin 1924; Fletcher 1896; Hopkins 1908) 1893-1896 Yakima Indian Reservation Outbreak, Washington (Chamberlin 1924; Hopkins 1899, 1908) 1893-1896 Pleasant Prairie and Vicinity, Spokane County, Washington Outbreak (The Chronicle, 1895) 1893-1898 Payette and Boise River Watersheds (Idaho) Outbreak (Barker 1924; Shellworth 1922) 1894-1897 Mount Hood, Oregon Outbreak (Chamberlin 1924; Howard 1897; Hopkins 1908; Langille 1903) 1895-1897 Goldendale, Washington Outbreak (Hopkins 1908; Howard 1897) 1895-1899 Moscow Mountain Outbreak near Moscow, Idaho (Hopkins 1908; Aldrich 1912) 3 1898-1900 Headwaters of Klickitat River in Southern Washington Outbreak (Chamberlin 1924; Cleator 1910) 1901-1904 Vancouver Island and southwestern British Columbia Outbreak (Fletcher 1905a, 1905b) 1902-1904 Mount Adams, Washington Outbreak (Hopkins 1908) 1903-1908 Southern Idaho Outbreak (Shellworth 1922) 1903-1904 Bigfork, Lake County, Montana Outbreak (Elrod and Maley 1906) 1907-1910 Chelan and Wenatchee NFs and adjacent Washington area Outbreak (Cleator 1910; Furniss 1961; Hopkins 1908) 1907-1910 Northern Oregon Coast Range Outbreak (Langille 1910) 1908-1911 Blue Mountains, Malheur National Forest, Oregon Outbreak (Miles 1911) 1910-1913 Southern British Columbia, Canada Outbreak (Cockle 1911) 1915-1917 Whitman National Forest, Oregon Outbreak (Griffin 1917) 1916-1918 Idaho City, Idaho Outbreak (Barker 1924; Cole 1958) 1920-1924 Little Salmon and Payette Rivers Idaho Outbreak (Evenden 1924, 1926, 1940; Shellworth 1922) 1929-1932 Nez Perce and Salmon National Forest, Northern Idaho Outbreak (Evenden 1930, 1931) 1935-1939 Northern Idaho, Montana, and Northeastern Washington Outbreak (Evenden 1936a, 1937, 1938, 1939) 1940-1943 Blue Mountains, Oregon and Cascade Range, central Washington Outbreak (Furniss 1943) 1940-1943 Boise National Forest, Idaho Outbreak (Helzner and Thier 1993) 1943-1949 Vancouver Island and Southwestern British Columbia Outbreak (Lejeune 1975) 1943-1949 Olympic National Forest Outbreak, Washington (Furniss 1945a, 1945b) 1947-1951 Clearwater River Drainage, Northern Region, Idaho and Bitteroot National Forest Outbreak (Evenden 1947; Denton 1952) 1950-1954 Boise National Forest, Idaho Outbreak (Boise NF 1954; Cole 1955, 1958a, 1966) 1953-1955 Northern Arizona Outbreak (USDA 1954a; USDA 1954b) 1956-1961 Cathedral Grove, Cameron River Valley at McMillan Provincial Park, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada Outbreak (Anonymous 1961; Silver and Ross 1962) 1957-1962 Intermountain and Northern Region Outbreak (Cole 1958b; USDA 1957a, 1958a; Anonymous 1959) 4 1960-1968 Vancouver Island, British Columbia Outbreak (Collis 1961, 1962 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966; Alexander 1962, 1964) 1961-1966 Okanagan Landing, British Columbia Outbreak (Anonymous 1963, 1964; Downton and Ross 1969) 1968-1974 Intermountain Region Outbreak (Helzner and Thier 1993; USDA 1970, 1972, 1973, 1974) 1967-1974 Northern Region Outbreak (Bousfield and Ciesla 1971; USDA 1967, 1968c, 1970, 1972, 1973, 1974) 1971-1974 Black Hills, Rocky Mountain Region Outbreak (USDA 1973, 1974) 1971-1979 Flathead Indian Reservation and National Bison Range Outbreak, Montana (Bousfield 1972a, 1972b; Tunnock and Meyer 1977, 1978; USDA 1978, 1979) 1971-1978 Southern British