Field Methods in Linguistic ANTH 305 - Spring 2016 Tuesdays 4:00-6:30 pm; Bailey 110

Instructor Jennifer R. Guzmán, PhD Office hours Bailey 108, Mondays 2:30-4:00, Tuesdays 12:45-2:15, and by appointment. Feel free to visit office hours to discuss any questions you have about course content, assignments, or your academic progress. Email [email protected]. Feel free to email questions that can be answered briefly. If you have a complex question or situation, please visit me during office hours. I read e- mail Monday-Friday. Allow 1-2 days for a response. When sending email, include ANTH 305 and a topic in the subject line. Office Phone (585) 245-5174 Course TA Angus McCrumb ([email protected])

Course description This course introduces students to the field methods that sociolinguists, applied linguists, and linguistic anthropologists use to document language use in situ. Students will learn the basic steps in developing a research question and building competencies in field methods that include: participant observation, field note taking, mapping spaces, photography, videography, interviewing, transcription, and basic analysis. A one-day workshop will introduce students to elicitation methods that are used by documentation linguists in the field. Students will learn how to look and listen, to analyze what they see and hear, and then how to present their findings through various presentation media. Through discussion of course readings and the experience of carrying out a project, students will explore, as holistically as possible, how communities use language and other semiotic resources in their everyday interactions to organize their worlds and construct meaning in their lives.

Learning Outcomes • Students will develop in-depth understanding of field research methodology as it is used in linguistic anthropology and sociolinguistics. • Students will understand ethical considerations, steps in the informed consent process, and institutional review board requirements. • Students will gain basic proficiency in participant-observation, field note-taking, ethnographic photography, ethnographic videography, interviewing, transcription, subtitling, and ethnographic writing. • Students will hone analytical skills for identifying and describing speech communities and patterns of language use in naturalistic contexts. • Students will reflect on how their identity and positionality (i.e. gender, race, ethnicity, class, immigration status, age, language proficiency, and socioprofessional role) influence their access, relations with research participants, and results.

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Required Texts o Sally Campbell Galman. Shane, The Lone Ethnographer. AltaMira Press. ISBN: 9780759103443 o Agar, MH. 1996. The Professional Stranger: An Informal Introduction to . 2nd ed. San Diego: Academic Press. o Pink, S. 2013. Introduction to Visual Ethnography. Los Angeles: Sage. o All other readings will be posted to MyCourses Please bring each day’s readings (and your notes about them) with you to class. You will need to refer to them regularly during class.

Required Supplies • 16GB SDHC Flash memory card for video cameras if you will check out a videocamera from the library for the filming assignment • Access to Inqscribe, Keynote or PowerPoint, and Final Cut Pro/iMovie (available in campus computer labs)

Class Format Classes will have 3 components: 1) review of students’ ethnographic assignments, 2) discussion of readings, and 3) introduction to ethnographic methodologies relevant to upcoming assignments.

Assignments: • Dropbox ssignments should be turned in to the appropriate Dropbox on MyCourses by the deadline indicated in the course schedule. • In-class assignments will be presented during class among your peers and turned in during class.

General Class Assignment: Write up 2 typed pages of field notes following each weekly field site visit as a Word file. Fieldnotes will first be written as part of Week 5’s assignment, “Entering the Field.” Turn in all of your field notes together as a ‘field journal’ with final project and paper. I may also request your field notebook a few times during the semester.

Final Assignments: • Students are required to present a final project constructed in Keynote or PowerPoint that pulls all of the weekly assignments together. The final project (about 15 minutes each) will be presented during our final exam period.

• Students are also required to write a final paper that focuses on one form of communication discussed in your larger project, such as verbal dueling, directives, gossip, gift giving, prayer, gesture, terms, etc.

Participation & Attendance: Engaged participation in class every week is crucial to success in this class. Students are expected to come to class having read all of the required readings and prepared to discuss the material each week. Students will also be expected to present their fieldwork assignments on a weekly basis. If you miss a class, you must still turn in the assignment for that week; unexcused absences will negatively impact your final grade. Late assignments will be penalized one-half grade per day (a B will become a B-). This is a labor-intensive course, but you will come out of this class having conducted original research on language practices in a particular community, an accomplishment that you can report in graduate school and job applications.

