EDITION 17 Stacy C. Davis Oak Ridge National Laboratory
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ORNL-6919 (Edition 17 of ORNL-5198) Center for Transportation Analysis Energy Division TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 17 Stacy C. Davis Oak Ridge National Laboratory September 1997 Prepared for Office of Transportation Technologies U.S. Department of Energy Prepared by OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6073 managed by LOCKHEED MARTIN ENERGY RESEARCH CORP. for the U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY under Contract No. DE-AC05-96OR22464 This report has been reproduced directly from the best available copy. Available to DOE and DOE contractors from the Office of Scientific and Technical Information, P.O. Box 62, Oak Ridge, TN 37831; prices available from (423) 576-8401. Available to the public from the National Technical Information Service, U.S. Department of Commerce, 5285 Port Royal Rd., Springfield, VA 22161. This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility of the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. « « « « « « Twentieth Anniversary » » » » » » iii Users of the Transportation Energy Data Book are encouraged to comment on errors, omissions, emphases, and organization of this report to one of the persons listed below. Requests for additional complementary copies of this report, additional data, or information on an existing table should be referred to Ms. Stacy Davis, Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Stacy C. Davis Oak Ridge National Laboratory P. O. Box 2008 Building 3156, MS-6073 Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6073 Telephone: (423) 574-5957 FAX: (423) 574-3851 E-mail: [email protected] Web Site Location: http://www-cta.ornl.gov Philip D. Patterson Office of Transportation Technologies Department of Energy, EE-30 Forrestal Building, Room 5F-034 1000 Independence Avenue, S.W. Washington, D.C. 20585 Telephone: (202) 586-9121 FAX: (202) 586-1637 E-mail: [email protected] Web Site Location: http://www.ott.doe.gov analytic page: http://www.ott.doe.gov/fact.html This edition of the Transportation Energy Data Book can be found on the web at: http://www-cta.ornl.gov/data/tedb.htm TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 17—1997 « « « « « « Twentieth Anniversary » » » » » » iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Foreword ...........................................................vii Acknowledgments ................................................... ix Abstract ............................................................ xi Introduction ....................................................... xiii Chapter 1. International Transportation Statistics ....................... 1-1 Chapter 2. Transportation Energy Characteristics ....................... 2-1 Chapter 3. Highway Mode ........................................... 3-1 Chapter 4. Personal Travel Statistics ..................................4-1 Chapter 5. Alternative Fuels Statistics ................................. 5-1 Chapter 6. Nonhighway Modes ....................................... 6-1 Chapter 7. Emissions and Transportation .............................. 7-1 Appendix A. Sources ................................................A-1 Appendix B. Conversions ............................................B-1 Appendix C. International Data from Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory .......C-1 Glossary .......................................................... G-1 Title Index ......................................................... I-1 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 17—1997 « « « « « « Twentieth Anniversary » » » » » » v FOREWORD This twentieth anniversary edition of the Data Book breaks new ground b y providing the Internet addresses for many of the sources used to supply the data for this book. Of course, this book itself is available a t www.cta.ornl.gov/data/tedb.htm which also be found through the analytic homepage for the Office of Transportation Technologie s (www.ott.doe.gov/fact.html). This issue drops the commentary at the beginnin g of each chapter. As shown in Table 2.2, the transportation sector in 1996 consumed 72.7 % more petroleum than the U.S. produced. One reason this figure keeps rising i s that the cost to fuel the average car in the U.S. keeps falling (Table 2.23) due to lo w fuel process (Table 2.19) and increasing overall fleet fuel economy (Table 3.9). Vehicles are now being built in such a way that the fuel economy losse s resulting from traveling over 55 mph are less than for vehicles from the 80's an d the 70's (Table 3.43). A lot of changes have occurred in the transportation sector over the last 20 years. This data book allows you to see many of these changes . Unfortunately, the transportation sector's dependence on oil has not changed. That is the challenge that faces us. Philip D. Patterson Office of Transportation Technologies TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 17—1997 « « « « « « Twentieth Anniversary » » » » » » vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my gratitude to the many individuals who assisted in the preparation of this document. First, I would like to thank Phil Patterson and the staff of the Office of Transportation Technologies for their continued support of the Transportation Energy Data Book project. I would also like to thank Patricia Hu of Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) for her dedicated leadership of thi s project. This document benefits from the criticism and careful review of Phi l Patterson of the U. S. Department of Energy, and Jo hn Maples and Robert Gibson of the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN. Rene’ Moskol (Temp Systems , Inc.) creatively produced the new page design which includes new icons for each chapter. Sherry Campbell of the ORNL Life Sciences Division prepared the title index. Finally, I am indebted to Nancy Jett and Rene’ Moskol for their diligen t preparation of the manuscript. TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 17—1997 « « « « « « Twentieth Anniversary » » » » » » vii ABSTRACT The Transportation Energy Data Book: Edition 17 is a statistical compendium prepared and published by Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) under cont ract with the Office of Transportation Technologies in the Department of Energ y (DOE). Designed for use as a desk-top reference, the data book represents a n assembly and display of statistics and information that characterize transportation activity, and presents data on other factors that influence transportation energy use . The purpose of this document is to present relevant statistical data in the form of tables and graphs. Each of the major transportation modes is treated in separat e chapters or sections. Chapter 1 compares U.S. transportation data with data from other countries. Aggregate energy use and energy supply data for all modes ar e presented in Chapter 2. The highway mode, which accounts for over th ree-fourths of total transportation energy consumption, is dealt with in Chapter 3. Topics i n this chapter include automobiles, trucks, buses, fleet vehicles, federal standards , fuel economies, and high-occupancy vehicle lane data. Househol d travel behavior characteristics are displayed in Chapter 4. Chapter 5 contains information o n alternative fuels and alternative fuel vehicles. Chapter 6 covers the majo r nonhighway modes: air, water, and rail. The last chapter, Chapter 7, present s data on environmental issues relating to transportation. TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 17—1997 « « « « « « Twentieth Anniversary » » » » » » ix INTRODUCTION In January 1976, the Transportation Energy Conservation ( TEC) Divisio n of the Energy Research and Development Administration contracted with Oa k Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) to prepare a Transportation Energy Conservation Data Book to be used by TEC staff in their evaluation of current and proposed conservation strategies. The major purposes of the data book were t o draw together, under one cover, transportation data from diverse sources, to resolv e data conflicts and inconsistencies, and to produce a comprehensive document. The first edition of the TEC Data Book was published in October 1976. With the passage of the Department of Energy (DOE) Organization Act, the work bein g conducted by the former Transportation Energy Conservation Division fell under the purview of the DOE's Office of Transportation Programs (now the Office o f Transportation Technologies). DOE, through the Office of Transportatio n Technologies, has supported the compilation of Editions 3 through 17. Policymakers and analysts need to be well-informed about activity in the transportation sector. The organization and scope of the data book reflect th e need for different kinds of information. For this reason, Edition 17 updates muc h of the same type of data that is found in previous editions. Chapter 1 contains information which compares U.S. transportation data with data from selected countries in Asia, Europe, and North America. Chapter 2,