DOCSLIB.ORG

Purpose Statement

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Purpose Statement Weech 4 The Stain of the Rwandan Genocide: 1994 An Interview with Prudence Bushnell By Katherine Weech America in the 20th Century World Instructor: Mr. Whitman 19 February 2009 Weech 5 Table of Contents - Release Forms 2-3 - Statement of Purpose 4 - Biography of Prudence Bushnell 5 - Historical Contextualization Paper 7 - Transcription 18 - Time Indexing Log 39 - Analysis Paper 41 - Works Consulted 47 Weech 6 Purpose Statement The purpose of the American Century Oral History Project interview with Prudence Bushnell is to further investigate the Rwandan Genocide of 1994 and what role the United States played during it. This interview will show the horrors and obvious crisis of the genocide. If not for the interview with Prudence Bushnell, one important perspective of this historical event would be lost. Weech 7 Biography of Prudence Bushnell Prudence Bushnell was born on November 26, 1946, in Washington, D.C. She is married to Richard Buckley, a former lawyer, and has 5 step-children and 11 grandchildren. Daughter of a diplomat, she spent sixteen of her first nineteen years overseas. She has lived in Germany, France, Pakistan, Iran, Senegal, India, Kenya, Guatemala, and the United States. Bushnell had a very diverse educational background. She went to an American school in Germany for first and second grade. She went to part of third and fourth grade in Fairfax County, Virginia, and then went to fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth grade in a school in France. Her ninth, tenth and eleventh grades of high school were spent at the Karachi American School located in Pakistan, and then she graduated high school from the Tehran American School located in Iran. She spent one more year in Iran, and then came back to the United States to study at a women’s college for two years, and then ended up transferring to the University of Maryland. Bushnell earned a Bachelor of Science degree (B.S.) and a Master of Science (M.S.) Public Administration degree through her studies. Her first job was working as a bilingual secretary at the Embassy of Morocco in Washington, D.C. From there, she went on to become a Conference Coordinator, Management Trainer, Management Consultant, Deputy Assistant Secretary of State, Ambassador of Kenya, Ambassador of Guatemala, Weech 8 and then Dean of Leadership/Management School. Through her work in the Department of State, Bushnell was responsible for the Rwanda and Burundi portfolios, and dealt with multiple issues through the Rwandan Genocide of 1994. As the Ambassador to Kenya, she had to help restore their community after an Al Qaeda bombing of the Embassy in 1998. As Ambassador to Guatemala in 1999, she helped Guatemala to be more involved in organic and specialty coffees. After resigning as U.S. Ambassador to Guatemala in 2002, Bushnell became the Dean of the Leadership/ Management School at the Foreign Service Institute. She is currently living with her husband in Falls Church, Virginia. Weech 9 The Stain of the Rwandan Genocide of 1994 Rwanda is a beautiful country with a very troubling history. It is a place in the world that has suffered tremendously over the years, but is especially known for the unimaginable terror that occurred there in the mid-1990s. The geography of Rwanda relates to and helped fuel the tensions amongst its people. Located on the continent of Africa, Rwanda is landlocked and consists mainly of grasslands and hills. It is a small country has a population of more than eight million people, making it one of the most densely populated countries in Africa. The hills allowed for separation and agonizing struggle among many. Because of this geography, Rwanda is characterized by the tension between the Hutu and Tutsi tribes, who are crowded together on this relatively tiny piece of land. This conflict between the tribes has continued for centuries. This persistent conflict and hatred ultimately resulted in a horrific mass murder, which is now known as the Rwandan Genocide. When the genocide broke out on April 6, 1994, governments around the world failed to intervene to stop the slaughter. In order to understand the perspective of someone who participated in decision-making in respect to the United States’ response to the Rwandan Genocide, it is important to first examine the historical roots and causes of this crisis and the relationship of the United States to Rwanda. The earliest settlements ever to be identified in Rwanda date all the way back to 10,000 B.C. The inhabitants at that time were people who hunted and gathered for their living. Their descendants are now known as the Twa, who make up a small percentage of the Rwandan population today. By about 700 B.C., farmers, now known as the Hutu, discovered this region’s wonderful highlands and forcibly moved the Twa off of the best land. A few hundred years later, a