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Arab-Americans and Muslim-Americans Then and Now: From Arab-Americans and Muslim-Americans Then and Now: From Immigration and Assimilation to Political Activism and Education by Monica Mona Eraqi A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Education (Curriculum and Practice) in the University of Michigan - Dearborn 2014 Doctoral Committee: Associate Professor Julie Ann Taylor, Chair Associate Professor Christopher Burke Assistant Professor Maiyoua Vang ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In the Name of God, the Most Compassionate, the Most Merciful I am extremely grateful to the many people that influenced my life, inspired me to pursue a doctorate, and have contributed to my success throughout this long journey. First, I would like to express my deepest appreciation to my committee chair, Dr. Julie Ann Taylor. Dr. Taylor's vision and critical analysis have helped to shape my research, which have taken my studies to new heights I had not previously considered. Her passion for the social studies and Arab-American and Muslim-American studies help me remember the true purpose of studying and teaching history. I would also like to thank my committee member Dr. Maiyoua Vang. Dr. Vang is a true multiculturalist and her determination and ambition were a constant reminder and motivation as to why multicultural education is vital to student learning. At times, Dr. Vang could read my mind and provide me with the inspiration and direction for my dissertation. It was refreshing to be around those who care as deeply as I do about education. I one day hope to be as inspirational as both of these women. Additionally, I would like to thank Dr. Martha Adler who took the time to listen to my concerns and who connected me with Dr. Taylor. I am also deeply indebted to all the teachers within my school and across the United States who participated in the survey and helped contribute to this research. This could not have been accomplished without them. There are so many who will never fully understand why we chose this profession above all others. For many of us, our inspiration often came from those who inspired us, our teachers. My dear colleagues have chosen the most noble profession, often i times with the least recognition and greatest criticism. Yet every day, millions of educators return to the classroom to inspire millions of youth. Every day, they are heroes to their students. Despite the challenges to education, they continue to uphold the character of the profession. I would like to offer my special thanks to my students, who over the course of the past four years, have continued to encourage me. They challenge and inspire me with their numerous questions and comments and I am lucky to be able to work with each of them on a daily basis. To the Arab-American and Muslim-American communities, there are few who have recognized your struggles, ambitions, talents, and successes. I know, personally, the challenges that we have faced and will continue to deal with in the years ahead. There is great responsibility that lies in being an Arab and/or Muslim-American. We have the ability to challenge the stereotypes and biases that others have associated with us. We are the bridge between our ancient history and culture, and the bridge between what our ancestors have accomplished and what we still hope to achieve. Thank you for the numerous contributions and achievements you have given this country. Thank you for your hard work and determination. Always be proud to be an Arab and/or Muslim-American. I would be remised if I did not thank my wonderful family and friends who have continued to support me from the moment I suggested starting my degree. To my parents, especially, who have always been critical of my choices and who may not have understood my thinking, my dreams, and my goals, but still found ways to support me. Both of my parents, like so many immigrants, sacrificed much to come to the U.S. and they both worked diligently to instill their ethnic and religious culture in my siblings and me. They are my foundation and every day I hope to make them as proud of me, as I am of them and their achievements. ii To my sister and brother, I say this with all the love and affection possible. Be proud of who you are and remember that every day you represent our culture and our family. This is not a responsibility to be taken lightly. Like many others who share our culture, you too have a responsibility to contribute to this country and the world. Do your part to uphold that legacy. I would also like to thank my husband, Ahmed. I know that you struggled to understand my profession and my studies, but you continued to emphasize my education, above all else. It is a blessing to have you support me in my goals and ambitions. Thank you, also, to my close friend, Nicole Deck. You were my greatest student and I am honored to have you as one of my closest friends. Continue to keep dreaming big dreams and daring to do the extraordinary. You will always find me close by to support you, as you have supported me. To my dearest friend and colleague, Angela, who has supported me throughout every outrageous decision I have ever made. Thank you for listening to my ideas and my frustrations. I know that there were times when it was difficult to understand or relate to what I was working on, nevertheless, you tried magnificently. Your never-ending love and support have helped me through some of the most difficult movements. You too, sacrificed as I have. In many ways, this journey was your journey, as well. Thank you for sharing it with me. Finally, I come to the most important acknowledgement. While there were many who contributed to the completion of this dissertation, I would not have been able to begin or complete such an accomplishment without the blessing of God Almighty (Glorified and Exalted is He). He (Glorified and Exalted is He) has given me the strength to continue during the most impossible moments. I hope He (Glorified and Exalted is He) will be pleased with my work. My Lord, "Truly, my prayers and my sacrifice, my life and my death, are all for God, Cherisher iii of the Worlds" (Qur'an 6:162). "My Lord! grant me that I should be grateful for Thy favor which Thou hast bestowed on me and on my parents, and that I should do good such as Thou art pleased with, and make me enter, by Thy mercy, into Thy servants, the good ones" (Qur'an 27:19). Amen. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................... viii ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 2 Statement of the Problem and Significance of Study .................................................................. 8 Research Questions ..................................................................................................................... 9 Methodology ............................................................................................................................... 9 Mixed Methods Research Strategy ........................................................................................... 10 Surveys. ................................................................................................................................. 11 Textbooks .............................................................................................................................. 16 Delimitations ............................................................................................................................. 21 Role of the Researcher .............................................................................................................. 22 Site and Sample Collection ....................................................................................................... 27 Data collection. ...................................................................................................................... 28 Data Analysis and Interpretation ............................................................................................... 30 Surveys .................................................................................................................................. 30 Textbooks .............................................................................................................................. 31 Anticipated Ethical Issues ......................................................................................................... 32 Descriptive Statistics ................................................................................................................. 33 State participation. ................................................................................................................. 33 Years of service ..................................................................................................................... 35 CHAPTER 2 - EDUCATIONAL THEORIES ............................................................................. 42 Multicultural Education and the Curriculum ............................................................................ 42 CHAPTER 3 - LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................................... 57 Immigration and Arab and Muslim-Americans within American Society
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