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!" Name _ Date s ,-- _

The Original 13 States

A. Use the maps on textbook page 223 and in the atlas to locate the following bodies of water and states. Then label them on the outline map on the back of this page. Bodies of Water States AtlanticOcean Rhode Island Lake Ontario New Jersey New York Lake Erie South Carolina . Lake Huron Massachusetts Pennsylvania Lake Michigan (2 locations) Connecticut Lake SLipeJior . Maryland Georgia Chesapeake Bay New Hampshire .St. lawrence River Delaware

B. After labelihg your map,' use it and the atlas to answer the following questions.

1. From about what latitude. to what latitude did the original 13 states extend?

2. Wha~is t~e approximate distance in miles from the northernmost point of the original 13, states to the southernmost point?

. 3. Which bodies of water separate the from British territory to the north ?

4. Are most of Pennsylvania's boundaries physical(formed by natural features) or political (formed by people)? How can you tell?

u E I 5. What present-day states were formed out of land that was part of the original' 13 states?

•... .s: 6. Roughly whatlirie of longitude was the westernmost boundary of the United "0) .~ 0.. States in 1790? a u

7. Which is the only state that does not border the Atlantic Ocean?

CONFEDERATION TO CONSTITUTION 15 Outline Maps continued

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Qj .:t: ::::; ~ ::l o o u 2 @ .+s-:' 01 'C >-0. o .u • 16 UNIT 2 CHAPTER'S Name ~------Date -+-__ I In-Depth Resources: Unit 21 l f' I I i Guided Reading i Sequencing Events As you read this section, answer the questions about the events shown on the time line below. ,

1. What did the American settlers find when they reachJd 1775 ? Daniel Boone leads settlers into Kentucky and helps build the .

2. Why did the Articles of Confederation not take effect 1781 until 1781? The Articles of Confederation take effect. I

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3. What did the Land Ordinance of 1785 do? 1785 Congress passes the Land Ordinance of 1785.

:-.------'------.~ 4. Why did Masssachusetts farmers rebel against their state 1787 legislature? Daniel Shays leads a rebellion of farmers against the state legislature in Massachusetts.

5. How was the Northwest Ordinance different than the 1787 Land Ordinance of 1785? Congress passes the Northwest Ordinance.

46 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 8 Name _ Date _

Guided Reading

A. Making Generalizations As you read the section, take notes on the characteristics of the people who served as delegates to the Convention.

Characteristic Characteristic

. ' Generalization I

Characteristic Characteristic . I . ~,

B. Summarizing Use the chart below to summarize the Virginia Plan and the New I Jersey Plan; I ! 1. TheVirginia Plan proposed a legislature that '. 2. The New JerseyPlan proposed a legislature Jhat consisted of: consisted of:

3. Who supported the Virginia Plan? 4. Who supported the New JerseyPlan?

U E

~:.::; co 01 o::::J o u ~ 5. How did the Great Compromise settle this issue? I I © , .+s:-' 01 .~ 0.. o U

&Iow c. Analyzing Points of View On th9 back of thi~ p3per, briefly explain the disagreement between Northerners and Southerners that was settled by the Three- Fifths Compromise. Name _ Date --1

~'-'-' -' ._--_.. __.. r In-Depth Resources: Unit 2

~uided Reading

A. Analyzing Points of View As you read the section, take notes on the people and ideas involved in the debate over ratification of the Constitution.

1. What were the Federalists? 2. What were the Antifederalists?

3. Who were the leading Federalists? 4. Who were the leading Antifederalists?

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5. What reasonsdid the Federalistsgive to defend 6. What reasonsdid the Antifederalists give to their views on the ratification? defend their views on the Constitution?

/t.t.-Iow B. Summarizing G he bark of this paper, summarize the arguments in favor of ~ adding a bill of rights to the Constitution.

