DOCSLIB.ORG

A History of the Daniel Boone National Forest

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

DE3DQ A HISTORY OF THE DANIEL BOONE NATIONAL FOREST A HISTORY OF THE DANIEL BOONE NATIONAL FOREST 1770- 1970 BY ROBERT F. COLLINS U.S. FOREST SERVICE - RETIRED WINCHESTER, KENTUCKY 1975 Editor Betty B. Ellison Lexington, Kentucky CHAPTER CONTENTS PAGES I Early Exploration 1 II Daniel Boone's Inspiration 1 1 III The Search 1 5 IV Through the Gap 19 V Exploring Kentucky 24 VI Kentucky Settlement Attempt 32 VII Judge Henderson's Plan 39 VIII The Treaty of Sycamore Shoals 43 IX The Boone Trace 57 X Judge Henderson Travels to Kentucky 67 XI The Transylvania Colony Established 73 XII The Transylvania Legislature 80 XIII Trouble in Kentucky 86 XTV The War Comes to Kentucky 94 XI Capture of the Salt Makers 98 XVI The Great Siege of Boonesborough 105 XVII Kentucky A State 118 XVIII More Indian Troubles 127 XIX Princess Cornblossom & "Big Jake" 136 XX The Early Iron Furnaces 146 XXI Early Traces and Roads 151 XXII Civil War Action on the Daniel Boone 164 National Forest XXIII The Rowan County War 168 XXIV Early Forests & Forest Industry in 1 74 Eastern Kentucky XXV National Interest in Kentucky's Forest 183 Lands - 1900-1930 XXVI The New Deal - Cumberland NF Established 200 XXVII Naming the New National Forest 204 XXVIII The Cumberland National Forest in 1937 210 XXIX The CCC Program on the Cumberland 215 XXX The Sublimity Project 219 XXXI The Federal-State Cooperative Wildlife Program 225 XXXII The Forest Name Change 242 XXXIII Forest Expansion - The Redbird Purchase Unit 251 XXXIV Natural Resource Controversy in Kentucky 259 ii CHAPTER CONTENTS PAGES XXXV Forest Administration - 1950-1970 280 XXXVI Continuity 324 References Consulted 325 Appendix A-G 330-349 iii INTRODUCTION This history of the Daniel Boone National Forest, and of the early settle ment of the part of Kentucky in which it lies, has been prepared primarily as a source of information for Forest Officers of the U.S. Forest Service assigned to the Daniel Boone National Forest. The development and administration of the resources of the Daniel Boone National Forest, over the years since it was established, has had a tendency to overlook the rich historical resource of the region in which it is located. To some extent, this has been due to a lack of awareness on the part of Forest personnel as to the extent of this historical resource, its direct connection with specific areas on the Forest, and the interest of the public in this phase of the area. It is hoped that this history will serve to inform the personnel, who administer the Daniel Boone, of the interesting early history of eastern Kentucky, as well as to record the establishment of the Cumberland National Forest, its name change, and development and administration during the first 40 years of its existence. This history should also serve to refresh the memory of the public as to the circumstances leading up to the settlement of Kentucky and of the heroic efforts of those early pioneers to hold and settle this beautiful land in which we live today. It will also serve to inform the readers of the establishment of the National Forest in Kentucky and of the efforts of its administrators to develop and utilize its natural resources for the benefit of the people and communities of Kentucky. It is hoped that the readers of this history enjoy it as much as the author enjoyed its research and writing. iv DEDICATION It is fitting and proper that this history be dedicated to those individuals, each a pioneer in the interest of development and conservation of the natural resources of the forested country where today is located Kentucky's great Daniel Boone National Forest, whose actions stand out as milestones in this continuing effort. In thankful recognition of their contributions to the establishment of the Daniel Boone National Forest, this history is respectfully dedicated to: DANIEL BOONE, he first explored this part of Kentucky in 1769 - 1 770. His glowing report of the country resulted in the establishment of the Transylvania Colony here in 1 775. GIFFORD PINCHOT, as the first forester, Chief of the U.S. Forest Service, his foresight and perception resulted in a study of eastern Kentucky in 1907 as a basis for the recommendation for a proposed Southern Appala chian Forest Reserve. MARY BRECKENRIDGE, the founder of the Frontier Nursing Service, and a pioneer in her own right. Her all-out effort to convince the U.S. Forest Service of the importance of including the headwaters watersheds of the Kentucky and Cumberland rivers within the Purchase Unit boundary of the Cumberland Purchase Unit stands out as a pioneer effort in Kentucky to secure recognition of the importance of protection of the headwaters water sheds of major streams. Had her effort been successful, Kentucky today would have been the better for it. WILLIAM E. HEDGES, his acquisition studies and recommendations were the basis for the establishment of the Cumberland Purchase Unit. As the Forest