large migration occurred in which cattle herders came Weech 10 into Rwanda and became the dominant group. This group is now known as the Tutsi. According to David King, from about 1000 A.D. on, a king was known as a mwami, and it appears that all of the kings were Tutsi. By the 15th Century, a Tutsi leader and mwami, Reganzu Bwimba, established a kingdom near Kigali, and expansion by kings continued for years to come. Kigeri Rwaburigi of the 19th Century is considered to have been the greatest mwami, and he expanded Rwanda almost to where the country’s borders are recognized in present time (King 19). In pre-colonial times, cattle were identified with wealth and aristocracy. The Tutsi, being cattle herders, were able to amass wealth and land, which left the Hutu farming the land for them as second-class citizens. Divisions between Hutu and Tutsi revolved mainly around wealth and power, while both groups of people shared common customs, beliefs, and traditions. Ironically, the rise of colonialism brought about the idea that the Hutu and Tutsi were of different ethnicities. The new colonial perceptions and practices had the effect of making this concept practically a reality. For Rwanda, the start of the colonial period began with the Berlin Conference of 1884, in which European countries agreed to the General Act of the Berlin Conference which set out how to divide up the continent of Africa. Germany claimed, as part of German East Africa, the region then called Ruanda-Urundi, which is now known as the countries of Rwanda and Burundi. This event marked the beginning of the German Era. When the Germans came in, they observed the highly controlled hierarchy of Rwanda which consisted of neighborhoods, hills, districts, and provinces. The Hutu, who now accounted for the majority of the population, mainly ran the neighborhoods and obeyed the Tutsi who were generally ranked in power above them. Known as “the land of a Weech 11 thousand hills” (Power 336), Rwanda had many hills administered by hill chiefs. Above the hill chiefs, there were the district chiefs and provincial chiefs, who were nearly all Tutsi, and all reported to the King. The German rule did not last long and was not very severe from a control standpoint. The German era ended during World War I, between 1914 and 1918. In 1923, the League of Nations created Ruanda-Urundi as a League Mandate under Belgian rule. The Belgians maintained their control for about 40 years, until the end of the era of colonialism. Belgium was supposed to allow for freedom of speech and religion, but instead created a harsh environment. Forced labor began in order to build roads, but whipping of the workers became prevalent and many people left for Uganda to become migrant workers. Because of such cruel conditions, it is said that there was extreme suffering of the Hutus (Melvern 5). By 1933, divisions among the society were made more visible and rigid as the Belgians decided to require each Rwandan person to register for an identification card with the individual ethnic group listed as Hutu, Tutsi, or Twa. Author Linda Melvern said, “Every Rwandan was counted and measured: the height, the length of their noses, the shape of their eyes. For many Rwandans, though, it was not always possible to determine ethnicity on the basis of physical appearance” (Melvern 6). This separation based on specific ethnic groups allowed for the idea of race to become an issue. Under Belgian rule, the idea that some people were superior to others based on physical characteristics had the effect of strengthening the divide between the privileged and politically dominant Tutsi cattle herders and the Hutu farmers and Twa hunter-gathers. By 1950, the Belgians had begun to want Rwanda to be more democratic, and they began to gradually switch their support from the Tutsi minority to the Hutu Weech 12 majority. Throughout the 1950s, the Belgians encouraged the Hutu to participate more in politics and overcome the Tutsi political domination. As a continuation of the Hutu wanting to gain more power over the Tutsi, the Hutu created the Hutu Manifesto of March 24, 1957 that called for majority rule. This manifesto claimed that Tutsi supremacy was not legitimate and that the Hutu should be free from Tutsi rule. The Hutu started to believe that the Tutsi peoples were not Rwandans at all. As the movement toward independence from Belgian colonial rule took shape, the Hutu and Tutsi groups had different ideas of what might be the outcome. The Tutsi supported the idea of independence from the Belgians so that they could restore their rule as kings over the Hutu. Two years later, in 1959, the mysterious death of Tutsi king, Mwaami Rudahigwa, was thought to be the work of the Belgians and Hutu extremists.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Download: Africa