48 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 8 Name ~------Date ------t------\ In-Depth Resources:Vnit 2 I

Building Vocabulary

Antifederalists Federalists Northwest Territory Articles of Confederation Great Compromise republic Bill of Rights Shays's Rebellion Constitutional Convention New Jersey Plan Three-Fifths Compromise federalism Northwest Ordinance Virginia Plan

A. Completion Select the term or name that best completes the sentence.

Support for strengthening the national government increased' after (1) broke out in Massachusetts in 1786. At the Constitutional Convention the following spring, one of the leaders was (2) _

. He and others established a (3) , a country in which the people choose representatives to govern them. The Constitution was based on (4) , a system of government in which power is shared among the central government and the states. Helping to protect citizens from the powers of the national government is the (5) __ ---'- _

B. Matching Match the definition in the second column with the word in the first column .' .Write the appropriate letter next to the word.

1. Wilderness Road a. an act on surveying' territories

2. Land Ordinance of 1785 b. a proposal for a one-house legislature

3. Northwest Territory c. a set of essays defending the Constitution

4. Northwest Ordinance d. a trail into Ke tucky

5. Virginia Plan e. an agreement on how to count the slave population when setting taxes 6. New Jersey Plan f. a'n act on gov1rning western' territories 7. Great Compromise g. an agreement on legislative representation 8. Three-Fifths Compromise h. a Virginian who opposed the Constitution 9. The Federalist papers i. the region frat Ohio through Wisconsin •... -g,- 10. George Mason

.~ j. a proposal for a two-house legislature o u ~ C. Writing Use each of the following terms correctly in a paragraph on how to divide power under federalism. Underline each word you use./l .

Articles of Confederation Constitutional Convention James Madison

Federalists I L. A •• Antifederalists ~ OYl- o-ilDT\NIV -sh.at O~ f~'<;'~ I~it t-u fl-t is ptAdU 1if

CONFEDERATION TO CONSTITJroN 49 Name _ Date -+_

Be eaching Activity Evaluating

Write T in the blank if the statement is true. If the statement is false, write F in the blank and then write the corrected statement on the line below.

1. In the late 170051 the main road into Kentucky was called Boone's Road.

2. In a republic, people choose representatives to govern for them.

3. The Articles of Confederation gave the national government the power to set taxes and enforce the law.

4. Some smaller states would not ratify the Articles of Confederation until all states gave up their claims to Western lands.

5. The Land Ordinance of 1785 described how the Northwest Territory was to be governed.

6. Debt from the Revolutionary War was a major problem for the new United States government.

7. In 17871 Daniel Shays led a rebellion of farmers who demanded u debt relief. E ]i ::J m en :l o o u :2 © ..c., . 01 .~ o· u

58 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 8 Date ++: _ Name ~------I . In-Depth Resources: IUnit 2

Reteaching Activity

Rea~ing Comprehension

Use the list of words below to fill in the blanks in the paragraphs that follow.

Constitution executive Great New Jersey Philadelphia ratification Senate slave trade slaves Three-Fifths Virginia

In the summer of 1787, representatives of 12 states met in (1) _ for the Constitutional Convention. The delegates elected (2) _ as president for the convention. Edmund Randolph offered the (3) Plan. This plan proposed that government should consist of a legislative branch, an (4) branch, and a judicial branch. The legislature would have two houses with the power to tax, regulate commerce, and make laws. The number of representatives in each house would be based on a state's population or wealth. As an alternative, William Paterson proposed the (5) Plan. This called for a legislature with one house. The legislature would have the power to regulate trade and to tax foreign goods. Each state would receive one vote in this legislature. Most delegates liked the Virginia Plan better but did not agree on how to determine representation. A committee was selected to solve the disagreement. The solution was called the (6) Compromise. In one house of the legislature, each state would have an equal number of votes. This house was called the (7) . In the other house of the legislature, representation would be based on each state's population. This house was called the House of Representatives. Te decide the number of representatives in the House of Representatives, delegates had to agree on who should be counted. Southern states contained many more (8) than Northern states. Southern states wanted to count these people for representation but not for taxation. Northern states wanted to :E:; count these people for taxation but not for representation. The solution agreed to ro en was the (9) Compromise. ::::> o o The Convention also decided to delay banning the (10) until u ~. 1808. Delegates did, however, agree to tax this form of commerce. © E In September, the Convention voted for and wrote down the (11) _ Ol ·c f:i All but three delegates signed the finished copy. This document was then sent to the o u Confederation Congress and on to the states for (12) _ Name _ Date _

Reteaching Activity Categorizing A. Read the names below. Write A in the blank if the person was an Antifederalist and opposed to the Constitution. Write F in the blank if the person was a Federalist and supported the Constitution. 1.