Officer in charge of the Purchase Unit establishment, he selected the boundary location, initiated land purchase and organized the entire operation. The skill and wisdom with which he accomplished these actions contribute to the administration of the Daniel Boone National Forest to the present day. His sincerety of purpose and objective thinking impressed the Kentucky people to the extent that it created a public image of the U.S. Forest Service in Kentucky which still exists. He is truly the father of the Daniel Boone National Forest. THOMAS R. FRAZIER, he was the first District Ranger of the Redbird Purchase Unit with the responsibility of its on-the-ground establishment. His sound judgement, administrative ability and personal leadership resulted in a coordinated operation which was a major factor in the success of the opera tion. The establishment of a new Purchase Unit in eastern Kentucky, the first since the early 1930's, was a pioneer effort in a new country. The smoothness and efficiency with which this was accomplished is a tribute to the ability of this fine Forest Officer. V ACKNOWLEDGEMENT To acknowledge by name the many people who have contributed to the assembly of information on which this history of the Daniel Boone National Forest is based is beyond the capability of this brief statement. To all of these people, I offer my sincere thanks and express my appreciation of their interest and encouragement. Among the major contributors whom I wish to acknowledge by name are: Dr. E. E. Curry, Winchester, Kentucky, whose willing loan of books and manuscripts, long out of print, provided the historical base for the early history of Kentucky. Col. James H. French, Winchester, Kentucky, a direct descendent of Colonel Richard Callaway who accompanied Daniel Boone in marking the Boone Trace in 1 775, made a major contribution to the accuracy of the early history by the loan of books and manuscripts from his personal library and by sharing personal information of that period passed down through his family. Mr. Lucien T. Robinson, Mount Olive, Kentucky, who provided vital infor mation relative to the early land laws and the formation of the counties of Kentucky at the expense of much travel and personal effort on his part. His interest and encouragement contributed much to the completion of the project. Mr. Elmer Boggs, Whitley City, Kentucky, County Agent for McCreary County, Kentucky of the University of Kentucky Co-operative Extension Service. His contribution of information on the Indian history of that area during the early settlement period served to provide information not readily available. The personnel of the Daniel Boone National Forest were of the greatest assistance in researching the Forest Service records for the basic foundation of information on which this history is based. The highest order of assistance and cooperation was furnished by the following: John E. Alcock, Forest Supervisor, Daniel Boone National Forest. The full cooperation and favorable encouragement of Supervisor Alcock throughout the project was a major factor in its successful completion. Jack Hatfield, Administrative Officer, Daniel Boone National Forest. Again the full cooperation of this Forest Officer and his section, together with his personal assistance and encouragement, contributed highly to the full completion of the project. Evelyn S. Powell, Supervisory Resource Technician, Daniel Boone National Forest. Her full knowledge of the files and other reference material vi in the Supervisor's Office, together with her willing assistance, contributed greatly to the completeness of the history. Janet C. Tapp, Supervisory Clerk, Daniel Boone National Forest. Her work, and the work of her section, contributed highly to the final form and assembly of the history. The high standard maintained throughout the project was a major factor in the quality of the final product. Hilda Riley, Engineering Draftsman, Daniel Boone National Forest. Her understanding of map preparation and skill in cartography has greatly simpli fied the understanding of the early traces, stations and counties cited in the text. Her personal interest in this project contributed much to its success. To all of the above people, and to the many others who contributed in any manner to this history of the Daniel Boone National Forest, I offer my acknowledgement of their assistance, contributions and encouragement, and my grateful appreciation of their interest. vii ABOUT THE AUTHOR The author of this History of the Daniel Boone National Forest was born and grew up in southern Michigan. Bob Collins' professional forestry education was acquired at Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, and at the Yale Forest School of Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut. His professional service began with the Michigan Department of Conservation followed by 40 years of service as a member of the U.S.
Recommended publications
  • Logging Songs of the Pacific Northwest: a Study of Three Contemporary Artists Leslie A