    TUNISIA MOROCCO ALGERIA LIBYA Western EGYPT Sahara MAURITANIA MALI NIGER ERITREA SENEGAL THE GAMBIA CHAD SUDAN GUINEA-BISSAU BURKINA DJIBOUTI FASO GUINEA BENIN NIGERIA SIERRA TOGO ETHIOPIA LEONE CÔTE CENTRAL D’IVOIRE GHANA LIBERIA AFRICAN REP. CAMEROON SOMALIA UGANDA SAO TOME EQUAT. AND PRINCIPE GUINEA REP. OF KENYA GABON THE CONGO RWANDA DEM. REP. BURUNDI OF THE CONGO INDIAN TANZANIA OCEAN ANGOLA MALAWI ATL ANTIC ZAMBIA OCEAN MOZAMBIQUE ZIMBABWE MADAGASCAR NAMIBIA BOTSWANA SWAZILAND LESOTHO SOUTH AFRICA Africa Rahnuma Hassan, Anna Horvai, Paige Jennings, Bobbie Mellor and George Mukundi Wachira publicized findings regarding the practice of human trafficking, including of women and girls, within Central and through the region, while others drew attention to the effects of drug trafficking. The treatment of asylum-seekers and refugees, many of whom may and West belong to minorities in their countries of origin, was also a serious concern. In one example, in July a joint operation between the governments Africa of Uganda and Rwanda saw the forced return of around 1,700 Rwandans from refugee settlements Paige Jennings in south-western Uganda. Armed police officers reportedly surrounded them and forced them onto he year 2010 marked 50 years of inde- waiting trucks, which proceeded to drop them at a pendence for many countries in Africa. transit centre in Rwanda. The United Nations High T Elections, some unprecedented, were Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) protested held in 22 countries, with others planned for 2011. at the failure to respect international standards While elections can be a positive indicator of the and reported that not only asylum-seekers but also level of respect for fundamental freedoms, the recognized refugees were among those forcibly region offered several examples of how electoral con- returned to their country of origin.
    [Show full text]
  • The Rwandan Genocide: Combating Stereotypes And
    The Rwandan Genocide: Combating Stereotypes and Understanding the Origins Nicola Skakel Senior Honors Thesis Department of History April 9th 2018 Defense Committee: Dr. Susan K. Kent, Department of History, Primary Advisor Dr. Matthew Gerber, Department of History, Honors Council Representative Dr. Paul Shankman, Department of Anthropology, Advisor 1 Introduction On the 7th of April 1994, the small east African country of Rwanda erupted into one of the most deadly and intimate genocides the modern world had ever witnessed. Whilst the western world stood by and watched in just 100 days over 800,000 Rwandans out of a total population of 7 million, were systematically murdered in the most brutal and violent of ways. Those who were targeted made up the country’s minority ethnic group the Tutsis, and moderates from the majority group, the Hutus. For many, the legacy of Rwanda is a monstrous example of extreme pent up ethnic tensions that has its roots in European colonialism. In contrast, I will argue that the events not just of 1994 but also the unrest that proceeded it, arose from a highly complex culmination of long-standing historical tensions between ethnic groups that long pre-dated colonialism. In conjunction, a set of short-term triggers including foreign intervention, civil war, famine, state terrorism and ultimately the assassination of President Habyarimana also contributed to the outburst of genocide in 1994. Whilst it would be easy to place sole responsibility on European colonists for implementing a policy of divide and rule and therefore exacerbating ethnic tensions, it seems to me that genocide is never that cut and dried: it can never be explained by one factor.
    [Show full text]
  • The US Response to Genocide in Rwanda: a Reassessment
    University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 7-21-2015 The SU Response to Genocide in Rwanda: A Reassessment Camara Silver University of South Florida, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the African Studies Commons, and the International Relations Commons Scholar Commons Citation Silver, Camara, "The SU Response to Genocide in Rwanda: A Reassessment" (2015). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5773 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The US Response to Genocide in Rwanda: A Reassessment by Camara Silver A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Liberal Arts Department of Africana Studies College of Arts and Sciences University of South Florida Major Professor: Edward Kissi, Ph.D. Abraham Khan, Ph.D. Earl Conteh-Morgan, Ph.D. Date of Approval July 21, 2015 Keywords: Genocide Studies, Post-Cold War, US Foreign Policy Copyright © 2015, Camara Silver Dedication I would like to thank my loving mom and my grandmother for their consistent support. My mom has always been supportive of my interest to help prevent future genocides. This thesis was not an easy task, and their support has given me the courage and willpower to succeed. I thank Dr. Kissi for his mentorship and careful guidance of this work from the beginning to the end.
