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PDF (Supplemental Table 1) Supplemental Material: Annu. Rev. Earth. Planet. Sci. 2019. 47:91-118 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-053018-060332 The Sedimentary Cycle on Early Mars McLennan, Grotzinger, Hurowitz, and Tosca Supplemental Table 1. Summary of major sedimentary rock sequences/deposits studied in situ on Mars by the Spirit, Opportunity and Curiosity rovers. Sedimentary Selected Age Brief Description Provenance History Depositional History Diagenetic History Rock Unit Refs Meridiani Planum / Endeavour Crater (Opportunity Rover) - >1m thick; observed in several - basaltic source with higher - Pre- Endeavour crater - lithified locations Si & P than average crust impact or volcanic lapilli- - late Ca-sulfate veins Matijevic - coarse- to very coarse-grained rich proximal airfall - aluminous clay-bearing Noachian formation sandstone deposit “boxwork” veins of likely - abundant 2-4mm spherules hydrothermal origin - ~4m thick; observed in several - highly variable basaltic - Endeavour crater-related - lithified locations compositions impact breccia; suevite - late Ca-sulfate veins Shoemaker Late - overlies Matijevic formation - local Fe-phyllosilicates of formation Noachian - massive polymict clast-rich to detrital &/or diagenetic 1-5 clast-poor breccias origin - ~2m thick; observed in several - basaltic source with lower - inadequate exposure for - weakly lithified Late locations Mg and higher Fe/Mg than depositional model - late diagenetic Ca-sulfate Grasberg Noachian- - overlies Shoemaker formation average crust - low energy, possibly distal veins formation Early - very fine-grained sandstone to airfall - light-toned upper 0.5m may Hesperian mudstone; locally laminated be diagenetic alteration zone - upper 0.5m light-toned or pre-Burns fm paleosol - multiple 5-10m sections over - sand grains composed of - dry to wet aeolian - extensive groundwater >25km traverse distance sulfate-cemented altered depositional system diagenesis; deep - younger than (in vicinity of basaltic mud derived from - dune; sand sheet; groundwaters likely anoxic; Endeavour crater overlies) contemporaneous playas interdune; playa near-surface groundwaters Late Grasberg formation - basalt sources of typical (mudstone) facies oxidized, low pH (<4), low aw Burns Noachian- - well sorted coarse- to Mars crustal composition - persistent evaporative - Ca-Mg-Fe-sulfate cements; 2° 6-33 formation Early medium-grained (in places - 0-6% meteoritic conditions during fabric selective porosity ; Hesperian bimodal) sandstone; local component deposition/diagenesis hematitic concretions; mudstone (playa facies) - substantial chemical nodules; cement - multiple scales of cross- weathering of basaltic overgrowths; soft sediment bedding, including ripple cross- sources under circum- deformation laminations neutral conditions Sedimentary Selected Age Brief Description Provenance History Depositional History Diagenetic History Rock Unit Refs Gusev Crater- Columbia Hills/Inner Basin (Spirit Rover) - ~ 2m section - basaltic source with higher - lower unit – explosive - lithified - lower (0.5 m) unit of thick Mg, lower Fe/Mg and volcaniclastic deposit, - diagenetic processes likely bedded to massive, poorly higher P than average possibly within volcanic obscuring clastic textures in sorted clastics (incorporating a crust vent lower unit Home Plate Noachian bomb sag) - no significant difference in - upper unit – aeolian - mineralogical/geochemical 34-37 - upper unit of moderately- to provenance for lower vs. reworked pyroclastic surge evidence for aqueous well-sorted, cross-bedded upper units deposit diagenetic to hydrothermal sandstones overprint - scattered outcrops of opaline - unknown; consistent with - hot spring/geyser silica - absence of evidence for silica silica derived from basalt sinter crystalline micro- or mega- Opaline Silica Noachian(?) - nodular and mm-scale digitate alteration - alternative model is quartz suggests limited burial 38-40 Deposits morphologies; possible halite hydrothermal residual and/or aqueous diagenesis encrustations deposit - isolated outcrops (float?) - ultramafic source for - insufficient exposure for - lithified Peace Class - mm- to cm-scale bedded, clastic components depositional model - cemented by Mg-Ca-sulfates Noachian 41-43 Rocks poorly sorted pebbly - cements likely derived (likely hydrated) sandstone from basaltic aquifer S-2 Sedimentary Selected Age Brief Description Provenance History Depositional History Diagenetic History Rock Unit Refs Gale Crater (Curiosity Rover) - ~60m of section (base not - basaltic provenance similar - dominantly braided fluvial- - redox-related diagenetic exposed) measured over ~8km to average crust deltaic with interspersed mineral transformations - interbedded conglomerates, - localized influence of