    Logging Songs of the Pacific Northwest: a Study of Three Contemporary Artists Leslie A

    Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2007 Logging Songs of the Pacific Northwest: A Study of Three Contemporary Artists Leslie A. Johnson Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF MUSIC LOGGING SONGS OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST: A STUDY OF THREE CONTEMPORARY ARTISTS By LESLIE A. JOHNSON A Thesis submitted to the College of Music in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Music Degree Awarded: Spring Semester, 2007 The members of the Committee approve the Thesis of Leslie A. Johnson defended on March 28, 2007. _____________________________ Charles E. Brewer Professor Directing Thesis _____________________________ Denise Von Glahn Committee Member ` _____________________________ Karyl Louwenaar-Lueck Committee Member The Office of Graduate Studies has verified and approved the above named committee members. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank those who have helped me with this manuscript and my academic career: my parents, grandparents, other family members and friends for their support; a handful of really good teachers from every educational and professional venture thus far, including my committee members at The Florida State University; a variety of resources for the project, including Dr. Jens Lund from Olympia, Washington; and the subjects themselves and their associates. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................
  • (Summer 2018) John Filson's Kentucke

    (Summer 2018) John Filson's Kentucke

    Edward A. Galloway Published in Manuscripts, Vol. 70, No. 3 (Summer 2018) John Filson’s Kentucke: Internet Search Uncovers “Hidden” Manuscripts In 2010 the University Library System (ULS) at the University of Pittsburgh embarked on an ambitious mission: to digitize the content of the Darlington Memorial Library. Presented to the university via two separate gifts, in 1918 and 1925, the Darlington library has become the anchor of the Archives and Special Collections Department within the university library. Comprised of thousands of rare books, manuscripts, maps, broadsides, atlases, lithographs, and artwork, the library showcased the collecting passions of the Darlington family who lived in Pittsburgh during the nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries. The patriarch, William M. Darlington (1815-1889), was born in Pittsburgh and practiced law in Allegheny County. A passionate collector, William M. Darlington found his equal in Mary Carson O’Hara (1824- 1915), whom he married in 1845.1 They subsequently moved into a newly-constructed Italianate home just a few miles up the Allegheny River from Downtown Pittsburgh. Here, they raised three children, O’Hara, Mary, and Edith, all recipients of their parents’ love of history and bibliophiles to the core. Having married into a wealthy family, Mr. Darlington retired from his law career in 1856 to manage the estate of his wife’s grandfather, James O’Hara, whose land holdings encompassed a major portion of Pittsburgh.2 He would devote most of his adult life to collecting works of Americana, especially that which documented western Pennsylvania. Even the land upon which he built his estate, passed down to his wife, dripped with history having been the last home of Guyasuta, a Seneca chief.3 The Darlingtons eventually amassed the “largest private library west of the Alleghenies” containing nearly 14,000 volumes.
  • Topography Along the Virginia-Kentucky Border

