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Sikre Skoleveje En Undersøgelse Af Børns Trafiksikkerhed Og Transportvaner

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Sikre Skoleveje En Undersøgelse Af Børns Trafiksikkerhed Og Transportvaner Sikre skoleveje En undersøgelse af børns trafiksikkerhed og transportvaner Rapport 3 Søren Underlien Jensen og Camilla Hviid Hummer Sikre skoleveje En undersøgelse af børns trafiksikkerhed og transportvaner Rapport 3 Søren Underlien Jensen og Camilla Hviid Hummer Sikre skoleveje En undersøgelse af børns trafiksikkerhed og transportvaner Rapport 3 2002 Af Søren Underlien Jensen og Camilla Hviid Hummer Fotos: Lars Bahl Søren Underlien Jensen Tryk: Herrmann & Fischer Oplag: 700 Copyright: Eftertryk tilladt med kildeangivelse Udgivet af: Danmarks TransportForskning Knuth-Winterfeldts Allé Bygning 116 Vest 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Email [email protected] www.dtf.dk Rekvireres hos IT- og Telestyrelsen Danmark.dk's netboghandel Tlf.:33 37 92 28 www.netboghandel.dk Pris: kr. 50,00 incl. moms ISSN: 1600-9592 (trykt udgave) ISBN: 87-7327-065-2 (trykt udgave) ISSN: 1601-9458 (elektronisk udgave) ISBN: 87-7327-066-0 (elektronisk udgave) Forord Danmarks TransportForskning (DTF) fik ved en bevilling på kr. 300.000 fra Trafikpulje 2000 til opgave at sætte fokus på sikre skoleveje. Mere konkret bestod opgaven i at indsamle viden om skolebørns transport og udarbejde en samlet oversigt over skolebørns transportvaner i Danmark. DTF definerede projektet til at omhandle fire delstudier: • Et studie om børns trafikulykker i Danmark, • en beskrivelse og konsekvensvurdering af danske kommuners indsats for at forbedre skolebørns trafiksikkerhed og ændre deres transportvaner i årene 1995-2000, • et studie af børns transportvaner i Danmark, og • et litteraturstudie om skolebørn og trafik. Studiet om danske kommuners indsats har omfattet en forespørgsel rettet til samtlige 275 kommuner. DTF vil gerne rette en stor tak til de 201 kommuner, der har svaret på denne forespørgsel, og derved muliggjort en beskrivelse og konsekvensvurdering af kommunernes indsats. Rapporten er udarbejdet af Søren Underlien Jensen og Camilla Hviid Hummer. Poul Greibe og Peter Christens har medvirket til opstilling af de statistiske analyser af virkningen af kommunernes indsats på trafiksikkerheden. Kgs. Lyngby, maj 2002 Ole Zacchi Kurt Petersen Direktør Forskningschef ITRD Information Danish title: Sikre skoleveje: En undersøgelse af børns trafiksikkerhed og transportvaner English title: Safe routes to school: an analysis of child road safety and travel Language: Danish with English summary Authors: Søren Underlien Jensen, Camilla Hviid Hummer Keywords: Children, road safety, mode choice Abstract: The Danish Road Traffic Act has since 1976 enjoined the police and road admi- nistrations after having consulted the schools to implement measures that pro- tect children against moving vehicles on school journeys. The measures in Da- nish municipalities are described on the basis of an enquiry. About 80% of the municipalities implemented measures to improve the traffic conditions for school children such as school route studies, physical measures on school rou- tes, changes in school bus schemes and campaigns in 1995-2000. Analyses of time series and meta-analyses show that these measures have reduced the number of injuries among 6-16-year-olds by two to three per cent per year. The study analyses the development in accidents and travel among 6-16-year- olds in Denmark. The number of injuries in this age group dropped by 46% in the period 1985-2000. About 25% of the reduction in injuries occurred due to decreasing child figures and average age among children. Increased use of sa- fety belts and cycle helmets can explain approximately 30% of the fall in injuri- es and is the primary cause to a significant reduction in accident severity. The number of children per school that are driven by car on school journeys seem to have doubled from 1993 to 1998-2000. The share of children cycling to school seems to have decreased almost 30%, while use of public transport and walking increased. The changes in travel can be explained by changes in demo- graphy, school closures, increased car ownership and changed attitudes among children and parents. On the total journeys, the 6-10-year-olds have doubled their car trips and reduced their walking trips by 40% from 1978 to 1998-2000, while 11-15-year-olds have tripled their car trips during the same period. ISSN: 1600-9592 (paper edition) ISBN: 87-7327-065-2 (paper edition) ISSN: 1601-9458 (electronic edition) ISBN: 87-7327-066-0 (electronic edition) Sammenfatning Sikre skoleveje er titlen på denne rapport, men den handler om mere end trafikulykker blandt skolebørn på ture til og fra skole. Rapporten omfatter primært trafiksikkerhed og transportvaner blandt børn i alderen 6-16 år både på ture til skole og i fritiden. Studierne af