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Home , Kepler (Martian crater), Lowell Observatory, Slipher (Martian crater), Tombaugh (crater), Vesto Slipher

1 THE THE OBSERVER | Fall 2012 LOWELL EXPANDING OUR UNIVERSE OBSERVER The quarterly newsletter of Lowell Issue 95 Fall 2012

First Light Gala by Tom Vitron

On an overcast July evening, more than 700 guests convened at the High Country Conference Center for the most memorable gala event in Flagstaff history. The First Light Gala Celebrating the Commissioning of the Discovery Channel (DCT) was a big success, punctuated by a surreal and breathtaking presentation by former astronaut Mr. Neil Armstrong (which, sadly, turned out to be his last public appearance). Mr. Neil Armstrong speaks to a riveted sellout crowd. Right: DCT First Light images: M104, The Sombrero , and M51, The Whirlpool Galaxy. With Chuck Wendt, Deputy Director for Advancement, as Master of Mr. Armstrong during his opening descended towards the lunar surface. Ceremonies, the Gala featured remarks. “Alarm 1201…,” Armstrong recounted, speeches by people who played crucial Offering a learned yet referring to one of two non-critical alarms roles in completing the telescope and understandable rundown of the past that rang during the final descent. “I achieving “first light.” few centuries of innovation decided this was not the moment to pull “DCT stemmed from Lowell’s and discovery, Armstrong led into an out the owner’s manual to figure out what institutional commitment to remain unforgettable play-by-play reenactment Alarm 1201 was.” a leading research organization, of the last four minutes of lunar Midway through the video, Armstrong attracting top researchers to do top module Eagle’s flight to the surface paused it to point out a huge crater he science,” said Director Emeritus Dr. of the . The centerpiece of this wanted to make sure they avoided. Bob Millis. “This pointed us toward presentation was a video featuring the continued on page 4 the realization that we need a bigger iconic footage broadcast from Eagle telescope, and it took many — staff, next to a computer rendering of the IN THIS ISSUE Board, donors, Friends — to pull it landing from Eagle’s perspective. The off.” 1 First Light Gala rendering was created by a private As expected, the evening’s special 2 Director’s Update individual using mapping done by guest and his presentation stole the NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter 3 Library/Collections Center show. Mr. Armstrong began his and the Google Map software. The 5 V. M. ’s Legacy speech by commenting about the audience was enthralled as Armstrong, 5 Annular DCT. “There’s something special who piloted the Eagle, offered nuggets about controlling a 50-plus million 6, 7 Transit of of insight into what he and Edwin dollar machine and getting results that 8 Upcoming Events “Buzz” Aldrin experienced as they have never been achieved before,” said 2 THE LOWELL OBSERVER | Fall 2012

