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Historical Land Use Dataset of the Carpathian Region (1819–1980)

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Historical Land Use Dataset of the Carpathian Region (1819–1980) Journal of Maps ISSN: (Print) 1744-5647 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tjom20 Historical land use dataset of the Carpathian region (1819–1980) Juraj Lieskovský, Dominik Kaim, Pál Balázs, Martin Boltižiar, Mateusz Chmiel, Ewa Grabska, Géza Király, Éva Konkoly-Gyuró, Jacek Kozak, Katarína Antalová, Tetyana Kuchma, Peter Mackovčin, Matej Mojses, Catalina Munteanu, Krzysztof Ostafin, Katarzyna Ostapowicz, Oleksandra Shandra, Premysl Stych & Volker C. Radeloff To cite this article: Juraj Lieskovský, Dominik Kaim, Pál Balázs, Martin Boltižiar, Mateusz Chmiel, Ewa Grabska, Géza Király, Éva Konkoly-Gyuró, Jacek Kozak, Katarína Antalová, Tetyana Kuchma, Peter Mackovčin, Matej Mojses, Catalina Munteanu, Krzysztof Ostafin, Katarzyna Ostapowicz, Oleksandra Shandra, Premysl Stych & Volker C. Radeloff (2018) Historical land use dataset of the Carpathian region (1819–1980), Journal of Maps, 14:2, 644-651, DOI: 10.1080/17445647.2018.1502099 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2018.1502099 © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Informa View supplementary material UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group on behalf of Journal of Maps Published online: 21 Oct 2018. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 291 View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=tjom20 JOURNAL OF MAPS 2018, VOL. 14, NO. 2, 644–651 https://doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2018.1502099 Science Historical land use dataset of the Carpathian region (1819–1980) Juraj Lieskovský a,b, Dominik Kaim c, Pál Balázs d, Martin Boltižiara, Mateusz Chmielc, Ewa Grabskac, Géza Királye, Éva Konkoly-Gyuród, Jacek Kozakc, Katarína Antalováa, Tetyana Kuchmaf, Peter Mackovčing, Matej Mojsesa, Catalina Munteanuh,i,j, Krzysztof Ostafinc, Katarzyna Ostapowiczc, Oleksandra Shandrak, Premysl Stychl and Volker C. Radeloffh aInstitute of Landscape Ecology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Nitra, Slovakia; bSwiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland; cInstitute of Geography and Spatial Management, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland; dDepartment of Landscape Science and Rural Development, Institute of Forest Resource Management and Rural Development, Faculty of Forestry, University of Sopron, Sopron, Hungary; eInstitute of Geomatics, Forest Opening-up and Water Management, Faculty of Forestry, University of Sopron, Sopron, Hungary; fInstitute of Agroecology and Natural Management, Kyiv, Ukraine; gDepartment of Geography, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; hDepartment of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin– Madison, Madison, WI, USA; iLeibniz Institute of Agricultural Development in Transition Economies (IAMO), Halle (Saale), Germany; jGeography Department, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany; kGeographical Faculty, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine; lDepartment of Applied Geoinformatics and Cartography, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY We produced the first spatially explicit, cross-border, digital map of long-term (160 years) land Received 23 May 2017 use in the Carpathian Ecoregion, the Hungarian part of the Pannonian plains and the historical Revised 12 July 2018 region of Moravia in the Czech Republic. We mapped land use in a regular 2 × 2 km point grid. Accepted 16 July 2018 2 Our dataset comprises of 91,310 points covering 365,240 km in seven countries (Czechia, KEYWORDS Slovakia, Austria, Hungary, Poland, Ukraine and Romania). We digitized three time layers: (1) Landscape history; land use for the Habsburg period, we used maps of the second Habsburg military survey from years change; historic maps; 1819–1873 at the scale 1:28,800 and the Szatmari’s maps from years 1855–1858 at scale military topographic maps; 1:57,600; (2) The World Wars period was covered by national topographic maps from years forest; agriculture; grasslands 1915–1945 and scales here ranged between 1:20,000–1:100,000; and (3) the Socialist period was mapped from national topographic maps for the years 1950–1983 at scales between 1:25,000–1:50,000. We collected metadata about the years of mapping and map sources. We used a hierarchical legend for our maps, so that the land use classification for the entire region consisted of 9 categories at the most general level and of 22 categories depending on the period and a country. 