    Topography Along the Virginia-Kentucky Border

    Preface: Topography along the Virginia-Kentucky border. It took a long time for the Appalachian Mountain range to attain its present appearance, but no one was counting. Outcrops found at the base of Pine Mountain are Devonian rock, dating back 400 million years. But the rocks picked off the ground around Lexington, Kentucky, are even older; this limestone is from the Cambrian period, about 600 million years old. It is the same type and age rock found near the bottom of the Grand Canyon in Colorado. Of course, a mountain range is not created in a year or two. It took them about 400 years to obtain their character, and the Appalachian range has a lot of character. Geologists tell us this range extends from Alabama into Canada, and separates the plains of the eastern seaboard from the low-lying valleys of the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. Some subdivide the Appalachians into the Piedmont Province, the Blue Ridge, the Valley and Ridge area, and the Appalachian plateau. We also learn that during the Paleozoic era, the site of this mountain range was nothing more than a shallow sea; but during this time, as sediments built up, and the bottom of the sea sank. The hinge line between the area sinking, and the area being uplifted seems to have shifted gradually westward. At the end of the Paleozoric era, the earth movement are said to have reversed, at which time the horizontal layers of the rock were uplifted and folded, and for the next 200 million years the land was eroded, which provided material to cover the surrounding areas, including the coastal plain.
  • Daniel Boone Homestead Visitor Guide

    Daniel Boone Homestead Visitor Guide

    Pennsylvania Daniel Boone Daniel Boone in Pennsylvania After the Boones The name Daniel Boone will forever be In Pennsylvania, Daniel’s boyhood home Trails of History synonymous with the saga of the American changed to reflect the growth, prosperity and Homestead frontier. Born on November 2, 1734, and raised cultural diversity of the Oley Valley. In Pennsylvania, all roads lead to history. here, Boone was the inveterate wayfarer who Squire Boone moved his family from To help find your path, the Pennsylvania achieved lasting fame guiding land-hungry Pennsylvania in 1750 and sold his house and Historical and Museum Commission (PHMC) Birdsboro, Berks County settlers to the Kentucky frontier and fighting part of his homestead to his cousin William has blazed several special-interest trails to defend them against attack. Maugridge. Maugridge, also born in Devon- leading to some of Pennsylvania’s most Daniel’s father, Squire Boone, was an Eng- shire, worked as a shipwright in Philadelphia historic sites. We invite you to explore one lish Quaker born in Devonshire in 1696. While prior to 1750 and later served as a magistrate site at a time, travel an entire trail or create still a youth, Squire, his brother George and sister and judge for Berks County from 1752 until his your own road trip to Pennsylvania’s past. Sarah embarked for Philadelphia to appraise the death in 1766. The Maugridges were not Quakers No matter whether you choose one of our possibilities of settlement for their father’s family, who but leaders among the local Anglicans. classic trails, a trail based on PHMC’s annual immigrated finally in 1717.
  • Jeremiah & Mary Whitaker West

    Jeremiah & Mary Whitaker West

    Jeremiah & Mary Whitaker West Submitted by Dorothy R. Hyde Editor's Foreword Dorothy R. Hyde, of Asheville writes "I was inspired after reading the May, 2007 issue of A Lot of Bunkum to write the role of the Jeremiah West family in the Civil War." Mrs. Hyde is a great-great­ granddaughter of Jeremiah and Mary West. The editor, after reviewing the records, notes that Mary Whitaker, wife of Jeremiah West, contributed ten or eleven family members to the Confederate side of the Civil War. She lost three or four sons, or sons-in-law, and a grandson to the cause. The West Family and the Confederacy Another family that should be recognized for its contribution to the cause of the Confederacy is that of Jeremiah and Mary Whitaker West. Their oldest son, John West, was born in 1817 and served with Company K, 11th NC Regiment. He resided in Buncombe Co., where he enlisted at age 44 on March 1, 1862. He was mustered in as sergeant and promoted to I st Sergeant on April 11, 1864, present or accounted for until wounded at Spotsylvania Court House, VA on May 11, 1864. He died on wounds on May 11, 1864. His son, John Preston West, 18, was also mustered in as Private, 51 promoted to Corporal on March 1 , 1862, and was with his father at the time of his death. The following letter was in the possession ofVaughtie Shook, a granddaughter, written by John P. West, Jr. to his mother telling her of his father's death. A copy was given to me by Mrs.
  • Chapter 2: Struggle for the Frontier Quiz