until his death in 1969 at the motions of and where we enjoy unique age 93. commenced. In the opening opportunities to share that On September 14-15, pages of Lord of the Flies, science with the generation 2012, we celebrated the William Golding writes of researchers who will 100th anniversary of of Ralph, his avatar of succeed us. The Discovery Slipher’s work with a civilization, that “there was Channel Telescope is centennial conference a mildness about his mouth catapulting Lowell into that brought astronomers and eyes that proclaimed new prominence, and and science historians no devil.” For some reason the demands it is placing Director’s from around the world that’s a characterization on the organization are to Flagstaff. It provided that has stuck in my mind requiring us to assume Update a thorough overview of since I first read that line a greater degree of the development of our as a kid, and one that came officiousness in i-dotting by Jeffrey Hall understanding of the back to me when I first saw and t-crossing, as well as expanding Universe, this picture of Slipher many aggressiveness in pursuing including an opening and years ago after I arrived at revenue to support our n September 17, 1912, O heartfelt retrospective by Lowell as a postdoc. new facility in a difficult by direction of , our Trustee Bill Putnam. This impression was time for federal support of astronomer Vesto Melvin It was all fascinating, but borne out that night at research. Despite this high- Slipher made an exacting for me, the highlight of the dinner, as Slipher’s family stress landscape, the steady observation conference was the group described the man who approach of our scientists, using the 24” dinner after the first day. imprinted a significant engineers, and instrument Alvan The dinner concluded with stamp upon the culture of builders has yielded a refractor a personal reminiscence Hill and indeed, who telescope no one else here on Mars of V. M. by his grandson, was quite likely the origin believed we could build, Hill: the first and as his description of the atmosphere that and one that even out of measurement unfolded of the steady, makes the Observatory such the box is working pretty of the radial gentle, and unassuming a wonderful place to be well. velocity of an object then astronomer who spent over involved with today. I don’t know what called a “spiral nebula.” The half a century in service Bill Putnam has recently DCT’s equivalent of the extraordinary and unexpected to Lowell, I recalled two noted that in this exciting first cosmological high velocity of the object images. time when we bring our will be, but it’s out there we now call the Andromeda The first was of my last new $53 million asset on somewhere. As we work Galaxy led Slipher to undertake conversation with V. M.’s line, the company must toward whatever that is, a years-long program of son, David, who, if the become ever more vigilant, we’ll do our best to handle observing the motions of many “chip off the old block” earnest, and businesslike. our ongoing growth while such objects. Each had very adage has any truth, was But in the next breath ensuring that V. M.’s high velocities, most of them in the epitome of his dad. he’ll tell you that our century-long legacy thrives recession. These observations, I remember David as a atmosphere of mildness and here on Mars Hill, where collected in a long-term truly kind and pleasant proclaiming no devils is one as I write this on a chilly program akin to a number of gentleman, always keen to that he considers essential October night, a fall wind the ongoing research programs hear the latest goings-on at to preserve. is whistling mildly through at Lowell today, provided the Lowell, and whose company I do as well. Because the pines. observational underpinning was always a pleasure. It of his quiet and steady that later allowed Edwin was a genuine loss to the approach, V. M. did not Hubble to deduce the nature Lowell family when he died attain the prominence that of the expanding Universe. in 2000. did. But he Mars 3D exhibit V. M., as he is affectionately The second was of did set a course for a place open until Jan. 13th! known around here, spent his the picture of V. M. where today astronomers entire career at Lowell, retiring reproduced with this letter, work with almost complete www.lowell.edu in 1954 and living in Flagstaff taken sometime before freedom to pursue the his pioneering work on research of their choice, THE3 LOWELL OBSERVER | Fall 2012 THE LOWELL OBSERVER | Fall 20123 Library/Collections Center Capital Campaign by Kent Robinson, Advisory Board Member

Renderings by the architectural firm Robert Associates of the Library/Collections Center’s exterior (left) and lobby (right), which will house artifact displays and Big Red, Percival Lowell’s car. collections include such information as: Center Building. The repository, with Plans were recently announced 32,000 glass plate photographic images its temperature and humidity controls for the construction of Lowell of the night sky; the papers of founder and fire-suppression system will provide Observatory’s Library and Collections Percival Lowell and of other renowned a central, environmentally stable and Center. The building will house the astronomers of the Observatory; physically secure space for our fragile Observatory’s extensive historical Percival Lowell’s personal library; and unique collections. A secure collections and provide much needed astronomers observation log books; rare document and artifacts processing library and office space for its growing books and publications; star atlases; area and reading room will also be science and support staff. Construction record drawings of historical provided.” of the new building, to be located on and building facilities; and more than The lobby to the new building will Mars Hill near the Hendricks Planetary 600 handmade instruments used at the exhibit “Big Red,” Percival Lowell’s Science Building, will be funded by Observatory. We are indeed fortunate 1911 Stevens Duryea touring car, as proceeds from an earlier announced that generations of Lowell staff have well as rotating displays of historical capital campaign. Depending upon the saved and stored these documents and astronomical equipment. This lobby success of that campaign, construction artifacts to provide future generations space will accommodate up to 30 of the new building could begin in early with the opportunity to understand visitors, have visual access into the 2013. the labors and lives of those who have collection repository, and will serve as The Observatory’s collections worked on Mars Hill. a tour stop for the Observatory’s public chronicle 118 years of scientific According to Lowell Archivist, programs. “The Collections Center exploration and astronomical discovery. Lauren Amundson, “the collection’s will help us preserve and protect Founder Percival Lowell’s studies of documents and artifacts, now stored in Lowell’s rich history and give the Mars inspired scientific researchers and several different locations at the Mars public a glimpse of some of the amazing writers for generations. V. M. Slipher’s Hill campus, will be consolidated in items we have in the archives,” says spectrographic studies led to our the repository of the new Collections Amundson. current understanding of the expanding universe. The nearly 30-year search for For more information, visit http://www.lowell.edu/collectionscenter.php, watch a X culminated in the discovery video at http://www.vimeo.com/lowellobservatory/collectionscenter, or contact Antoinette Beiser, Major Gifts Officer, at (928) 233-3216 or [email protected]. of by Clyde . The 4 THE LOWELL OBSERVER | Fall 2012