    [Show full text]
  • Mammals, Birds, Herps
    Zambezi Basin Wetlands Volume II : Chapters 3 - 6 - Contents i Back to links page CONTENTS VOLUME II Technical Reviews Page CHAPTER 3 : REDUNCINE ANTELOPE ........................ 145 3.1 Introduction ................................................................. 145 3.2 Phylogenetic origins and palaeontological background 146 3.3 Social organisation and behaviour .............................. 150 3.4 Population status and historical declines ................... 151 3.5 Taxonomy and status of Reduncine populations ......... 159 3.6 What are the species of Reduncine antelopes? ............ 168 3.7 Evolution of Reduncine antelopes in the Zambezi Basin ....................................................................... 177 3.8 Conservation ................................................................ 190 3.9 Conclusions and recommendations ............................. 192 3.10 References .................................................................... 194 TABLE 3.4 : Checklist of wetland antelopes occurring in the principal Zambezi Basin wetlands .................. 181 CHAPTER 4 : SMALL MAMMALS ................................. 201 4.1 Introduction ..................................................... .......... 201 4.2 Barotseland small mammals survey ........................... 201 4.3 Zambezi Delta small mammal survey ....................... 204 4.4 References .................................................................. 210 CHAPTER 5 : WETLAND BIRDS ...................................... 213 5.1 Introduction ..................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Foreign Policy Challenges of the Clinton Administration in a Post-Cold War World
    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2017 An Elusive Peace: The orF eign Policy Challenges of the Clinton Administration in a Post-Cold War World Jennifer Perrett aliourG as Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Galiouras, Jennifer Perrett, "An Elusive Peace: The orF eign Policy Challenges of the Clinton Administration in a Post-Cold War World" (2017). LSU Doctoral Dissertations. 4310. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/4310 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please [email protected]. AN ELUSIVE PEACE: THE FOREIGN POLICY CHALLENGES OF THE CLINTON ADMINISTRATION IN A POST-COLD WAR WORLD A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Humanities and Social Sciences by Jennifer Perrett Galiouras B.S., Louisiana State University, 2000 M.A., Louisiana State University-Shreveport, 2009 August 2017 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My professional journey began in 2000 as a media advertising executive in the most culturally eclectic and unique city in the world: my native New Orleans. Almost nine years later, I ventured back into campus life at Louisiana State University, which served as a second home to me for so many years, on a changed course I never thought I would have the great fortune to follow.
    [Show full text]
  • National University of Rwanda Université Nationale Du Rwanda
    National University of Rwanda Université Nationale du Rwanda Role of universities in statistical capacity building: The case of the Department of Applied Statistics at National University of Rwanda* By Dr. JOSE A. Mathai 1 Abstract N.93 : In October 2004, the Department of Applied Statistics (DAS ) was established at National University of Rwanda (NUR) to build the capacity for research and training in Applied Statistics. The National Statistical Institute Rwanda (NISR) is instrumental in building statistical capacity in Rwanda and has been collaborating with DAS-NUR in all these years. The ultimate performance indicator of the overall objective of the establishment of the DAS is the national and international acceptance of national Rwandan statistics for policy making, monitoring, and evaluation of development, and the analysis of socio-economic situation. As NSDS (National Strategy for the Development of Statistics) visualises the synergy between data producers and data users, it is important that statistical capacity building in a country dependent upon an effective system that trains the required manpower to handle the entire gamut of statistics in the way it is to be produced and used. There arises the role of University as training and research institution in producing the required manpower. The University has to attain the said objective for which it requires appropriate curricula, it has to train staff (of both national statistical agencies as well public and private sector organisations) and oversee that better data is produced and made use of for effective policy making. This paper intends to draw on the experience of DAS-NUR in this front in strengthening statistical capacity in Rwanda.