2.

3. John Jay

4. James Madison

5. George Mason

Sequencing I r B. Number the events below in the order in which they happened.

1. Connecticut and Georgia ratify the Constitution.

2. Delaware, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania ratify the Constitution.

3. Massachusetts ratifies the Constitution.

4. New York ratifies the Constitution.

5. North Carolina ratifies the Constitution.

6. Rhode Island ratifies the Constitution.

7. Virginia ratifies the Bill of Rights.

8. Virginia ratifies the Constitution.

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60 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 8 Name _ Date ,- _

Daniel Boone Moving America West

Daniel Boone lived in an exciting period in American history. His life represents both the excitement and danger of that time, as he attempted to live peacefully in a violent era.

aniel Boone (1734-1820) grew up along the he saw more and more people moving westI' . He Schuylkill River in Pennsylvania. There he knew that people would drive the wild game away. D , I learned to admire Native Americans from an early The only answer was to follow the animals. age. His father and grandfather were both . However, in 1763 the English made itlillegal for This Christian group believed in living in peace colonists to settle west of the Appalachians. The with all people. Boone learned about the outdoors English were afraid of starting new wars\ with the from the Native Americans. Native Americans. Joining some friends, Boone' In 1750, Boone's older sister fell in love with a spent the next several years wes~ of the man who wasn't a Quaker. The church did not Appalachians, but kept his home in North approve. An older brother had already married Carolina. They followed an old Indian tr~i1 called outside the church. Quaker leaders told the Boones the Warriors' Path. . I to either teach their children to follow the rules or As he traveled over the mountains, Boone found stop calling themselves Quakers. a land he believed was the most beautiful on earth=Kentucky, which he called "Caintuck." The New Adventures The Boones decided to make a rolling hills and beautiful forests appeal~d to him. fresh start. They packed the family up and moved The Boone family decided to ignore the I to North Carolina. When they arrived, one of the Proclamation Line of 1763 and move to Kentucky. . first things they did was join the church there. However, the British fear that such a mo~e would However, Daniel Boone never cared for church result in Native American attacks proved, true. very much because it meant being indoors. He Daniel and Rebecca's son, James, was one of a t liked being outdoors. group of whites captured, tortured, and killed. But . t . In 1754, disagreements between the French and Boone refused to blame all Native Americans for. English resulted in the Seven Years' War. Both what had happened. sides tried to recruit Native American tribes to help them win. Boone signed up to help the English. He Roads and Wars From 1775 until 1781j most of ~ I ::J colonial America was engaged in a war for Iii began driving supply wagons and pack horses. 0> ::> independence. Boone in those years was helping to o General 's men were ambushed t . o settle the land west of the Appalachians. He and 30 ~ outside Fort Duquesne. Daniel Boone and a @ colonel named George Washington were two of the other men were hired by the TransylvaniJ .+c-' -0> few people to escape with their lives. Company to build the Wilderness Road along the .~ old Warriors' Path. One of the settlements was o . . t U Restless Spirit When the war was over, things named Boonesborough in honor of Danif briefly settled down for Boone. In 1756, he warriors attempted to stop the settlers married a girl from a nearby farm, Rebecca Bryan. from trespassing. Attacks on Boonesbor9ugh were Since Boone made his living as a hunter and scout, common. In the summer of 1776, Boone'f daughter he was rarely home. As he explored the wilderness, and two of her friends were kidnapped. Boone