First Light Gala continued from page 1 “That crater is the size of Dodger Stadium,” he recalled (see image and caption at right). As the voices of controllers at Johnson Space Center warned that fuel was about to run out, the Gala audience tensed up, as if so enthralled by Mr. Armstrong’s first- person presentation that attendees forgot the Eagle’s fate: a successful landing on Tranquility Base. The evening’s entertainment also included video interludes before each speaker was introduced. First, the Above: A screenshot of the video narrated animated version of Percival Lowell (aka by Mr. Armstrong, with the original Eagle Uncle Percy) welcomed the audience as video to the left and a Google Moon- derived reconstruction of the landing he does at the beginning of each of our video to the right, with a tilted box animated series’ 11 episodes. But instead showing the limits of the Eagle’s video. of taking us on a ride to one of the The crater along the upper left edge of the box is the one Mr. Armstrong compared to solar system’s fascinating objects, Percy Dodger Stadium. spoke directly to Trustee Bill Putnam, thanking him for more than a quarter Left, from top: Gala speakers including Dr. century of continued dutiful stewardship. Jeff Hall, Director; Chuck Wendt, Master Discovery Communications also provided of Ceremonies and Deputy Director for two videos, including the first trailer Advancement; Dr. Bob Millis, Director Emeritus; and William Lowell Putnam, III, for “Scanning the Skies: The Discovery Trustee. (Not pictured: Mr. John Hendricks, Channel Telescope” (see sidebar on page Founder, Discovery Communications; 6). Also shown were lovely terrestrial Mr. John Giovale, Member, Executive Committee of the Advisory Board, Lowell shots of Anderson Mesa and an aerial Observatory) flyover of the DCT, filmed in early 2011 for the IMAX film “Space Junk 3D”. Mr. Armstrong’s attendance raised the profile and the excitement of what was already a momentous occasion in the history of . Without a doubt, the Gala was the biggest and most memorable evening in Flagstaff history (short only of the anonymous nights when our astronomers have made Mr. Larry Hughes, CEO of BNY seminal discoveries). And now, even as Mellon Wealth Management, commissioning continues, the Discovery receives a 3D etching/rendering Channel Telescope era at Lowell has of the DCT from W. Lowell begun. Stay tuned. Putnam, the Observatory’s Trust Administrator and Trustee Designate. All corporate Gala For more news and images, sponsors received one of these find us on Facebook as thanks for their support. or Twitter: @PercivalLowell THE5 LOWELL OBSERVER | Fall 2012 THE LOWELL OBSERVER | Fall 20125