børns trafiksikkerhed og transportvaner samt kommunernes indsats for at forbedre trafikforholdene for skolebørn er beskrevet i det følgende. Børns trafiksikkerhed Antallet af dræbte og kvæstede 6-16 årige er faldet med 46% i perioden 1985-2000. Omkring en fjerdedel af nedgangen i personskader skyldes et faldende antal børn, der samtidig har en lavere gennemsnitsalder. Alt an- det lige vil flere børn og højere gennemsnitsalder blandt børn medføre en stigning i antallet af personskader blandt børn i alderen 6-16 år i perioden 1998-2009. Antallet af dræbte, alvorlige og lette skader pr. barn er faldet hhv. 58%, 56% og 8% i 1985-2000 blandt 6-16 årige. For den øvrige befolkning er de tilsvarende tal hhv. 37%, 43% og 28%. Helserisiko er defineret ved antallet af personskader pr. år i trafikken pr. 1.000 indbyggere. 6-7 åriges helseri- siko er faldet ca. 65% i perioden 1985-2000, 8-11 åriges er faldet ca. 45%, mens 12-16 åriges heserisiko kun er faldet 30%. De forskelligartede udviklinger i ulykkernes alvorlighed og helserisiko kan delvist forklares med divergerende udviklingsforløb for brug af sikkerheds- sele, cykelhjelme og styrthjelme. Børn i alderen 6-11 år har øget deres brug af sikkerhedsudstyr betydeligt mere end den øvrige befolkning. Øget brug af sikkerhedsudstyr ser således ud til at have stået for omkring 30% af nedgangen i 6-16 årige børns personskader i perioden 1985-2000. Der er konstateret en generationseffekt i udviklingen i personskader for- delt på transportformer. Denne effekt skyldes formentligt, at børn siden 1988 cykler mindre og mindre. De markante ændringer i børns valg af transportformer, der er undersøgt nærmere i afsnit 4.1, kan have været en medvirkende årsag til de forskelligartede udviklinger i helserisiko. Opdelt på transportformer var antallet af personskader i år 2000 blandt børn størst i bil, dernæst kommer cykel, knallert og gang. Ældre børn har flere trafikulykker og personskader end yngre bl.a. pga. mere transporttid og højere rejsehastighed, hvorved de oftere færdes på stærkt trafikerede veje. De ældste børn kører ofte i bil ført af ældre søskende og venner, der forholdsvis nyligt har erhvervet et kørekort, og har en langt større risiko i trafikken i bil end de ældste børns forældre. Ældre børn benytter sikker- hedsseler i mindre omfang end yngre. Ældre børn er oftere spirituspåvirket og har mere selvstændig transport om aftenen og natten end yngre børn. Der er konstateret betydelige forskelle i børns helserisiko i landets amter. Sønderjyllands Amt har den højeste helserisiko, og den er næsten dobbelt så høj sammenlignet med Roskilde Amt, der er amtet med den laveste hel- serisiko. Det er ikke undersøgt, hvorfor disse forskelle findes. Kommunernes indsats Omkring 80% af de danske kommuner udfører særlige indsatser med hen- syn til skolebørns transport og trafiksikkerhed. Kun 20% af kommunerne udfører ikke særlige indsatser udover skolestartskampagner samt tilpas- ninger af skolebusruter og skoledistrikter. I perioden 1995-2000 har de særlige indsatser primært bestået af: • Skolevejsundersøgelser, • fysiske foranstaltninger til forbedring af skolebørns trafiksikkerhed, øget serviceniveau for gang og cykling til og fra skole samt afvikling af biltrafik ved skoler, • nedsættelse af priser for skolebørns transport i bus, og • kampagner for bedre trafiksikkerhed og for mindre kørsel af børn i bil til og fra skole. Skolevejsundersøgelser giver kommunerne et godt indblik i skolebørnenes transportvaner og utryghed. Den trafiksikkerhedsmæssige evaluering viser, at skolevejsundersøgelser ikke har en større direkte effekt på børns trafik- sikkerhed. Men skolevejsundersøgelser resulterer oftest i andre indsatser fx fysiske foranstaltninger, kampagner og ændrede skolebusordninger. Med baggrund i de statistiske analyser er det bedste estimat, at de andre indsatser end skolevejsundersøgelser i perioden 1995-2000 har forbedret børns trafiksikkerhed med 10-15%, svarende til en 2-3% reduktion i børns personskader pr. år. Denne konklusion er på grænsen af et 95% signifi- kansniveau. Det er ikke muligt præcis at angive, hvilke indsatser og hvor mange tiltag der skal til i en given kommune for at opnå denne reduktion. Omkring halvdelen af forbedringen i børns trafiksikkerhed i 1995-2000 kan tilskrives de særlige indsatser udført af kommunerne, hvis ovenstående konklusion er korrekt. Den anden halvdel af forbedringen i børns trafiksik- kerhed må tilskrives andre udviklinger i det danske samfund. Således har kommunale trafiksikkerhedsmæssige tiltag målrettet skolebørn en ganske væsentlig betydning for børns trafiksikkerhed. Lovgivningen fra sidste halvdel af 1970'erne, der pålagde kommunerne og politi at træffe foranstaltninger til at beskytte børnene mod farerne fra den kørende færdsel på deres vej til og fra skole, synes at være en succes og have skabt sikrere forhold for skolebørn. Børns transportvaner Samlet set tyder
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