DOCSLIB.ORG

KPMG Project Stella, Report for Latvia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
KPMG Project Stella, Report for Latvia Hover here to view any country-specific LATVIA adjustments Choose country from the dropdown list to customise view Country LATVIA 2.3bn 0.5bn 19.5% €61m cigarettes consumed 0.0bn on 2017 C&C cigarettes consumed 0.0bn on 2017 of total consumption was C&C -1.6%pts on 2017 total tax revenue lost from C&C 1m on 2017 C&C continued to decline in 2018; however, at 19.5% it remains the third highest in this Two thirds of total inflows originated from neighbouring Belarus. Given the size of the The region Latgale, which borders Belarus, had the highest regional C&C share. study. inflow to Latvia and the limit of two packets per person for travellers when crossing the border, the majority of this flow is illicit. Total consumption has remained stable in 2018 suggesting that consumers are switching from non-domestic back to Latvian cigarettes. Total consumption, 2014-18 (bn cigarettes) Manufactured cigarette C&C volumes and share of overall cigarette C&C breakdown by type, 2014-2018 (bn cigarettes) consumption, 2014-2018 30.0% 2.56 29.3% 26.7% 0.75 2.52 2.45 ) s 2.28 2.31 e 0.67 t t 22.6% n 0.75 0.67 0.55 e 0.60 21.1% r o 0.45 i t 0.48 a 19.5% 0.55 p g 0.02 0.04 0.04 i 20.0% 0.01 c 0.03 m 0.48 u 0.45 n s 0.53 o i 0.40 n l 0.75 l i 0.67 o 0.45 c b ( f 0.55 o e 0.42 1.80 1.82 1.85 1.76 1.82 0.48 0.45 10.0% 0.34 0.31 m % u 0.20 l o V 0.20 0.16 0.00 0.0% 0.09 0.10 0.10 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Counterfeit & Contraband (C&C) C&C as a % of consumption Counterfeit Illicit Whites Other C&C Notes: (1) Latvian LDS total was taken from the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Latvia Sources: KPMG EU flows model 2014-2018; travel data taken from World Travel Organisation statistics © 2019 KPMG LLP, a UK limited liability partnership and a member firm of the KPMG network of independent member firms affiliated with KPMG International Cooperative (“KPMG International”), a Swiss entity. All rights reserved. The KPMG name and logo are registered trademarks or trademarks of KPMG International. Hover here to view any country-specific LATVIA adjustments Choose country and flow type from the dropdown list to customise view Country LATVIA Key Inflows and Outflows from LATVIA, 2018 (bn cigarettes) Breakdown of Total Consumption, 2014-2018 (bn cigarettes) Weighted average price in LATVIA: €3.20 (5.68% change from 2017) 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Legal Domestic Sales (LDS) 1.860 1.915 1.947 1.886 1.940 Outflows -0.063 -0.092 -0.097 -0.123 -0.119 Legal Domestic Consumption (LDC) 1.797 1.823 1.851 1.763 1.821 Non-Domestic Legal (ND(L)) 0.014 0.021 0.045 0.033 0.040 Counterfeit & Contraband (C&C) 0.749 0.671 0.552 0.481 0.451 Total Non-Domestic 0.764 0.692 0.593 0.514 0.491 Total Consumption 2.560 2.515 2.444 2.276 2.312 Total inflows by country, 2014-2018 (bn cigarettes) Finland €6.70 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Belarus 0.505 0.467 0.408 0.343 0.324 Estonia Origin: Russia €3.55 Duty Free Labelled 0.006 0.013 0.013 0.014 0.039 €1.53 Counterfeit 0.028 0.064 0.045 0.037 0.037 0.000 0.005 0.010 0.014 0.032 Duty Free Labelled Ukraine Belarus Russia 0.208 0.121 0.085 0.051 0.027 €0.59 Other 0.016 0.022 0.031 0.054 0.032 Total Inflows 0.764 0.692 0.593 0.514 0.491 Ukraine €0.93 Total outflows by country, 2014-2018 (bn cigarettes) 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 © 2019 Mapbox © OpenStreetMap Estonia -0.007 -0.003 -0.015 -0.029 -0.030 Finland -0.006 -0.009 -0.004 -0.017 -0.017 Map shows major flows. Countries which are both a source and a destination are coded according to the larger flow. Sweden -0.006 -0.007 -0.012 -0.017 -0.011 Flow Colours Country Colours UK -0.010 -0.030 -0.022 -0.015 -0.008 Country label format: -0.003 -0.001 -0.008 -0.001 -0.008 Inflow to Country of Study Country of Study Source France Country Name Other -0.032 -0.041 -0.035 -0.044 -0.045 (Average price per pack) Outflow from Country of Study Destination Total Outflows -0.063 -0.092 -0.097 -0.123 -0.119 Notes: (1) Latvian LDS total was taken from the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Latvia Sources: KPMG EU flows model 2014-2018; travel data taken from World Travel Organisation statistics Hover here to view any country-specific LATVIA adjustments Country Type Select country and type to customise view LATVIA C&C C&C% by region C&C by country of origin, 2014-2018 (bn cigarettes) C&C by brand, 2014-2018 (bn cigarettes) 0.75 0.75 0.008 0.028 0.005 0.67 0.67 0.017 0.064 0.204 0.002 0.55 0.367 0.55 0.005 0.118 0.045 0.275 0.000 0.003 0.48 0.48 0.005 0.45 0.45 0.083 0.037 0.197 0.037 0.034 Vidzeme 0.009 Pieriga 0.011 0.037 0.007 0.152 0.042 0.010 0.015 0.154 0.016 0.008 0.013 0.031 0.101 0.039 0.015 Riga 0.132 0.035 Kurzeme 0.027 0.505 0.034 0.465 0.171 0.407 0.151 0.131 0.107 0.341 0.322 0.142 Latgale Zemgale 0.137 0.137 0.148 0.129 0.094 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Other Ukraine OTHER NZ Counterfeit Belarus MINSK IWs:no country-specific label WINSTON © 2019 Mapbox © OpenStreetMap Russia PREMIER Notes: (1) Latvian LDS total was taken from the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Latvia Sources: KPMG EU flows model 2014-2018; travel data taken from World Travel Organisation statistics Hover here to view any country-specific LATVIA adjustments Country Type Select country and type to customise view LATVIA ND(L) ND(L)% by region ND(L) by country of origin, 2014-2018 (bn cigarettes) ND(L) by brand, 2014-2018 (bn cigarettes) 0.045 0.045 0.040 0.040 0.005 0.007 0.033 0.003 0.033 0.025 0.026 0.003 0.003 0.005 0.005 0.009 Vidzeme 0.004 Pieriga 0.015 0.002 0.021 0.021 0.006 0.002 Riga 0.001 0.002 0.009 0.004 0.002 0.001 0.011 Kurzeme 0.004 0.014 0.014 0.012 0.001 0.007 0.001 0.000 0.005 0.006 0.0001 0.002 0.005 0.000 0.003 0.004 0.008 Latgale 0.008 0.002 0.008 Zemgale 0.005 0.008 0.011 0.002 0.001 0.012 0.009 0.000 0.000 0.009 0.003 0.004 0.004 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.001 0.001 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Other Duty Free Labelled OTHER MARLBORO Estonia Russia L&M WINSTON Belarus CHESTERFIELD © 2019 Mapbox © OpenStreetMap Lithuania ROUTE 66 Notes: (1) Latvian LDS total was taken from the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Latvia Sources: KPMG EU flows model 2014-2018; travel data taken from World Travel Organisation statistics.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Politics and Government in Baltic States
    Introduction – Historical and cultural background Part II Lecturer: Tõnis Saarts Institute of Political Science and Public Administration Spring 2009 Baltic region in the 17th century • Despite Swedish and Polish rule, Baltic German nobility retained their privileges. • In the 15th century serfdom was introduced, in the 17- 18th century serfdom became even harsher (Elbe-line). • Positive influence of Swedish rule – education village schools literacy, Tartu University 1632. Oldest university in the region Vilnius University 1579 • After the 16th century main trade routes moved to Atlantic turning point for the CEE. The region began to lag behind from Western Europe. • 16th century heydays of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. 17th century decline. • Declining of Tallinn and Riga as trade centres Swedish domain Russian conquest • Russian interest: Baltics as a window to Europe – trade and communication with Western Europe. • 1700-1721 Great Nordic War between Russia and Sweden. Peter The Great conquered all Swedish possessions (Estonia, Northern Latvia to Daugava +Riga; Latgale+Courland remained to Polish hands). • Nordic War as a big economic and social catastrophe plague, economic decline intensified even more. • “Special Baltic Order”: – Baltic German nobility retained its political power. – Russian Empire was not allowed to settle here immigrants – Should accepted protestantism and German cultural domination • 3 partitions of Poland (1772, 1792, 1795) - with third partition Russia got Courland+Lithuania. Russian Conquest 1721 Partition of Poland The region with a common destiny! • Only since the end of the 18th century we can speak about the Baltic region as a region what has a common destiny. • Before there was little common in the history of Lithuania and Estonia/Latvia! • Before the 18th century quite few contacts with Russian culture and Ortodox civilization.