establishing very high velocities, usually have the same intrinsic luminosity), V. M. Slipher’s in recession, of speeds up to 1100 km/s he calculated the distance to M31. (2.1 million mph). For many astronomers, Combining his own calculated distances Legacy the speeds of the spirals seemed too with Slipher’s measured redshifts, Hubble by Samantha Thompson great for the systems to be gravitationally discovered that distance was roughly bound to the Milky Way and it soon proportional to . In 1927, two became common practice to use the radial years before Hubble would formulate his velocities of the spirals as evidence of the “law,” Georges Lemaître derived a linear island universe theory. relation between velocity and distance, In 1923, after Hubble had discovered which supported the new theory of space a in M31, determined and time, and espoused a model of an its period and, assuming Henrietta expanding universe. Leavitt’s period-luminosity relation for continued on page 7 Cepheids (Cepheids of the same period Annular Eclipse Amazes! On May 20, a breathtaking annular Dr. Harry Nussbaumer (Institute of Astronomy, ETH solar eclipse created a “ring of fire” Zurich) presents “Slipher’s Redshifts as Support for de Sitter’s Universe?” (Credit: Ari Belenkiy, BCIT) effect, with the Moon not fully covering up the Sun as occurs during a total In 1931 Dutch astronomer Willem de solar eclipse. The eclipse’s path took Sitter proclaimed that never “in all the history it through the very northern part of Arizona. Famous sites such as Wupatki of science has there been a period when new National Monument, where Lowell theories and hypotheses arose, flourished, Director Dr. Jeff Hall hosted a safe- and were abandoned in so quick succession as observing session, offered great views. in the last fifteen or twenty years.” de Sitter was referring to a period of turmoil when astronomers actively debated the nature of spiral nebulae: are they stellar systems or are they “island universes” independent of our own Milky Way galaxy? This debate was eventually brought to an end through the use of large optical telescopes located at better observing sites and affixed with modern instrumentation. By 1931, not only had astronomers concluded that these spiral nebulae were separate from our Galaxy, they had also discovered the entirely unexpected expansion of the universe. In hindsight, we can see what was needed to settle the debate over “island universes” was an accurate and accepted distance model to these systems. Vesto M. Slipher paved the way for this eventual model by becoming the first to measure the radial velocity of spiral nebulae on September 17, 1912 at Lowell Observatory. Slipher used a Brashear spectrograph, attached to the 24-inch Clark refractor, and Images from top right, clockwise: recorded sufficient spectral absorption lines Staff images by Len Bright from to determine the approach velocity of the eclipse’s centerline near Page, AZ; Dave Schleicher from Wupatki; Rich Andromeda Nebula (M31) to be outstandingly Oliver from Cathedral Rock near fast. Slipher concluded that “in its swift flight Sedona, AZ; Gretchen Schindler through space…we may conclude that the sees eclipse on her garage door; Andromeda Nebula is approaching the solar Chuck Wendt photographs Mary system with a velocity of about 300 kilometers DeMuth facilitating safe viewing and per second [671,000 mph].” Slipher continued Brian Skiff taking a perch to engage to measure the Doppler shifts of the spirals, assembled visitors. 6 THE LOWELL OBSERVER | Fall 2012

Transit of Venus Widemann of the Paris Not all of the Venus As of this writing, the Observatory and Paolo Tanga Twilight sites were Twilight Experiment data by Dr. William Sheehan of the Nice Observatory favored with clear skies — is being analyzed in terms organized the Venus Twilight Kazakhstan, for instance, was of mathematical models of Experiment, overseeing the clouded out. At Lowell, the the atmosphere of Venus; fabrication and testing of skies were pellucid, though the full results will be eight identical coronographs the high winds common published in the next month for blocking the solar in late spring in Flagstaff or so. Lowell’s successful photosphere and allowing thrashed instruments and participation in this project optimal visualization of the observers assembled on the is another feather in the aureole — a shimmering sliver oyster shells just beyond the Observatory’s cap. It first of light which appears before Pluto telescope dome and in pioneered the investigation Venus’s disk enters onto the vicinity of the Trustee’s of the weather of the the Sun. Coronagraphs residence. in the Solar System, and is were shipped to Haleakala, The winds were pesky, now taking the lead in the Hawaii, Hokkaido, Japan, but did not interfere with the discovery and characterization On June 5, 2012, the world Queensland, Australia, project’s success. There was, of . We now know, witnessed the second transit of Kazakhstan, the Marquesas however, one close call: the in intimate detail, what the Venus of the century (and indeed Islands, India – and Lowell author had just sighted the transit of an Earth-sized of the millennium). A thousand Observatory, where two were aureole when, in a moment planet with a hot atmosphere visitors, a record for a daytime deployed. One would be used of excessive enthusiasm, he looks like in passing across a event, thronged Mars Hill to by Paolo Tanga to image the bumped the telescope, and G-type star. watch an event not to be repeated aureole with a CCD, the caused the planet’s image to Future astronomers will for 105 ½ years. other was to be used (by be lost just as it was getting no doubt consult the data Scientists were on Mars Hill the author) to make visual interesting. Fortunately, archive and interpretations too to study the rare occurrence. observations for comparison Klaus Brasch was on hand obtained on Mars Hill on They were especially interested with historical records. — one of an enthusiastic June 5, 2012. For those of in phenomena associated with The scale and ambition support team that also us who participated, it is an the aureole — a refracted image of the Venus Twilight included Lowell volunteers event we shall never forget — of the Sun produced by the Experiment was such as and amateurs Bill Burke and and shall never see again. to be reminiscent of the Jim Roberts. With nerves of dense atmosphere of Venus and “Scanning the Skies: recorded by observers in the 18th great global expeditions steel, and an infallible mantra The Discovery Channel and 19th century. to observe the transits of of “Klaus, don’t panic,” he Telescope”, the long- Observers in 2004 were Venus of the 18th and was able to retrieve the image able for the first time to use 19th centuries. Then the of the aureole, allowing the awaited documentary photometry using electronic “Holy Grail” pursued had author to resume his awed about the conception imaging devices to acquire data been the scale of the Solar watching of a bright downy and construction of the about the aureole, and developed System; now it was to acquire feather, the aureole, as it DCT, aired on Sept. models for estimating the local a better understanding of fluttered steadily toward the 9th on the Discovery density scale height and altitude the sluggish, suffocating Sun. The image was both Channel (US). If you of the refraction layer in Venus’s atmosphere of Venus, where lovely and portentous — the missed your chance atmosphere. runaway greenhouse warming image of the Sun, as refracted to see it, you can still By 2012, preparations were has produced a cautionary in the atmosphere of another order the DVD for much more thorough. Thomas tale for Earth. world 26 million miles away. $14.95 by emailing Leslie at [email protected].

