DOCSLIB.ORG

Canada's University

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Canada's University u Ottawa l.'Univcrsiltf canndicnnc C'uiacln's university FACULTE DES ETUDES SUPERIEURES 1=1 FACULTY OF GRADUATE AND ET POSTOCTORALES U Ottawa POSDOCTORAL STUDIES L'University canadienne (Canada's university Robert Talbot AUTEUR DE LA THESE / AUTHOR OF THESIS M.A. (History) GRADE/DEGREE Department of History TA^LTETMCOLTDIPARTEMENTTFA^ Alexander Morris. His Intellectual and Political Life and the Numbered Treaties TITRE DE LA THESE / TITLE OF THESIS Dr. Jan Grabowski EXAMINATEURS (EXAMINATRICES) DE LA THESE / THESIS EXAMINERS Dr. Michael Behiels Dr. Jeffrey Keshen .G.^y.W1.Slater.. Le Doyen de la Faculte des etudes superieures et postdoctorales / Dean of the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies ALEXANDER MORRIS. HIS INTELLECTUAL AND POLITICAL LIFE AND THE NUMBERED TREATIES by Robert Talbot A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Post-Doctoral Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Arts degree in History University of Ottawa © Robert Talbot, Ottawa, Canada, 2007 Library and Bibliotheque et 1*1 Archives Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-49281-9 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-49281-9 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives and Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par Plntemet, prefer, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans loan, distribute and sell theses le monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, worldwide, for commercial or non­ sur support microforme, papier, electronique commercial purposes, in microform, et/ou autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. this thesis. Neither the thesis Ni la these ni des extraits substantiels de nor substantial extracts from it celle-ci ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement may be printed or otherwise reproduits sans son autorisation. reproduced without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne Privacy Act some supporting sur la protection de la vie privee, forms may have been removed quelques formulaires secondaires from this thesis. ont ete enleves de cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires in the document page count, aient inclus dans la pagination, their removal does not represent il n'y aura aucun contenu manquant. any loss of content from the thesis. Canada 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Many thanks are due for the completion of this work. The Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada and the Ontario Graduate Scholarship Program provided the financial support that has made this study possible. I also owe much gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Jan Grabowski, who provided invaluable insight, constructive criticism, and encouragement throughout the research and writing process. I must thank the teaching staff and personnel of. the Department of History generally. Suzanne Dalrymple, Academic Assistant (Graduate Programs), was ready to provide her time whenever the need arose. Several individuals outside the University of Ottawa were also generous with their assistance. Among them, Barry Cottam, of Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, provided early inspiration and insight for the research process, directing me to key archival and primary sources. Of course, any errors or inaccuracies contained in the text of the present work remain solely those of the author. Finally, I must reserve the greatest gratitude for my fiancee, Sheila, my parents, Lloyd and Peggi, and my siblings, Carolyn, Mary Ann, and Jonathan, for their constant support, in this and all of life's endeavours. This thesis is dedicated to you. 3 ABSTRACT Alexander Morris (1826-1889) is best remembered for his service as Lieutenant-Governor of Manitoba and the North-West Territories (1872-1877), and for acting as the chief Canadian negotiator for Treaties 3-6 with the Amerindian peoples of western Canada. Ideologically speaking, Morris was a conservative, an imperialist, and a devout Christian. Historians have generally argued that Euro-Canadian officials like Morris failed to appreciate the significance of the treaties and the long-term reciprocal relationship that they entailed for Amerindian peoples. It is argued here, however, that Morris's understanding of the treaty relationship may have been much closer to the Amerindian perspective than previously believed. Over time, and through a series of interactions and intellectual exchanges with Amerindian leaders, Morris was able to transcend his social formation and empathize significantly with their viewpoint. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 6 I. Alexander Morris: his place in Canadian historiography 10 II. Early intellectual development 18 Early political convictions and identity 18 Religious beliefs and moral convictions 26 Early perceptions of indigenous peoples and a love of nature 31 III. Business interests and professional career to 1872 36 Land speculation 36 Legal career 43 IV. Political career and advocacy of North-West annexation 46 Developing the political platform 46 In office, 1861-1872 60 V. Land speculation and 'retirement' in the North-West 66 VI. Alexander Morris and the Numbered Treaties 70 VII. The Amerindian nations and the treaties 73 Amerindian diplomatic history and precedents 73 Oral record, Amerindian understanding 76 Amerindian pragmatic considerations 78 5 VIII. Alexander Morris as treaty negotiator 81 Euro-Canadian diplomatic history and precedents 83 Cross-cultural understanding 88 Treaty 3 92 Treaty 4 108 Treaty 5 124 Treaty 6 132 DC. Alexander Morris as Indian Affairs administrator 159 Taking on the role of Indian Affairs administrator 161 Problems with Provencher 163 The structure of Indian Affairs administration 166 Morris and the Sioux 173 Implementing Treaties 1 and 2: The 'outside promises' 179 Implementing Treaties 3-6 204 Removal from power 221 Treaty implementation - in brief 229 X. After the treaties 232 'Retirement' and ongoing interest in the North-West 233 The Treaties of Canada with the Indians 237 Conclusion 250 Bibliography 256 6 INTRODUCTION The ideological convictions of the individual are, to a significant extent, the product of social formation. The individual's capacity to transcend this social formation, and to think or act outside their time, is a subject of ongoing historical debate. In the case of nineteenth-century treaty-making between Canada and the Amerindian peoples of the North-West, for instance, historians have yet to reach consensus as to how far Euro-Canadian government treaty negotiators like Alexander Morris (1826-1889) were able to understand and empathize with the Aboriginal people they encountered. Historians have generally argued that treaty negotiations did not produce mutually- understood terms. Given their divergent world-views, the parties held irreconcilable conceptions of the meaning and significance of the treaties and the long-term relationship they entailed. The earliest treaty historiography asserted that the treaties had been made on the initiative of the Euro-Canadians, acting out of a sense of paternalism to protect the allegedly hapless Amerindian population. Until recently, non-Aboriginal historians traditionally portrayed the treaties as tragedies of history; land surrenders in exchange for paltry terms forced on Amerindians by the white negotiators of the Canadian government. Since the mid-1980s, however, ethno-historians, anthropologists, and social historians have emphasized Aboriginal agency, convincingly arguing that the Amerindians were not passive observers at the negotiating circle. Rather, the First Nations used treaty negotiations as a means to secure a promise from government for autonomy and a relationship of reciprocity. Encumbered with an allegedly incompatible world-view, however, Alexander Morris and Euro-Canadian negotiators in general failed to understand the deeper significance of the treaty relationship to which they had committed their government. 7 The newly established historiography has been crucial in providing an Aboriginal- centred perspective. One difficulty, however, is that it tends to reduce government officials to the category of "classic imperialist." Moreover, it operates on the assumption that little distinction need be made between the various officials like Morris, as their ideological convictions had limited their capacity to understand Aboriginal people. While the historiography provides the crucial structural and institutional contexts under which government officials operated, it does not capture the particular experiences of the individuals involved in shaping and applying the government's Amerindian policies. In other words, the unique contributions of certain key actors - and their potential capacity to demonstrate a degree of intellectual flexibility in their encounters with Aboriginal people - remain obscured. This work will focus on Alexander Morris's personal understanding of the significance of the treaty-making process
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Saskatchewan Discovery Guide
    saskatchewan discovery guide OFFICIAL VACATION AND ACCOMMODATION PLANNER CONTENTS 1 Contents Welcome.........................................................................................................................2 Need More Information? ...........................................................................................4 Saskatchewan Tourism Zones..................................................................................5 How to Use the Guide................................................................................................6 Saskatchewan at a Glance ........................................................................................9 Discover History • Culture • Urban Playgrounds • Nature .............................12 Outdoor Adventure Operators...............................................................................22 Regina..................................................................................................................... 40 Southern Saskatchewan.................................................................................... 76 Saskatoon .............................................................................................................. 158 Central Saskatchewan ....................................................................................... 194 Northern Saskatchewan.................................................................................... 276 Events Guide.............................................................................................................333
