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Ethnic-Identity Intensity As a Moderator of the Technology Acceptance Model and Its Antecedents Marcus Anthony Alexander Iowa State University

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Ethnic-Identity Intensity As a Moderator of the Technology Acceptance Model and Its Antecedents Marcus Anthony Alexander Iowa State University Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2008 Ethnic-identity intensity as a moderator of the Technology Acceptance Model and its antecedents Marcus Anthony Alexander Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Computer Sciences Commons, Industrial Engineering Commons, Race and Ethnicity Commons, and the Race, Ethnicity and Post-Colonial Studies Commons Recommended Citation Alexander, Marcus Anthony, "Ethnic-identity intensity as a moderator of the Technology Acceptance Model and its antecedents" (2008). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 15676. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/15676 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Ethnic-identity intensity as a moderator of the Technology Acceptance Model and its antecedents by Marcus Anthony Alexander A dissertation submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major: Human-Computer Interaction Program of Study Committee: Anthony M. Townsend, Major Professor George A. Jackson Russell N. Laczniak Patricia Leigh Brian Mennecke Kevin P. Scheibe Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2008 Copyright © Marcus Anthony Alexander, 2008. All rights reserved. 3307103 3307103 2008 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES.......................................................................................................................................vii LIST OF FIGURES..................................................................................................................................... xv ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................................. xx CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................. 1 OVERVIEW .................................................................................................................................................. 1 PURPOSE ..................................................................................................................................................... 1 THE ORIGIN OF THE CONCEPT OF DIGITAL DIVIDE ........................................................................................ 2 Digital Exclusion.................................................................................................................................... 3 The Digital Divide as an Issue of Socio-Economic Division................................................................... 12 The Digital Divide is Not an Issue of Access, but Use............................................................................ 13 The Digital Divide Begins in the home Environment, Highly Influenced by Parents ............................... 15 WHY STUDY THE DIGITAL DIVIDE.............................................................................................................. 17 The Digital Divide is Growing Larger................................................................................................... 19 There is a Need for a Different Research Approach to Studying the Digital Divide ............................... 20 Must Include Ethnicity in Digital Divide Research ................................................................................ 22 Need for Digital Diversification............................................................................................................ 24 Must Eradicate the Digital Divide......................................................................................................... 25 Bridging the Digital Divide Requires More........................................................................................... 26 Digital Divide Deniers.......................................................................................................................... 27 SUMMARY TABLE...................................................................................................................................... 28 SUMMARY................................................................................................................................................. 30 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW.................................................................................................... 32 OVERVIEW ................................................................................................................................................ 32 iii RACE AND TECHNOLOGY PARTICIPATION IN THE DIGITAL DIVISION - GENERAL MOTIVATIONAL RACE DIFFERENCES ............................................................................................................................................ 32 RACE VS. ETHNICITY / RACIAL-IDENTITY VERSUS ETHNIC-IDENTITY........................................................... 39 ETHNIC-IDENTITY AS A FUNCTION OF SOCIAL IDENTITY AND ITS CORRELATION TO SELF- EFFICACY ............ 42 ETHNIC-IDENTITY AS A FUNCTION OF SOCIAL IDENTITY AND ITS CORRELATION TO TECHNOLOGY ............... 45 TECHNOLOGY ACCEPTANCE MODEL .......................................................................................................... 55 TAM, Antecedents and Extensions......................................................................................................... 57 EXTENDED TAM MODEL ........................................................................................................................... 64 RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND HYPOTHESES .................................................................................................. 65 Classic TAM.....................................................................................................................................................67 Symbolic and Functional Utilities .....................................................................................................................67 Self-Efficacy.....................................................................................................................................................70 Ethnic-Identity..................................................................................................................................................72 SUMMARY................................................................................................................................................. 74 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY............................................................................................................... 75 OVERVIEW ................................................................................................................................................ 75 MEASURES ................................................................................................................................................ 75 Ethnic-Identity...................................................................................................................................... 75 Measures Considered for Ethnic Identity...........................................................................................................75 Multigroup Ethnic-Identity Measure .................................................................................................................77 Ease of Use Construct .......................................................................................................................... 78 Technical Self-Efficacy Measures ......................................................................................................... 79 Trait Efficacy ...................................................................................................................................................79 State Efficacy ...................................................................................................................................................79 Usefulness Construct............................................................................................................................ 80 Symbolic Utility................................................................................................................................................81 Functional Utility.............................................................................................................................................82 SAMPLE SIZE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH ................................................................................... 83 iv PROCESS ................................................................................................................................................... 85 ANALYSIS ................................................................................................................................................. 86 PROBLEMS AND LIMITATIONS .................................................................................................................... 87 PROPOSED SURVEY INSTRUMENT ..............................................................................................................
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