    [Show full text]
  • Department of State
    DEPARTMENT OF STATE 2201 C Street NW 20520, phone 647±4000 MADELEINE KORBEL ALBRIGHT, became the 64th Secretary of State on January 23, 1997, the first female Secretary of State and highest ranking woman in the U.S. government; B.A., Wellesley with honors in Political Science; studied at the School of Advanced Inter- national Studies at Johns Hopkins University; received Certified from the Russian Institute at Columbia University; Masters and Doctorate from the Department of Public Law and Government, Columbia University; fluent in French and Czech, with good speaking and reading abilities in Russian and Polish; research professor of international affairs and director of Women in Foreign Service Program, Georgetown University School of Foreign Service; taught undergraduate and graduate courses in international affairs, U.S. foreign policy, Russian foreign policy, and central and eastern European polices; United States permanent representative to the United Nations (presenting her credentials at the UN on February 6, 1993); president, Center for National Policy; awarded fellowship, Woodrow Wilson International Center for scholars at the Smithsonian Institute, 1981±82; senior fellow, Soviet and eastern European affairs at the Center for Strategic and International Studies; staff member on the National Security Council and White House staff member, 1978±82; senior fellow, Soviet and eastern European affairs at the Center for Strategic and International Studies; staff member on the National Security Council and White House staff member, 1978±81; chief legislative assistant for Senator Edmund S. Muskie, 1976±78; selected writing: Poland, the Role of the Press in Political Change (New York; Praeger with the Center for Strategic and International Studies, Georgetown University, 1983; The Role of the Press in Political Change: Czechoslovakia 1968 (Ph.D.
    [Show full text]
  • Rwanda Education Country Status Report Toward Quality Enhancement
    57926 RWANDA EDUCATION COUNTRY STATUS REPORT Public Disclosure Authorized TOWARD QUALITY ENHANCEMENT AND ACHIEVEMENT OF UNIVERSAL NINE YEAR BASIC EDUCATION An Education System in Transition; a Nation in Transition Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Ministry of Education www.mineduc.gov.rw ©2011 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433 USA Telephone: 202 473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org E-mail: [email protected] All rights reserved 1 2 3 4 5 09 08 07 10 This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this volume do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgement on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to
    [Show full text]
  • DEPARTMENT of STATE 2201 C Street NW., Washington, DC 20520 Phone, 202–647–4000
    DEPARTMENT OF STATE 2201 C Street NW., Washington, DC 20520 Phone, 202±647±4000. Internet, http://www.state.gov/. SECRETARY OF STATE MADELEINE K. ALBRIGHT Chief of Staff ELAINE K. SHOCAS Executive Assistant DAVID M. HALE Special Assistant to the Secretary and KRISTIE A. KENNEY Executive Secretary of the Department Deputy Assistant Secretary for Equal DEIDRE A. DAVIS Employment Opportunity and Civil Rights Chief of Protocol MARY MEL FRENCH Chairman, Foreign Service Grievance Board THOMAS J. DILAURO Civil Service Ombudsman TED A. BOREK Deputy Secretary of State STROBE TALBOTT Under Secretary for Political Affairs THOMAS R. PICKERING Under Secretary for Economic, Business, and STUART E. EIZENSTAT Agricultural Affairs Under Secretary for Arms Control and JOHN HOLUM, Acting International Security Affairs Under Secretary for Management BONNIE R. COHEN Under Secretary for Global Affairs WENDY SHERMAN, Acting Counselor of the Department of State WENDY SHERMAN Assistant Secretary for Administration PATRICK R. HAYES, Acting Assistant Secretary for Consular Affairs MARY A. RYAN Assistant Secretary for Diplomatic Security PATRICK F. KENNEDY, Acting Chief Financial Officer RICHARD L. GREENE Director General of the Foreign Service and EDWARD W. GNEHM, Acting Director of Personnel Medical Director, Department of State and CEDRIC E. DUMONT the Foreign Service Executive Secretary, Board of the Foreign JONATHAN MUDGE Service Director of the Foreign Service Institute RUTH A. DAVIS Director, Office of Foreign Missions PATRICK F. KENNEDY, Acting Assistant Secretary for Population, Refugee, JULIA V. TAFT and Migration Affairs Inspector General JACQUELINE L. WILLIAMS-BRIDGER Director, Policy Planning Staff GREGORY P. CRAIG Assistant Secretary for Legislative Affairs BARBARA LARKIN Assistant Secretary for Democracy, Human JOHN SHATTUCK Rights, and Labor Legal Advisor DAVID R.