    [Show full text]
  • Path Dependency and Landscape Biographies in Latgale, Latvia: a Comparative Analysis
    Europ. Countrys. · 3· 2010 · p. 151-168 DOI: 10.2478/v10091-010-0011-7 European Countryside MENDELU PATH DEPENDENCY AND LANDSCAPE BIOGRAPHIES IN LATGALE, LATVIA: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS Anita Zarina1 Received 30 September 2010; Accepted 15 October 2010 Abstract: This paper focuses on the path dependency of landscapes in Latgale, Latvia from the present perspective at the regional and local scale. During the last centuries Latvia’s landscapes have passed through radical changes, which were driven by political events. Each new political era discarded the ideas of the previous era and subsequently reorganized the land(scape) according to the new views. At the regional level the role of history is significant in analyzing landscapes while at the local level the main force is people, often themselves not knowing the history of the place but putting the existing path dependency into practise or disregarding it. The biographies of two former villages are discussed: one which is nearly deserted but filled with forgotten or neglected cultural heritage values and the other – alive and interwoven with some old (almost forgotten) cultural practises. Path dependency in landscapes is relevant only regarding the attachment of people to a place and the experience on which their further desires are based. Key words: Landscape biographies, landscape change, Latgale, path dependency Rezumējums: Raksta pamatā ir pēctecīguma (path dependence) izpausmes Latgales ainavā reģionālā un lokālā mērogā no šodienas skatupunkta. Pēdējo gadsimtu laikā Latvijā ir notikušas dramatiskas ainavas pārmaiņas, to galvenie rosinātāji – politisko varu maiņas. Katra jaunā politiskā ēra veidoja jaunas ainavas saskaņā ar tās ideoloģiju un idejām. Rakstā tiek diskutēts, ka reģionāla mēroga ainavas studijas ir cieši saistītas ar vēstures izpratni un tās lomu, kamēr lokālā mērogā galvenie ainavas veidotāji ir cilvēki un to darbības, kuri bieži vien pat neapzinās vietas/reģiona vēsturi, bet praktizē vai ignorē daudzas paražas vai telpiskās struktūras pēctecības ainavā.
    [Show full text]
  • Latvia Subnational
    The Situation of Children and Young People at the Regional Level in Latvia Prepared by Latvia Country Statistical Team Co-ordinator: Edmunds Vaskis Central Statistical Bureau, Riga MONEE Country Analytical Report November 2004 The project to monitor the impact of economic and social change on children in Eastern and Central Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States (MONEE) was initiated at the UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre in 1992. The project seeks to monitor, analyse and disseminate information on economic and social trends affecting children’s rights and wellbeing in countries in the region. A key feature of the Project is a network of correspondents in the 27 National Statistical Offices (NSOs). On an annual basis these correspondents complete an extensive data template which in turn is used for calculating indicators, supporting research of the project and, in due course, being made publicly available as the TransMonee database and in tables and graphs of the Innocenti Social Monitor. For a number of years, each participating NSO prepared a Country Analytical Report based on extensive outline from UNICEF IRC on a different theme on the situation of children every year. These analytical reports have provided valuable input into the research at UNICEF IRC and, as significantly, have also served as important national documents on monitoring aspects of child wellbeing in the countries. Some of these Country Analytical Reports have been issued by the NSOs (in the national language) as part of their publication programme. UNICEF IRC attaches great value to these national assessments of the situation of children and is committed to promote the efforts, including through translating the reports into English (where the submitted report has been in Russian) and offering its website to make them accessible to a wider research audience.