Columbia and Vancouver Island Outbreak, Canada (Cottrell 1972, 1973; Cottrell and Koot 1973, 1975, 1976; Cottrell and Adams 1974; Morris et al. 1978, 1979; Morris and Wood 1977; Wood and Koot 1972, 1973 1974, 1975) 1978-1980 Nevada County, California Outbreak (USDA 1981) 1980-1987 Rocky Mountain Region, Colorado Outbreak (USDA 1982a, 1985, 1986; Young 1986; Hoffacker et al. 1987) 1978-1984 Intermountain Region, Boise National Forest, Idaho Outbreak (Helzner and Thier 1993; Thier 1985; USDA 1982a, 1983, 1984) 1981-1984 Northern Region, Clearwater National Forest, Idaho Outbreak (USDA 1983, 1984, 1985) 1981-1984 Pacific Northwest Region, Ochoco National Forest and Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon Outbreak (USDA 1982b, 1983) 1981-1984 Blue Mountains, Pacific Northwest Region, Malheur National Forest, Oregon Outbreak (Tatum 2010) 1985-1992 Spokane, Washington Area, Pacific Northwest Region, Outbreak (Fitzgerald 1985; Windishar and Massey 1989; Clark 1991) 1997-2001 Rocky Mountain Region, Black Hills of South Dakota (Harris et al. 2001, 2002) 2007-2009 Princeton, Southern Interior Forest Region, British Columbia, Canada Outbreak (Westfall and Ebata 2008) 2008-2013 Blue Mountains, Pacific Northwest Region, northeastern Oregon Outbreak (Flowers et al. 2010, 2011, 2013, 2014) 2010-2013 Intermountain Region, Southern Idaho Outbreak (Bennett 2010; Dudley 2010a, 2010b, 2012) 2010-2013 Northern Region, Idaho and Montana Outbreak (Gannon and Sontag 2010; Hayes 2012, 2013; USDA 2010) 5 Conclusions Chapter 3: Monitoring Insect Populations and Damage Methods Study Area Defoliation Mapping Population Monitoring Experimental Design Selection of study areas-- Selection of sample trees-- Population and tree damage sampling scheme-- Sample Processing— Data Summarization and Statistical Analysis Results Defoliation Mapping Egg Density Monitoring Egg Mass and Egg Density trends— Egg Viability— Pine Butterfly vs. Pine Sawfly Egg Densities— Whole-tree Defoliation Pupal Parasite Monitoring Tree Mortality Discussion Defoliation Mapping Egg Density Monitoring Egg Mass and Egg Density trends— Egg Viability— Pine Butterfly vs. Pine Sawfly Egg Densities— 6 Whole-tree Defoliation and Tree Mortality Pupal Parasitism Theronia atalantae fulvescens (Cresson)— Exorista mella (Walker)— Agria housei Shewell— Brachymeria ovata ovata (Say)— Apechthis componotus Davis— Predation Hemipteran predators— Spider predators— Avian predators— Disease PART II: ADVANCES IN PINE BUTTERFLY BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY Chapter 1: Pine Butterfly Larval Instar Determination
Recommended publications
  • Original Research Article DOI - 10.26479/2017.0206.01 BIOLOGY of FEW BUTTERFLY SPECIES of AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS of ARID REGIONS of KARNATAKA, INDIA Santhosh S