DANIEL BOONE 31 Daniel Boone continued I

heard their cries. He led a party of 12 men more Since Boone was unJducated and miles from cities, ~ 25 miles over two days, chasing the he was unable to defrd his deeds in . .. .nappers. When the kidnappers thought they were safe, Boone's group opened fire, killing one Final Days Rebecca died in 1813. Boone decided immediately as the rest escaped into the woods. All to spend his remaining days traveling and hunting. three girls were unharmed. In 1820, ill health fo}ced him to move in with his son Nathan. When he died later that year, he was A VOICE FROM THE PAST buried near his son's Ihome in central Missouri in a Thank Almighty Providence, boys, for we have cherry-wood coffin he had made for himself. Even the girls safe. Let's all sit down by them now and then, the old outdoor~man wasn't through moving. have a hearty cry. For years, Missouri apd Kentucky argued about DANIEL BOONE, quoted in Daniel Boone: where Daniel and Rebecca should be buried. In The Life and Legend of an 1845, an agreement was reached with the Boone family, and the coupl~ were dug up and moved to In 1778, Boone himself was captured and their final resting place in Frankfort, Kentucky. tortured. He learned that the were I planning to massacre everyone at Boonesborough. He worked to convince the chief he wanted to join Review Questions the tribe. It took weeks for Boone to gain their trust, 1. Daniel Boone wl always on the move. but once he did, he made his escape. He covered Where were some of the places he lived 160 miles in four days to warn the settlers. The or .visited? I· . Shawnees followed and attacked Boonesborough 2. What was the original name of the for nine days. Thanks to the time they had to . ~are, the settlers survived the assault. Wilderness Road? 3. Why were salt licks important to Boone and -'_.meless The end of the American Revolution other settlers? I brought more trouble. Daniel had laid claim to thousands of acres of land in Kentucky but had Critical Thinking little time to develop it. Lawyers from the east sued him over the deeds and convinced the courts that 4. Recognizing E~ects What happened he didn't have a clear title. This left the famous when the Boones ignored English laws and woodsman homeless. In 1799, Daniel followed the crossed over the ? rivers west, _going as far as central Missouri and S. Making Inferences How do you think claiming land along the way. Boone's Lick, on the Boone convinced !the Shawnees he wanted , became a source of income for him to join their tribe as he boiled the brine, took out the salt, shipped it I ~ back east, and sold it as a preservative. Salt was 6. Making Decisions There are still disagree- :::; Iii rn used to preserve, or cure, meat. ments about where Daniel and Rebecca :J o o But again he lost his property to the should be buried.llf you were asked to u ~ Purchase of 1803. It made all Spanish and French decide, based on the facts of their lives, @ +-" s: land west of the Mississippi part ofthe United States. where would YOU!choOSe?Why? 01 .~ o U

32 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 8 Name _

James Madison Father of the Constitution James Madison helped to draft the new country's Constitution. hs a member of the House of Representatives,Madison also drew u1 the Bill of Rights. Then he became the fourth president of the United 5 jates.

ames Madison (1751-1836) was born at his Congress's power to raise money. The French Jgrandmother's house in Virginia. Both of his minister to the United States wrote that N-radison parents' families had lived in Virginia for many had "the soundest judgment in congresst' years. Montpelier, the Madison plantation, made money thanks to the labor of many enslaved Framing the Constitution When the persons. Constitutional Convention met in 1787; adison The eldest of his parents' 12 children, James represented Virginia. Some members argued for Madison was a sickly boy. Between bouts of illness, stronger states' rights. Madison argued art ainst he took lessons with private tutors and attended them in favor of a more powerful central: school. At the age of 18, Madison rode his horse to government. Madison earned the title of "Father of the College of New Jersey (princeton University). the Constitution." He also took detailed motes of The 300-rriile journey probably took about ten days. the daily debates. He wanted the public ¥ approve Madison was a hard-working student who only slept the Constitution. For that reason, he published his four or five hours a night. He managed to complete notes in the newspaper. Madison's publiJhed notes college in just two years. His fame as a scholar stuck are calljd The Federa!ist Paper~. Others those with him for the rest of his life. notes a1d essays are included m The Federalist Papers are Alexander Hamilton and JohA Jay. Public Life After college, Madison studied Historians consider this collection to be the finest Hebrew and philosophy. A weak speaking voice history of the Constitutional Convention. discouraged him from seeking a career in the Madison was elected to the new Hou~e of church. Instead, he decided to make his future in Representatives. He sponsored the first ~en politics. Madison won his first p.olitical post in amendments. They are known as the Bilt of Rights. 1774. He became a member of the Committee of He strongly supported the important freedoms of Safety in Orange County, Virginia. Such press, speech, and religion. According t6 Madison, ~ committees managed local government while freedom of religion could thrive only in ~ country ::; ro Britain's hold on the colonies weakened. like America. Here, many religions did well. No en :> o In 1776, Madison helped to write the new one religion held power. o I :?:u Virginia state constitution. He also worked on its @ Declaration of Rights. Many of the other colonies A VOICE FROM THE PAST .c:+-' This freedom arises from the [number] sects, • 01 used Virginia's constitution as a model. That same or .~ 0- which [fill up] America, and which is the best and o year, Madison met . They U only security for religious liberty in any kociety. For remained lifelong friends. where fhere is such a variety of sects, thdre cannot Madison began serving in Congress in March d 1780. In those early days, the legislature lacked the ~~:h~~~;:s~yone sed~to oppress r power to collect taxes. Congress also had trouble JAMES MADISON, quoted in James Madison.: paying off its debts. Madison argued for increasing A Biography I ! James Madison continued

