Systems Definition Review X-Hab 2014 Vertical Habitat Layout Study Neutral Buoyancy Habitat Study University of Maryland
September 26, 2013
U N I V E R S I T Y O F Systems Definition Review MARYLAND X-Hab 2014 Team Structure • Faculty Mentor: Dr. David Akin • ENAE100 student project (Freshman/ Sophomore) – Initial neutral buoyancy experiments (5 students) • ENAE483/484 Capstone Design course (Seniors) – 42 students • Student volunteers – 6-8 SSL grad/undergrad student researchers (mentors, underwater test personnel) – 2 graduate volunteers – Other undergraduate volunteers as available • Total of 55+ students involved U N I V E R S I T Y O F Systems Definition Review X-Hab 2014 MARYLAND 2 Organization of ENAE 483/484 • ENAE 483 – Fall, 2013 – Lectures on space systems design – Five preliminary projects (10 teams of 4-5 each) • Systems Definition (completed 9/24) • Habitability and Life Support (due 10/15) • Power, Propulsion, and Thermal (due 11/5) • Loads, Structures, and Mechanisms (due 11/21) • Avionics, GN&C, and Communications (due 12/12) • ENAE 484 – Spring, 2014 – Single team with matrix organization – SDR, PDR, CDR, comprehensive final report – Strong focus on hardware development and experimental testing and evaluation U N I V E R S I T Y O F Systems Definition Review X-Hab 2014 MARYLAND 3 X-Hab 2014 Project Definition • Vision: Facilitate human deep-space exploration by providing insight into habitat design and its impact on crew performance • Goal: Evaluate a variety of internal habitat configurations in order to establish guidelines for layout design, validated in both 1g and appropriate micro/partial gravity simulations on Earth • Mission: Develop platforms and methodologies that will allow us to quantitatively evaluate habitat designs and perform habitability assessments
U N I V E R S I T Y O F Systems Definition Review X-Hab 2014 MARYLAND 4 X-Hab 2014 Project Objectives • Refit and upgrade existing habitat mockups in the Space Systems Laboratory’s Moonyard facility • Develop and test an underwater habitat mockup for both microgravity and partial gravity studies • Develop and implement detailed interior layouts • Rigorously compare habitat layouts and provide insight into habitat design • Provide correlation between realistic gravity simulation and 1g simulations for various aspects of habitat design and evaluation • Maximize opportunities for student involvement at all levels consistent with education objectives for associatedU N I V E R S I T courses Y O F Systems Definition Review X-Hab 2014 MARYLAND 5 2009: ECLIPSE Habitat and Moonyard
U N I V E R S I T Y O F Systems Definition Review X-Hab 2014 MARYLAND 6 2011: X-Hab Inflatable Habitat
U N I V E R S I T Y O F Systems Definition Review X-Hab 2014 MARYLAND 7 UMd Moonyard - Construction of HAVEN
U N I V E R S I T Y O F MARYLAND 8 Space Systems Laboratory 2012 X-Hab: CHELONIA Overview
U N I V E R S I T Y O F Systems Definition Review X-Hab 2014 MARYLAND 9 HAVEN Module Overview • Two story habitat module • Modular removable wall sections will enable reconfiguration of the habitat. • Multiple vertical hatch locations will enable a wider variety of layouts to be implemented. • 5m outer diameter due to ELV launch vehicle constraint and minimum facility volume of 168 m3
U N I V E R S I T Y O F Systems Definition Review X-Hab 2014 MARYLAND 10 UMd Neutral Buoyancy Research Facility
U N I V E R S I T Y O F Systems Definition Review X-Hab 2014 MARYLAND 11 Haven Initial Outfitting
U N I V E R S I T Y O F Systems Definition Review X-Hab 2014 MARYLAND 12 Habitability Evaluation • Goal: identify a rigorous process to define habitability • Construct parametric curves based on experimental evaluations of low to medium fidelity mock-ups for both 1g and underwater testing • Potential analytical tools – AHP(Analytic hierarchy process) – NASA TLX – Cooper Harper – Fitt’s Law derived evaluations • Extrapolate results to cover a broader spectrum of habitat configurations and dimensions