Top: The 2012 Transit in progress (P. Houlahan) From left: A Hydrogen-Alpha image of second contact, as Venus’ full disk crossed in front of the Sun (P. Tanga et al.); Members of the Coconino Astronomical Society assist the research effort; Despite being on a Tuesday, the Transit brought Lowell its biggest single-day attendance, with more than 1,000 paid admissions. 7THE LOWELL OBSERVER | Fall 2012 THE LOWELL OBSERVER | Fall 20127

V. M. Slipher’s Legacy A Tale of Two Transits continued from page 5 Though Slipher’s early measured By Dr. Chris Crockett, USNO redshifts paved the way for the discovery of the expanding universe, his vital How many people can say they role is often overlooked by much of watched the 2012 Venus transit the astronomical community. Though through a telescope that witnessed Hubble did not cite Slipher’s work in the transits of 1874 and 1882? his first published paper on the subject, More than 500 visitors to the in private letters to Slipher he conceded U. S. Naval Observatory’s (USNO) that Slipher’s measured velocities, along Flagstaff Station did just that. with his own calculations of distance, Among the dozen or so telescopes were the first achievements in the field, and binoculars set up for the acknowledging that he “regard[ed] such public, the show-stopper was a first steps as by far the most important 138-year-old Clark refractor. of all” and “once the barrier is forced, Venus transits in the 18th and further development is comparatively 19th centuries allowed astronomers simple.” to determine the size of the solar This past September astronomers and system. By timing the transit historians from around the world met in Flagstaff to celebrate and discuss the from widely separated locations, hundredth anniversary of ’s researchers could triangulate the Visitors peer through USNO’s historic observations. Participants distance to Venus. Combining that 138-year-old Clark refractor. discussed a century of redshifts, from with the relative separations of the past to present to future. From Slipher’s planets — worked out by Johannes ARRIVALS mastering of the spectrograph to in 1619 — provided the the ambitious campaigns of modern • Liam Andrus, long-sought Earth-Sun distance. surveys of the highest redshift systems, Opto-Mechanical Engineer Intern In 1874, USNO contracted technology’s role in understanding the • Austin Bell, Maintenance Assistant Boston telescope maker Alvan expanding universe is apparent. The • Travis Brown, Educator Clark — who also built Lowell’s discussion of other key figures, and • Danger Charles, Media Intern 24” telescope — to manufacture their role in the discovery highlights an • Ben Dirgo, Research Intern important question addressed during the eight refractors. These telescopes • Jim Gorney, conference: Who should get credit for were sent on transit observing Facilities Maintenance Assistant this discovery – Slipher? Hubble?....or expeditions around the world. • Crispin Herrera, Accounting Intern LeMaitre? or Friedman? The Clark refractor on display at • Joe Jaeger, Media Intern By the end of the conference, one USNO for the 2012 transit is one of • Paula Johns, Research Intern astronomer concluded that you “mature the original eight telescopes. After • Nicole Kamath, Research Assistant as a scientist when you develop an visiting China in 1874 and • Nick Kotsovolos, Accounting Clerk appreciation for the connectivity of ideas Africa in 1882, it spent the last • Alex McCanna, Educator and the transmission of knowledge and 57 years in Flagstaff mounted to • Dary A. Ruiz Rodriguez, the collaborative enterprise it takes to the side of USNO’s 40” telescope. Research Assistant produce a result that is usually credited Observatory staff refurbished the • Kevin White, Educator to a single individual. When you know brass tube and 5” lens just in time DEPARTURES the history behind it you actually feel for the June 5 transit. Aided by a • Tomas Chylek, less obscure as a scientist and you feel new eyepiece and solar filter, the DCT Opto-Mechanical Engineer like you’re making a contribution. These historic instrument — along with • Steve DaCosta, Educator types of [conferences] are useful and hundreds of guests — watched the • James Davis, Educator should be more wide-scale.” silhouette of Venus cross the sun • Ryan Godwin, one more time. DCT Software Developer With any luck, the Clark will • Dr. Kim Herrmann, Another Observer is coming continue its tradition for the next Post-Doctoral Fellow your way soon so we can get transit in 2117! • Nancy Rooney, Accounts Payable • Hongxin Zhang, back on schedule for 2013! Pre-Doctoral Fellow Non-Profit Org. U.S. Postage PAID Flagstaff, AZ Permit No. 170 Fall 2012 SCAN TO SCAN TO GO TO lowell.edu

