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Adwa’S Otherafrican Peopleeverywhere StudioNet is ready to take you on a avorful trip. Shall we oat all the way to the stars? Only those who will risk going too far can possibly nd out how far one can go. ADWA THROUGH ART & PAINTING & PAINTING ART THROUGH ADWA The spirit, ethos of Adwa Adwa and Its legacy has resonated in the hearts of all Africans over the generations, striving for dignity and nationalism. “ADWA- Through art “ is an attempt to portray and remind our readers about this powerful event through Ethiopian and European art. A detailed analysis and We are reconstructing the way Addis portals speaks to its audience. Read about the bold visionaries of our interpretation of Adwa require a series of books, this AP Edition is only a “thumbnail” of picture time and tell us about your bright ideas for tomorrow. of Adwa, past, and present and future endeavor. “AddisPortals” is an event oriented magazine “The Battle of Adwa” The Italian dream was turned into a nightmare, The Italians deafted published by StudioNet. The magazine is free to all readers and is also avilable on subscribtion basis and retreated with humiliation. On the other hand, the battle put Ethiopia on the map of @addisportals.com the modern world and had ramifications that are still being felt today by her own populace and by other African people everywhere. Adwa’s timeless impact on Ethiopians’ identity and All correspondance and advertising self-consciousness, the spirit, ethos, heroism, dignity, resistance and freedom from alien rule, inquires to: StudioNet dignified and noble, all of which, constitute integral parts of the Ethiopian psyche. Tel: + 251 911 24 55 87 [email protected] Adwa - Let it be told over and over again to our children and to the future generations [email protected], to come. Please send us what matters to you. We also welcome your opinions and suggestions on AddisPortals.com and how our stories are told. Addis Portal is our home www.addisportals.com for bold arguments and big thinkers. Editorial opinions expressed in AddisPortals are PLEASE NOT THAT UNSOLICITED not necessarily those of StudioNet or the advertizers, The publisher does not accept MANUSCRPTS ARE NOT ACCCEPTED responsiblity or for any claims made by the advertisres in these edition. Addisportals.com Beyond the boundaries of time. The Italians coveted the lands of the Ethiopians. In cache of 80,000 rifles and 5,000,000 rounds 1889, the Italians sought to deceive the Ethiopians into of ammunition. The weapons included a treaty, When Menelik II renounced the treaty in its British Martinis, German Mausers, and entirety an Italian army entered Ethiopia from Eritrea American Winchester lever-action rifles. More with with the desire of conquest. importantly, the French transported a number Meanwhile, Emperor Menelik had managed to gather of quick-firing 37mm Hotchkiss cannons to the Ethiopians to fight against the Italian invasion. In Ethiopian freedom fighters. A band of French preparation to war Menelik II had been buying modern artillery experts accompanied the guns. To firearms from the French, the British, the Russians and make matters worse, the Hotchkiss cannons – amazingly – even the Italians themselves. Despite outranged the Italian 75mm Krupp mountain The Negus Negast Menelik II and his high command, in an engraving made these attempts to modernize, many of the soldiers were gun by more than 2,100 feet. at about the time of the battle of Adwa. still carrying swords, spears and shields. The Italians While these men wear lion’s-mane head dresses and elaborately embroidered regarded the Ethiopians as little better than tribal The Battle of Adwa in 1896, where the silkrobes, and carry decorated shields, note that they are armed with rifles. barbarians. The conflict heated up, and the European Ethiopians, who were the most united in Before March 1896 the Italians often nations chose sides. Whoever controlled the Horn of defense of their country against a common mistook Ethiopian adherence to traditionfor an inability to embrace Africa controlled the Red Sea and the fate of the Suez enemy. Here are the major timelines and useful technologies. (Courtesy SME/US) Canal. With the aid of French arms dealers based in events of the history of Adwa. Djibouti and Somalia, Menelik amassed a staggering Battle of Adwa History Timeline 1882 | The Peace Diplomacy “ An African Victory” It was in 1882 that Count Pietro Antonelli was dispatched to the court of Shewa in order to improve Italy’s relations with Menelik who was only a regional king but was nevertheless in control of Ethiopia. The Italians 1880’s | Purchase of Red Sea port of Assab were aware that there was an intractable rivalry between Menelik who Italy entered the Horn of Africa through a window of commercial showed overt signs of yearning to ascend the Solomonian throne and opportunity. Following the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869, an Yohannes IV who was the Emperor of Ethiopia - equally determined to Italian steamship company, Rubattino, leased the Port of Assab on maintain his sovereign control. Rome obviously sought to exploit the the Red Sea as a refueling station. situation. in 1882, the Italian government bought Assab from Rubattino for $43,200, thereby providing the steamship company a handsome profit on its investment and unofficially establishing the first Italian colony in Africa since the days of the Caesars. 