E3S Web of Conferences 63, 00008 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20186300008 2018 BGC Analysis of the impact of construction of selected water reservoirs on the surrounding environment made on the basis of satellite data Boguslawa Kwoczynska 1,*, Izabela Piech1, and Rafal Wozniak2 1 University of Agriculture in Krakow, Balicka 253a, 30-198 Krakow, Poland 2 Krakow Office of Geodesy and Agricultural Areas, Gazowa 15, 31-060 Krakow, Poland Abstract. The authors aimed at showing in the publication the impact of the construction of selected water reservoirs in Poland on the surrounding environment, basing on the satellite imagery. For this purpose, for four test objects, i.e. the Dobczyce Reservoir, the Klimkow Reservoir, the Czorsztyn Reservoir and the Domaniowski Reservoir analyzes were carried out concerning the changes in the structure of land use for the state before and after reservoir construction, and indicators such as NDWI, SAVI and TSAVI were calculated. In the case of the analysis of changes in the land use structure, the direction of these changes was determined first of all, and for SAVI and TSAVI indices, the percentage change in their value and the direction of these changes were calculated. 1 Introduction Water reservoirs in Poland are located mainly in the south of the country, on mountain rivers. In connection Water is the most important substance for human life. with the existing reserve, in the near future construction Without it, it's hard to imagine life on Earth, the world of of further water reservoirs in Poland may be expected. plants or animals. People often waste a lot of it without Especially when it comes to the so-called small retention thinking about the state of resources of this life-giving reservoirs. According to [4] and [3], retention is the substance in our country. According to the National phenomenon of temporary water holding in the river Water Management Board, based on data from many basin. On the surface of the terrain, the water is years (1951 - 2006), average stocks of flowing waters in accumulated in lakes and water reservoirs, it fills Poland amounted to 61.9 billion of m3 / year, of which riverbeds valleys and remains in the field hollows, the own resources amounted to 54.3 billion of m3 / year puddles, field furrows. [9]. In addition, there are 2856 lakes in Poland with the Taking into account the above-mentioned factors, it area larger than 10 ha and 99 retention reservoirs with is necessary to consider the impact of water reservoirs on the capacity of more than 2 million of m3. In total, it the surrounding environment. In the publication, the amounts to 21.7 billion of m3 [1]. Trying to look at the authors focused primarily on an attempt to analyze this distribution of water resources in the country, it can be impact basing on data from different sensors, installed noticed that the most of water is located in the southern on the air platforms (airborne scanning, aerial cameras) Poland. and satellite platforms (multispectral scanners). An important issue in addition to the availability of Applications of satellite imagery in assessing water, understood as the state of its resources, is its changes occurring in the natural environment for many quality. According to the European Environment Agency years is presented both in Polish [5-9] and foreign [10- (EEA), in the case of Poland, the ecological status of 70 15] literature. However, only a few were involved in the - 90% of water resources is assessed as worse than good application of remote sensing or photogrammetry to [2]. study the impact of building water reservoirs on the Bearing in mind the above data, the authors asked environment [14, 16, 17]. themselves what to do in such a situation, to take better care of Poland's water resources. A certain remedy for this state of affairs may be the retention reservoirs. The 2 Research work artificial water dams existing currently retain only 6% of the average annual outflow, which is not enough to 2.1 Satellite remote sensing protect the country against floods and droughts. The physico-geographical conditions in Poland allow for the The first human space missions, such as the American storage of nearly 15% of the annual outflow [1]. There missions Mercury, Gemini or Appolo, as well as the are about 850 water damming facilities in Poland [3]. Soviet and then Russian Soyuz, can be considered the * Corresponding author: [email protected] © The Authors, published by EDP Sciences. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). E3S Web of Conferences 63, 00008 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20186300008 2018 BGC beginning of the satellite remote sensing. Initially, the chromatic resolution of 0.31 m and a multispectral 1.24 pictures of our planet were made with the use of m [19]. handheld cameras that did not provide good quality data [18]. In the case of the Mercury mission - Maurer, 2.2 Landsat mission (1972 - present) Ansco, Robot Recorder or Hasselblad cameras were used for photographing [5]. For the needs of the research, LANDSAT imaging was A milestone in the development of satellite remote used. The LANDSAT mission began in 1972 and sensing was the mission Apollo 9 (March 3 - 13, 1969), continues to this day. Currently (May 2017), there are in which the experiment consisting in taking two satellites of this mission in orbit - Landsat 7 and 8. multispectral photographs was performed for the first Table 1 provides basic information on all hitherto time. For this purpose, 4 Hasselblad cameras LANDSAT missions. The graphics view with the image synchronized with each other were used, each of them of particular vehicles are shown in Figure 1. with a film sensitive in a different range of light waves [5]. As a result of this experiment, photographs were taken in panchromatic, green, infrared channels and in the spectroscopic channel. The terrain resolution of the data obtained in this way was 100 - 130 m [5]. Initially, satellite images were used similarly to airborne photographs - for the interpretation of elements of the natural environment based on the assessment of the photo features. A certain novum has become the use of so-called Additive Monitors, thanks to which it was Fig. 1. Landsat mission satellites. Top row from the left: possible to assemble an RGB image based on individual Landsat 1, 2, 3, 4. Bottom row from the right: Landsat 5, 7 i 8. scenes in given spectral channels. Source: (USGS 2017) [access: 05.06.2017] After the first manned missions, two Earth observation missions were carried out in parallel in the Table 1. Basic information on the Landsat mission. Source: United States: it was the Landsat mission started in 1972 (USGS 2017) (continues to this day), and the first orbiting space Satellite Duration Spectral channels station SkyLab (1973 - 1974) [5]. The SkyLab station Landsat 23.07.1972 – 3 RBV scanner and 4 equipment was particularly interesting. It was equipped 1 6.01.1978 MSS with a Multispectral ITEK camera (6 cameras equipped Landsat 22.01.1975 – 3 RBV scanner and 4 with filters: colored, panchromatic, infrared, false-color), 2 27.07.1983 MSS high resolution photo camera, infrared spectrometer, Landsat 5.03.1978 – 2 RBV scanner and 5 multispectral scanner (13 channels), radiometer working 3 7.09.1983 MSS in the K band and the second working in the L band [5]. Landsat 16.07.1982 – 4 MSS scanner and 7 TM At the same time, advanced works on the use of 4 14.12.1993 satellite images in the economy were continued in the Landsat 1.03.1984 – 4 MSS scanner and 7 TM Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (now Russia) 5 5.06.2013 (Vostok 2, Voschod and Soyuz, Salut). These works also Landsat 5.10.1993 (did not 8 ETM scanner 6 reach the orbit) did not avoid Europe, where the French SPOT mission Landsat 15.04.1999 – 8 ETM scanner + (Systeme Pour l'Observation de la Terre), which began 7 currently in February 1986 is worth mentioning. Landsat 11.02.2013 – 9 OLI scanner and 2 TIRS Also the European Space Agency established in 8 currently 1975, carried out remote sensing missions. One of the first was the Envisat satellite launched in 2002. Its When describing the capabilities of a given remote successor was the Sentinel satellite, which has been sensing system, we often use the following four terms: launched since 2014. There are currently 5 satellites of spatial resolution, spectral resolution, temporal this mission in space - 2 equipped with MSI resolution, and radiometric resolution. The first of these multispectral scanners and 2 with SAR radars. Satellites terms means the size of a single terrain pixel, or the of the Sentinel 3 mission are equipped with various smallest object possible to be visualized by the sensor. sensors, such as MWR, OLWI, STSLR, and SRAL. The second is the number of spectral channels and the At present, the market of commercial satellites which number of magnetic wavelengths for each channel. The provide high resolution data is also developing. The third concept concerns the length of the revisit time over beginning of this type of companies should be seen in the same point on the Earth. Finally, the last, fourth 1992, when Russia began selling images from KVR- concept applies to the sensitivity of the sensor, i.e. the 1000 and KFA-3000 cameras (resolution 2 - 3 m). In number of bits that can be registered. For the 8-bit 1999, the mission of the Ikonos-2 satellite began.