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Motivational Factors, Well-Being and Optimal Functioning in Teams

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Motivational Factors, Well-Being and Optimal Functioning in Teams MOTIVATIONAL FACTORS, WELL-BEING AND OPTIMAL FUNCTIONING IN TEAMS By CHARLOTTE MERRETT A thesis submitted to University of Birmingham For the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY School of Sport, Exercise & Rehabilitation Sciences University of Birmingham July 2016 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. 2 ABSTRACT Grounded in Basic Psychological Needs Theory (BNT; Deci & Ryan, 2000) and integrating theory from the group dynamics literature (i.e., team cohesion; Carron, 1982) this thesis extended current understanding of the determinants of optimal functioning in elite youth athletes and teams. The studies aimed to highlight the roles of task and social cohesion as antecedents and outcomes of basic psychological needs satisfaction (BPNS) in teams and provided supporting evidence of structural invariance across elite and non-elite competitive levels in hockey players. A team-referenced examination of the tenets of BNT in teams was supported providing a novel approach to the conceptualisation of optimal functioning in teams. The mediating role of BPNS in the relationships between the targeted dimensions provided further information explicating the differing associations between the BNT-related variables between and within teams. The need for competence was found to mediate relationships between the coach-created environment and well- and ill-being outcomes. Finally, grounded in BNT (Deci & Ryan, 1985; 2000), the examination of rugby players’ perceptions of the autonomy features on the coach-created climate, need satisfaction, and players’ affective responses (i.e., negative affect) revealed that autonomy support was negatively associated with mean rates of change in levels of negative affect over time. These changes included a decrease in levels of negative affect over the first five days and an increase over the weekend. Overall the empirical chapters in this thesis provided a systematic examination of the BNT-assumed processes that extends knowledge beyond conceptualisation and measurement of athletes’ perceptions with a particular focus on examining these relationships for youth athletes as they are operating within elite and non-elite teams. 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my gratitude to all those people who have supported me through this challenging and yet enjoyable time over the last few years. In particular I would like to thank Professor Joan Duda to whom I am extremely grateful for giving me the opportunity. It has been a privilege to have had the experience of working with and learning from someone with such international stature in the academic field of sport and exercise psychology. Thank you to Dr Paul Appleton, Dr Eleanor Quested and Professor Inés Tomas for their expertise, advice and enduring enthusiasm. To all the players and representatives of the management of the national governing bodies who assisted me in the recruitment of participants for my research. Thanks in particular to Peter Nicholson, England Hockey, Hockey Wales, and Scottish Hockey. And also to Gethin Watts and the Welsh Rugby Union. To all the wonderful new people I have met during this journey during the last few years, many of whom have become close friends. Thank you to my parents Sue and Stuart Merrett, my sisters Emma and Lucy and their partners, my beautiful nieces and nephews, and to my amazing friends. 4 CONTENTS LISTING • List of papers and conference proceedings • Table of contents • List of figures • List of tables 5 PAPERS AND CONFERENCES During the course of my doctoral research within the School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences at the University of Birmingham, the following articles and conference abstracts were accepted for publication and/or presentation at conferences. Secondary authors who advised on study design, data analysis and paper editing have also been listed. Under Review Merrett, C.K., Duda, J.L., & Quested, E. (2016). Perceived coaching environment, need satisfaction, and well-being in elite hockey players: Athletes’ perspectives of the views held by their team. Merrett, C.K., Duda, J.L., & Appleton, P.R. (2016). The role of team cohesion in the relationships between the coaching environment, the psychological needs, and well-being and ill-being in youth hockey players. In Preparation Merrett, C.K., Duda, J.L., Appleton, P.R., & Tomas, I. (2016). The examination of motivational processes, team cohesion and optimal functioning in sports teams. Merrett, C.K., Duda, J.L., & Quested, E. (2016). Daily fluctuations in perceived motivation, well-being, and team cohesion in elite rugby players. 