In 1794, Madison married a widow with one American businesses. In his last State of the Unio '1ild. Dolly Payne Todd Madison was a friendly address, Madison took pride in the fact that "the _._id outgoing woman. After her husband was American people have reached in safety and elected president, she would become Washington's success their fortieth year as a nation." most popular hostess. Later Life After leaving the presidency, Madison Presidential Politics Thomas Jefferson became happily retired to Montpelier. He enjoyed using president in 1801. Jefferson appointed his friend modem farming methods on his large estate. James Madison to be secretary of state. Madison Madison warned that human beings put themselves appeared to keep to the sidelines. In fact, his in danger when they upset nature's balance. He favorite expression was "the President has also took an active role in creating and running the decided." Still, two senators later commented that University of Virginia. Madison's last years were Madison actually "governed the president." plagued by ill health. His final piece of advice to Jefferson's term was marked by a great success: his country was a warning that it remain united. the . But Jefferson and his secretary of state also experienced a major failure:'1 iReview Questions and France stubbornly refused to respect America's shipping rights. 1. Why did Madison argue for Congress's power to collect taxes? President Madison Madison succeeded his friend to the presidency in 1809. The new president 2. Why are The Federalist Papers considered so inherited Jefferson's troubles with England and important? France. Angry words and actions erupted into war 3. Why did Madison's enemies call the War of ~ 1812. The proved unpopular, 1812 "Mr. Madison's War"? pecially in New England. Madison's political enemies called it "Mr. Madison's War." However, Critical Thinking ; I Madison won a second term as president. In 1814, British troops stormed Maryland. They 4. Drawing Conclusions What impression of marched into Washington, D.C. They burned the James Madison do you get from the things nation's Capitol, White House, and most other other people said about him? government buildings. Dolly Madison became a 5. Analyzing Points of View What did national hero. She stayed behind until the last Madison consider a potential problem of a minute to save an important painting of George majority religion? Washington. The war ended with the Treaty of u Ghent in 1815. 6. Drawing Conclusions How did Madison's c Before leaving office, Madison signed a bill to activities and statements after he left the create the country's second national bank. He also White House anticipate future events and approved the tariff of 1816. This law protected trends?

34 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 8 Geography Application Ratifying the Constitution

elegates to the Constitutional Convention in opposed the Constitution. This included a kreat DPhiladelphia signed their approval of the number of people who were small farmers\and lived document on September 17, 1787. Yet the proposed in rural areas. Federalists supported it. This included Constitution was controversial. the majority of people who owned large properties The Constitution said that 9 (of the 13) states were and businesses. People who lived in larger ~owns also needed to ratify the Constitution. Reaching that generally supported it. The map below det Iils how number would not be easy. One state, Rhode Island, the states were split on ratification. had protested the idea of a national government from Congress moved ahead. On September 28, it sent the beginning. It had not even sent delegates to the the Constitution to the 13 states for approvll. At the convention. Then, some states feared that the same time Congress called for special rati~ing Constitution would take away too much of their conventions in each state. This move bypassed power. Others feared that it would allow larger states some state legislatures that opposed the dodrnnent. to dominate. Some Southern states distrusted Eventually all state conventions approved the Northern states. Constitution. Rhode Island was last, taking nearly People formed two groups. Antifederalists .three years.

per~eq.~~g~~{Notes'For'~ndAgains\ Ratifieatron:of,the Constitution' - c" - y. - ~

o 250 mi State % For % Against i o Delaware 100 a Georgia 100 a New)ersey 100 a Maryland 85 15 Connecticut 76 24 North Carolina 72 28 lr E Pennsylvania 67 33 ~ :::; South Carolina 67 33

