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Aethiopica 5 (2002) International Journal of Ethiopian and Eritrean Studies Aethiopica 5 (2002) International Journal of Ethiopian and Eritrean Studies ________________________________________________________________ BAIRU TAFLA Article The Impact of Dogali on the International Policy of the Central European Powers Aethiopica 5 (2002), 112߃124 ISSN: 1430߃1938 ________________________________________________________________ Published by UniversitÃt Hamburg Asien Afrika Institut, Abteilung Afrikanistik und £thiopistik Hiob Ludolf Zentrum fÛr £thiopistik The Impact of Dogali on the International Policy of the Central European Powers BAIRU TAFLA The centennial celebration of the victory of Dogali in Ethiopia in February 1987 revived the history and memory of a battle which had somehow slipped into oblivion as quickly as it was fought. In contrast to the first hundred years in which historians dismissed the event with a couple of sentences, the name ߋDogaliߌ was widely reported in the European press in 1887, but it soon submerged under the generic names of ߋMassawaߌ and ߋItalian Colonial Pos- sessions at the Red Sea Coastߌ in the archives of at least the Central European states. In the published records, too, it was tragically misrepresented as a mas- sacre, an ambush and an illegitimateegi unilateral attack by ߋa rebel chiefߌ. Unlike ʞAdwa and May Ãw, there was, at least to my knowledge, no insti- tution, no square and no street in Ethiopia named after this victory until the last quarter of the 20th century. Admittedly, the battle was too small and too fleeting in relation to the magnitude of the colonial confrontations of the time. But it was no doubt symbolically historic so as not to be forgotten by at least the victor. ߋThe battle of Dogaliߌ, acknowledges a historian of our time, ߋwas undoubtedly one of the most important events in the history of Ethiopia in the late 19th centuryߌ.1 ߋDogali wasߌ, states another, ߋthe bitter pill which the European colonial powers in general and Italy in particular had to swallowߌ.2 The second century of Dogali began not only with a special monograph3 comprising a number of academic essays which assess various aspects of the battle, but also with an historical novel in Amharic.4 The celebration also 1 HAGGAI ERLICH, Ethiopia and Eritrea During the Scramble for Africa: a Political Biography of Ras Alula, 1875߃1897 (East Lansing, Mich. 1982) p. 106. 2 DANIEL GHEBREKIDAN, ߋDogali and Ethiopia߈s Continuing Struggle on the Red Sea Coastߌ in: TADDESSE BEYENE, TADDESSE TAMRAT and RICHARD PANKHURST (eds.), The Centenary of Dogali. Proceedings of the International Symposium, Addis Aba- ba-Asmara, January 24߃25, 1987 (Addis AbÃba 1988) p. 30. This monograph is re- ferred to here and after as TTPDogali. 3 See footnote 2 above. 4 MAMMO WEDDEN£H, Alula abba nÃgga ߃ tarik qÃmmÃs leb wÃllÃd [= ߑ: An Histori- cal Novel] (Addis AbÃba 1979 of the Year of Grace = 1986/87]. The same author, who was a government official in Eritrea for many years, also wrote a couple of other works more or less related to Dogali: ߋThe Life and Works of Alula Abba Negaߌ in: TTPDo- Aethiopica 5 (2002) The Impact of Dogali on the International Policy of the Central European Powers gave impetus to further study of the history of the battle and its actors in the subsequent a dozen or so years.5 A printing press has been named after the battle. Even a ߋwargameߌ has been devised and a homepage devoted to it,6 both in memory of Dogali. The celebration was not restricted to scholars and writers. It was a national jubilation in which the head of state and high party members of the socialist government were personally involved. The Dogali centennial was no doubt the first victory to be celebrated na- tionwide. This sudden fascination with and awakening of an almost forgot- ten victory begs the question for the underlying motive or cause. Dogali was by no means the first Ethiopian victory over external encroachers. Nonetheless, the centennials of Gundat and Gura߈e passed unnoticed in 1975 and 1976 respectively. No one seems in fact to have thought about the fourth centennial of Debarwa in 1978.7 Dogali was by no means greater than any of those successes either. From the cultural point of view, in fact, centennial celebration is a recent innovation in Ethiopia. Even annual celebrations of secular events were not common in the country prior to the 20th century. At least the historical re- cords do not bear witness to such a practice.8 It all began with Emperor Menilek߈s parade commemorating the seventh anniversary of his victory over the Italians at ʞAdwa. Emperor Haylà Sellase took it over as a national holiday and it has since then been celebrated on the second of March every year. Its pompous centennial took place in Addis AbÃba and ʞAdwa in 1996. YÃkkatit 12 (usually known as the Graziani Mas- gali, pp. 231߃52; Yohannes. BÃtarik lay yÃtÃmÃsÃrrÃtà lebwÃllÃd [= ߑ: A Novel Based on History] (Addis AbÃba, Genbot 1985 Year of Grace = May߃June 1993) 340 pages. 