    [Show full text]
  • REZEKNE: Latgale Last Updated Tuesday, 21 May 2013 23:14
    REZEKNE: Latgale Last Updated Tuesday, 21 May 2013 23:14 Alternate names: Rēzekne [Latv], Rositten [Ger], Rezhitsa and Режица [Rus], Rezhitse and 'N, 27°19 '56°30 רעזיצע[Ryezhitsa ,Režica ,[Est] Räisaku ,[Lith] Rėzeknė ,[Pol] Rzeżyca ,[Yid. E , In E Latvia, 52 miles NE of Daugavpils (Dvinsk), 11 miles SW of Simala. Now the center of the Latgale region of eastern Latvia, Rezekne was part the Russian expansion as Rezhitsa and was in the Vitesbk Guberniya. Built on seven hills, Rēzekne is 63 km west of the Latvian-Russian border at the intersection of the Moscow - Riga and Warsaw - Saint Petersburg Railways. 1900 Jewish population: 6,478. - JOWBR: burial list - Pinkas HaKehilot, Latvia and Estonia (1988), p. 233: "Rezekne" - JewishGen Latvia SIG - Rezekne Shtetlink: Located in central eastern Latvia in the section known as Latgale near the intersection of the Lenigrad-Warsaw, Moscow-Wentapelis railway junction. Alternate name: German is Rositten, Russian is Rezhitsa, and Yiddish is Rezhitse, Rezehne, Rezhitza, Rezitza, Rjeshiza, Rjetschiza, and Rzezyca. Culturally German Jewish, Lithuanian, and Belarussian, the Jewish community was founded in the late eighteenth century. Jews expelled from the neighboring village of Makashani (18 km away) took their Aron Kodesh to the "Brick Study-Hall" in 1786 making the Jewish population about five hundred or 75% of the total. Before the Rezekne Jewish cemetery was consecrated, people were buried in the old cemetery in Makashani , the burial place of many rabbis and zaddiks until the 1880's. Makashani cemetery was tended up to the late 1930's. Jewish population: 1815 was 1,072 ( 90%) and 1847 was 542 Jews.
    [Show full text]
  • Latgales + 371 648661262; 29359242
    tulkota A. Puškina drāma “Boriss Godunovs”. beigās pēc tā paša arhitekta projekta tapa nedzimušajiem bērniem (pēdējā – baznīcas Godinot dzejnieka devumu, 1964. g. muižas romantiskā stilā veidotais ainavu parks pagrabā), Krusta kapelu, Fatimas Dievmātes pārvaldnieka mājā ir izveidota ekspozīcija (viens no pirmajiem Latvijā). Pilī izvietots godam veltīto grotu ar Fatimas ganiņu “Raiņa ģimnāzijas un studiju gadi”. Atjauno- Varakļānu novada muzejs. skulptūrām, Rožukroņa dārzu, draudzes tajā muižas govju kūtī apskatāmi Latgales + 371 648661262; 29359242. aizbildņa sv. Erceņģeļa Miķeļa skulptūru u.c. podnieku darbi. Jasmuižu vērts apmeklēt Ekskursija iepriekš jāpiesaka. Dzejas dienu vai cepļa atvēršanas (jūnijā un 28. Viļānu Sv. Erceņģeļa Miķeļa Romas + 371 64662413. Klosteris nav pieejams augustā) laikā. + 371 65329313; 29487589. katoļu baznīca un Sv. Alberta klosteris. apmeklētājiem. LATGALE 1753. gadā ar barona Miķeļa Rika gādību 25. Preiļu muiža. Muižas pils būvniecību uzsāka baznīcas un klostera celtniecību. 29. Franča Trasuna muzejs “Kolnasāta”. Loba dīna Latgolā! (grāfu Borhu dzimtas īpašums) uzsāka 19. gs. Dievnamā (viens no skaistākajiem Latgalē) Meklējama Sakstagalā. Fr. Trasuns (1864. – Pa Latgales vēsturisko novadu sākumā, bet pabeidza sešas desmitgades sākotnēji bija 9 altāri. Tagad baznīcas 1926.) bija Latgales atmodas “celmlauzis” vēlāk. Padomju laikā pilī izvietoja dažāda centrālo altāri grezno astoņas kolonnas. un kultūras darbinieks, valstsvīrs un garīdz- Maršruta pamatgaita: Rēzekne – Ludza – Pilda – Stoļerova – tipa iestādes, līdz 1978. g. izcēlās Kreisajā jomā novietots Jēzus Sirds altāris, nieks. 1992. g. viņa dzimtajās mājās izveidoja Kaunata – Andrupene – Dagda – Jaunaglona – Aglona – ugunsgrēks, kā rezultātā cieta ēkas augšējā labajā – Jēzus Kristus ciešanu altāris ar 18. gs. muzeju. To vērts iepazīt gida pavadībā, kas Aizkalne – Preiļi – Dekšāres – Varakļāni – Viļāni – Rēzekne daļa. Pils nav atjaunota un apskatāma no izgatavotu koka krucifiksu, kam piedēvē izstāstīs arī par novadnieku Jāni Klīdzēju ārpuses.
    [Show full text]