Issue 95 Noon - 5:00 p.m. Noon - 5:00 p.m. Noon - 9:30 p.m. Noon - 9:30 p.m. EXPANDING OUR UNIVERSE EXPANDING Eco-friendly printing by printing Eco-friendly makes its closest approach to Earth On the first Wednesday night of each month On the first Everything in the Starry Skies Gift Shop is on – – – our Facebook page SCAN TO SCAN TO GO TO ELL Thanksgiving Weekend Celebration Thanksgiving Weekend T/TH/Sun T/TH/Sun Jupiter Opposition Flagstaff Night Regular Public Hours: Public Regular M/W/F/Sat Regular Public Hours: Public Regular M/W/F/Sat and Sales Extravaganza Black Friday FALL SPECIAL EVENTS FALL For comments about the newsletter, contact comments about the newsletter, For The Lowell Observer is published quarterly by Observer The Lowell 2012 PUBLIC PROGRAM PROGRAM 2012 PUBLIC 928.774.3358 • www.lowell.edu • Find us on Facebook us on Facebook • Find 928.774.3358 • www.lowell.edu Lowell Observatory, 1400 W. Mars Hill Road, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 Mars Hill Road, Flagstaff, 1400 W. Observatory, Lowell fsc logo Contents Copyright 2012 by Lowell Observatory ISSN 1054-0059 Contents Copyright 2012 by Lowell

Chuck Wendt, Deputy Director for Advancement [email protected] Chuck Wendt,

The quarterly newsletter of Lowell Observatory The quarterly THE

OBSERVER LOW hear an astronomer discuss an exciting aspect of space. Flagstaff residents at 7:00 p.m., retired Lowell pay only half the regular admission rate. Tonight astronomer Nat White will be here to talk about the wonders of space. WED 5 (5:00 p.m. - 9:30 p.m.) MON 3 (6:00 p.m. - 9:30 p.m.) will include activities centered around evening This family-friendly this year. Jupiter’s and storms. , magnetic field, extreme pressure,

sale today! We will hold an early-bird special from 8 a.m. until noon. At special from 8 a.m. until 8:30 early-bird will hold an sale today! We fun all day! Family Telescope. a.m. we will unveil a 3D ornament of the Clark DECEMBER FRI 23 (8:00 a.m. - 9:30 p.m.) NOVEMBER Holiday Skies Presentations: 21, 22 (7:00 p.m.) Dec. 1, 3, 7, 8, 10, 12, 14, 15, 17, 19, 12/13 Geminids Celebration: Thanksgiving Weekend 11/24 (9:00 a.m. - 9:30 p.m.) 11/23 & Sat. Fri. Mayan Calendar Monday: Mayan Calendar 26 (7:00 p.m.) Nov. Shower: Upcoming Meteor Until January 13 (regular open hours) Until January 13 (regular Mars Fridays: p.m. - 9:30 p.m.) 23 & 30 (6:00 Nov. A New Perspective on Mars: The Red Planet in 3D: on Mars: The Red A New Perspective