    [Show full text]
  • Final Report of the Program Evaluation of the Action Research for Mino-Pimaatisiwin in Erickson Schools, Manitoba
    Final Report of the Program Evaluation of the Action Research for Mino-Pimaatisiwin in Erickson Schools, Manitoba February 2020 Authors: Jeff Smith Karen Rempel Heather Duncan with contributions from: Valerie McInnes Final Report of the Program Evaluation of the Action Research for Mino-Pimaatisiwin in Erickson Schools, Manitoba February 2020 Submitted to: Indigenous Services Canada Rolling River School Division Erickson Collegiate Institute Erickson Elementary School Rolling River First Nation Submitted by: Karen Rempel, Ph.D. Director, Centre for Aboriginal and Rural Education Studies (CARES) Faculty of Education Brandon University Written by: Jeff Smith Karen Rempel Heather Duncan With contributions from: Valerie McInnes Table of Contents Action Research for Mino-Pimaatisiwin in Erickson Manitoba Schools Executive Summary 1 Introduction 4 Process 5 Context of the Evaluators 6 Evaluation Framework 7 Program Evaluation Question 7 Program Evaluation Methodology 8 Data Collection and Assessment Inventory 8 Student Surveys 8 School Context Teacher Interviews 8 Data collection and analysis 9 Organization of this Report 9 Part 1: Introduction 10 Challenges of First Nations, Métis and Inuit Education 10 Educational Achievement Gaps 11 Addressing Achievement Gaps 11 Context of Erickson, Manitoba Schools 12 Rolling River First Nation 12 Challenges for Erickson, Manitoba Schools in the Rolling River School Division 13 Cultural Proficiency: A Rolling River School Division Priority 13 Indigenization through the Application of Mino-Pimaatisiwin
    [Show full text]
  • The Obsolete Theory of Crown Unity in Canada and Its Relevance to Indigenous Claims
    Osgoode Hall Law School of York University Osgoode Digital Commons Articles & Book Chapters Faculty Scholarship 2015 The Obsolete Theory of Crown Unity in Canada and Its Relevance to Indigenous Claims Kent McNeil Osgoode Hall Law School of York University, [email protected] Source Publication: (2015) 20 Review of Constitutional Studies 1-29 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca/scholarly_works Part of the Indian and Aboriginal Law Commons Repository Citation McNeil, Kent, "The Obsolete Theory of Crown Unity in Canada and Its Relevance to Indigenous Claims" (2015). Articles & Book Chapters. 2777. https://digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca/scholarly_works/2777 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty Scholarship at Osgoode Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Articles & Book Chapters by an authorized administrator of Osgoode Digital Commons. The Obsolete Theory of Crown Unity in Canada and Its Relevance to Indigenous Claims Kent McNeil* This article examines the application of the L'uteur de cet article examine l'pplication theory ofthe unity ofthe Crown in Canada in de la theorie de Punite de la Couronne the context of Indigenous peoples. It reveals a au Canada dans le contexte des peuples consistent retreat by the courtsfrom acceptance autochtones. I rivile une retraite constante of the theory in the late nineteenth century to de la part des tribunaux de lipprobation de rejection ofit in the secondhalfofthe twentieth la theorie a la fin du dix-neuvidme sicle a century. This evolution ofthe theory' relevance, son rejet au cours de la deuxidme moiti du it is argued, is consistent with Canada federal vingtidme sidcle.
    [Show full text]
  • The 45Th President's Reception for Retirees
    THE UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA Volume Twenty-three, Issue One Retirees’Spring, 2019 The 45th President’s ReceptionNews for Retirees President Barnard has again agreed to address this April’s reception even though he spoke at the fall reception. (Commitments forced him to cancel an appearance at last April’s meeting.) If you are planning on attending this spring’s reception, you are asked to RSVP to Lynn Bohonos, Learning and Organizational Development, by Monday, April 1, 2018. You may telephone Lynn at 204-474-9124, or send her an email at: [email protected]. President Barnard addresses UMRA members at the fall, 2018 Reception. The next President’s Reception This past winter thirty-six U of for members of the University of M graduate students squared off Manitoba Retirees Association against each other on February (UMRA) is set for Saturday, April 26, 27 and 28 in three (3MT®) 13, at 2:00 pm in McLuhan Hall in 2019 heats. There were familiar UMSU on the Fort Garry campus. departments such as Social Work, The featured speakers again this Psychology, Fine Art and Law rep- spring will be selected winners of resented. But almost half the par- the (3MT®) competition. Three ticipants were from departments Minute Thesis (3MT®) challenges such as Biosystems Engineering graduate students to consolidate (4), Medical Microbiology and their ideas and research discover- Infectious Diseases (4), Physiology ies so that they can be presented and Pathophysiology (3) and concisely to a non-specialist audi- Kinesiology and Recreation ence, in three minutes or less. It’s Management. The speakers chosen exciting to watch, and learn about for the President’s Reception will what our innovative graduate stu- certainly be an eclectic mix.