1. Introduction and the input data. However, long-term land use data Eastern Europe experienced several major socio-econ- sources exist for the area of the former Habsburg omic transformations during the last two centuries: the Empire, where unique sets of military maps from the demise of the Habsburg Empire, two World Wars, the second half of the eighteenth century and the end of rise and fall of Socialism, and the eastward expansion the nineteenth century are available (Timár, Biszak, of the European Union. As such, the region represents Székely, & Molnár, 2010). They provide, together a great ‘natural experiment’ for land use scientists with the maps from the World Wars period and topo- (Alcantara, Kuemmerle, Prishchepov, & Radeloff, graphical maps from the Soviet era, valuable infor- 2012; Gutman & Radeloff, 2017; Skokanová, Falťan, mation about long-term land use development & Havlíček, 2016). Large-scale studies from the area (Munteanu et al., 2014; Skokanová et al., 2012). We are limited by availability of land use data and are com- present those digitized maps as a unique source monly based on remote sensing sources which provide material for studies long-term land use change in the land cover and land use information only since the region. second half of the twentieth century (Feranec, Jaffrain, The aim of the paper is to present and make available Soukup, & Hazeu, 2010; Griffiths, Müller, Kuemmerle, information about land use from digitized historical & Hostert, 2013; Prishchepov, Müller, Dubinin, Bau- maps of the Carpathian area (here defined as the mann, & Radeloff, 2013). Despite the availability of Carpathian mountains and the Pannonian plain) from long-term large-scale modeled data (Fuchs, Herold, three time periods: (1) Habsburg period (maps from Verburg, & Clevers, 2013), their reliability remains 1819–1873), (2) World Wars period (maps from 1923– uncertain and depends on the quality of the model 1945), (3) Socialist period (maps from 1950–1980). CONTACT Juraj Lieskovský [email protected] Institute of Landscape Ecology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Nitra, Slovakia; Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group on behalf of Journal of Maps This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. JOURNAL OF MAPS 645 2. Methods populated and important parts of the Empire it is between 25 and 100 meters (Pavelková et al., 2016; 2.1. Study area Timár et al., 2010). The boundary of the study area follows maps avail- The Szathmári’s maps, named after the lithographer ability, natural boundaries (the Carpathian mountains Szathmári Pap Károly, were published in 1864. These and Pannonian plain) and boundaries of former and color maps were based on the Austrian survey of Wala- current socio-economic regions. In Poland and chia carried out between 1855 and 1858. The map set Ukraine, the study region is bounded by northern contains 112 sheets at a scale of 1:57,600 (Bartos- and north-eastern boundary of the Carpathian moun- Elekes, Timár, Imecs, & Magyari-Sáska, 2013). The tain range. The Romanian part corresponds to histori- legend of the Szathmári’s map contains 38 symbols. cal Transylvania (the eastern part of the Habsburg The World Wars period was mapped from 10 differ- Empire), and includes the eastern part of the Car- ent map sets (Table 1) spanning the years 1922 to 1944. pathian mountains. Hungary represents the southern After the first World War, the Habsburg empire was part of our study area. The western part in Austria cor- split and new countries emerged. The regimes and responds to the historical border of the Hungarian boundaries were changing and the areas were mapped Habsburg Empire. In the Czech Republic, the north- according to new military demands. The most complex eastern part of the study area is bounded by former situation was in Czechoslovakia. The preliminary Moravia Margraviate. (Beneš) maps and Definitive (Křovák) maps were mapped by the Military Geographic Institute in Prague before the Second World War. Both map sets were 2.2. Sources of historical maps detailed and up-to-date. Because of the slow speed of For mapping the Habsburg period, we used the maps of mapping, only a small area was covered by the Prelimi- Second Habsburg Military Survey (later Second Mili- nary (Beneš) maps (Mackovčin & Jurek, 2015). The tary Survey) that covered the largest proportion of definitive (Křovák) maps were with the support of the area (Table 1) and Szathmári’s map that covered aerial photographs in some areas. The spatial error of the Southern Romanian Carpathians. The Second Mili- Křovák maps is less than 1 m (Mackovčin, 2014). tary Survey was ordered by Kaiser Franz I in the year The revised Topographic special
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