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Grading Structure 10 Participation 40 Progress assignments 10 Field note journal 20 Final project presentation 20 Final paper 100 TOTAL

Grading: Grading for this class follows the standards for letter grading described in the Geneseo Undergraduate Bulletin: A / A- Excellent work B+, B, B- Very good work C / C+ Satisfactory work (note that work fulfilling all stipulated requirements and turned in on time may fall in this category) C- Work demonstrating minimal competence D Marginal work E (failure) Inadequate work Other possible grades are: P (pass), F (fail), S (satisfactory), U (unsatisfactory), and W (withdrawn). Consult the Bulletin for details about these latter grades.

Accommodation: If you need classroom accommodations due to a documented or suspected learning difference, please contact Dean Buggie-Hunt ([email protected]) at the Office of Disability Services (ODS) and bring me a letter outlining the accommodations you require. Do so as early as possible.

Academic Honesty You are responsible for abiding by the SUNY Geneseo policies on academic honesty. http://bulletin.geneseo.edu/first/?pg=01_Student_Affairs_policies.html

Schedule Readings and assignments are due on the date they are listed. Schedule subject to change as needed.

Week 1 January 19 WELCOME & INTRODUCTIONS

In class: Introductions & course overview Review of Center on Everyday Lives of Families research methods Read excerpts from “On Looking” by Horowitz Watch short interview of Alexandra Horowitz discussing “On Looking”

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Week 2 January 26 WHAT IS ETHNOGRAPHY? WHAT IS LINGUISTIC ANTHROPOLOGICAL FIELDWORK?

Assignment due a) “Learning to see” - Take a 20-minute walk around any location, jotting down everything that you see. Then take two or three others on separate walks, jotting down what they tell you that they are seeing and what you see them do during their walk. Type up two to three paragraphs summarizing how you viewed the environment differently than the two/three others that accompanied you on their walks. Bring your typed up notes with you to class. b) Bring in 3-5 ideas for possible projects. Bring a hard copy or have on your laptop: Sunstein and Chiseri. FieldWorking. Choosing a Site. PDF. You don’t have to read this ahead of class. c) Bring in a hard copy of several questions you have about the readings (preferably one from each of the readings).

Readings: • Galman, S.C. Chapters 1-3 “Alone on the Range,” “Whither Ethnography” and “The Good, the Bad, and the Beginner” Shane: The Lone Ethnographer. pp. 1-30. • Agar, M. Chapter 2: The Concept of Fieldwork pp. 55-72 and Chapter 5: Ethnography. The Professional Stranger. pp. 113-133. • Duranti, A. Linguistic Anthropology: History, Ideas, and Issues. Linguistic Anthropology: A Reader. pp. 1-10 only. PDF.

Week 3 February 2 WHAT IS A LINGUISTIC (ANTHROPOLOGY) PROJECT? WHAT ARE OUR ETHICAL OBLIGATIONS TO THE PEOPLE WE WORK WITH?

Assignment due: (a) We will further discuss possible subcultures/field sites and students will aim to make a decision about a group they would like to follow. Come to class with ideas about which aspects of the subcultures you would like to analyze. (b) Bring a typed response containing at least one thoughtful comment OR question for EACH of the required readings. Comments should discuss a piece of information that was new, surprising or thought-provoking for you. Include WHY you thought it was interesting or significant. Questions should pertain to something that either you did not understand, did not agree with, or something that you would like to know more about and would be interested in exploring further during class discussion. These comments and questions give you the chance to make judgments and think critically about the articles. We will discuss some responses and questions in class. (c) In addition, each student will read an article or chapter in the “selected readings” listed below, and come to class prepared to give a brief summary (no more than 5-8 minutes) explaining to the class: a. The main findings of the study, b. The data presented to back up the claims, c. The methods used, as best as you can, based on what the reading provided about data collection and linguistic analysis, and d. Comment on ethical issues related to research with this particular group. This exercise is not to test students on their summary skills but to give the class an overview of various topics, methods, and ethical issues involved in field research. Field Methods – Spring 2016 5

(d) Complete the “Protecting Human Research Participants” online training module (https://phrp.nihtraining.com/users/login.php). Bring a copy of your certificate of completion to class.