O"l ::> "'o New Hampshire 55 45 o u ~ Massachusetts 53 47 @ s:+-' New York O"l 53 47 .~ D- Virginia o 53 47 U _ Federalists Rhode Island 52 48 ~ In majority H~HAntif~de.ralists ...... In majority

Eve~ly divided

CONFEDERATION TO CONSTITUTION 51, ll"

Ratifying the Constitution continued r----lnterpreting Maps and Text

1. Which three states supported only the Federalist pro-ratification position? I I 2. Georgia was 100 percent in favor of ratifying1the Constitution. Yet unlike New Jersey and Delaware, the state is not completely covered by " Federalists in majority" patterning. Explain how this could be.

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3. Which position won more support in coastal areas (where the biggest towns were located)?

4. Where was Antifederalist support concentrated?

5. Look at the pattern for New York. Antifederalists controlled most of the state's territory. Why do you suppose that support for ratification won out?

6. Why is it not surprising that Rhode Island's vo~e total was the closest?

u .5 7. Consider the map again. What would have happened if New York alone had failed to vote for ratification? ~ n; en :::J o o u 2 ©.•.. s: en .~ o u

52 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 8 Name _ Date -+__

, I f ~! Primary Source from Debates on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution was one of the oldest delegates at the Constitutional Convention in 1787. He had a I reputation for wisdom. He used his influence to remind the younger men of the importance of compromise. The ! . fol/owing speech is one of his most important. Franklin delivered it near the end of the convention. James Madison wrote it down as it was read.

The engrossed' Constitution being read, Dr. "On the whole, sir, I cannot help expressing a wish Franklin rose with a speech in his hand, which he had that every member of the Convention, who may sti I reduced to writing for his own convenience, and have objections to it, would with me, on this which Mr. Wilson read in the words following: occasion, doubt a little of his own infallibility, and, to "Mr. President: I confess that there are several make manifest" our unanimity, put his name to this parts of this Constitution which I do not at present instrument." He then moved that the Constitution be approve, but I am not sure 1 shall never approve them . signed by the members. . For, having lived long, I have experienced many from Debates on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution, ed. by instances of being obliged, by better information or Jonathan Elliot (Philadelphia, 1861). Reprinted in Eyewitnessto fuller consideration, to change opinions, even on America, ed. by David Colbert (New York: Pantheon Books, 1997),100-103. . important subjects, which 1 once thought right, but found to be otherwise. It is therefore that, the older I 1. engrossed: clean version of a document. t c'-' grow, the more apt I am to doubt my own judgment, 2. infallibility: incapable of error. and to pay more respect to the judgment of others .... 3. sect: a religious group. But though many private persons think almost as 4. despotism: rule by a tyrannt. highly of their own infallibility' as of that of their 5. manifest: clear for everyone to see. sect,' few express it so naturally as a certain French lady, who, in a dispute with her sister, said, 'I don't Main Ideas know how it happens, sister, but I meet with nobody 1. What is Franklin's opinion of the proposed but myselfthat is always in the right.' ... Constitution? "In these sentiments, sir, I agree to this Constitution, with all its faults, if they are such; 2. What is Franklin urging the members of the because I think a general government necessary for convention to do? us, and there is no form of government, but what may be a blessing to the people if well administered; and tCritical Thinking believe further, that this is likely to be well 3. Analyzing Points of View What point is § n; administered for a course of years, and can only end Ol Franklin making with the comment about the ::l o in despotism," as other forms have done before it, o French lady? u when the people shall become so corrupted as to need 2 @ 4. Drawing Conclusions What is Franklin's +-' . despotic government, being incapable of any other .... so . point when he says that "there is no form of ·Ocl Thus I consent, sir, to this Constitution, because I fl: government, but what may be blessing to o expect no better, and because I am not sure, that it is a u not the best. The opinions 1 have had of its errors 1 A_th~ people if well adminstered?" sacrifice to the public good. I have never whispered a t t"TrtSWW \0£/1 ~vtOfW.v %utot syllable of them abroad. Within these walls they were PCt.f~* born, and here they shall die ....

54 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 8