    Santhosh & Basavarajappa RJLBPCS 2017 www.rjlbpcs.com Life Science Informatics Publications Original Research Article DOI - 10.26479/2017.0206.01 BIOLOGY OF FEW BUTTERFLY SPECIES OF AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS OF ARID REGIONS OF KARNATAKA, INDIA Santhosh S. & S. Basavarajappa* Entomology Laboratory, DOS in Zoology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore-570 006, India ABSTRACT: Agriculture ecosystems have provided congenial habitat for various butterfly species. The Papilionidae and Nymphalidae family member’s most of their life cycle is depended on natural plant communities amidst agriculture ecosystems. To record few butterflies viz., Papilio polytes, Graphium agamemnon, Ariadne merione and Junonia hierta, agriculture ecosystems were selected randomly and visited frequently by adapting five-hundred-meter length line transects during 2014 to 2016. Study sites were visited during 0800 to 1700 hours and recorded the ovipositing behaviour of gravid female of these butterfly species by following standard methods. Eggs along with the host plant leaves / shoot / twigs were collected in a sterilized Petri dish and brought to the laboratory for further studies. Eggs were maintained under sterilized laboratory conditions till hatching. Newly hatched larvae were fed with their preferred host plants foliage and reared by following standard methods. P. polytes and G. agamemnon and A. merione and J. hierta developmental stages included egg, larva, pupa and adult and these stages have showed significant variation (F=21.35; P>0.01). Further, all the four species had four moults and five instars in their larval stage. However, including larval period, pupal duration was also varied considerably among these species. Further, overall life cycle completed in 43, 32.5 to 40, 21 to 30 and 21 to 29 days by P.
    [Show full text]
  • United States National Museum Bulletin 276
    ,*f»W*»"*^W»i;|. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION MUSEUM O F NATURAL HISTORY UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 276 A Revision of the Genus Malacosoma Hlibner in North America (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae): Systematics, Biology, Immatures, and Parasites FREDERICK W. STEHR and EDWIN F. COOK SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS CITY OF WASHINGTON 1968 PUBLICATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM The scientific publications of the United States National Museum include two series. Proceedings of the United States National Museum and United States National Museum Bulletin. In these series are published original articles and monographs dealing with the collections and work of the Museum and setting forth newly acquired facts in the field of anthropology, biology, geology, history, and technology. Copies of each publication are distributed to libraries and scientific organizations and to specialists and others interested in the various subjects. The Proceedings, begun in 1878, are intended for the publication, in separate form, of shorter papers. These are gathered in volumes, octavo in size, with the publication date of each paper recorded in the table of contents of the volume. In the Bulletin series, the first of which was issued in 1875, appear longer, separate publications consisting of monographs (occasionally in several parts) and volumes in which are collected works on related subjects. Bulletins are either octavo or quarto in size, depending on the needs of the presentation. Since 1902, papers relating to the botanical collections of the Museum have been published in the Bulletin series under the heading Contributions from the United States National Herbarium. This work forms number 276 of the Bulletin series.
