Margaret Atwood's the Handmaid's Tale, Jennifer

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Margaret Atwood's the Handmaid's Tale, Jennifer ATILIM UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE ENGLISH CULTURE AND LITERATURE PhD PROGRAMME STORYTELLING AS SURVIVAL AND SELF-EMPOWERMENT IN THE CONTEMPORARY NOVEL: MARGARET ATWOOD’S THE HANDMAID’S TALE, JENNIFER JOHNSTON’S THE INVISIBLE WORM, AND MARGARET DRABBLE’S THE RED QUEEN A Phd Dissertation Hayfaa Abdulkhaleq Ahmed Al-Obaidi Ankara- 2020 ATILIM UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE ENGLISH CULTURE AND LITERATURE PhD PROGRAMME STORYTELLING AS SURVIVAL AND SELF-EMPOWERMENT IN THE CONTEMPORARY NOVEL: MARGARET ATWOOD’S THE HANDMAID’S TALE, JENNIFER JOHNSTON’S THE INVISIBLE WORM, AND MARGARET DRABBLE’S THE RED QUEEN A Phd Dissertation Hayfaa Abdulkhaleq Ahmed Al-Obaidi Prof. Dr. Belgin Elbir Ankara- 2020 ACCEPTANCE AND APPROVAL This is to certify that this dissertation titled “Storytelling as Survival and Self- Empowerment in the Contemporary Novel: Margaret Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale (1985), Jennifer Johnston’s The Invisible Worm (1991), and Margaret Drabble’s The Red Queen (2004)” and prepared by Hayfaa Abdulkhaleq Ahmed Al-Obaidi meets with the committee’s approval unanimously as Dissertation in the field of English Language and Literature following the successful defense of the thesis conducted on 24. 06. 2020. Prof. Dr. Berrin AKSOY (Jury Chair) Prof. Dr. Belgin ELBİR (Supervisor) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nil KORKUT NAYKI (Jury Member) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Zeynep ATAYURT FENGE (Jury Member) Assist. Prof. Dr. Göksen ARAS (Jury Member) Prof. Dr. Dilaver TENGİLİMOĞLU (Director) ETHICS DECLARATION I hereby declare that; I prepared this thesis in accordance with Atılım University Graduate School of Social Sciences Thesis Writing Directive, I prepared this thesis within the framework of academic and ethics rules, documents, evaluations and findings in accordance with scientific ethical and moral principles, I cited all sources to which I made reference in my thesis, The work of art in this thesis is original, I hereby acknowledge all possible loss of rights in case of a contrary circumstance. (in case of any circumstance contradicting with my declaration) 24-06-2020 Hayfaa Abdulkhaleq Ahmed Al-Obaidi i ÖZ Hayfaa Abdulkhaleq Ahmed Al-Obaidi, Çağdaş Romanda Var Olma ve Güçlenme Aracı Olarak Hikaye Anlatımı: Margaret Atwood’un the Handmade’s Tale, Jennifer Johnston’ın the Invisible Worm ve Margaret Drabble’ın the Red Queen Adlı Romanları, Doktora Tezi, Ankara, 2020 Bu çalışmada, üç kadın yazar Margaret Atwood, Jennifer Johnston ve Margaret Drabble’ın, sırasıyla The Handmaid’s Tale (1985), The Invisible Worm (1991) ve The Red Queen (2004) adlı romanları incelenmektedir. Bu romanların tümünde kadın başkarakterler, geçmişte başlarından geçen acı ve yaralayıcı olayların neden olduğu travma ile baş etme yöntemi olarak hikayelerini anlatma yolunu seçmişlerdir ve bir değişim ve iyileşme sürecinden geçmektedirler. Tezin amacı, hikaye anlatımının bu süreçteki etkisinin ve işlevinin romanlarda nasıl betimlendiğini irdelemek ve tartışmaktır. Bu tez, esas olarak, travma bağlamında kendini güçlendirme mekanizması olarak hikaye anlatımının etkinliğine ve hikaye anlatımının özellikle hayatta kadınlara kalanlara etkisi üzerine odaklanmaktadır. Bu çalışmadaki kadın karakterler genellikle bir çeşit değişim ve iyileşme yolundadır tezde, travmatik iyileşme konusu “konuşma” veya “yazma” şeklinde hikaye anlatımının gerçekleştirilmesiyle birlikte arastırılmaktadır. Birinci bölüm travma teorisi ve hikaye anlatma ile ilgilidir. Bu bölümde, Travma ve hikaye anlatımı arasındaki bağlantı ve psikologların travmatik deneyimlerin üstesinden gelmek için hastalarıyla hikaye anlatımını nasıl kullandıkları tartışılmaktadır. Bu bölümde ayrıca bazı psikologlar, akademisyenler ve edebiyat eleştirmenlerinin travma tanımlarına değinilmektedir. Psikolojik travma tipik olarak felaket olayları, savaş, cinsel şiddet, çocuk istismarı, aile içi vahşet veya sevilen bir insanı kaybetmekle oluşur. Özellikle, 1970’lerin sonuna doğru, doğal afet, savaş veya büyük bir bireysel kayıp, zihinsel hasarlar için psikolojik travma kavramı ve özellikle psikolojide travma sonrası stres bozukluğu (TSSB) kavramı yaygınlaşmaya başlamıştır. Zihinsel yaraya yol açan eyleme 'travmatizasyon' ii ii denilmiş ve bu nedenle 'travma' anlayışı travma cerrahisi ile karşılaştırılabilir şekilde geliştirilmiştir. Sonraki üç bölümde romanlar tek tek ele alınarak, yazarların romanlarındaki baş kadın karakterlerin travmanın üstesinden gelme sürecinde hikaye anlatımının işlevini nasıl gösterdikleri ayrıntılı bir biçimde ve birinci bölümde anlatılan kuramlar ve eleştiri yöntemleri ışığnda incelenmekte ve tartışılmaktadır. Sonuç bölümünde ise, romanların temaları, biçimleri ve