Strasburger's Plant Sciences
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Strasburger’s Plant Sciences Strasburgeria robusta Guill.; Strasburgeriaceae named after the founder of this book, Eduard Strasburger © Pete Lowry, Missouri Botanical Garden Andreas Bresinsky, Christian Ko¨rner, Joachim W. Kadereit, Gunther Neuhaus and Uwe Sonnewald Strasburger’s Plant Sciences Including Prokaryotes and Fungi With 1100 Figures and 63 Tables Andreas Bresinsky Gunther Neuhaus Botanical Institute Cell Biology University of Regensburg University of Freiburg Regensburg, Germany Freiburg, Germany Christian Ko¨rner Uwe Sonnewald Institute of Botany Department of Biology University of Basel Division of Biochemistry Basel, Switzerland Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg Erlangen, Germany Joachim W. Kadereit Institut fu¨r Spezielle Botanik und Botanischer Garten Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz Mainz, Germany Translation and Copyediting Alison Davies, Stuart Evans (Chapters 1–4, 9, 10) David and Gudrun Lawlor, Stuart Evans (Chapters 5–8) Christian Ko¨rner, Stuart Evans (Chapter 11) Christian Ko¨rner, Lea Streule (Chapters 12–14) Alison Davies, Garching, Germany David and Gudrun Lawlor, Harpenden, UK Stuart Evans, West Rainton, UK Lea Streule, Basel, Switzerland ISBN 978-3-642-15517-8 ISBN 978-3-642-15518-5 (eBook) ISBN 978-3-642-15519-2 (print and electronic bundle) DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-15518-5 Springer Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London This work is based on the 36th German language edition of Strasburger, Lehrbuch der Botanik, by Andreas Bresinsky, Christian Ko¨rner, Joachim Kadereit, Gunther Neuhaus, Uwe Sonnewald, published by Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg 2008. 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The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer ScienceþBusiness Media (www.springer.com) Preface Eduard Strasburger { *February 1, 1844, Warsaw – May 19, 1912, Bonn Founder of the Lehrbuch der Botanik fu¨r Hochschulen (Botany Textbook for Universities) (Photo by Dr. Wolfram Lobin/Uni Bonn) The last English translation of Strasburger’s Lehrbuch der Botanik fu¨r Hochschulen (Textbook of Botany for Universities) was published in 1976 (30th Ed.). Since then, six new German editions have been published and were partially translated into Italian, Spanish, Serbo-Croatian, Turkish, and Russian. Considering that plant sciences have developed and expanded considerably since 1976, and that six more German editions have tried to keep pace with these changes, a new English translation was long overdue. The present edition represents a balanced and comprehensive work on the plant sciences, the book’s trademark and particular strength. The inclusion of bacteria, archaea, and the various lineages referred to as fungi may not be justified from a phylogenetic perspective when dealing with plants, but is necessary considering the important evolutionary and ecological interactions between plants and these organisms. Strasburger’s Lehrbuch der Botanik fu¨r Hochschulen has been available for almost 120 years now. Starting with its first edition in 1894, the book has greatly influenced university teaching in Germany and neighboring countries, and its 36 editions also mirror the dynamic history of the plant sciences.The book was first founded by Eduard Strasburger and is still published under his name. From the beginning, it was a multi-author effort, and Strasburger himself invited his colleagues at the Botanical Institute of Bonn University as contributors to the first edition. Since that time more than 20 authors from a number of universities in three different countries contributed to the content. Although clearly all authors of the first and of later editions shaped the book, Strasburger as its founder deserves special recognition. In his honor, a New Caledonian tree, which is shown on page II, was named Strasburgeria. Eduard Strasburger studied the natural sciences in Paris, Bonn, and Jena, receiving his doctorate in Jena before completing his postdoctoral degree (‘‘Habilitation’’) in Warsaw in 1867. He was appointed professor of botany at the University of Jena in 1869, at the age of 25, and moved to Bonn University in 1881. Under his direction, the Botanical Institute at Poppelsdorf Palace established itself as an international center of botany. In 1894, together with his colleagues F. Noll, H. Schenck, and A.F.W. Schimper, he founded the Lehrbuch der Botanik fu¨r Hochschulen, in the past often simply referred to as the Bonner Lehrbuch. The Kleine Botanische Praktikum fu¨r Anfa¨nger (Short Botanical Practical for Beginners), which also appeared in multiple editions, and the somewhat more extensive Das Botanische Praktikum (Botanical Practical) have dominated microscopical laboratory work at universities for a long time. Strasburger’s research interests were primarily in plant ontogeny and cytology. He discovered that the central processes underlying nuclear division (formation, division, and movement of chromosomes) are the same in all eukaryotic organisms (1875), and he was the first to observe that fertilization in flowering plants requires the fusion of the male sperm nucleus with the female egg nucleus. From this he concluded that the cell nucleus must be the most important carrier of hereditary factors (1884). The Authors April 2013 Table of Contents Preface . .......................................................................... v List of Topical Insights ...............................................................ix List of Boxes . ....................................................................xi Volume 1 Introduction ................................................................... 1 Part I Structure . 11 Gunther Neuhaus 1 Molecular Basics: The Building Blocks of Cells . ...................................... 13 2 The Structure and Ultrastructure of the Cell .......................................... 39 3 The Tissues of Vascular Plants . ................................................. 129 4 Morphology and Anatomy of Vascular Plants . ..................................... 161 Part II Physiology . 237 Uwe Sonnewald 5 Physiology of Metabolism ....................................................... 239 6 Physiology of Development ..................................................... 411 7 Physiology of Movement . ....................................................... 531 8 Allelophysiology . ............................................................. 569 Volume 2 Part III Evolution and Systematics . 607 Joachim W. Kadereit . Andreas Bresinsky 9 Evolution . .................................................................. 609 10 Systematics and Phylogeny ...................................................... 665 viii Table of Contents Part IV Ecology . 1041 Christian Ko¨rner 11 Basics of Plant Ecology . ...................................................... 1043 12 Plant–Environment Interactions . ................................................ 1065 13 Ecology of Populations and Vegetation . .......................................... 1167 14 Vegetation of the Earth . ...................................................... 1217 Timeline ....................................................................... 1263 Sources . ....................................................................... 1267 Index . ....................................................................... 1273 List of Topical Insights Topical Insight 5.1: Galactolipids and Membrane Remodeling .............................. 370 Christoph Benning Topical Insight 5.2: Genetically Encoded Biosensors . ..................................... 407 Wolf B. Frommer Topical Insight 8.1: Host Targets of Bacterial Effectors .................................... 598 Mary Beth Mudgett Topical Insight 9.1: Homoploid Hybrid Speciation . ..................................... 656