U N I V E R S I T Y O F Systems Definition Review X-Hab 2014 MARYLAND 13 ENAE483/484 vs. X-Hab • Both programs will focus on experimental investigation of habitat design • But... • ENAE 483/484 have pedagogical requirements as a capstone design sequence – Performing detailed design analysis (e.g., systems optimization, structural design, power and propulsion systems)... – ...in a mission context, with associated design tasks (e.g., system architecture, budgeting and scheduling, science integration) U N I V E R S I T Y O F Systems Definition Review X-Hab 2014 MARYLAND 14 Plan for Fall 2013 • ENAE 483 has five three-week sections broken into 11 teams of 4-5 students each • Today’s review incorporates products of Systems Design team output (received 9/24) • Next step is to perform synthesis to pull together products of all teams into single unified requirements document, SOW, etc. • Could not do this in ~48 hours since submission, so Team 5 products will be presented here as indicative of all teams
U N I V E R S I T Y O F Systems Definition Review X-Hab 2014 MARYLAND 15 System Architecture System Requirements Review
Definition The system will be a habitable ar ficial satellite posi oned in cislunar space outside the Van Allen radia on belts. It shall support a four-person crew in 30 day mission cycles.
Concept
The system will be launched in mul ple modules, assembled, and posi oned autonomously before being inhabited by humans. The system will support human opera ons for a nominal mission dura on of 30 days. Crew members will perform science experiments, conduct EVAs, and provide support for future lunar and deep space explora on missions.
Project Group 5 ENAE483: Principles of Space Systems Design 1 Primary Requirement System Requirements Review
All system requirements are ul mately derived from the primary system defini on:
Project Group 5 ENAE483: Principles of Space Systems Design 2 Top Level Requirements System Requirements Review
Project Group 5 ENAE483: Principles of Space Systems Design 3 Level Two: System System Requirements Review
Project Group 5 ENAE483: Principles of Space Systems Design 4 Crew Systems System Requirements Review
Project Group 5 ENAE483: Principles of Space Systems Design 5 Crew Systems System Requirements Review
Project Group 5 ENAE483: Principles of Space Systems Design 6 Propulsion & Comm System Requirements Review
Project Group 5 ENAE483: Principles of Space Systems Design 7 Mission Design & GNC System Requirements Review
Project Group 5 ENAE483: Principles of Space Systems Design 8 Structural & Mechanical System Requirements Review
Project Group 5 ENAE483: Principles of Space Systems Design 9 Structural & Mechanical System Requirements Review
Structural and Mechanical (cont.)
Project Group 5 ENAE483: Principles of Space Systems Design 10 Power & Thermal System Requirements Review
Project Group 5 ENAE483: Principles of Space Systems Design 11 Work Breakdown System Requirements Review
Cislunar)Space)Habitat)
01)Systems) 03)Habitat/ 05)Mission) 06)Test)and) 02)Launch) 04)Science) Engineering) System) OperaBons) EvaluaBon)
1.1)Project) 6.1)Neutral) 3.1)Structure) 5.1)Mission)Sys) Mgmnt) 2.1)Vehicle) 4.1)Experiments)) Buoyancy)Tests) and)Mechanics) Eng))
1.2)Risk)Mgmnt) 2.2)Trajectory) 3.2)Power) Subsystem) 4.2)EducaBon) 5.2)OperaBons) 6.2)Gravity)Tests) and)Procedure) and)Outreach) 1.3)Project) 2.3)ConBngency) 5.3)Ground)Data) Planning) 3.3)Avionics) Sys) Perform)Trade) Plan) Studies)
1.4)Subsystem) 3.4)Command) IntegraBon) and)Data) Handling)
3.5)Thermal)
3.6)Propulsion)
3.7)Human) Factors)
3.8)Habitat)Sys) Eng) Project Group 5 ENAE483: Principles of Space Systems Design 12 2: Launch System Requirements Review
Launch'
2.1'Vehicle' 2.2'Procedure' 2.3'Con2ngency'
2.1.1$Trade:$$ 2.2.1$Trade:$$ ELV'Op2on' Trajectory'
ELV$Op'on:"Choose"launch"vehicle"based"on"payload"mass,"faring"size"&"es:mated"cost" Trajectory:$Design"of"L1"trajectory"subject"to"mission"ΔV,"cost,"and":me"constraints"
Project Group 5 ENAE483: Principles of Space Systems Design28 13 3: Habitat Systems System Requirements Review