    Chapter 2: Struggle for the Frontier Quiz

    Chapter 2: Struggle for the Frontier Quiz 1. Which of the following tribes lived or hunted in Tennessee? (Select all that apply) a. Cherokee b. Shawnee c. Iroquois d. Creek e. Chickasaw 2. What is Cumberland Gap? a. A low area between the mountains that allowed travelers to cross the mountains more easily b. A trail cut by Richard Henderson through the mountains c. An early settlement in Tennessee d. A mountain peak between Tennessee and Kentucky 3. During the French and Indian War, the British built which Fort in an effort to keep the Cherokee loyal to their side? (Choose 1) a. Fort Nashborough b. Fort Donelson c. Fort Watauga d. Fort Loudoun 4. Choose one answer to complete this sentence: The Proclamation of 1763… a. Ended fighting between the British and the French. b. Prohibited settlements beyond the Appalachian Mountains in an effort to avoid further conflict with Native Americans. c. Was an agreement among the Cherokee about how to deal with the settlers. d. Ended the French and Indian War. Tennessee Blue Book: A History of Tennessee- Student Edition https://tnsoshistory.com 5. Why did the Watauga settlers create the Watauga Compact in 1772? a. Their settlement was under attack by the Cherokee b. Their settlement was outside the boundaries of any colony c. Their settlement was under the control of the British government d. Their settlement needed a more efficient system of government 6. Who cut the trail known as the Wilderness Road? a. James Robertson b. John Donelson c. Daniel Boone d. John Sevier 7.
  • University of Cincinnati

    University of Cincinnati

    UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI Date:_December 13, 2006_ I, James Michael Rhyne______________________________________, hereby submit this work as part of the requirements for the degree of: Doctor of Philosophy in: History It is entitled: Rehearsal for Redemption: The Politics of Post-Emancipation Violence in Kentucky’s Bluegrass Region This work and its defense approved by: Chair: _Wayne K. Durrill_____________ _Christopher Phillips_________ _Wendy Kline__________________ _Linda Przybyszewski__________ Rehearsal for Redemption: The Politics of Post-Emancipation Violence in Kentucky’s Bluegrass Region A Dissertation submitted to the Division of Research and Advanced Studies of the University of Cincinnati in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in the Department of History of the College of Arts and Sciences 2006 By James Michael Rhyne M.A., Western Carolina University, 1997 M-Div., Southeastern Baptist Theological Seminary, 1989 B.A., Wake Forest University, 1982 Committee Chair: Professor Wayne K. Durrill Abstract Rehearsal for Redemption: The Politics of Post-Emancipation Violence in Kentucky’s Bluegrass Region By James Michael Rhyne In the late antebellum period, changing economic and social realities fostered conflicts among Kentuckians as tension built over a number of issues, especially the future of slavery. Local clashes matured into widespread, violent confrontations during the Civil War, as an ugly guerrilla war raged through much of the state. Additionally, African Americans engaged in a wartime contest over the meaning of freedom. Nowhere were these interconnected conflicts more clearly evidenced than in the Bluegrass Region. Though Kentucky had never seceded, the Freedmen’s Bureau established a branch in the Commonwealth after the war.
  • Results of Investigations of Surface-Water Quality, 1987-90