Readings • Agar, M. Chapter 3 “Getting Started” Professional Stranger. (pp. 73-82 only) • Duranti, A. From Grammar to Politics, Chapter 1 “Introduction.” Pg. 1-13. PDF. • Galman, S.C. Chapter 4 “Wanted: Theoretical Framework” pp. 31-40 and Chapter 5 “IRB, From the People Who Brought You the IRS.” Shane: The Lone Ethnographer. pp. 41-48. • AAA Principles of Professional Responsibility. This link is to the preamble. To read each section, click through the links at the base of the preamble. http://ethics.aaanet.org/ethics- statement-0-preamble/

Selected readings: Sign up to read & present ONE of the following to the class 1. Black, S. Laughing to Death. Joking as support amid stigma for Zulu-speaking South Africans living with HIV. 2. García-Sánchez, I. Language socialization and exclusion (Moroccan immigrant children in Spain). 3. Conley, R. Living with the decision that someone will die: Linguistic distance and empathy in jurors’ death penalty decisions 4. Goodwin, M.H. He-Said-She-Said. Chapter 1 “Talk as Social Action.” Pp. 1-17. PDF. 5. Hsiao, Chi-hua. Performing New Moralities: Subtitle Groups as Cultural Translators in China. (Successful NSF grant proposal). 6. Loyd, Heather. The Logic of Conflict: Practices of Social Control among Inner City Neapolitan Girls. 7. Corwin, Anna. Lord Hear Our Prayer: Prayer, Social Support, and Well-being in a Catholic Convent. 8. Solomon, O. Language, Autism and Childhood. An ethnographic perspective. 9. Schieffelin, B. Teasing and shaming in in Kaluli children’s interactions 10. Philips, S. Participant structures and communicative competence: Warm Springs children in community and classroom. 11. Basso, K. To Give Up on Words: Silence in Western Apache Culture 12. Kulick, D. Anger, gender, language shift and the politics of revelation in a Papua New Guinean village. 13. Goodwin and Goodwin. Emotion within Situated Activity. 14. Ochs & Taylor. The “Father Knows Best” dynamic in dinnertime narratives. 15. Kiesling, S. Power and the Language of Men. 16. Morgan, M. No Woman No Cry. Claiming African American Women’s Place.

Week 4 February 9 PREPARING FOR AND ENTERING THE FIELD

Assignment due: (a) Students will make their final decision about which subculture they will be studying and will have gained access to their field site. (b) Gather three scholarly sources related to your field site or subculture and briefly summarize the central theme and scope of the book or article. Include one or two sentences explaining how this work may illuminate your topic. You are not expected to have read each source in full by this date, but read as much as possible in order to Field Methods – Spring 2016 6

determine if it could be helpful to use as a resource for your ethnographic analysis. Investigating the broader context of a subculture or field site enables one to start gaining a better understanding of how communication may work within that community. This exercise also helps one to start thinking about ways of testing and creating theories related to the subculture one is studying. Type up the annotated bibliography and bring it to class. (c) Write TWO thoughtful comments or questions (following the rules specified above) incorporating at least TWO of the Week 4 readings for class discussion (ALL readings are required readings however). Send in responses to [email protected] by 5PM, Tues., Feb. 12.

Class Exercise: Introduction to fieldwork: permissions, protecting the people you observe, identity and positionality (i.e. subjectivity), becoming ‘invisible’ etc.

Readings: • Agar, M. The Professional Stranger. Chapter 4 ‘Who Are You To Do This,’ pp. 92-112. • Loyd, H. Growing up Fast. Ch. 3, ‘Entering the Field and Methodology.’ • Sunstein and Chiseri-Straer. FieldWorking. “Getting Permission” Pg. 119-124 • Peshkin, A. 1988. In Search of Subjectivity—One’s Own. Educational Researcher 17(7):17-21.

Also Recommended: • Salzmann et al. Checklist for research in the field, pg. 27-30. • Fife, W. Doing Fieldwork. ‘Creating and Testing Theory’ pg. 139-147 • Galman, S.C. Chapter 5½ “Stop: Safety and Sanity in the Field” pp. 49-56. • Krieger. 1985. Beyond Subjectivity: The Use of Self in Social Science. Qualitative Sociology 8(4):309-325.

Week 5 February 16 PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION AND FIELDNOTES

Assignment due: (a) Write 250-300 words about how you entered the community you are studying and reflect on the consequences of the choices you made in entering in the way that you did. Turn in during class. (b) After visiting and observing in your field site for about 2 hours (this may vary depending on subculture), write 3 pages of typed notes describing in detail your field site, participants and activities within it. List any initial patterns of behavior that you see. (c) Send in two comments or questions from Week 5 readings to the instructor by email by noon on the day of class.

Class Exercise: (a) Discussion of reports of field entry and readings; (b) Introduction to participant observation of an activity and note-taking.