03 Habitat!
3.1 Structure and 3.2 Power 3.4 Command and Mechanics! Subsystem! 3.3 Avionics! Data Handling! 3.5 Thermal! 3.6 Propulsion! 3.7 Life Support! 3.8 Habitat Sys Eng!
3.3.1 3.4.1 Computer 3.6.1 Launch Vehicle 3.1.1 EVA! 3.2.1 Power Source! Telecommunications! System! 3.5.1 Cooling! Ejection! 3.7.1 Food!
3.1.2 Docking System! 3.2.2 Battery! 3.3.2 GN&C! 3.4.2 Hardware! 3.5.2 Heating! 3.6.2 ACS! 3.7.2 Water!
3.4.3 Data Network 3.7.3 Waste 3.1.3 Inner Layout! and Support! 3.6.3 Repositioning! Removal!
3.1.4 Outer Layout! 3.6.4 Fuel! 3.7.4 Restraints!
3.1.5 Storage 3.7.5 Contingency Facilities! Mode!
3.7.6 Hygiene!
3.7.7 Psychological Factors!
3.7.8 Oxygen and CO2!
Project Group 5 ENAE483: Principles of Space Systems Design29 14 3.1: Habitat Structure System Requirements Review
3.1$Habitat$ Structure$and$ Mechanics$
3.12$Docking$ 3.1.3$Inner$ 3.1.4$Outer$ 3.1.1$EVA$ System$ Layout$ layout$ 3.1.5$Storage$
RadiaMon$ Airlock$sys$ Room$layout$ protecMon$ Food$
Trade:$$$ Trade:$$ Trade:$RadiaMon$ ProtecMon$ Maintenance/$ Housekeeping$ Airlock$ Layout$ Material$
Trade:$ Space$suits/sys$ Materials$ Clothing$ $Windows$
Trade:$Size$and$ Trade:$Material$ Space$ Type$ Personal$Items$
Walls$ Design$ Design$
Trade:$$ Trade:$$ Trade:$$ Pressure$vessel$ Shape$ Size$
Trade:$$ Layout$Efficiency$ Project Group 5 ENAE483: Principles of Space Systems Design 15 3.1: Trade Studies System Requirements Review
Airlock: Choose an airlock system based on safety, cost, and feasibility Inner layout: What kind of “floor plan” is appropriate for the habitat? Windows: Maximize visibility without compromising structural integrity & shielding Size and space: How much space does a crew of 4 (and 8, during interchange) need? Pressure vessel: What shapes and sizes are feasible for the habitat? Radia on: How much shielding is needed, and how can mass and cost be minimized? Inflatable vs. Hard Shell: Analysis to determine which configura on suits the mission Orienta on: Will the habitat be ver cally or horizontally oriented? Storage & Layout: How much storage? Most efficient arrangement? Modular Design: How will modules berth with other modules, and what configura ons will be possible?
