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Tesis Doctoral La Nao Santa María El Naufragio Que FACULTAD DE FILOSOFÍA Y LETRAS DEPARTAMENTO DE HISTORIA DE AMÉRICA TESIS DOCTORAL LA NAO SANTA MARÍA EL NAUFRAGIO QUE CAMBIÓ LA HISTORIA Presentada por María Luisa Cazorla Poza para optar al grado de Doctora por la Universidad de Valladolid Dirigida por los Doctores D. Jesús Varela Marcos Y Dª. Mª Montserrat León Guerrero 2016 ÍNDICE GENERAL RELACIÓN DE ABREVIATURAS 8 INTRODUCCIÓN 9 1. Aparece Cristóbal Colón en Castilla 15 2. Lo que podía saber Cristóbal Colón 16 3. El Proyecto Histórico de España 18 CAPÍTULO I 22 FUENTES DOCUMENTALES DEL PRIMER VIAJE DE CRISTÓBAL COLÓN 1. Tres textos paralelos y una carta autógrafa 24 - Cristóbal Colón - Bartolomé de las Casas - Hernando Colón - Carta de Colón a los Reyes de 4 de marzo de 1493 2. Otros textos de la época 44 - Antonio de Herrera y Tordesillas - Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo - Pedro Mártir de Anglería - Andrés Bernáldez - Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda - Francisco López de Gómara 3. Análisis conjunto de los textos 51 1 - De la madrugada a la puesta del sol del día 24 - De la puesta del sol a la medianoche - De medianoche al amanecer del día 25 - El 25 de Diciembre 4. Cambio de planes 61 - El Fuerte de la Navidad - El tornaviaje y la llegada a Europa 5. Final del primer viaje y organización del segundo 66 CAPITULO II 69 FUENTES DOCUMENTALES DEL SEGUNDO VIAJE DE CRISTÓBAL COLÓN 1. Textos de testigos presenciales 75 2. Carta de Cristóbal Colón a los Reyes de fines de enero de 1494 75 3. Relación del doctor Diego Álvarez Chanca 78 - Carta al Ayuntamiento de Sevilla 4. Relación de Miguel de Cuneo 81 5. Relación de Guillermo de Coma 82 6. Otras fuentes documentales 83 - Fray Bartolomé de las Casas - Hernando Colón - Antonio de Herrera y Tordesillas - Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo - Pedro Mártir de Anglería - Andrés Bernáldez - Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda - Francisco López de Gómara - GirolamoBenzoni 7. Análisis conjunto de los textos 93 2 CAPITULO III 104 ESTUDIO GEOGRÁFICO DE LA BAHÍA DE CABO HAITIANO 1. El territorio 106 - La Plain du Nord - La llanura aluvial costera - La línea de costa y los manglares - Los arrecifes y los fondos submarinos cercanos 2. Algunas consideraciones sobre la geomorfologíade lazona 114 3. Historia geográfica de las parroquias de la Plain duNord 121 - Parroquia de Port-Dauphin - Parroquia de Limonade - Parroquia de San Louis de Quartier –Morin - Parroquia de CapFrançais 4. Consideraciones sobre la edafogénesis de la zonalitoral 139 CAPITULO IV 143 ESTUDIO ASTRONÓMICO, HIDROGRÁFICO Y METEOROLÓGICO DE LOS DÍAS 24 Y 25 DE DICIEMBRE DE 1492 1. Situación astronómica. Efemérides 144 2. Situación histórica del calendario juliano 145 3. Efemérides del sol y de la luna el día 25 de Diciembre de 1492 147 4. Datos hidrográficos de la costa norte de la Isla Española 147 5. Los derroteros 148 6. Meteorología 149 3 CAPITULO V 151 CARTOGRAFÍA HISTÓRICA 1. La cartografía que conocía Colón 153 2. Martín Alonso Pinzón en Roma 159 3. El dibujo de la Isla Española del Archivo de la Casade Alba 161 4. El descubrimiento de la Isla Española 165 - El canal de la Isla Tortuga - La varada - Salida de la