    [Show full text]
  • Cluster 2: a Profound Ambivalence: First Nations, Métis, and Inuit Relations with Government
    A Profound Ambivalence: First Nations, Métis, and Inuit Relations with Government by Ted Longbottom C urrent t opiCs in F irst n ations , M étis , and i nuit s tudies Cluster 2: a profound ambivalence: First nations, Métis, and inuit relations with Government Setting the Stage: Economics and Politics by Ted Longbottom L earninG e xperienCe 2.1: s ettinG the s taGe : e ConoMiCs and p oLitiCs enduring understandings q First Nations, Métis, and Inuit peoples share a traditional worldview of harmony and balance with nature, one another, and oneself. q First Nations, Métis, and Inuit peoples represent a diversity of cultures, each expressed in a unique way. q Understanding and respect for First Nations, Métis, and Inuit peoples begin with knowledge of their pasts. q Current issues are really unresolved historical issues. q First Nations, Métis, and Inuit peoples want to be recognized for their contributions to Canadian society and to share in its successes. essential Questions Big Question How would you describe the relationship that existed among Indigenous nations and between Indigenous nations and the European newcomers in the era of the fur trade and the pre-Confederation treaties? Focus Questions 1. How did Indigenous nations interact? 2. How did First Nations’ understandings of treaties differ from that of the Europeans? 3. What were the principles and protocols that characterized trade between Indigenous nations and the traders of the Hudson’s Bay Company? 4. What role did Indigenous nations play in conflicts between Europeans on Turtle Island? Cluster 2: a profound ambivalence 2­7 Background Before the arrival of the Europeans, First Peoples were self-determining nations.
    [Show full text]
  • Fall & Winter 2010
    Fall 2010 THE WATERSHED OBSERVER Lake Winnipeg Foundation's 2010 Walk for Water Inside this issue: A very appreciative THANK YOU goes out to during, and after the event are varied. President’s Report 2 all those who participated in the fourth an- …thank you for preparing letters, ap- Red Zone II Forum 3 Current Achievements 4 nual Walk for Water events at Grindstone proaching sponsors, donating door Future Goals 5 Provincial Park, Matlock and Victoria Beach. prizes, putting up posters and roadside Walkathon coverage (cont’d) 6 Thank you to the 110 plus participants, who signs, carrying tables and equipment, Walkathon coverage (cont’d) 7 walked, ran, swam, biked, baked, played marshalling the event, registering the Photo Contest 2010 8 tennis, collected dona- participants, We are thrilled to announce a grand Walkathon Other Walkathon Activities 10 tions and pledges to deciphering total of $42,727.30 was raised over the summer MacRae Family Activities 11 support the projects the pledge thanks to the combined efforts of many committed Manitoba Hydro Kit 11 of the Lake Winnipeg forms, man- individuals and businesses. Reading Material Guide 12 Foundation. ning tables, The Garburator 13 feeding the Thank you to more than 30 volunteers who hordes, and handwriting hundreds of Membership Application 14 donated their time and energy to make the envelopes and tax receipts. One per- More Walkathon photos 14 event so enjoyable and successful. You are son in particular needs mention, and Storm Aftermath photos 15 too numerous to list, but your hard work that is John Heppenstall, who went and dedication behind the scenes and on above and beyond to ensure our 2010 the front lines were greatly appreciated.