    [Show full text]
  • List of Animal Species with Ranks October 2017
    Washington Natural Heritage Program List of Animal Species with Ranks October 2017 The following list of animals known from Washington is complete for resident and transient vertebrates and several groups of invertebrates, including odonates, branchipods, tiger beetles, butterflies, gastropods, freshwater bivalves and bumble bees. Some species from other groups are included, especially where there are conservation concerns. Among these are the Palouse giant earthworm, a few moths and some of our mayflies and grasshoppers. Currently 857 vertebrate and 1,100 invertebrate taxa are included. Conservation status, in the form of range-wide, national and state ranks are assigned to each taxon. Information on species range and distribution, number of individuals, population trends and threats is collected into a ranking form, analyzed, and used to assign ranks. Ranks are updated periodically, as new information is collected. We welcome new information for any species on our list. Common Name Scientific Name Class Global Rank State Rank State Status Federal Status Northwestern Salamander Ambystoma gracile Amphibia G5 S5 Long-toed Salamander Ambystoma macrodactylum Amphibia G5 S5 Tiger Salamander Ambystoma tigrinum Amphibia G5 S3 Ensatina Ensatina eschscholtzii Amphibia G5 S5 Dunn's Salamander Plethodon dunni Amphibia G4 S3 C Larch Mountain Salamander Plethodon larselli Amphibia G3 S3 S Van Dyke's Salamander Plethodon vandykei Amphibia G3 S3 C Western Red-backed Salamander Plethodon vehiculum Amphibia G5 S5 Rough-skinned Newt Taricha granulosa
    [Show full text]
  • It May Surprise Contributors and Readers to Learn How Widely the Pro
    56 PIW' . r'; .'( To .' :()I .. So ... 13 1l1"l". ('O IX .IIIII.I. VOl.. 5 ~) (1 96::!l. 0 1': ". 1, 1962 Phaeoura mexicanaria (Grote) in British Columbia (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) .T . G Il .I .\; 'I" Rindge (1961) gives the range of the geo­ brown granules; conspicuous tu bercles bear­ metrid moth, Phaeoura mexicanaria (Grote), ing setae D-2 on abdominal segments 1. to as the western United States. Although 5 and setae D·1 on segment 8. Tubercles there are no published r ecords for this spe­ l a r g e s ~ on A2 , gradually diminishing in size ci es in British Columbia, larvae have been to A5; those on A8 about equal in size to taken in Forest Insect Survey collections on those on A3. An adult rear ed from this a few occasions in the southern Interior: larva was identifi ed by Dr. E. Munroe of the Kettle Valley, 28 August, 1953; Salmon AIm, Entomology Research Institute, Ottawa, as 17 .Ju ly, 1958; Grand Forks, 12 August, 1959; P. magnificans Dyar; since r educed in and Oliver, 24 August, 1961. Larvae wer e Rindge's r evision to synonymy with mexi­ obtained by beating the branches of pon­ canaria. derosa pine trees over a sheet laid on the An adult male, also identified by Dr. Mun­ ground, a nd were fed ponderosa pine foliage roe, was collected at Rock Creek on 10 July, in the insectary for periods up to 26 days 1958. It was fl ying in a lighted garage a bout before they pupated. The only members of 10 p.m.
    [Show full text]
  • The Mountaineer Annual
    The Mountaineer Annual 1991-1992 The MountaineerAnnual 1991-1992 Volume 79 Published August, 1993 2 TheMountaineer Annual Beargrass on Mt. Rainier Steve Johnson The Mountaineers Purposes To explore and study the mountains, forests and watercourses of the Northwest; To gather into permanent form the history and traditions of this region; To preserve by the encouragement of protective legislation or otherwise the natural beauty of Northwest America; To make expeditionsinto theseregions in fulfillment of the above purposes; To encourage a spirit of good fellowship among all lovers of outdoor life. Ascending Eldorado Royce Conrad 4 The Mountaineer Annual The MountaineerAnnual The continuing spirit of The Mountaineers shines through in this newest edition of The Mountaineer Annual. Thank you to all the creative people who so willingly gave their time and talent in producing this book. EditorialCommittee Judi Maxwell- Editor; Production Manager; Layout Ann Marshall -Assistant Editor Steve Johnson -Computer Editor; Mailing Fran Troje -Advertising Manager Mike Buettner- Editorial Committee George Potratz- Desktop Publishing (Communications Manager) Helen Cherullo and Marge Mueller- Production Consultants (Mountaineers Books) Virginia Felton - Executive Director Katrina Reed-Administrative Assistant Eileen Allen - Accounting Manager Steve Costie -Member Services Manager Cover Design: Judi Maxwell and Helen Cherullo Cover Photographs: Front -Ascent of Eldorado © Photo by John Roper Back- Friends in High Places © Photo by Julie Smith © 1993 by The Mountaineers All Rights Reserved Published by The Mountaineers 300Third Avenue West Seattle, Washington 98119 Printedin the United States of America Printed on recycled paper Contents The Mountaineers Purposes 3 Foreword 8 Don Heck Vision for the Twenty-First Century 11 Dianne Hoff Development of a Wilderness Ethics Policy 14 Edward M.