bahía - El encuentro con la Pinta - Los 45 días de libertad de Martín Alonso Pinzón - El trazado de un parcelario de la Isla Española 5. El mapa de Juan de la Cosa 176 6. Cartografía histórica general 179 6.1. Mapas de los siglos XVI y XVII 183 - Sección del mapa de Juan de la Cosa - Sección del facsímil Traynor del mapa de - Juan de la Cosa 1892 - Andrés de Morales 1509 - Andrés de Morales 1516. Universidad de Bolonia - Gastaldi 1548 - Islario de Alonso de Santa Cruz 1559 - Wytflied 1597 - Thorton Fischer 1689 6.2. Mapas, Planos y Dibujos de los siglos XVIII y XIX 183 - Frazier 1724 - Keulen 1734 - Puero de Guarico c. 1740 - Le Rouge 1748 - Puerto de Guarico c. 1750 - Bellin 1750 - Guarico y Monte Christi. Solano 1776 - Ville du Cap. Bellecombe 1776 4 - La Plaine du Cap François 1786 - López 1788 - Cerquero 1794 - Dirección de Hidrografía 1802 - Guarico. 1818 - Norie, Londrés 1836 - Norie, Londrés 1846 - Dirección de Hidrografía 1865 6.3. Análisis de los mapas, planos y dibujos 185 6.4. Otros mapas de los siglos XVIII y XIX 190 7. Mapas de los siglos XX y XXI 191 CAPITULO VI 193 ESTUDIO ARQUEOLÓGICO DE LA ZONA 1. El poblado de Guacanagarí 194 2. El Fuerte de la Navidad 195 - Sobre la construcción del Fuerte de la Navidad - El aprovechamiento del casco de la Santa María - El disparo de la lombarda contra el casco 3. Fuentes arqueológicas 213 - DescriptionTopographique, Phisique, Civile, Politique et Historique de la PartieFrançaisede l´Isle Saint-Domingue. Moreau de Saint Mery. - El Ancla de Bellevue Fournier - El desemnbarco de la carga de la Santa María - El castillo de Colón 4. Trabajos arqueológicos del siglo XX 226 - Trabajos de William Hodges - Trabajos de KathleenDeagan - Distintos trabajos de Morison, Link, Dickson y Obregón 5. La teoría del profesor D. Demetrio Ramos 230 5 CAPITULO VII 234 LA NAO “SANTA MARÍA” 1. El casco 246 2. El Lastre 261 3. Arboladura, velamen, jarcia firme y de labor 262 - Los palos - Las vergas - Las velas - Jarcia firme y jarcia de labor - Motonería 4. Las anclas y su maniobra 276 5. Las embarcaciones auxiliares 278 6. Artillería y armas de fuego portátiles 279 - Las piezas de artillería - Las armas de fuego portátiles - La pólvora 7. Armas blancas ofensivas y defensivas 283 8. Pertrechos 283 9. Instrumental de navegación, mapas y tablas astronómicas 287 10. Tripulantes de la Nao Santa María 289 CAPITULO VIII 292 ALGUNAS CONSIDERACIONES SOBRE LA NAVEGACIÓN EN EL SIGLO XV Y SOBRE EL NAUFRAGIO 1. La navegación en el siglo XV 293 - Las leguas, las millas y las distancias de Colón - Las horas - Los rumbos - La Cartografía que podía llevar Colón 6 2. El barco 309 - La varada - El intento de salida de varada - La recuperación de la carga 3. Teoría del pecio de la "Santa María" 317 CAPITULO IX 323 LA ÚLTIMA SINGLADURA DE LA NAO “SANTA MARÍA” 1. El día de Nochebuena de 1492 325 2. La noche de Nochebuena 330 3. La varada 333 4. El intento de salvamento 335 5. La carabela "Niña" 339 6. La descarga 345 7. La situación del punto de varada 349 CONCLUSIONES 354 BIBLIOGRAFÍA 362 GLOSARIO DE TÉRMINOS NAÚTICOS 369 7 ABREVIATURAS A.G.S. Archivo General de Simancas A.G.I. Archivo General de Indias A.C.A. Archivo de la Corona de Aragón A.A.S. Archivo del Ayuntamiento de Sevilla B.N. Biblioteca Nacional R.A.H. Real Academia de la Historia