K-rich lacustrine deposition - early diagenetic features: pre- sandstones and mudstones basaltic sources - rare aeolian facies filling cements, filled and Late - cross-bedding common; rare - approx.4.2Gyr provenance hollow nodules, subaqueous Bradbury Noachian – clinoforms age (K-Ar) shrinkage cracks, early raised group Early - subdivided into Yellowknife - little to no chemical ridges/veins Hesperian Bay; Kimberley formations; weathering of sources - late diagenetic features: unnamed units and named vuggy porosity, sedimentary outcrops dike, extensive networks of Ca-sulfate veins - >150m of section over ~8km - basaltic provenance - redox stratified lake - redox-related diagenetic - thickly to thinly laminated broadly similar to average deposit (mudstones) with mineral transformations; 44-81 mudstones crust interspersed fluvio-deltaic groundwaters anoxic/alkaline - overlies Bradbury group - localized influence of K-rich sandstone facies - minor (late?) jarosite - interspersed medium-coarse, basaltic sources - lacustrine facies equivalent suggesting local low pH Mt. Sharp Late moderately well sorted, cross- - approx. 4.1Gyr provenance of (i.e., interfingering with) conditions group – Noachian – bedded sandstones and age (K-Ar) Bradbury fluvial-deltaic - dendritic concretions, Murray Early sandstone clinoforms; local - modest and variable sequence prismatic crystal formation Hesperian conglomerate chemical weathering of pseudomorphs - likely desiccation cracks at one sources; significantly - post-cementation silica-rich location greater weathering alteration halos along influence than for fractures Bradbury fm - extensive networks of post- lithification Ca-sulfate veins - multiple 5-20m sections over - basaltic provenance with - dry aeolian depositional - circum-neutral pH <1km traverse distance composition very similar to system groundwater-related - where exposed, unconformably average crust - part of crescentic (locally cementation Late Stimson overlies Mt. Sharp group - one facies composed of complex) dune field - concretion-rich (20-30mm) Noachian – 82-85 formation - m-scale planar/trough cross- recycled Murray fm facies related to cementation Hesperian bedded, medium-coarse- mudstone clasts - post-cementation silica-rich grained (bimodal) sandstone - minor chemical weathering alteration halos along of sources fractures; possibly low pH Formations, members and groups are informal assignments and so lowercase is used. S-3 SUPPLEMENTAL TABLE 1 REFERENCES Matijevic, Shoemaker and Grasberg formations 1. Arvidson RE, Squyres SW, Bell III JF, Catalano JG, Clark, BC, et al. 2014. Ancient aqueous environments at Endeavour crater, Mars. Science 343:1248097. 2. Crumpler LS, Arvidson RE, Bell J, Clark BC, Cohen BA, et al. 2015. Context of ancient aqueous environments on Mars from in situ geologic mapping at Endeavour. J. Geophys. Res. – Planets 120:538-69. 3. Fox VK, Arvidson RE, Guinness, EA, McLennan SM, Catalano JG, et al. 2016. Smectite deposits in Marathon Valley, Endeavour Crater, Mars, identified using CRISM hyperspectral reflectance data. Geophys. Res. Lett. 43:4885-92. 4. Mittlefehldt DW, Gellert R, van Bommel S, Ming DW, Yen AS, et al. 2018. Diverse lithologies and alteration events on the rim of Noachian-aged Endeavour crater, Meridiani Planum, Mars: In situ compositional evidence. J. Geophys. Res. – Planets 123:1255-306. 5. Squyres SW, Arvidson RE, Bell JF, Calef F, Clark, BC, et al. 2012. Ancient impact and aqueous processes at Endeavour crater, Mars. Science 336:570-6. Burns formation: 6. Arvidson RE, Ashley, JW, Bell III JF. Chojnacki M, Cohen J, et al. (2011) Opportunity Mars rover mission: Overview and selected results from Purgatory ripple to traverses to Endeavour Crater. J. Geophys. Res.–Planets, 116:E00F155. 7. Arvidson RE, Bell III JF, Catalano JG, Clark BC, Fox VK, et al. (2016) Mars Reconnaissance orbiter and Opportunity observations of Burns formation and underlying strata: Crater hopping at Meridiani Planum. J. Geophys. Res.–Planets, 120:429-51. 8. Cino CD, Dehouck E, McLennan SM. 2017. Geochemical constraints on the presence of clay minerals in the Burns formation, Meridini Planum, Mars. Icarus 284:137-50. 9. Clark BC, Morris RV, McLennan SM, Gellert R, Jolliff, B, et al. 2005. Chemistry and mineralogy of outcrops at Meridiani Planum, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 240:73-94. 10. Edgar LA, Grotzinger JP, Hayes AG, Rubin DM, Squyres SW, et al. 2012. Stratigraphic architecture of bedrock reference section, Victoria crater, Meridiani Planum, Mars. In Sedimentary Geology of Mars, ed. JP Grotzinger, RE Milliken, pp.195-209. SEPM Spec. Publ. 102. Tulsa, OK:SEPM. 11. Edgar, LA, Grotzinger JP, Bell III JF, Hurowitz JA. 2014. Hypotheses for the origin of fine-grained sedimentary rocks at Santa Maria crater, Meridiani
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