United States Forest Blue Mountains Forest Insect and 1401 Gekeler Lane Department of Service Disease Service Center La Grande, OR 97850-3456 Agriculture Wallowa-Whitman National Forest (541) 963-7122 File Code: 3410 Date: March 7, 2018 Dear Interested Readers, This manuscript of pine butterfly life history is a rough draft written by retired Service Center entomologist Donald W. Scott. It is presented in rough draft so that the information contained herein is available for anyone who wishes to consult it. It represents a considerable amount of work, and there is a considerable amount of information in it. However, it has not undergone editing or review. It has not been checked for accuracy, statistical or otherwise, some sections are incomplete, citations and figures have not been checked. It is offered AS IS, READER BEWARE. Don studied the pine butterfly during its outbreak in eastern Oregon on the southern Malheur National Forest from 2008-2012. Don was interested in taking advantage of the outbreak to gain some life history and biological knowledge about this insect that is rarely seen in any numbers. Don took data from 2010-2012 with the assistance of some field technicians, tracking both butterfly measurements as well as tree measurements. In addition, he gathered all of the references to this insect he could find and consulted them to try to build a comprehensive record of knowledge. This document contains a timeline of recorded outbreaks in the west with lengthy excerpts from references to these outbreaks. It also contains a detailed life history with data on parasitoids, predators, defoliation, egg mass, larval size, and much other information about the outbreak. In order to finalize this draft into publishable form would entail considerable work and expense, which the Service Center and the Region cannot currently undertake. We have explored partnering with the Forest Service PNW research station, as well as Oregon State University. However, during this time of declining budgets, publishing this manuscript is currently not possible. I hope you find the information in the manuscript educational and useful. Sincerely, /s/ Lia H. Spiegel Supervisory Entomologist Caring for the Land and Serving People Printed on Recycled Paper Natural History of the Pine Butterfly, Neophasia menapia menapia (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) Donald W. Scott Donald W. Scott is Forest Entomologist (retired), Pacific Northwest Region, Wallowa-Whitman National Forest, La Grande, OR 97850 1 Natural History of the Pine Butterfly, Neophasia menapia menapia (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) Donald W. Scott Published in cooperation with: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Pacific Northwest Region Wallowa-Whitman National Forest Cover Photo Caption: Pine butterfly defoliated ponderosa pine on the Malheur National Forest in eastern Oregon, and pine butterfly larvae feeding on ponderosa pine needles (inset). (Photos by D. W. Scott, USDA Forest Service) 2 Contents [this table of contents will need to be revised once we decide on the chapters and organization of the book] PART I: POPULATION MONITORING Chapter 1: Introduction Hosts Distribution and Life Cycle Characteristics of Endemic and Epidemic Populations Impacts to Trees and Resources Population Studies Chapter 2: Chronology of Pine Butterfly Infestations Pine Butterfly Habitats and Outbreak Dynamics Outbreak Significance Pine Butterfly as Forest Pest Historical Limitations in Reporting Pine Butterfly Outbreak Chronology Historic Chronology of Pine Butterfly Infestations 1880-1883 Newport, Washington Outbreak (Stretch, 1882) 1890-1895 Olympic Mountains, Washington Outbreak (Barker, 1924; Hopkins 1908) 1892-1898 Southern British Columbia, Vancouver Island and Olympic Mountains Outbreak (Chamberlin 1924; Fletcher 1896; Hopkins 1908) 1893-1896 Yakima Indian Reservation Outbreak, Washington (Chamberlin 1924; Hopkins 1899, 1908) 1893-1896 Pleasant Prairie and Vicinity, Spokane County, Washington Outbreak (The Chronicle, 1895) 1893-1898 Payette and Boise River Watersheds (Idaho) Outbreak (Barker 1924; Shellworth 1922) 1894-1897 Mount Hood, Oregon Outbreak (Chamberlin 1924; Howard 1897; Hopkins 1908; Langille 1903) 1895-1897 Goldendale, Washington Outbreak (Hopkins 1908; Howard 1897) 1895-1899 Moscow Mountain Outbreak near Moscow, Idaho (Hopkins 1908; Aldrich 1912) 3 1898-1900 Headwaters of Klickitat River in Southern Washington Outbreak (Chamberlin 1924; Cleator 1910) 1901-1904 Vancouver Island and southwestern British Columbia Outbreak (Fletcher 1905a, 1905b) 1902-1904 Mount Adams, Washington Outbreak (Hopkins 1908) 1903-1908 Southern Idaho Outbreak (Shellworth 1922) 1903-1904 Bigfork, Lake County, Montana Outbreak (Elrod and Maley 1906) 1907-1910 Chelan and Wenatchee NFs and adjacent Washington area Outbreak (Cleator 1910; Furniss 1961; Hopkins 1908) 1907-1910 Northern Oregon Coast Range Outbreak (Langille 1910) 1908-1911 Blue Mountains, Malheur National Forest, Oregon Outbreak (Miles 1911) 1910-1913 Southern British Columbia, Canada Outbreak (Cockle 1911) 1915-1917 Whitman National Forest, Oregon Outbreak (Griffin 1917) 1916-1918 Idaho City, Idaho Outbreak (Barker 1924; Cole 1958) 1920-1924 Little Salmon and Payette Rivers Idaho Outbreak (Evenden 1924, 1926, 1940; Shellworth 1922) 1929-1932 Nez Perce and Salmon National Forest, Northern Idaho Outbreak (Evenden 1930, 1931) 1935-1939 Northern Idaho, Montana, and Northeastern Washington Outbreak (Evenden 1936a, 1937, 1938, 1939) 1940-1943 Blue Mountains, Oregon and Cascade Range, central Washington Outbreak (Furniss 1943) 1940-1943 Boise National Forest, Idaho Outbreak (Helzner and Thier 1993) 1943-1949 Vancouver Island and Southwestern British Columbia Outbreak (Lejeune 1975) 1943-1949 Olympic National Forest Outbreak, Washington (Furniss 1945a, 1945b) 1947-1951 Clearwater River Drainage, Northern Region, Idaho and Bitteroot National Forest Outbreak (Evenden 1947; Denton 1952) 1950-1954 Boise National Forest, Idaho Outbreak (Boise NF 1954; Cole 1955, 1958a, 1966) 1953-1955 Northern Arizona Outbreak (USDA 1954a; USDA 1954b) 1956-1961 Cathedral Grove, Cameron River Valley at McMillan Provincial Park, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada Outbreak (Anonymous 1961; Silver and Ross 1962) 1957-1962 Intermountain and Northern Region Outbreak (Cole 1958b; USDA 1957a, 1958a; Anonymous 1959) 4 1960-1968 Vancouver Island, British Columbia Outbreak (Collis 1961, 1962 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966; Alexander 1962, 1964) 1961-1966 Okanagan Landing, British Columbia Outbreak (Anonymous 1963, 1964; Downton and Ross 1969) 1968-1974 Intermountain Region Outbreak (Helzner and Thier 1993; USDA 1970, 1972, 1973, 1974) 1967-1974 Northern Region Outbreak (Bousfield and Ciesla 1971; USDA 1967, 1968c, 1970, 1972, 1973, 1974) 1971-1974 Black Hills, Rocky Mountain Region Outbreak (USDA 1973, 1974) 1971-1979 Flathead Indian Reservation and National Bison Range Outbreak, Montana (Bousfield 1972a, 1972b; Tunnock and Meyer 1977, 1978; USDA 1978, 1979) 1971-1978 Southern British Columbia and Vancouver Island Outbreak, Canada (Cottrell 1972, 1973; Cottrell and Koot 1973, 1975, 1976; Cottrell and Adams 1974; Morris et al. 1978, 1979; Morris and Wood 1977; Wood and Koot 1972, 1973 1974, 1975) 1978-1980 Nevada County, California Outbreak (USDA 1981) 1980-1987 Rocky Mountain Region, Colorado Outbreak (USDA 1982a, 1985, 1986; Young 1986; Hoffacker et al. 1987) 1978-1984 Intermountain Region, Boise National Forest, Idaho Outbreak (Helzner and Thier 1993; Thier 1985; USDA 1982a, 1983, 1984) 1981-1984 Northern Region, Clearwater National Forest, Idaho Outbreak (USDA 1983, 1984, 1985) 1981-1984 Pacific Northwest Region, Ochoco National Forest and Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon Outbreak (USDA 1982b, 1983) 1981-1984 Blue Mountains, Pacific Northwest Region, Malheur National Forest, Oregon Outbreak (Tatum 2010) 1985-1992 Spokane, Washington Area, Pacific Northwest Region, Outbreak (Fitzgerald 1985; Windishar and Massey 1989; Clark 1991) 1997-2001 Rocky Mountain Region, Black Hills of South Dakota (Harris et al. 2001, 2002) 2007-2009 Princeton, Southern Interior Forest Region, British Columbia, Canada Outbreak (Westfall and Ebata 2008) 2008-2013 Blue Mountains, Pacific Northwest Region, northeastern Oregon Outbreak (Flowers et al. 2010, 2011, 2013, 2014) 2010-2013 Intermountain Region, Southern Idaho Outbreak (Bennett 2010; Dudley 2010a, 2010b, 2012) 2010-2013 Northern Region, Idaho and Montana Outbreak (Gannon and Sontag 2010; Hayes 2012, 2013; USDA 2010) 5 Conclusions Chapter 3: Monitoring Insect Populations and Damage Methods Study Area Defoliation Mapping Population Monitoring Experimental Design Selection of study areas-- Selection of sample trees-- Population and tree damage sampling scheme-- Sample Processing— Data Summarization and Statistical Analysis Results Defoliation Mapping Egg Density Monitoring Egg Mass and Egg Density trends— Egg Viability— Pine Butterfly vs. Pine Sawfly Egg Densities— Whole-tree Defoliation Pupal Parasite Monitoring Tree Mortality Discussion Defoliation Mapping Egg Density Monitoring Egg Mass and Egg Density trends— Egg Viability— Pine Butterfly vs. Pine Sawfly Egg Densities— 6 Whole-tree Defoliation and Tree Mortality Pupal Parasitism Theronia atalantae fulvescens (Cresson)— Exorista mella (Walker)— Agria housei Shewell— Brachymeria ovata ovata (Say)— Apechthis componotus Davis— Predation Hemipteran predators— Spider predators— Avian predators— Disease PART II: ADVANCES IN PINE BUTTERFLY BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY Chapter 1: Pine Butterfly Larval Instar Determination