Readings: • Galman, S.C. Chapter 6. Shane: The Lone Ethnographer. pp. 57-78. • Agar, M. The Professional Stranger. Ch. 6 ‘Beginning Fieldwork’ pp. 134-167. • Bernard, R. Research Methods in Anthropology. Participant Observation, pg. 256-290. PDF. • Duranti, Alessandro. 1997. Linguistic Anthropology, pp. 99-102, 113-116.

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Also recommended: • Dewalt and Dewalt. Participant Observation. ‘Analyzing fieldnotes,’ • Haraway, Donna. 1988. Situated Knowledge: The Science Question in Feminism and the Privilege of Partial Perspective. Feminist Studies 14(3):575-599. • Bernard, R. Research Methods in Anthropology. ‘Field Notes and Database Management,’ pg. 291-305. PDF. • Garcia Sanchez, Inmaculada. 2009. “Methodology” in Moroccan Immigrant Children in a Time of Surveillance: Navigating Sameness and Difference in Contemporary Spain.” Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles, Chapter 3.

Week 6 February 23 MAPPING SPACE, TRACKING USE OF SPACE

Assignment due: (a) Observe an activity in your field site (between 30 minutes to an hour), taking detailed notes. Try to choose an activity that enables you to see the start and finish of it. Write your notes and impressions as a field journal entry and bring to class. (b) Type 250- 500 words describing the activity, any patterns you see in language or behavior, and their possible cultural meanings. Bring to class. (c) Post two comments or questions from Week 6 readings.

Class Exercise: (a) Discussion of participant observation and note-taking assignments; (b) Introduction to visual documentation of field site and systematic observations of activities and uses of objects and space

Readings: • Duranti, A. From Grammar to Politics. Hierarchies in the Making. 47-84 • Ochs et al. Video ethnography and ethnoarchaeological tracking. Pg. 387-409. • Loyd, H. Growing up Fast. Ch 2, “The Social Geography of the Quartieri Spagnoli” (26-30, 47-95 and skim 31-46) • Sunstein and Chiseri-Straer. FieldWorking “Mapping Space” pg. 186-197

Also recommended: • Graesch, A. 2009. Material Indicators of Family Busyness. Social Indicators Research 93: 85- 94.

Week 7 March 1 PHOTOGRAPHY IN DATA COLLECTION

Assignment due: (a) Return to your field site. Draw a map of a centrally relevant spatial environment, including major objects and features that are essential to the social life of the site. Bring digitized map to class (can be a scan of a hand drawing). (b) Systematically document field site participants’ locations and activities every 5 minutes for 60 minutes. Graphically display the results. One figure/table should convey % of observations in which each participant is located in particular spaces. A second figure/table should convey %

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of observations in which each participant is engaged in particular activities. Bring in digitized form to class to present. (c) Type up a brief description (200 words) of how participants are using space according to your analysis.

Readings: • Pink, S. Doing Visual Ethnography. Pg. 1-102 (Intro and Chapters 1, 2, 3, and 4)

In class we will look at excerpts from: • Spirn, A. Daring to Look: Dorothea Lange’s Photographs & Reports from the Field • Dorothea Lange. The American Country Woman (Photographic Documentary) • W. Eugene Smith: Master of the Photographic Essay

Also recommended: • Collier, John Jr. and Malcolm Collier. 1986. “Shooting Guide for a Photographic Survey” in : Photography as a Research Method. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. PDF. Note: just one page!

Week 8 March 8 PHOTO ANALYSIS AND REPRESENTATION

Assignment due: (a) Use photography to document activity-relevant spatial environments in relation to how they are used. Select 5 digital photos to show and discuss in class. (b) Use photography to document material objects at your field site. Select 5 digital photos to show and discuss in class. (c) Use photography to document activities and/or participants in the midst of interactions and activities at your field site. Select 5 digital photos to show and discuss in class.

Class Exercise: (a) Review photography, maps, and tracking assignment; (b) Hands-on use of video camera; ethnographic filmmaking.

Readings: • Rose, G. Making Photographs as part of a research project: Photo-Documentation, Photo- Elicitation and Photo-Essays, pg 297 – 326. • Pink, S. Doing Visual Ethnography. Ch. 7 Making Meaning in Visual Ethnography – Ch. 8 Photography and Ethnographic Writing. pp. 141-182.

Optional: • Collier, John Jr. and Malcolm Collier. 1986. “Cultural Inventory” in Visual Anthropology: Photography as a Research Method. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, pp. 45-63.