    [Show full text]
  • Review Article Magma Loading in the Southern Coast Plutonic Complex, British Columbia and Washington
    GeoScienceWorld Lithosphere Volume 2020, Article ID 8856566, 17 pages https://doi.org/10.2113/2020/8856566 Review Article Magma Loading in the Southern Coast Plutonic Complex, British Columbia and Washington E. H. Brown Department of Geology, Western Washington University, USA Correspondence should be addressed to E. H. Brown; [email protected] Received 2 May 2020; Accepted 22 September 2020; Published 10 November 2020 Academic Editor: Tamer S. Abu-Alam Copyright © 2020 E. H. Brown. Exclusive Licensee GeoScienceWorld. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0). The southen end of the 1800 km long Coast Plutonic Complex (CPC), exposed in the Harrison Lake area of British Columbia and in the North Cascades of Washington, bears a record of great crustal thickening -20 to 40 km in localized zones during Late Cretaceous times. During this period, the CPC was positioned at the continental margin during collision/subduction of the Farallon plate. Arc magmatism and regional orogenic contraction were both active as potential crustal thickening processes. Magmatism is favored in this report as the dominant factor based on the delineation of four spatially and temporally separate loading events, the close association of the loaded areas with emplacement of large plutons, and a paucity of evidence of deep regional tectonic contraction. The timing and spatial location of crustal loading events are documented by the following: zircon ages in plutons; an early event of low pressure in pluton aureoles evidenced by andalusite, now pseudomorphed by high- pressure minerals; high pressures in country rock in pluton aureoles measured by mineral compositions in the assemblages garnet-biotite-muscovite-plagioclase and garnet-aluminum silicate-plagioclase; high pressures recorded in plutons by Al-in- hornblende barometry; and uplift ages of plutons derived from K-Ar and Ar-Ar ages of micas and hornblende in plutons.
    [Show full text]
  • Deleterious Effects of Low Temperature Exposure on Learning Expression in a Parasitoid
    International Journal of Comparative Psychology, 2006, 19 , 368-385. Copyright 2006 by the International Society for Comparative Psychology Deleterious Effects of Low Temperature Exposure on Learning Expression in a Parasitoid Joan van Baaren Université de Rennes I, France Guy Boivin Centre de Recherche et de Développement en Horticulture Agriculture et Agroalimentaire, Canada Yannick Outreman UMR INRA/Agrocampus Rennes BiO3P, France In this paper, we review the learning capacities of insect parasitoids. We present data on the learning capacity of the parasitoid wasp, Anaphes victus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae), in the host (egg) dis- crimination process. In addition, we examine the effect of low temperature exposure on the wasp’s learning. Our results showed that A. victus females learned rapidly to recognize their own chemical cues that they left on the host eggs, and retained this learning from patch to patch. Conspecific chemical cues left on the eggs took more time to be learned, but two learning trials induced a pro- longed memory for the cues. Our results also showed that the use of learned, conspecific chemical cues was more affected by cold exposure than was the use of learned personal cues. Learning in Parasitoids Insect parasitoids develop on or in a single host and kill it (Eggleton & Gaston, 1990). More than 100,000 species of insect parasitoids are known and while 75% of these species are Hymenoptera, the parasitoid lifestyle has evolved also in Diptera (flies), Coleoptera (beetles), Neuroptera (lacewings), Lepidoptera (butterflies) and Trichoptera (caddisflies). Learning in parasitoids was demon- strated as early as 1937 by Thorpe and Jones, but research on the topic did not flourish until the end of the 1980s.
