El Acordeón Norteño Mexicano Y El Transnacionalismo Musical Cosmopolita En Las Periferias

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El Acordeón Norteño Mexicano Y El Transnacionalismo Musical Cosmopolita En Las Periferias doi: 10.15174/au.2018.1319 ǀ ISSN online: 2007-9621 El acordeón norteño mexicano y el transnacionalismo musical cosmopolita en las periferias The northern Mexican accordion and the cosmopolitan musical transnationalism in the peripheries Recibido: 12 de abril del 2016 Aceptado: 23 de enero del 2018 Publicado: 12 de junio del 2018 Luis Omar Montoya Arias*, Gabriel Medrano de Luna*°. * Universidad Pedagógica Nacional. Cómo citar: ** Universidad de Guanajuato. Correo electrónico: [email protected]. ° Autor de correspondencia. Montoya Arias, L. O., & Medrano de Luna, G. (2018). El acordeón norteño mexicano y el transnacionalismo musical cosmopolita en las periferias. Acta Universitaria, 28 (2), 83- Palabras Clave: Keywords: 100. doi: 10.15174/au.2018.1319 México, música norteña, Latinoamérica, Mexico; Norteña music; Latin America; transnacionalismo, cosmopolitismo. transnationalism; cosmopolitanism. RESUMEN La música norteña es un fenómeno global vigente, asociado con el norte de México y con el sur de los Estados Unidos. Se considera al transnacionalismo como un enfoque económico-migratorio que permite acercarnos a la música norteña desde las ciencias sociales. La música norteña es una práctica musical que goza de popularidad en naciones latinoamericanas como Chile, Colombia, Brasil y Bolivia. Es un suceso trasnacional y cosmopolita. Fundamentados en autores como Turino, Landolt y Blanco, se explica a la música norteña desde el transnacionalismo y la teoría de la dependencia de Faletto y Cardoso. El texto se construyó a partir de la investigación de archivo y trabajo de campo realizado en las ciudades de Monte- rrey, Guanajuato, Irapuato, Salamanca y Culiacán. El presente artículo contribuye al estudio de las músicas populares latinoamericanas y la música tradicional mexicana. ABSTRACT Northern Mexican (Norteña) music is a current global phenomenon associated with northern Mexico and southern United States. Transnationalism is considered here as an economic-migratory approach that allows to address the northern Mexican music from the social sciences perspective. Northern Mexican music is a musical practice that is popular in Latin American nations such as Chile, Colombia, Brazil and Bolivia; it is a transnational and cosmopolitan event. Based on authors such as Turino, Landolt and Blanco, northern Mexican music is explained from transnationalism and the theory of dependence by Faletto and Cardoso. The text was constructed from archive research and fieldwork conducted in the cities of Monter- rey, Guanajuato, Irapuato, Salamanca and Culiacán. This article contributes to the study of Latin American popular music and traditional Mexican music. 83 www.actauniversitaria.ugto.mx ISSN online 2007-9621 El acordeón norteño mexicano y el transnacionalismo musical cosmopolita en las periferias I Luis Omar Montoya Arias, Gabriel Medrano de Luna I 83-100 INTRODUCCIÓN musical cosmopolita en las periferias para resumir un cú- mulo de estrategias sociales a través de las cuales, las mú- Para iniciar, cabría precisar que el transnacionalismo mu- sicas migran de sus regiones de origen a realidades ajenas sical cosmopolita en las periferias está inspirado en la teo- y distantes, territorialmente. Estas migraciones musicales ría de la dependencia. Ésta fue concebida por el chileno cosmopolitas tienen lugar entre dos o más naciones eco- Enzo Faletto y por el brasileño Fernando Henrique Cardo- nómicamente subdesarrolladas (México, Chile, Colombia, so. Editada en 1969 por Siglo XXI (Ciudad de México), la Bolivia y Argentina, por ejemplo), que ocupan un plano de teoría de la dependencia es una respuesta a la teoría del importancia menor, en las dinámicas del sistema capita- desarrollo concebida por el Fondo Monetario Internacio- lista global encabezado por EEUU. nal, con sede en Washington. La teoría de la dependencia propone la existencia de una periferia capitalista que asu- El transnacionalismo sirve para explicar desde las capi- me, por decisión de grandes potencias como Estados Uni- tales coloniales del mundo, fenómenos como las músicas dos e Inglaterra, la tarea de aportar materias primas que mexicanas en los Estados Unidos o como el reggae ja- mantengan el nivel de vida de las sociedades primermun- maiquino en Inglaterra. Las migraciones de mexicanos a distas. Asimismo, La teoría de la dependencia analiza la los Estados Unidos han tenido lugar, por lo menos, desde dualidad centro-periferia, reformula el concepto de atraso principios del siglo XX, como lo demuestra Manuel Gamio y define a Latinoamérica como “capitalismo de periferia” (2002) en sus estudios. (Yocelevzky, 2004). También es útil para entender los procesos migratorios El origen