    Results of Investigations of Surface-Water Quality, 1987-90

    WATER-QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF THE KENTUCKY RIVER BASIN, KENTUCKY: RESULTS OF INVESTIGATIONS OF SURFACE-WATER QUALITY, 1987-90 By Kirn H. Haag, Rene Garcia, G. Lynn Jarrett, and Stephen D. Porter U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4163 Louisville, Kentucky . 1995 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BRUCE BABBITT, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Gordon P. Eaton, Director For additional information write to: Copies of this report can be purchased from: District Chief U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey Earth Science Information Center District Office Open-File Reports Section 2301 Bradley Avenue Box 25286, MS 517 Louisville, KY 40217 Denver Federal Center Denver, CO 80225 FOREWORD The mission of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is to assess the quantity and quality of the earth resources of the Nation and to provide information that will assist resource managers and policymakers at Federal, State, and local levels in making sound decisions. Assessment of water-quality conditions and trends is an important part of this overall mission. One of the greatest challenges faced by water-resources scientists is acquiring reliable information that will guide the use and protection of the Nation's water resources. That challenge is being addressed by Federal, State, interstate, and local water-resource agencies and by many academic institutions. These organizations are collecting water-quality data for a host of purposes that include: compliance with permits and water-supply standards; development of remediation plans for a specific contamination problem; operational decisions on industrial, wastewater, or water-supply facilities; and research on factors that affect water quality.
  • UNIT HISTORIES Regimental Histories and Personal Narratives

    UNIT HISTORIES Regimental Histories and Personal Narratives

    A Guide to the Microfiche Edition of CIVIL WAR UNIT HISTORIES Regimental Histories and Personal Narratives Part 1. The Confederate States of America and Border States A Guide to the Microfiche Edition of CIVIL WAR UNIT HISTORIES Regimental Histories and Personal Narratives Part 1. Confederate States of America and Border States Editor: Robert E. Lester Guide compiled by Blair D. Hydrick Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Civil War unit histories. The Confederate states of America and border states [microform]: regimental histories and personal narratives / project editors, Robert E. Lester, Gary Hoag. microfiches Accompanied by printed guide compiled by Blair D. Hydrick. ISBN 1-55655-216-5 (microfiche) ISBN 1-55655-257-2 (guide) 1. United States--History~Civil War, 1861-1865--Regimental histories. 2. United States-History-Civil War, 1861-1865-- Personal narratives. I. Lester, Robert. II. Hoag, Gary. III. Hydrick, Blair. [E492] 973.7'42-dc20 92-17394 CIP Copyright© 1992 by University Publications of America. All rights reserved. ISBN 1-55655-257-2. TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction v Scope and Content Note xiii Arrangement of Material xvii List of Contributing Institutions xix Source Note xxi Editorial Note xxi Fiche Index Confederate States of America Army CSA-1 Navy CSA-9 Alabama AL-15 Arkansas AR-21 Florida FL-23 Georgia GA-25 Kentucky KY-33 Louisiana LA-39 Maryland MD-43 Mississippi MS-49 Missouri MO-55 North Carolina NC-61 South Carolina SC-67 Tennessee TN-75 Texas TX-81 Virginia VA-87 Author Index AI-107 Major Engagements Index ME-113 INTRODUCTION Nothing in the annals of America remotely compares with the Civil War.
  • What Is a Dance? in 3 Dances, Gene Friedman Attempts to Answer Just That, by Presenting Various Forms of Movement. the Film Is D

    What Is a Dance? in 3 Dances, Gene Friedman Attempts to Answer Just That, by Presenting Various Forms of Movement. the Film Is D