A.P.S. Archivo de Protocolos de Sevilla Codoin. Colección de Documentos inéditos de Indias CoDoDes. Colección Documental del Descubrimiento 8 INTRODUCCIÓN 1. Aparece Cristóbal Colón en Castilla 2. Lo que podía saber Cristóbal Colón 3. El Proyecto Histórico de España 9 INTRODUCCIÓN En la noche del 24 al 25 de Diciembre de 1492, la Nao “Santa María”, Capitana de Colón, embarrancó en algún arrecife de la bahía que se abre en la costa noroeste de la Isla Española, descubierta el día 5 de ese mismo mes y bautizada así el día. Esta Bahía se llama hoy del Cabo Haitiano y el litoral pertenece a la República de Haití. Colón se dirigía a visitar al Rey Guacanagarí que le había invitado a visitar su poblado y, aunque los botes de la “Santa María” y de la “Niña” habían ido por dos veces hasta allí con los indios en sus canoas marcándoles los pasos, una serie de circunstancias hicieron que el barco varase y fuese abandonado a los pocos días, accidente que determinó el lugar del Primer establecimiento Español en las nuevas tierras descubiertas, dando origen a una epopeya que duraría cuatro siglos. La decisión de estudiar la pérdida de la “Santa María” y hoy presentarla como Tesis Doctoral parte del encargo que me hizo la División de Arqueología Submarina de la Sociedad Estatal V Centenario, en 1990. Se trataba de buscar un tema de relevancia y acorde con los acontecimientos que se pretendían conmemorar. Los programas de investigación ya en ejecución o en fase de proyecto no tocaban las naves del Descubrimiento, excepto la construcción de las tres réplicas para su exhibición. Vimos, pues, que era obvio proponer la investigación de cuanto sucedió alrededor de la pérdida de la “Santa María”, sus últimas singladuras, la localización de sus restos y, a la vista de los mismos, su posible recuperación y conservación. Expuesta la idea, fue presentada en un sucinto documento que fue aprobado de inmediato, autorizando la investigación pertinente, la cual se desarrolló hasta finales de la primavera de 1991, época en que fue presentada con el título de “Proyecto Santa María”. Durante el transcurso de la redacción efectué tres viajes a Haití para reconocer la Bahía y el territorio en el que debería trabajar y en el primero de los cuales tuve el honor de conocer allí al Profesor D. Demetrio Ramos. Con la colaboración de la Embajada de España en Puerto Príncipe, visité al Presidente de la República y a los miembros del Gobierno implicados en el tema a fin de exponerles las intenciones y planes a llevar a cabo. Igualmente pronuncié una conferencia ante 10 los estamentos intelectuales y medios de comunicación haitianos y fui entrevistada por varios de esos medios escritos. Entre tanto, en Madrid, se comenzaban a dar los primeros pasos, siguiendo mis instrucciones, para organizar una expedición y ejecutar la fase de localización, teniendo en cuenta, dada la situación económica de Haití, que era preciso llevar desde España absolutamente todo. El Proyecto no tuvo suerte pues en Agosto de ese mismo año un golpe de estado derrocaba al Presidente Jean-Bertrand Aristide, lo que provocó la intervención de la ONU, que decretó un férreo bloqueo del país más pobre del mundo en aquel momento, con lo que toda la operación quedó abortada.
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