Project Group 5 ENAE483: Principles of Space Systems Design 16 3.3: Power, Avionics, C&DH System Requirements Review
3.4$Command$and$ 3.2$Power$ 3.3$Avionics$ Data$Handling$
3.3.1$ 3.4.1$Trade:$Amount$ 3.2.1$Power$source$ 3.2.2$Ba7ery$ Telecommunica>on$ 3.3.2$GN&C$ of$data$
Trade:$$ Trade:$ Trade:$Radio$ 3.4.2$Computer$ Guidance$ Power/solar$panels$ $Ba7ery$life$ requirements$ System$
Naviga>on$ 3.4.3$Hardware$
3.4.4$Data$Network$ Radio$ and$Support$
Iner>al$
Trade:$$ Nav$Sys$
Flight$Control$Sys$
Project Group 5 ENAE483: Principles of Space Systems Design 17 3.3: Trade Studies System Requirements Review
Power: How much power is required during crewed phase? Dormant phase? How will system power be provided?
Energy Storage: How much energy storage capacity is needed, and how will it be stored?
Radio requirements: What type of radio communica on equipment is needed?
Naviga on System: What is the best combina on of naviga on systems with respect to effec veness, coverage, cost, and ease of use?
Data: What kind of bandwidth will the system require during crewed and dormant opera ons?
Project Group 5 ENAE483: Principles of Space Systems Design 18 3.5/6 Thermal & Propulsion System Requirements Review
3.6$ 3.5$Thermal$ Propulsion$
3.6.3$ 3.5.1$Cooling$ 3.5.2$Hea:ng$ 3.6.1$Ejec:on$ 3.6.2$ACS$ 3.6.4$Fuel$ Reposi:oning$
Trade:$$ Trade:$$ Trade:$$ Trade:$$ Cooling$Type$ Solar$Heat$ Distance$ Fuel$Type$
Trade:$Crew$ Trade:$ Storage$ Interac:ons$ Refueling$
Project Group 5 ENAE483: Principles of Space Systems Design 19 3.5/6 Thermal & Propulsion System Requirements Review
Cooling Type: What type of cooling system is most efficient? How much do we need for a 30 day mission plus another 30 days of con ngency?
Hea ng: How can we use the sun’s heat effec vely in tandem with hea ng systems to minimize power consump on and avoid over-exposure to sun?
Ejec on: How far will the chosen EELV take us, and what systems are needed to safely separate from the payload faring?
Crew Interac ons: Is it be er to use Orion to take the crew to L1 or have the crew join the habitat in LEO and then travel to L1?
Fuel Type: How much fuel do we need? Decide which type of fuel is best based on cost, weight, specific impulse, thrust
Refueling: Is there a possibility of refueling? How would it be executed?
Project Group 5 ENAE483: Principles of Space Systems Design 20 3.7 Life Support System Requirements Review
3.7$Life$Support$
3.7.5$ 3.7.7$ 3.7.3$Waste$ 3.7.6$Personal$ 3.7.8$Oxygen$and$ 3.7.1$Food$ 3.7.2$Water$ 3.7.4$Restraints$ ConGngency$ Psychological$ Removal$ Hygiene$ CO2$ Mode$ Factors$
Trade:$Amount$ Trade:$ Trade:$$ Potable$ Escape$System$ Oxygen$tanks$ of$food$ Restraint$Sys$ Happiness$
Trade:$O2$ Storage$ Nonpotable$ Plans$ ConservaGon$
Recycling$System$ Safety$ CO2$Scrubbers$
Safety$
Project Group 5 ENAE483: Principles of Space Systems Design 21 3.7 Life Support System Requirements Review
Food: How much food is needed to support a 4 person crew for 60 days or an 8 person crew for 30 days.
Water: How much water is needed for the crew during a normal mission and a con ngency mission? What is the best way to recycle it?
Restraint Sys: Decide on a restraint based on safety, effec veness, space, and ambiance
Happiness: What is the most appealing layout for humans? What does the crew need to maintain morale?
O2 Conserva on: How much do we need for normal opera ons and con ngency opera ons? What is the best way to store it? How to conserve oxygen when the crew isn’t there
Project Group 5 ENAE483: Principles of Space Systems Design 22 4: Science System Requirements Review
04#Science#
4.2#Educa8on#and# 4.1#Experiments# Outreach#
4.1.1#Trade:# Experiments#
Trade Study: What kind of science could be conducted during a 30 day mission to the habitat? How does it differ from exis ng ISS capabili es?