    [Show full text]
  • Treaty 5 Treaty 2
    Bennett Wasahowakow Lake Cantin Lake Lake Sucker Makwa Lake Lake ! Okeskimunisew . Lake Cantin Lake Bélanger R Bélanger River Ragged Basin Lake Ontario Lake Winnipeg Nanowin River Study Area Legend Hudwin Language Divisi ons Cobham R Lake Cree Mukutawa R. Ojibway Manitoba Ojibway-Cree .! Chachasee R Lake Big Black River Manitoba Brandon Winnipeg Dryden !. !. Kenora !. Lily Pad !.Lake Gorman Lake Mukutawa R. .! Poplar River 16 Wakus .! North Poplar River Lake Mukwa Narrowa Negginan.! .! Slemon Poplarville Lake Poplar Point Poplar River Elliot Lake Marchand Marchand Crk Wendigo Point Poplar River Poplar River Gilchrist Palsen River Lake Lake Many Bays Lake Big Stone Point !. Weaver Lake Charron Opekamank McPhail Crk. Lake Poplar River Bull Lake Wrong Lake Harrop Lake M a n i t o b a Mosey Point M a n i t o b a O n t a r i o O n t a r i o Shallow Leaf R iver Lewis Lake Leaf River South Leaf R Lake McKay Point Eardley Lake Poplar River Lake Winnipeg North Etomami R Morfee Berens River Lake Berens River P a u i n g a s s i Berens River 13 ! Carr-Harris . Lake Etomami R Treaty 5 Berens Berens R Island Pigeon Pawn Bay Serpent Lake Pigeon River 13A !. Lake Asinkaanumevatt Pigeon Point .! Kacheposit Horseshoe !. Berens R Kamaskawak Lake Pigeon R !. !. Pauingassi Commissioner Assineweetasataypawin Island First Nation .! Bradburn R. Catfish Point .! Ridley White Beaver R Berens River Catfish .! .! Lake Kettle Falls Fishing .! Lake Windigo Wadhope Flour Point Little Grand Lake Rapids Who opee .! Douglas Harb our Round Lake Lake Moar .! Lake Kanikopak Point Little Grand Pigeon River Little Grand Rapids 14 Bradbury R Dogskin River .! Jackhead R a p i d s Viking St.
    [Show full text]
  • Medicine Wheels
    The central rock pile was 14 feet high with several cairns spanned out in different directions, aligning to various stars. Astraeoastronomers have determined that one cairn pointed to Capella, the ideal North sky marker hundreds of years ago. At least two cairns aligned with the solstice sunrise, while the others aligned with the rising points of bright stars that signaled the summer solstice 2000 years ago (Olsen, B, 2008). Astrological alignments of the five satellite cairns around the central mound of Moose Mountain Medicine Wheel from research by John A. Eddy Ph.D. National Geographic January 1977. MEDICINE WHEELS Medicine wheels are sacred sites where stones placed in a circle or set out around a central cairn. Researchers claim they are set up according to the stars and planets, clearly depicting that the Moose Mountain area has been an important spiritual location for millennia. 23 Establishing Cultural Connections to Archeological Artifacts Archeologists have found it difficult to establish links between artifacts and specific cultural groups. It is difficult to associate artifacts found in burial or ancient camp sites with distinct cultural practices because aboriginal livelihood and survival techniques were similar between cultures in similar ecosystem environments. Nevertheless, burial sites throughout Saskatchewan help tell the story of the first peoples and their cultures. Extensive studies of archeological evidence associated with burial sites have resulted in important conclusions with respect to the ethnicity of the people using the southeast Saskatchewan region over the last 1,000 years. In her Master Thesis, Sheila Dawson (1987) concluded that the bison culture frequently using this area was likely the Sioux/ Assiniboine people.
    [Show full text]
  • The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan | Details File:///T:/Uofrpress/Encyclopedia of SK - Archived/Esask-Uregina-Ca/Entr
    The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan | Details file:///T:/uofrpress/Encyclopedia of SK - Archived/esask-uregina-ca/entr... BROWSE BY SUBJECT ENTRY LIST (A-Z) IMAGE INDEX CONTRIBUTOR INDEX ABOUT THE ENCYCLOPEDIA SEARCH DEWDNEY, EDGAR (1835–1916) Welcome to the Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. For assistance in Edgar Dewdney was born in Bideford, Devonshire, England exploring this site, please click here. on November 5, 1835, to a prosperous family. Arriving in Victoria in the Crown Colony of Vancouver Island in May 1859 during a GOLD rush, he spent more than a decade surveying and building trails through the mountains on the If you have feedback regarding this mainland. In 1872, shortly after British Columbia’s entry entry please fill out our feedback into Confederation, he was elected MP for Yale and form. became a loyal devotee of John A. Macdonald and the Conservative Party. In Parliament he pursued the narrow agenda of getting the transcontinental railway built with the terminal route via the Fraser Valley, where he happened to have real estate interests. In 1879 Dewdney became Indian commissioner of the Edgar Dewdney. North-West Territories (NWT) with the immediate task of Saskatchewan Archives averting mass starvation and unrest among the First Board R-B48-1 Nations following the sudden disappearance of the buffalo. Backed by a small contingent of Indian agents and Mounted Police, he used the distribution of rations as a device to impose state authority on the First Nations population. Facing hunger and destitution, First Nations people were compelled to settle on reserves, adopt agriculture and send their children to mission schools.