6 Conference Presentations Merrett, C.K., & Duda, J.L. (2010). Team-referenced perceived coaching environment, needs satisfaction, and well-being: Extending the testing of basic needs theory. Division of Sport and Exercise Psychology Conference, British Psychological Society, London, UK. December 9th-10th, 2010 (poster presentation) Merrett, C.K., Duda, J.L, & Quested, E. (2011). Team-referenced perceived coaching environment, needs satisfaction, and well-being in elite hockey players: An extension of basic needs theory. Congress of European College of Sport Science, Liverpool, UK. July 6th-9th, 2011 (oral presentation) Merrett, C.K., Duda, J.L., & Quested, E. (2012). Coaching environment and cohesiveness: satisfying needs, and fostering well-being in youth hockey players. Congress of European College of Sports Science, Bruges, Belgium. July 4th-7th, 2012 (oral presentation) 7 CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION Page 12 CHAPTER 2 GENERAL METHODS Page 30 CHAPTER 3: STUDY ONE TEAM COHESION, COACH BEHAVIOURS, PSYCHOLOGICAL NEED SATISFACTION, AND WELL-BEING AND ILL-BEING IN YOUTH HOCKEY PLAYERS. Page 37 Abstract Introduction Method Results Discussion CHAPTER 4: STUDY TWO PERCEIVED COACHING ENVIRONMENT, NEED SATISFACTION, AND WELL- BEING IN ELITE HOCKEY PLAYERS: ATHLETES’ PERSPECTIVES OF THE VIEWS HELD BY THEIR TEAM. Page 67 Abstract Introduction Method 8 Results Discussion CHAPTER 5: STUDY THREE BASIC PSYCHOLOGICAL NEEDS THEORY AND THE INTEGRATION OF TEAM COHESION IN THE EXAMINATION OF OPTIMAL FUNCTIONING WITHIN AND BETWEEN SPORTS TEAMS Page 90 Abstract Introduction Method Results Discussion CHAPTER 6: STUDY FOUR COACH-CREATED ENVIRONMENT, TASK COHESION, BPNS, AND CHANGES IN POST-TRAINING WELL-BEING IN ELITE RUGBY PLAYERS OVER SEVEN DAYS Page 111 Abstract Introduction Method Results Discussion CHAPTER 7 GENERAL DISCUSSION Page 136 REFERENCES Page 153 9 APPENDICES Page 183 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 The Basic Needs Theory framework (Deci & Ryan, 1985; 2000) Figure 3.1 Associations between perceptions of the coach-created environment, BPNS, and well-being/ill-being, cohesion outcomes. Figure 3.2 Associations between perceptions of the coach-created environment and cohesion as an antecedent, BPNS, and well-being/ill-being as outcomes. Figure 4.1 Structural model of the associations between perceptions of the coaching climate, BPNS, and well-being/ill-being Figure 5.1 Structural model (Model 2) representing the between effects of the associations between perceptions of the coach-created environment with BPNS and vitality /task cohesion Figure 6.1 Path analysis of intercept and slope variables repeated measures over time 10 LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1 Descriptive statistics, alpha coefficients, and correlations of the measures for hockey players Table 3.2 Results of confirmatory factor analysis for individual scales across combined samples of elite and non-elite hockey players Table 3.3 Comparisons of goodness-of-fit indexes indicating structural invariance for models 1 and 2 Table 4.1 Descriptive statistics, alpha coefficients, and correlations of the measures Table 4.2 Direct and indirect effects via each need between each independent and criterion variable pairing Table 5.1 Descriptive statistics, alpha coefficients, and correlations of all the measures Table 5.2 Comparisons of goodness-of-fit indexes for hypothesized structural models 1 and 2 Table 6.1 Descriptive statistics of the daily reported BNT-related variables and task cohesion averaged across seven days Table 6.2 Initial level (intercept) and rate of change (slope) estimates for well- and ill- being variables Table 6.3 Regression of initial level (intercept) and rate of change (slope) in players’ feelings of negative affect on predictor variables 11 CHAPTER 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 12 Concerns regarding the sustained engagement of young people in sport have long been expressed by organisations invested in the development of elite athletes (Rowe, 2012). Ten thousand hours of training over ten years has been proposed as the required target for the optimal development of elite athletes to attain world class performance levels (Ericsson & Charness, 1994). Unfortunately it is the case that young athletes at this critical stage in their development fail to optimise and maintain their engagement in sport. As a result, it is important to understand the key components that influence the sustaining of motivation
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