    GENE FRIEDMAN 3 Dances What is a dance? In 3 Dances, Gene Friedman attempts to answer just that, by presenting various forms of movement. The film is divided into three sections: “Public” opens with a wide aerial shot of The Museum of Modern Art’s Sculpture Garden and visitors walking about; “Party,” filmed in the basement of Judson Memorial Church, features the artists Alex Hay, Deborah Hay, Robert Rauschenberg, and Steve Paxton dancing the twist and other social dances; and “Private” shows the dancer Judith Dunn warming up and rehearsing in her loft studio, accompanied by an atonal vocal score. The three “dances” encompass the range of movement employed by the artists, musicians, and choreographers associated with Judson Dance Theater. With its overlaid exposures, calibrated framing, and pairing of distinct actions, Friedman’s film captures the group’s feverish spirit. WORKSHOPS In the late 1950s and early 1960s, three educational sites were formative for the group of artists who would go on to establish Judson Dance Theater. Through inexpensive workshops and composition classes, these artists explored and developed new approaches to art making that emphasized mutual aid and art’s relationship to its surroundings. The choreographer Anna Halprin used improvisation and simple tasks to encourage her students “to deal with ourselves as people, not dancers.” Her classes took place at her home outside San Francisco, on her Dance Deck, an open-air wood platform surrounded by redwood trees that she prompted her students to use as inspiration. In New York, near Judson Memorial Church, the ballet dancer James Waring taught a class in composition that brought together different elements of a theatrical performance, much like a collage.
  • Take the Effective June 2016

    Take the Effective June 2016

    2016-2017 Take the EFFECTIVE JUNE 2016 A comprehensive guide to touring Nashville attractions riding MTA buses and the Music City Star. For schedules and other information, visit NashvilleMTA.org or call (615) 862-5950. Nashville MTA & RTA @Nashville_MTA RIDE ALL DAY FOR $5.25 OR LESS Purchase at Music City Central, from the driver, or online at NashvilleMTA.org Take the The Nashville MTA is excited to show you around Music City, whether you’re visiting us for the first time, fifth time, or even if you’re a Middle Tennessee resident enjoying hometown attractions. There’s so much to see and do, and the MTA bus system is an easy, affordable way to see it all. We operate a free downtown service, the Music City Circuit, which is designed to help you reach sports and entertainment venues, downtown hotels, residences, and offices more quickly and easily. The Blue and Green Circuits operate daily with buses traveling to the Bicentennial Mall and the Gulch, a LEED certified community. The Music City Circuit connects many key downtown destinations including the Farmers’ Market, First Tennessee Park, Schermerhorn Symphony Center, Riverfront Station, and the Gulch’s restaurants, bars and condominium towers and numerous points in between. Of course, there are also our other MTA and regional bus routes throughout Middle Tennessee that can be utilized. You can access them by taking a bus to Music City Central, our downtown transit station. Once there, you’ll see how we’re making public transportation more convenient and comfortable, and how making the most of your Nashville experience is now even easier with the MTA.
  • Cumberland Gap National Historical Park Foundation Document Overview

    Cumberland Gap National Historical Park Foundation Document Overview

    NATIONAL PARK SERVICE • U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Foundation Document Overview Cumberland Gap National Historical Park Kentucky, Tennessee, and Virginia Contact Information For more information about the Cumberland Gap National Historical Park Foundation Document, contact: [email protected] or (606)248-2817 or write to: Superintendent, Cumberland Gap National Historical Park, 91 Bartlett Park Road, Middlesboro, KY 40965 Purpose Significance Significance statements express why Cumberland Gap National Historical Park resources and values are important enough to merit national park unit designation. Statements of significance describe why an area is important within a global, national, regional, and systemwide context. These statements are linked to the purpose of the park unit, and are supported by data, research, and consensus. Significance statements describe the distinctive nature of the park and inform management decisions, focusing efforts on preserving and protecting the most important resources and values of the park unit. • Crossing the Great Appalachian Barrier. The Cumberland Gap represents a turning point in American history as the Gap witnessed nearly 300,000 settlers pushing through the Appalachian barrier during the late 18th to early 19th century. Today some 40 million Americans can trace their history to crossing through the Gap. • Geology. Cumberland Gap National Historical Park protects an extensive array of geologic features formed over the course of hundreds of millions of years in the wake of numerous Appalachian orogenies (mountain-forming periods). The park’s notable concentration of caves and The purpose of Cumberland Gap karst formations, cliffs, pinnacles, and other geologic national HistoriCal park is to features provide a valuable window into the dynamic nature preserve, protect, and interpret the of the landscape and the impact of geology on human geologic “doorway to the west”—the migration and culture.