  • Territorial Patterns and Relations in Latvia
    Territorial fiche Territorial patterns and relations in Latvia Demography and population Sustainability and spatial management Physical and digital accessibility Economy and innovations Interactive version: www.espon.eu/latvia Introductory remarks The content of the following overview is a summary of research results from different thematic applied research projects under the ESPON 2020 programme. As a consequence, most indicators and analyses are not based on most recent data but represent the data availability at the time when the research was undertaken. Only in a few cases, for some rather basic indicators that could easily be reproduced, more up-to-date information was used. It is therefore important to note that this overview is mainly a collection of available findings with different time stamps and not an up-to-date, comprehensive analysis. Its main goal is to showcase the wide range of ESPON research and, by zooming-in on a specific country, to raise interest for the scientific results at a more national and even regional scale. 1 Demography and population | Sustainability and spatial management | Physical and digital accessibility | Economy Demography and population Demographic changes Net migration Higher education Foundations of well-being Latvia has almost 1.9 million inhabitants. The largest concentration of people is found in and around the port and capital city of Riga (ca. 630,000 inhabitants). There are also small agglomerations scattered throughout the country (68.3% of total population (2020) live in urban areas). The population of the country has the following composition: Latvian 62.2%, Russian 25.2%, Belarusian 3.2%, Ukrainian 2.2%, Polish 2.1%, Lithuanian 1.2%, other 1.5%, and unspecified 2.3% (2018 est.).
    [Show full text]
  • The Latgalians' Culture
    THE DIGITAL RESOURCES OF LATGALIAN LANGUAGE – TOOLS FOR THE LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT Vineta Vilcāne, June 3, 2019. Latgolys Studentu centrs/Students’ Centre of Latgale The main aim of the organisation is to protect, develop and popularize Latgalian culture and the Latgalian language. Where do Latgalians live? THE REPUBLIC OF LATVIA Who are Latgalians? Latgalians are users of the Latgalian language and citizens of Latgale region – Eastern part of Latvia. About 8- 9% of residents of Latvia speak Latgalian. Population of Latvia: 1 934 379 (2018) Latgalian speakers: 164 000 (2011) Latgalian written language Latgalian language Latgalian The State shall ensure the maintenance, protection and development of the Latgalian written language as a historic variant of the Latvian language. /Official Language Law/ The Latgalian The Latvian literal written language language English Loba dīna! Labdien! Hello! muote māte mother bazneica baznīca church maize maize bread Latveja Latvija Latvia LATVIAN LANGUAGE Latgalian written Latvian literal language language The Latgalian language formed on the basis of the varieties of the Upper part of Latvia, belonging to the Baltic group of the Indo-European family of languages. A written version of Latgalian was created at the beginning of the 18th century by leaders of the Catholic church. Main differences the 19th Other regions of Latgale – the beginning of the 20th century Latvia Guberniya (administrative Courland guberniya Vitebsk guberniya subdivision) and Livonia guberniya 1817 (Kurzeme); 1819 1861 Cancelling of serfdom (Vidzeme) Roman Catholicism Religious Lutheranism Latin (Imperial ban on use of the Latin script, 1864 – Script Gothic 1904) The Beginning of the 20th The Beginning of the The Middle of the 19th century national awakening century The map of the Russian Empire in 1914 Proclamation of the Republic of Latvia, 18 November 1918 The territory of the State of Latvia, within the borders established by international agreements, consists of Vidzeme, Latgale, Kurzeme and Zemgale.