anlatım yöntemleri arasındaki benzerlik ve faklılıkların anlamı ve önemi üzerine toplu bir değerlendirme sunulmaktadır. Bu çalışma, incelenen romanlarda hikaye anlatımının geçmişte acı çeken ve ezilen insanları iyileştirmede ve iyileştirmede önemli bir rol oynadığını gösterdiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Çalışmanın konusu olan üç romanda da hikaye anlatımı, acı çeken insanlar için bir ses bulma ve yaşanan travmayı ifade etme süreci ile ilişkilendirilmektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: hikaye anlatımı, travma, feminism, Bildungsroman, birinci şahıs anlatımı. iii ABSTRACT Hayfaa Abdulkhaleq Ahmed Al-Obaidi, Storytellıng As Survıval And Self- Empowerment In The Contemporary Novel: Margaret Atwood’s The Handmaıd’s Tale, Jennıfer Johnston’s The Invısıble Worm, And Margaret Drabble’s The Red Queen, Ph.D Thesis, Ankara, 2020 This dissertation focuses mainly on the effectiveness of storytelling as a mechanism of self-empowerment in the context of trauma, and the impact of storytelling specifically on female survivors in the novels of Margaret Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale (1985), Jennifer Johnston’s The Invisible Worm (1991), and Margaret Drabble’s The Red Queen (2004). The female characters in these novels are generally on a path toward some kind of changing and healing. I endeavor to explore the issue of traumatic recovery in concert with a realization of storytelling in the form of “talking” or “writing”. This study aims to explore and discuss the various ways these novelists depict important role and function of storytelling in the recovery and healing process of the protagonists, who were oppressed and had suffered in the past. Chapter one is about trauma theory and storytelling. I discuss the connection between trauma and storytelling and how psychologists use storytelling with their patients as a means to overcome their traumatic experiences. In this chapter, I also refer to some definitions of trauma by some psychologists, scholars, and literary critics discuss how past trauma and traumatic memories have an impact on the mind of the characters. Especially , toward the end of the 1970s, when an ever-widening segment of the public became conscious of mental wound as a result of natural disaster, war, or a huge individual loss, the concept of psychological trauma for mental damages, and in specific the notion of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in psychology began to become publicized. The action leading to the mental wound was called 'traumatization’, and so the concept of ‘traumalogy’ was developed, comparable to trauma surgery. iv iv Then, the next three chapters examine, in the light of the theoretical and critical studies discussed in the first chapter, how the three women writers; Margaret Atwood, Jennifer Johnston, and Margaret Drabble represent, in their novels the importance of storytelling for their traumatized characters. The conclusion presents an overall assessment of the portrayal of the significance of storytelling in the three novels by drawing attention to the similarities and differences in terms of narrative technique, form and themes, and their implications. Keywords: storytelling, trauma, feminism, first-person narration, Bildungsroman v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation becomes a reality with the kind support and assistance of many individuals, I would like to extend my sincere thanks to all of them. Foremost, I wish to express my sincere appreciation to my supervisor, Professor Belgin Elbir, who has the essence of a genius: she guided and promoted me to be professional and do the right thing even when the road got tough. Without her constant help, the goal of this work would not have been achieved. I would like to thank the members of thesis monitoring committee Prof. Dr. Berrin Aksoy and Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nil Korkut Nayki for their contributions. I also thank Assoc. Prof. Dr. Zeynep Atayurt Fenge and Assist. Prof. Dr. Gökṣen Aras for their much appreciated contributions. Without their support this project could not have reached its goal. I wish to acknowledge the support and great love of my sisters, and my close friend Maysaa. They kept me going on and this work would not have been possible without their encouragement. Also I would like to offer my thankful to my colleague doctor Zaid who help me to select this topic and encourage me to write about woman’s traumatic experience. vi This dissertation is dedicated to my husband’s soul vii İÇİNDEKİLER ÖZ………………………………………………………………………………………i ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS…………………...………………………………………v INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................ 1 CHAPTER ONE TRAUMA THEORY AND STORYTELLING ....................... ......... 19 CHAPTER TWO MARGARET ATWOOD’S
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