5 The late Ethiopian historian, TÃklà Sadeq MÃkweriya, for instance, revised his earlier account of the colonial adventures of Italy in the late 19th century and made Dogali the hub of his narrative. Cf. T£KL£ SADEQ M£KWERIYA, Ase Yohannes enna Ityopeya AndennÃt [= ߋEmperor Yohannes and the Unity of Ethiopiaߌ] (Addis AbÃba 1983 of the Year of Grace = 1990߃91) pp. 321߃445. 6 Ruggero Romano߈s Homepage is allegedly prepared by Andrew Preziosi and Andrea Zanini (whose connection with Northeast Africa is unknown to me) under the title ߋL߈Artigliere Stancoߌ. It deals with the historical background, the battle order, the course of the battle, the uniform of the soldiers, and finally they make a war game out of the story. See http://www.geocities.com/TimesSquare/Zone/3323/dogali.htm. 7 The explanation that the country was at the verge of a civil war in the late 1970߈s does not justify the scholars߈ failure to hold symposia. 8 The tradition has been that an annual feast-day was set for each saint (but celebrated monthly since the mid-15th century) while a deceased relation would be commemorat- ed on the 3rd , 7th, 12th and 40th day as well as on the 6th month, 1st and 7th year. There have also been some regional variations. 113 Aethiopica 5 (2002) Bairu Tafla sacre) has also been celebrated annually on the 20th/21st of February. The Liberation Day9 (May 5) forms the third national secular holiday. Since the mid-1970s, Dogali had been popularised by emanent scholars of history as an essential component of colonial history.10 Nonetheless, there has been no hint for the connexion between these studies and the celebration of 1987. The most plausible explanation for the centennial of Dogali is perhaps to be found in the regime߈s need to arouse the esprit de corps of the society. Disappointed by the revolution߈s ill success in almost every field, distressed by the harrowing famine that revisited several regions in the mid-1980s and dismayed more than anything else by the ever increasing war in Eritrea and Tegray, the morale of the people, and particularly that of the army, dwindled continuously. The DÃrg badly needed the morale and psychological en- hancement of the people. Ideological propaganda alone proved to be of little help. History was, therefore, called upon to boost the required morale and to arouse patriotism. This was clear from the speech of President MÃngestu Haylà Maryam and his comrades.11 The editors of the proceedings of the centennial conference ߃ three outstanding scholars of Ethiopian studies ߃ also expressed their hope (perhaps not without irony) that the celebration would tickle the country߈s patriotism which appeared to be at rest: ߋThe centenary anniversary celebration of the victory of Dogali was ob- served from January 24߃25, 1987 all over the country through several events and observances. ߑ It can, therefore, be assumed that the message of Dogali has been able to reach millions of compatriots and thus enrich their appre- ciation of our proud history which is replete with instances of sacrifice and further inculcate a sense of patriotism and strengthen the feeling of Ethiopi- anness. ߑ It is hoped that this series of papers may serve to illuminate a cru- cially important period of Ethiopian history, and that the record of the struggle of a century ago may serve as an inspiration for our own dayߌ.12 Evaluating the successes and failures of Dogali as a political instrument in the 20th century lies beyond the scope of this article which aims at assessing a particular aspect of the battle. The participants of the 1987 symposium 9 The DÃrg moved this date to MÃggabit 28 (= 4/5 April) with the argument that the resistance fighters and allied troops had reached the capital by that date, i.e. a month earlier than the Emperor. The succeeding government restored it to May 5 after 1991. 10 Three of the major studies are: ZEWDE GABRE-SELLASSIE, Yohannes IV of Ethiopia: a Political Biography (Oxford 1975); SVEN RUBENSON, The Survival of Ethiopian Inde- pendence (London 1976); and, HAGGAI ERLICH, Ethiopia and Eritrea during the Scram- ble for Africa: a Political Biography of Ras Alula, 1875߃1897 (East Lansing, Mich. 1982). 11 TTPDogali pp. 11߃25. 12 TTPDogali pp. 5߃7. Aethiopica 5 (2002) 114 The Impact of Dogali on the International Policy of the Central European Powers discussed the events that led to the conflict, the states and personalities that played crucial roles, and the historical context within which Dogali could be viewed. The repercussion of the battle far beyond the conspicuous players, venue and acts seems, however, to have been overlooked. The present paper attempts to supplement the multifaceted study by reflecting on the seeming- ly remote, and yet significant, consequences of the victory.13 The main colonial contestants in Northeast Africa at this time were France, Great Britain and Italy.
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