    [Show full text]
  • Russians in Latvia: Ethnic Identity and Ethnopolitical Change
    Russians in Latvia: Ethnic Identity and Ethnopolitical Change Aadne Aasland Presented for the degree of Ph. D. University of Glasgow Institute of Russian & East European Studies May 1994 © Aadne Aasland ProQuest Number: 11007640 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 11007640 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 Abstract Over a very short period conditions for the Russian population in Latvia have changed dramatically. From being representatives of the majority nationality enjoying a special status in the Soviet multinational empire, Russians have become a national minority in a Latvian nation-state. The thesis focuses on the implications of these changes for the ethnic identity of Russians living in Latvia; the changes are analysed through the perspective of ethnopolitical developments in the country. An examination of relevant western and Latvian scholarly literature on ethnicity and nationality issues provides the theoretical framework within which to discuss the Russian question in Latvia. Conceptual issues are clarified and various explanations for the phenomenon of ethnicity are considered. The relationship between ethnicity and the political sphere is also examined.
    [Show full text]
  • The Latvian Language, Languages in Latvia
    THE LATVIAN LANGUAGE, LANGUAGES IN LATVIA L A T V I A Estonia Kurzeme Vidzeme Riga Russia Zemgale Latgale Lithuania Belarus Republic of Latvia was founded in Latvia is traditionally divided into 1918. After incorporation in the Soviet four regions: Kurzeme, Vidzeme, Union (19401991) independence Latgale, Zemgale. The capital of Latvia was renewed in 1991. Latvia is a is Riga, with its 740 000 inhabitants. democratic parliamentary republic. There are about 1.5 million native The territory of the spread of the speakers of Latvian. Of these 1.38 Latvian language today almost fully million reside in Latvia, the rest are corresponds to the territory of the scattered in the US, Russia, Australia, state of Latvia. Canada, United Kingdom, Germany, as well as in Brazil, Lithuania, Swe- Territory 64 600 km2 den, Estonia and in smaller numbers Population 2 329 000 elsewhere. As a second language Latvian is also spoken by at least 0.5 million non-Latvian residents of Latvia, as well as by several tens of thousands in the neighbouring coun- tries (especially Lithuania) and abroad. 1 There are more than 6700 languages group, which is different both from in the world. Half of mankind speaks the languages of the Slavonic and about 15 of them. The other half Germanic groups. Latvian and Lithua- speaks the other languages. Only nian separated in the 56th century 200 languages, among them Latvian, A.D. Latvian, like Lithuanian preserves have more than a million speakers. many elements of IndoEuropean Thus among the thousands of lan- proto-dialects both in word-stock guages Latvian is among the rather and grammar.
    [Show full text]
  • History of Latvians the City of Rīga Is Founded Near the Site of a Liv Village on the Confluence of Rīdzene ~ 3000 B.C
    FACT SHEET ON LATVIA The territory known today as Latvia has been inhabited since 9000 BC. In the first half of 2000 BC, the proto-Balts or early Baltic peoples arrived. They are the forefathers of the Latvian people. HISTORY OF LATVIA Text: Ph.D. Valters Nollendorfs A CHRONOLOGY OF EVENTS 1201 Ancient History of Latvians The City of Rīga is founded near the site of a Liv village on the confluence of Rīdzene ~ 3000 B.C. and Daugava rivers. It becomes the centre for the conquest of the Baltic by the Finno-Ugrian peoples, ancestors of present-day Finns, Estonians and Livs (Livonians), Brothers of the Sword, later, the Livonian Order. Rīga also becomes a major trade arrive in the Baltic area centre, joining the Hanseatic League in 1282. ~ 2000 B.C. ~ 1300 Baltic peoples, ancestors of present-day Lithuanians and Latvians arrive in the Baltic German conquests in present-day Latvia and Estonia principally concluded. area. The land becomes known as Livonia (from the Livs), in the beginning a loose confederation of five principalities, four bishoprics and the state of the Livonian ~ 100 A.D. Order. Northern Estonia is ruled by the Danish kingdom. The Germans become the Roman historian Tacitus in his Germania mentions the Aestii living on the right ruling class in the cities. German knights become landed barons and keep their shore of the Suevic (Baltic) Sea who are industrious farmers and gather amber. privileges until World War I. Amber was in great demand by the Romans, amber trade with the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea flourished.