del concepto transnacionalismo aparece en el musicales generados entre las periferias capitalistas de siglo XIX, cuando se usó para definir corporaciones priva- América Latina (se piensa en la canción ranchera, Méxi- das que tenían una presencia organizacional y administra- co y Chile). El nuevo transnacionalismo debe incluir a las tiva en varias naciones. En la actualidad, transnacionalismo migraciones translocales y transregionales (Landolt 1999) describe “intercambios, conexiones y prácticas transfron- porque son la base para entender fenómenos globalizados terizas que trascienden el espacio nacional como punto como la música norteña y la ranchera mexicana. El trans- de referencia básico” (Moctezuma, 2014). Para el transna- nacionalismo tiene que ver con “la emergencia de redes cionalismo clásico, los migrantes son el canal a través del interregionales, con el flujo de propuestas artísticas y con cual se reproducen prácticas culturales como las músicas, la globalización de símbolos” (Blanco, 2014). Fenómenos en un espacio distinto al de origen. Lo anterior significa transnacionales como la música norteña, se ubican en que “el migrante es el actor central del transnacionalis- terceros espacios –socialmente construidos– que no res- mo” (2014), además de que los desplazamientos continuos ponden a límites geográfico-políticos, impuestos por el de personas son absolutamente necesarios y se requieren de Estado-Nación del siglo XX. “contactos sociales habituales y sostenidos a través de las fronteras nacionales para su ejecución” (2014). Algunas corrientes de las ciencias sociales buscan prescindir del Estado-Nación como categoría de análisis. Dado lo estrecho de la propuesta clásica, se considera Hoy apuestan por el cosmopolitismo para explicar fenó- adecuado retomar la visión que la investigadora esta- menos globalizados como son las músicas (Miller, Govil, dounidense Patricia Landolt desarrolló sobre el trans- McMurria & Maxwell, 2005). Cristina Magaldi (2008) sugie- nacionalismo. De acuerdo con Landolt, Portes & Guarnizo re la existencia de un circuito cosmopolita. Daniel Chernilo (1999), el transnacionalismo es, ante todo, un enfoque o una (2010) propone el concepto de Estado-Cosmopolita y Char- perspectiva migratoria. Afirma que en un mundo globa- les Tilly prefiere hablar de Estados Nacionales antes que de lizado como el de hoy, no sólo las personas se mueven, Estado-Nación “para destacar el mito de que los Estados también los capitales, las empresas, las tecnologías, y por están compuestos de una sola nación”. Situando la músi- supuesto, los símbolos culturales. Estas manifestacio- ca norteña y la canción ranchera, se puede hablar de una nes forman parte del transnacionalismo. Cristina Blanco región cosmopolita integrada por habitantes reconocidos (2014) participa de la discusión al asegurar que “si bien los desde la concepción del Estado-Nación como mexicanos, movimientos migratorios constituyen la base del trans- chilenos, bolivianos y colombianos. Estos ciudadanos del nacionalismo, las migraciones poblacionales no significan mundo viven una misma pasión musical, comparten ins- transnacionalismo”. Hoy el transnacionalismo es un fenó- trumentos de fabricación artesanal como el bajo sexto, re- meno vinculado con la globalización, con la migración de pertorios y símbolos como la cuera tamaulipeca. capitales culturales y con los espacios desterritorializados. Thomas Turino (2008) afirma que el cosmopolitismo es Actualmente, el transnacionalismo debe entenderse una manifestación de transnacionalismo. El cosmopo- como un enfoque económico-migratorio que involucra litismo musical no necesita de migraciones físicas ni de al narcotráfico, a las industrias culturales y a los despla- formaciones diaspóricas para existir; está definido por la zamientos poblacionales. Se recurre al transnacionalismo adopción e incorporación de modos de vida y hábitos de 84 Vol. 28 Online first ISSN online 2007-9621 El acordeón norteño mexicano y el transnacionalismo musical cosmopolita en las periferias I Luis Omar Montoya Arias, Gabriel Medrano de Luna I 83-100 pensamiento que fluyen gracias a diferentes tecnologías requiere experiencia profesional y conocimiento profun- como las plataformas digitales y las nubes de almacena- do de las realidades sociales en donde se trabaja. miento. Pensar el cosmopolitismo musical en función de demarcaciones territorializadas es improcedente e im- En este texto se optó por utilizar la etiqueta música nor- productivo, de acuerdo con Turino. teña, para referir a una creación artística binacional, de origen México-Estados Unidos. El norte, fuente de rique- Ignacio Corona (2011) concuerda con Thomas Turino zas y proveedor de historias es representado por Estados cuando afirma que el transnacionalismo musical debe Unidos y México, dos potencias culturales del continente entenderse como
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