Project Group 5 ENAE483: Principles of Space Systems Design 23 5/6: Operations & Testing System Requirements Review
06#Test#and# 05#Mission#Ops# Evalua/on#
5.1#Mission#Sys# 5.3#Ground#Sys# 5.2#Opera5ons# 6.1#Neutral# 6.2#Parabolic# 6.3#Trade# Eng# Ops# Buoyancy#Tests# Flight#Tests# studies#
Goal: Leverage exis ng SSL infrastructure to conduct neutral buoyancy tes ng of habitat designs
Determine op mal habitat configura on and limita ons of microgravity on crew systems design strategy
Project Group 5 ENAE483: Principles of Space Systems Design 24 Spacecra Overview
• Inflatable habitat capable of expanding by a factor of TBD from packaged-state to habitable-state • Includes on-board power systems, a tude control, and communica ons • Includes an airlock for EVA • Interface to TBD EELV, Orion Crew Module, and TBD service module Previous Spacecra Examined
Skylab MIR Salyut 7 Tiangong -1 ISS Genesis 1 BA 330 Deployment date Pressurized volume (m3) 319 350 90 15 837 11.5 330 Possible crew 3 3 3 3 6 0 6 Mass (metric ton) 77 130 20 8.5 450 1.3 20 Days occupied 171 4592 816 0 4697 0 0 Crew density 107 117 30 5 140 -- 55 (m3 per cap a) Spacecra Overview
• Main inflatable hull and solid airlock hull • Two NDS ports • One airlock hatch for EVA • Central column contains essen al sta on equipment Spacecra Dimensions
• 193 m3 main pressurized volume • 34.5 m3 airlock • 56 m3 per crew member Program Deliverables
Hardware • 1g mockups • Neutral buoyancy mockups • Microgravity mockups
ENAE 483/788D/484 Reviews • System Design Review • Preliminary Design Review • Cri cal Design Review Simula on Environments
University of Maryland Neutral Buoyancy Research Facility
• Cylindrical tes ng tank measuring 15m wide by 7.6m tall • Temperature controlled tes ng environment • Capable of night cycle simula on and tes ng • Equipped with mo on Qualisys mo on capture system Crew Accommoda ons
Trade Studies
All studies are to be evaluated against NASA STD-3000 • Crew quarters • Work envelopes • Food mass • Water reclama on system • Water mass • Food volume storage • Waste handling • Emergency plans Crew Work Envelope
• Environment must be capable of accommoda ng mul ple crewmembers without interference • Cri cal for crew health and safety • Improves sta on produc vity Airlock Sizing
• Non-inflatable structure • Designed as emergency safe area for radia on events • Fits 4 crew for normal opera ons • Can accommodate 8 in con ngency with 4.3 m3 per crew • Constrained using NASA STD-3000 X-Hab Program Plan Overview • Fall term 2013 – Start neutral buoyancy assessment activities (ENAE100 team) – Perform detailed design of habitat and extend to both 1g and NB simulations (ENAE483) – Order all materials and components for experimental testing (prior to end of Fall term) • Spring term 2014 – Fabricate and install mockups in Moonyard and NB – Perform detailed design of space habitat(s) – Perform extensive human factors testing U N I V E R S I T Y O F Systems Definition Review X-Hab 2014 MARYLAND 49 Open Issues • Details of neutral buoyancy testing – Does NASA want us to focus on workstation design or habitability studies? – Will NASA supply the NB hardware for workstation evaluation? Just the designs and we fabricate? • Does NASA want to provide a canonical habitat configuration, or is that in our trade space? • Relative focus on microgravity vs. lunar/Mars habitats? • Details of Boeing SIMAC standard docking interface? U N I V E R S I T Y O F Systems Definition Review X-Hab 2014 MARYLAND 50