    [Show full text]
  • The Influence of Politics and Nationalism on the Development of Written Latgalian in the Long Nineteenth Century (1772-1918)1
    cAtheRiNe GibSON GRuOMOtA: the iNFLueNce OF pOLiticS ANd NAtiONALiSM ON the deVeLOpMeNt OF WRitteN LAtGALiAN iN the LONG NiNeteeNth ceNtuRY (1772-1918)1 1At first glance, the map of Europe in the twenty- first century is made up of nation-states and federa- tions, homogenous blocks of colour and fixed borders. Yet these do not reveal the whole story. Europe is also a continent of regions, both transnational (e.g. Galicia, Silesia, Polesia or Carpathian Ruthenia) and subna- tional (e.g. Samogitia, kashubia or Bavaria) reflecting the poly-ethnolinguistic and multiconfessional reality of the peoples who inhabit these lands. unlike Europe’s fixed political borders, regional identities often cannot be clearly demarcated. they resemble what Benedict Anderson terms ‘imagined communities’, a sense of personal and collective belonging based on a relation- ship between identity and place, religion, language, ethnicity and nationality.2 Latgale, the region of south- east Latvia, is one such area in which a distinct regional identity distinguishes it from the other parts of Latvia (kurzeme, Vidzeme, and zemgale).3 Latgale is ethnolinguistically distinct from the west- ern regions of present-day Latvia and, is in many ways, ............................... the least ‘Latvian’. Firstly, it is a borderland and the catherine GibSON, M.A., is a graduate meeting place of the frontiers of present-day Belarus, of the university of St Andrews; she is currently completing Lithuania, and Russia.4 the region is home to a popu- a Masters at university College London, lation which is both linguistically (speakers of Latvian, School of Slavonic Russian, Latgalian, Polish, Belarusian, and Lithuanian) and East European Studies.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of Sustainable Development in Rural Territories in Latgale Region (Latvia) by Using the Conception of Smart Specialization
    DOI: 10.1515/jtes-2017-0006 Journal of Teacher Education for Sustainability, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 82ñ105, 2017 Evaluation of Sustainable Development in Rural Territories in Latgale Region (Latvia) by Using the Conception of Smart Specialization Viktorija –ipilova and Inta Ostrovska The Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences, Daugavpils University, Latvia Elita Jermolajeva Latvian Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Latvia Ludmila Aleksejeva The Department of Economics and Sociology, Daugavpils University, Latvia Dmitrijs OÔehnoviËs The Department of History, Daugavpils University, Latvia Abstract One of the approaches to achieve sustainable development is based on smart specializ- ation. Rural areas are of particular importance in ensuring sustainable development, the smart development of which largely determines the balanced sustainable development of a state as a whole. The present study reflects the quantitative and the qualitative assessment of sustainable development in the region of Latgale (Latvia) on the level of 19 districts; the assessment has been carried out on the basis of the concept of smart special- ization. The assessment has been performed within the framework of the project 5.2 of the National Research Programme EKOSOC-LV. The quantitative assessment is based on scientific and practical experience taking into consideration the distinguishing features of the development of Latvian regions and districts, and it has resulted in the establishment of an integrated index (Smart Development Index), which comprises four dimensions ñ Resources, Population, Economy, and Management. The qualitative assessment is based on the views concerning the cornerstones of smart specialization and the factors influencing it expressed by experts from the state administration, business and scientific environment.
    [Show full text]