March 15 – No class - SPRING BREAK

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Week 9 March 22 VIDEOGRAPHY DURING DATA COLLECTION

Assignment due: a) Go back to your field site and do another photo shoot applying what you have learned about composition, lighting, shutter speed, etc. b) Write up one paragraph describing your “working” storyline. c) Choose 8-10 photos that support your storyline, including an establishing shot, people and objects in space, activities and interaction d) Write a one-sentence caption for each photo that explains the photo while also supporting the main story. Each photo should have a purpose for being there. e) Bring photo-essay to class to present

Readings: • Pink, S. Doing Visual Ethnography. Video in Ethnographic Research. Pg 96 -116 • Duranti, A. Ethnographic Methods. Pg 113-119 • Barbasch, I. and L. Taylor. Cross-Cultural Film-Making. “Picture” 95-123 (Shooting techniques)

Also recommended: • iMovie Project Book. A primer on shooting video (online through library) • iMovie: The Missing Manual (online through library) • Online tutorials for iMovie editing (on class website) • Shut Up and Shoot guide (on class website)

Week 10 March 29 VIDEO EDITING: DOING ETHNOGRAPHY THROUGH FILM

Assignment due : (a) Film establishing shots, pans, tilts, wide shots, close-ups, zooms, tracking shots, two-person and one-person shots, plus a short relevant activity from two different angles to probe how the position of the camera and microphone makes different phenomena salient. (b) Tour the field site with at least one participant narrating activities, objects and space to achieve a better understanding of the social and material worlds that participants inhabit (either you or your participant can hold the camera while participant gives the tour) (c) Review your clips, select and label 2 brief establishing shots, pans, tilts, wide shots, close-ups, zooms, tracking shots, two-person and one-person shots and 30 seconds each from the two different angles in which you filmed an activity. Edit 1- 2 minutes from the tour that is most relevant to your project. Show and discuss clips in class. Total footage should be less than 5 minutes.

Class Exercise: (a) Review filming assignment; (b) Introduction to video editing

Readings: • Pink, S. Doing Visual Ethnography. Video in Ethnographic Representation, pg. 168-190 • Rollwagen, J. Anthropological Filmmaking The Role of Anthropological Theory in “Ethnographic” Filmmaking. Pg. 287 - 309 • Freudenthal, S. Anthropological Filmmaking. What to Tell and How to Show It: Issues in Antrhopological Filmmaking. Pg 123-134

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Also recommended: • Piault, C. Anthropological Filmmaking. European Visual Anthropology: Filming in a Greek Village. Pg 273-284 • Duranti, Alessandro. 1997. Linguistic Anthropology. “Chapter 9: Units of Participation.”, pp.280-330. • Duranti, Alessandro. 1994. From Grammar to Politics. Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 47-84.

Week 11 April 5 INTERVIEWING

Assignment due: “A day in the life” Anthropological film assignment due. Assignment will be discussed further as due date approaches.

In-class activity: (a) review film editing assignment, (b) introduce interviewing methods, (c) review interview protocols from CELF and CADS studies as models for semi-structured interviewing.

Readings: • Agar, M. The Professional Stranger. Beginning Fieldwork. Pg. 134-167. • Duranti, Alessandro. Linguistic Anthropology. pg. 102-110. • Levy, Robert I. and Douglas W. Hollan. “Person-Centered Interviewing and Observation” pg. 333-364.

Also recommended: • Bernard, Russell. “ Interviewing: Unstructured and Semistructured” pg. 210-250. • Throop, Jason. 2010. Suffering and Sentiment: Exploring the Vicissitudes of Experience and Pain in Yap. Berkeley: University of California Press, pp194-234. • Briggs, Charles. 1986. “Interview techniques vis-a-vis native metacommunicative repertoires; or, on the analysis of communicative blunders” in Learning how to ask: A sociolinguistic appraisal of the role of the interview in social science research. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 39-60.

Week 12 April 12 TRANSCRIPTION, FRAMEGRABS, AND SUBTITLING

Assignment due: (a) Prepare a limited set of questions or themes for an interview that explore some dimension of a participant’s life in relation to the social group and research questions you are studying. (b) Video or audio record the interview (c) Transcribe brief segments of the interview that reveal significant reflections. (d) Create a Word file highlighting the relevance of these reflections along with the corresponding brief transcript segments.

Class Exercise: (a) Review interview assignment; (b) Introduction to transcription, subtitling, and beyond.

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Readings: • Ochs, Elinor. “Transcription as Theory” pg. 43-72. • Duranti, Alessandro. Linguistic Anthropology. Pg. 134-161. • Schegloff, Emanuel. “Conversation-analytic transcript symbols. Pg. 265-269 • Goodwin, Marjorie H. “Participation and Embodied Action in Preadolescent Girls’ Assessment Activity.” 353-375.