    [Show full text]
  • Life History of Common Mormon Papilio Polytes (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera: Papilionidae) from Sri Lankamalleswara Reserve Forest - Eastern Ghats – Andhra Pradesh
    [VOLUME 5 I ISSUE 4 I OCT. – DEC. 2018] e ISSN 2348 –1269, Print ISSN 2349-5138 http://ijrar.com/ Cosmos Impact Factor 4.236 LIFE HISTORY OF COMMON MORMON PAPILIO POLYTES (LEPIDOPTERA: RHOPALOCERA: PAPILIONIDAE) FROM SRI LANKAMALLESWARA RESERVE FOREST - EASTERN GHATS – ANDHRA PRADESH P. Nagalakshmi1 & K. Suryanarayana2 & S. P. Venkata Ramana3* 1,2Research Scholar, Department of Zoology, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa – 516005 3*Assistant Professor, Department of Zoology, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa – 516005 Received: July 03, 2018 Accepted: August 22, 2018 ABSTRACT The life history of the Papilio polytesin Sri lankamalleswara forest and Kadapa was studied on the basis of searches. The morphology of adults, eggs, larvae, andpupae were observed. Besides, the population index of Papilio polyteson Murraya koenigiileavesdiscussed. Life cycle completes in 28 - 34days. The present studywas carried out at Sri Lankamalleswara reserve forest (79o 07’–78o 80’ E) and Kadapa(14o 47' N and 78o 82' E) during the calendar year June 2017to May 2018. SriLankamalleswara reserve forest has an average elevation of 138 meters (452 ft.). Thebasic protocol for captive rearing was to collect eggs from wild-mated females, rearlarvae to adult butterflies in captivity, and release adult butterflies and pupae backinto wild populations. This butterfly normally requires a tropical to subtropicalenvironment but sometimes ranges into sheltered, hot temperate areas.The different stages from laying of the eggs to the formation of the adult through larval and pupal stages of Papilio polytes Linnaeus in Sri lankamalleswara reserve forest and Kadapa are described in detail. Keywords: Papilio polytes, life history, Papilionidae, Sri lankamalleswara reserve forest. Summary: The common Mormons of Papilionidae are the dominant species of Eastern Ghats are now in danger.
    [Show full text]
  • Butterflies of Kootenai County 958 South Lochsa St Post Falls, ID 83854
    Butterflies of Kootenai County 958 South Lochsa St Post Falls, ID 83854 Phone: (208) 292-2525 Adapted from Oregon State University Extension FAX: (208) 292-2670 Booklet EC 1549 and compiled by Mary V., Certified E-mail: [email protected] Idaho Master Gardener. Web: uidaho.edu/kootenai By growing a bounty of native plants, mixed with nearly-natives or non-natives, you can attract a variety of butterflies. Additional reading: https://xerces.org/your-pollinator-garden/ Butterflies favor platform-shaped flowers but will feed on a diversity of nectar-rich http://millionpollinatorgardens.org/ flowers. They prefer purple, red, orange, https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/pollinator violet, and yellow flower colors with sweet s/documents/AttractingPollinatorsV5.pdf scents. Butterflies love warm, sunny and http://xerces.org/pollinators-mountain- windless weather. region/ Planning your garden – Think like a o Tolerate Damage on your Plants: A butterfly Pollinator garden needs plants that feed larvae o Go Native: Pollinators are best adapted to (caterpillars). They feed on leaves and plant local, native plants which often need less material. If you do not feed the young, the water than ornamentals. adults will not stay in your landscapes. o Plant in Groups of three or more: Planting o Provide a puddle as a water source: Allow large patches of each plant species for better water to puddle in a rock or provide a foraging efficiency. shallow dish filled with sand as a water source for butterflies. Float corks or a stick o Blooming All Season: Flowers should bloom in your garden throughout the in the puddles to allow insects that fall in to growing season.