    [Show full text]
  • Template for the Analysis of National Development Plans
    Ref. Ares(2013)2748984 - 24/07/2013 Part I - ANALYSIS OF NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN (EDPRS II) 1. Reference documents The Government of Rwanda (GoR) has elaborated the Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy II 2013/14 – 2017/18 (EDPRS II), which builds on two prior medium term national development strategies. To a large degree, the EDPRS II overlaps with the 2nd term in office (2010 – 2017) of President Paul Kagame, while at the same time bringing the country close to the targets spelled out in Vision 2020, which sets out Rwanda's longer term development aspirations, in particular the goal to achieve middle income country status. The EDPRS II is supported by a range of sector strategies, which were elaborated in tandem with the EDPRS II drafting process. All these documents together provide the basis for the current analysis. 2. Country constraints, challenges and perspectives 2.1 Governance Judging by the World Bank Institute’s (WBI) Worldwide Governance Indicators for Rwanda, Rwanda performs quite well – significantly better than the average performance of low- income countries – on all dimensions of governance1 with the exception of Voice and Accountability. Furthermore, Rwanda’s performance on each of these dimensions has steadily improved since WBI began constructing the Worldwide Governance Indicators in 1996, again, with the exception of Voice and Accountability for which the trend appears flat. Rwanda’s governance challenges thus seem to lie largely within the realm of “Voice and Accountability”, which is defined as the extent to which a country's citizens are able to participate in selecting their government, as well as freedom of expression, freedom of association, and a free media.
    [Show full text]
  • Rwanda's Spatial Economy
    RESHAPING URBANIZATION IN RWANDA Economic and Spatial Trends and Proposals Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Note 1: Urbanization and the Evolution of Public Disclosure Authorized Rwanda’s Urban Landscape December 2017 Standard Disclaimer: . This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/ The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Copyright Statement: . The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/ The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly. For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA, telephone 978‐750‐8400, fax 978‐750‐4470, http://www.copyright.com/. All other queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA, fax 202‐522‐2422, e‐mail [email protected].
    [Show full text]
  • Defeat Is the Only Bad News : Rwanda Under Musinga, 1897-1931
    D I O B N Yuhi Musinga Defeat Is the Only Bad News R M, ‒ Alison Liebhafsky Des Forges Edited by David Newbury Foreword by Roger V. Des Forges T U W P The University of Wisconsin Press 1930 Monroe Street, 3rd Floor Madison, Wisconsin 53711-2059 uwpress.wisc.edu 3 Henrietta Street London WC2E 8LU, England eurospanbookstore.com Copyright © 2011 The Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any format or by any means, digital, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, or conveyed via the Internet or a Web site without written permission of the University of Wisconsin Press, except in the case of brief quotations embedded in critical articles and reviews. 13542 Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Des Forges, Alison Liebhafsky. Defeat is the only bad news: Rwanda under Musinga, 1896–1931 / Alison Liebhafsky Des Forges; edited by David Newbury. p. cm. – (Africa and the diaspora: history, politics, culture) “This text is in large part the dissertation of Alison Liebhafsky Des Forges as originally presented to the Yale University Department of History in 1972”—Editor’s note. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-299-28144-1 (pbk.: alk. paper) ISBN 978-0-299-28143-4 (e-book) 1. Rwanda—History—To 1962. 2. Rwanda—Politics and government—To 1962. 3. Yuhi V Musinga, Mwami of Rwanda, 1883–1944. 4. Rwanda—Relations—Europe. 5. Europe—Relations—Rwanda.
    [Show full text]