Also recommended: • Duranti, Alessandro. 2006. “Transcripts, Like Shadows on a Wall” Mind, Culture and Activity 13 (4) 301-310. • Bucholtz, Mary and John W. Du Bois. “Transcription in Action: Resources for the Representation of Linguistic Interaction” (http://www.linguistics.ucsb.edu/projects/transcription/index.html). • Schieffelin, Bambi. 1979. “Getting it Together.” In Developmental Pragmatics, ed. by E. Ochs & B. Schieffelin. New York: Academic Press, pp. 73-108.

Week 13 April 19 LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS

Assignment due: (a) Using Word transcribe about 3 minutes of verbal and non-verbal interaction of an activity according to CA conventions. You may choose to transcribe several smaller clips of a particular linguistic feature that is repeated over the interaction(s) (e.g. greetings, directives, gossip, etc.) (b) Select 2-3 key framegrabs from the video segment and incorporate them into your transcript. (c) Print a hard copy and bring it into class to discuss. (d) Using Inqscribe, subtitle 1 minute of the sequence. Export and bring the subtitled clip to class. (e) Bring to class a list of 3 linguistic features that are salient in your participants’ interactions, in other words, communicative practices that make up the “Grammar of (your subculture)”. Give the class examples.

Readings: • Galman, S.C. Chapters Chapter 7. Shane: The Lone Ethnographer. pp. 79-96. • Ochs et al. Interaction and Grammar. Introduction. • Ochs, E. Constructing pgs. 1-76 and 134 -172 • Goodwin, M.H. He-Said-She-Said (half the class will read this PDF) • Loyd, H. Logic of Conflict. (the other half of the class will read this PDF)

Week 14 April 26 WRITING UP MICRO-MACRO LINKAGES

Assignment due: Analyze the ‘Grammar of (Subculture)’ to describe both the verbal and non-verbal communicative resources people use on a day-to-day basis to actively construct their community. (a) Choose 3 subthemes e.g. Language/Practices of aggression and intensity

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Language/Practices of support and encouragement Language/Practices of hierarchy (b) Under each of these three subthemes, break it down even further into 3 communicative practices that make up this grammar (c) You must give an example of each communicative practice that was displayed in natural interaction in your footage/audiorecordings. TRANSCRIBE the talk and non-verbal communication that exemplifies your point using CA conventions. (d) Include framegrabs if they help prove your point (and if it is a non-verbal communicative practice, then you must include the framegrab). Try to transcribe the talk surrounding the non- verbal practice. (e) Set up each linguistic practice with a sentence or two that tells us how each linguistic/non- verbal practice relates to the larger subtheme and your project.

Readings: • Galman, S.C. Chapter 8. Shane: The Lone Ethnographer. pp. 97-102 • McPhee, J. ‘Structure.’ Pg. 46-55 • Geertz, C. ‘Thick Description.’ Pg 3-30 • Fife, W. Doing Fieldwork. ‘Creating and Testing Theory’ pg. 139-147

Also recommended: • Pink, S. Part 3: Chs. 8-10. Doing Visual Ethnography. pp. 161-214. • Alexander, Jeffrey and Giesen. Bernhard. 1987. “From Reduction to Linkage: The Long View of the Micro-Macro Link”. In The Micro-Macro Link, Alexander, Jeffrey and Giesen. Bernhard (eds). Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 1-42. • Richland, Justin. 2008. Arguing with Tradition: The Language of Law in Hopi Tribal Court. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 27-87.

Week 15 BRINGING IT ALL TOGETHER May 3

Assignment due: (a) Prepare a bibliography of 10 references relevant to your analysis. (b) In 750 - 1000 words, situate the linguistic practices you are seeking to understand in terms of the broader socio-cultural structures, ideologies, processes, theories, etc. Use this assignment to talk more about the themes that you have set up in your linguistic analysis, and then go deeper and broader, linking people's everyday words and practices to larger theories that you have either created or have read in the literature that you have already talked about or in the literature that you still need to find.

Readings: • Fife, W. Doing Fieldwork. ‘Academic and Practical Writing,’ pg. 149 – 158. • Sunstein and Chiseri-Strater. FieldWorking. ‘Thickening Your Draft’. Pg. 361-390.

SHOWTIME! Presentations of final projects: Tuesday, May 10, 7:00-9:30 pm, Bailey 110.

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