    [Show full text]
  • Moths & Butterflies of Grizzly Peak Preserve
    2018 ANNUAL REPORT MOTHS & BUTTERFLIES OF GRIZZLY PEAK PRESERVE: Inventory Results from 2018 Prepared and Submi�ed by: DANA ROSS (Entomologist/Lepidoptera Specialist) Corvallis, Oregon SUMMARY The Grizzly Peak Preserve was sampled for butterflies and moths during May, June and October, 2018. A grand total of 218 species were documented and included 170 moths and 48 butterflies. These are presented as an annotated checklist in the appendix of this report. Butterflies and day-flying moths were sampled during daylight hours with an insect net. Nocturnal moths were collected using battery-powered backlight traps over single night periods at 10 locations during each monthly visit. While many of the documented butterflies and moths are common and widespread species, others - that include the Western Sulphur (Colias occidentalis primordialis) and the noctuid moth Eupsilia fringata - represent more locally endemic and/or rare taxa. One geometrid moth has yet to be identified and may represent an undescribed (“new”) species. Future sampling during March, April, July, August and September will capture many more Lepidoptera that have not been recorded. Once the site is more thoroughly sampled, the combined Grizzly Peak butterfly-moth fauna should total at least 450-500 species. INTRODUCTION The Order Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) is an abundant and diverse insect group that performs essential ecological functions within terrestrial environments. As a group, these insects are major herbivores (caterpillars) and pollinators (adults), and are a critical food source for many species of birds, mammals (including bats) and predacious and parasitoid insects. With hundreds of species of butterflies and moths combined occurring at sites with ample habitat heterogeneity, a Lepidoptera inventory can provide a valuable baseline for biodiversity studies.
    [Show full text]
  • Forest Management Plan Yakama Reservation
    Forest Management Plan Yakama Reservation United States Department of the Interior Bureau of Indian Affairs Yakama Agency Branch of Forestry and the Yakama Nation Toppenish, Washington September 2005 Forest Management Plan Signature Page i Forest Management Plan Tribal Council Resolution T-021-04 September 2005 ii Forest Management Plan Tribal Council Resolution T-159-05 September 2005 iii Forest Management Plan General Council Resolution GC-02-06 September 2005 iv Forest Management Plan Acknowledgements Acknowledgements This Forest Management Plan (FMP) is the result of the cooperative efforts of many people over an extended period of time, incorporating the outstanding talents and knowledge of personnel from the Yakama Nation and the Bureau of Indian Affairs, including the Yakama Nation Department of Natural Resources, Yakama Nation Land Enterprise, Yakama Forest Products, Yakama Agency Branch of Forestry, and Yakama Agency Natural Resources Program. In addition, Yakama tribal members provided information and direction that was critical to the preparation of this Forest Management Plan. Achievement of their goals, desires, and visions for the future of the Yakama Forest was the basis for the development of the management directions in this document. The leadership and advice of the Yakama Tribal Council, General Council Officers, the Yakama Agency Forest Manager, and the Yakama Agency Superintendent were significant to the development of the FMP. Particularly noteworthy was the assistance and encouragement provided by the Chairman and members of the Tribal Council Timber, Grazing, Overall Economic Development Committee. September 2005 v Forest Management Plan Preface Preface This Forest Management Plan (FMP) for the Yakama Reservation was developed in coordination with the Yakama Nation to direct the management of the Yakama Nation’s forest and woodlands.
    [Show full text]
  • An Assessment of Water Temperatures of the Entiat River, Washington Using the Stream Network Temperature Model (SNTEMP)
    An Assessment of Water Temperatures of the Entiat River, Washington Using the Stream Network Temperature Model (SNTEMP) By Ross Hendrick and John Monahan, Washington State Department of Ecology Through the Water Quality Sub-Committee For the Entiat WRIA Planning Unit (EWPU) September, 2003 Table of Contents Table of Contents ...................................................................................2 Introduction............................................................................................3 Methods...................................................................................................4 Study Area................................................................................................................................... 4 Model Selection........................................................................................................................... 5 Model Development .................................................................................................................... 5 The Skeleton File......................................................................................................................... 6 Water Temperature ..................................................................................................................... 7 Meteorology ................................................................................................................................ 8 Hydrology ................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]