1882 This aim was to pass Assab to the Italian state so that it would be To ease his “Italian problem,” Emperor Yohannes sought the diplomatic used as a staging ground to expand into the hinterland of Ethiopia help of Great Britain. As part of the peace diplomacy, and thus open up potential agriculture and mineral resources for Yohannes agreed to give compensation to the Italians for Dogali and exploitation by Italian entrepreneurs. to use Massawa as a trading post. By this time the French had started Pietro Antonelli arrives as a private traveler in a company of Pietro building a railroad from Addis Ababa to Djibouti. This would give Martini; following several audiences with Menelik, Antonelli offers Ethiopia a trading outlet on the Red Sea outside Italian influence. Italian arms in exchange for commercial favors. leaders, nursing a sense of shame and a thirst for revenge, decided something had to be done. Contract signed on 27 March 1881 – Menelik agrees to route caravans through the Italian-controlled port of Assab in exchange for The man to do it was Francesco Crispi, the prominent leader of the 2000 rifles. democratic or radical left wing of the Italian government served as Prime Minister from 1887-1891 and again from 1893–1896. A super- patriot, Crispi longed to see his country, that he always called “my Italy,” strong and flourishing. addisportals | Page 5 1883 | The Royal Wedding The marriage of Emperor Menelik and Empress Taytu Betul Menelik II divorced his treasonous wife; Woizero Befana, in 1882, and in 1883, he married Taytu Betul. Empress Taytu Betul was a noblewoman of Imperial blood and a member of one of the leading families of the regions of Semien, Yejju in modern Wollo, and Begemder. May 25,1883 | Treaty of Friendship The First (secret) Treaty of Friendship and Commerce, which was signed in Ankober on May 25, 1883. It established the exchange of diplomatic representative between Italy and Shewa. Full reciprocal freedom of transit for people and goods; exemption from customs duty for Shewan goods transported A royal wedding in Abyssinia. via Assab; 5% and duty to be paid on Italian goods upon exit or A princely wedding at the entry; consular jurisdiction over all Italian affairs and those of court of Abyssinia, The exit of diplomatically unrepresented foreigners given to the Italians. the Temple. Illustration for The Little Parisian (Illustrious Litterary 1885 | Italian forces land at Massawa Supplement), March 24, 1901. Not long after Antonelli concluded the first secret treaty 1883 in 1883, Italy proceeded to occupy Beilul, followed by the occupation of Massawa on February 5th, 1885. Menelik was attempting to steer a middle course between his attachment to the Italians and loyalty to Yohannes. 1887 | The Battle of Saati January 25 - the Italians decided to strengthen their position by pushing inland and taking over the villages of Ua-à and Zula. The local lord, Ras Alula,demanded that the Italians leave, and when they failed to do so he gathered 25,000 warriors. On 25 January 1887 he attacked the fort at Saati, 1884 held by 167 Italians and 1,000 native troops, but found it too The Berlin Conference, can be seen as the formalization of the Scramble for Africa. strong to take. Conference of Berlin in 1884-1885 role in the colonial partitioning of Africa that “divided up” what was left of Africa after the initial wave of European colonialism. At the conference, Italy was “awarded” Ethiopia addisportals | Page 6 The Battle of DOGALI Emperor Yohannes campaigned against the Dervishes, but, while January 26 | The Battle of Dogali at first successful, he was defeated and fatally wounded at the Alula’s forces intercept 500 Italian soldiers at Dogali, massacre ensues; Ras battle of Metemma on 9 March 1889.The Italians took advantage Alula ambushed them at Dogali with about 10,000 warriors; the Italian of Yohannes’ absence on campaign to push further inland, taking machine guns soon jammed, and the relief force was surrounded and cut the Tigréan provinces of Hamacen, Okule-Kasai,and Serae; these down. The Italians lost 23 officers and 407 men killed, one officer and 81 men wounded. This defeat led to a massive Italian reinforcement of what would become their colony of Eritrea. By the end of 1887 troops in the colony numbered 18,000, of whom only 2,000 were natives, and an arms embargo on Ethiopia was in place.
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