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An Investigation Into How Algerian Women Living in the United Kingdom, Negotiate Social Activities and Cultural Practices Within Virtual Third Spaces

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An Investigation Into How Algerian Women Living in the United Kingdom, Negotiate Social Activities and Cultural Practices Within Virtual Third Spaces An investigation into how Algerian women living in the United Kingdom, negotiate social activities and cultural practices within virtual Third Spaces. Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Northampton 2020 Fatima Zahra Zahaf ©Fatima Zahra Zahaf 2020 Doctor of Philosophy. This thesis is copyright material and no quotation from it may be published without proper acknowledgement. Acknowledgements I would like to convey my heartfelt thanks to the Algerian government for offering me this golden chance to pursue my doctoral studies at the University of Northampton by fully funding this project. I would like to express my sincere thanks to my supervisory team, who guided me in doing this research. Thank you Dr. Dave Burnapp for generously giving your time and expertise during all stages of the project. Without your invaluable feedback, precious advice, and continuous support, it would not be possible to conduct this study. I would like to express profound admiration to Dr. Sonya Andermahr for having been supportive, helpful, and inspiring. I would like to express my enduring gratitude to Prof. Matthew McCormack for his great help and precious advice. I am heartily thankful to my family members, to my dear father, to my sisters and brothers, and my nieces and nephews, without whom I would not have been what I am. I am eternally grateful to my fiancé who believed in me to achieve this, thank you for your continuous support and unfailing love. My greatest gratitude and recognition go to my intimate friends and colleagues. Thanks for the inspiring exchange of ideas, support, and encouragements through our endless journey together. This project could never have been possible without the help and the collaboration of the 12 Algerian female migrants who devoted their time and patience to take part in this study. My heartfelt thanks are also given to all my teachers who have been my guides through the path of knowledge. I Dedication To the memory of the people who left without return: my beloved mother Hadjira, my father in law Mohamed, my friend Kenza, and my teacher Mohamed Tahar. II Table of contents Acknowledgements .......................................................................... I Dedication ..................................................................................... II Table of contents ........................................................................... III List of tables ............................................................................... VIII List of figures .................................................................................. X Abstract ........................................................................................ XI 1 Chapter one: Introduction ............................................................ 1 1.1 Introduction .......................................................................... 1 1.2 The rationale of the study ....................................................... 3 1.3 The research questions ........................................................... 5 1.4 Aims and objectives ............................................................... 5 1.5 The structure of the thesis ...................................................... 6 2 Chapter two: Social and political trends in Algeria during the 1990s and migration ...................................................................................... 10 2.1 Part 1: Social and political trends in Algeria during the 1990s .... 10 2.1.1 Ethnicity, language, and religion ....................................... 10 2.1.2 The Algerian civil war 1990- 1999 ..................................... 13 2.1.3 Numbers of migration from Algeria to Europe and the United Kingdom .................................................................................. 16 2.1.4 The Algerian community in the United Kingdom: the presence of women 17 2.2 Part 2: Migration .................................................................. 19 2.2.1 Migration ....................................................................... 19 2.2.2 Types of migrants in the UK ............................................. 20 2.2.3 The United Kingdom as a country of interest for international migration ................................................................................. 22 III 2.2.4 Migration problems ......................................................... 24 3 Chapter three: Literature review ................................................. 27 3.1 Third Space (Homi K. Bhabha) ............................................... 27 3.2 The concept of home ............................................................ 34 3.3 Migration theories: network, migration systems, and transnationalism ......................................................................... 37 3.4 Acculturation ....................................................................... 41 3.4.1 Berry’s model of acculturation: ......................................... 43 3.5 Imagined communities (Benedict Anderson/ Bonny Norton) ....... 46 3.6 Digital migration .................................................................. 50 4 Chapter four: Methodology ......................................................... 55 4.1 Research paradigm .............................................................. 55 4.1.1 Interpretivism: constructivism .......................................... 55 4.1.2 Methodology: phenomenology .......................................... 56 4.2 Methods of data collection ..................................................... 57 4.2.1 Stage one: observation/ online discussion board ................. 57 4.2.2 Stage two: interviews ...................................................... 71 4.3 Participants and sampling ..................................................... 75 4.3.1 Description of the participants .......................................... 78 4.4 Data analysis ...................................................................... 81 4.4.1 Qualitative thematic analysis ............................................ 81 4.4.2 Why qualitative thematic analysis ..................................... 83 4.5 The research process ............................................................ 84 4.6 Ethical considerations ........................................................... 86 4.7 Pilot study .......................................................................... 88 4.7.1 Preliminary conclusions from the pilot study ....................... 96 IV 5 Chapter five: Findings from the online discussion board ................. 97 5.1 Part one: online activities ...................................................... 98 5.1.1 Data analysis process ...................................................... 98 5.1.2 Description of the themes .............................................. 111 5.2 Part 2: life in the UK discussions .......................................... 142 5.2.1 Data analysis process .................................................... 142 5.2.2 Description of the themes .............................................. 145 6 Chapter six: Findings from the interviews ................................... 165 6.1 Data analysis process ......................................................... 165 6.2 Discussion of the themes .................................................... 168 6.2.1 Theme 1: the online Algerian community of migrants ......... 168 6.2.2 Theme 2: education ...................................................... 181 6.2.3 Theme 3: Algerian organizations and events ..................... 184 6.2.4 Theme 4: nostalgia ....................................................... 187 6.2.5 Theme 5: home ............................................................ 192 6.2.6 Theme 6: lifestyle ......................................................... 194 6.2.7 Theme 7: social life ....................................................... 201 6.2.8 Theme 8: in-betweenness .............................................. 202 6.2.9 Theme 9: adaptation ..................................................... 204 6.2.10 Theme 10: building social networks ................................. 205 6.2.11 Theme 11: sense of belonging ........................................ 207 6.2.12 Theme 12: sense of nationalism ...................................... 210 6.2.13 Theme 13: raising children ............................................. 211 7 Chapter seven: The discussion of the findings ............................. 214 7.1 Third Space ....................................................................... 214 V 7.1.1 Virtual Third Space as a social support provision of the Algerian women living in the United Kingdom .......................................... 215 7.1.2 Third Space as a merged identity .................................... 219 7.2 Home ............................................................................... 222 7.2.1 One home only ............................................................. 222 7.2.2 Multiple homes ............................................................. 223 7.2.3 Home, Third Space, and imagined community. .................. 224 7.3 Migration theories .............................................................. 225 7.3.1 Migration theories and virtual Third Space ........................ 229 7.4 Acculturation ..................................................................... 230 7.4.1 Marginalisation ............................................................. 231 7.4.2 Assimilation
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