    [Show full text]
  • A Selected Western Canada Historical Resources Bibliography to 1985 •• Pannekoek
    A Selected Western Canada Historical Resources Bibliography to 1985 •• Pannekoek Introduction The bibliography was compiled from careful library and institutional searches. Accumulated titles were sent to various federal, provincial and municipal jurisdictions, academic institutions and foundations with a request for correction and additions. These included: Parks Canada in Ottawa, Winnipeg (Prairie Region) and Calgary (Western Region); Manitoba (Depart- ment of Culture, Heritage and Recreation); Saskatchewan (Department of Culture and Recreation); Alberta (Historic Sites Service); and British Columbia (Ministry of Provincial Secretary and Government Services . The municipalities approached were those known to have an interest in heritage: Winnipeg, Brandon, Saskatoon, Regina, Moose Jaw, Edmonton, Calgary, Medicine Hat, Red Deer, Victoria, Vancouver and Nelson. Agencies contacted were Heritage Canada Foundation in Ottawa, Heritage Mainstreet Projects in Nelson and Moose Jaw, and the Old Strathcona Foundation in Edmonton. Various academics at the universities of Calgary and Alberta were also contacted. Historical Report Assessment Research Reports make up the bulk of both published and unpublished materials. Parks Canada has produced the greatest quantity although not always the best quality reports. Most are readily available at libraries and some are available for purchase. The Manuscript Report Series, "a reference collection of .unedited, unpublished research reports produced in printed form in limited numbers" (Parks Canada, 1983 Bibliography, A-l), are not for sale but are deposited in provincial archives. In 1982 the Manuscript Report Series was discontinued and since then unedited, unpublished research reports are produced in the Microfiche Report Series/Rapports sur microfiches. This will now guarantee the unavailability of the material except to the mechanically inclined, those with excellent eyesight, and the extremely diligent.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Alberta Perceptions and Parameters of Education As A
    University of Alberta Perceptions and Parameters of Education as a Treaty Right within the Context of Treaty 7 Sheila Carr-Stewart A thesis submitted to the Faculîy of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Educational Administration and Leadership Department of Educational Policy Studies Edmonton, Alberta spring 2001 National Library Bibliothèque nationale m*u ofCanada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographk Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395. nie Wellington Ottawa ON KIA ON4 Oîîawa ON K1A ON4 Canada Canada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sell reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/nlm, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantid extracts fkom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or othenirise de celle-ci ne doivent êeimprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation . In memory of John and Betty Carr and Pat and MyrtIe Stewart Abstract On September 22, 1877, representatives of the Blackfoot Confederacy, Tsuu T'ha and Stoney Nations, and Her Majesty's Govemment signed Treaty 7. Over the next century, Canada provided educational services based on the Constitution Act, Section 91(24).
    [Show full text]
  • Rupturing the Myth of the Peaceful Western Canadian Frontier: a Socio-Historical Study of Colonization, Violence, and the North West Mounted Police, 1873-1905
    Rupturing the Myth of the Peaceful Western Canadian Frontier: A Socio-Historical Study of Colonization, Violence, and the North West Mounted Police, 1873-1905 by Fadi Saleem Ennab A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of The University of Manitoba in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Department of Sociology University of Manitoba Winnipeg Copyright © 2010 by Fadi Saleem Ennab TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................ ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... iii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................. 1 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................... 8 Mythologizing the Frontier .......................................................................................... 8 Comparative and Critical Studies on Western Canada .......................................... 15 Studies of Colonial Policing and Violence in Other British Colonies .................... 22 Summary of Literature ............................................................................................... 32 Research Questions ..................................................................................................... 33 CHAPTER THREE: THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS ......................................... 35 CHAPTER
    [Show full text]