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Cha'pter 8 Physical Techniques in Inorganic Chemistry iranchembook.ir/edu iranchembook.ir/edu U niversity LIBRARIES This book has been purchased by The Dean and Barbara Martin Endowed Book Fund in Chemistry To support and enhance the Department of Chemistry, Eberly College of Science, The Pennsylvania State University 2010 pennState ptNN State m CHSCiist'RY This book has been purchased by The Dean and Barbara Martin Endowed Book Fund in Chemistry To support and enhance the Department of Chemistrj, Eberly College of Science, The Pennsylvania State University June 2010 iranchembook.ir/edu Solutions Manual to Accompany Inorganic Chemistry Sixth Edition Alen Hadzovic University of Toronto W. H. FREEMAN AND COMPANY New York OXFORD University Press iranchembook.ir/edu Solutions Manual to Accompany Inorganic Chemistry, Sixth Edition © 2014,2010,2006, and 1999 by Oxford University Press All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America First printing Published, under license, in the United States and Canada by W. H. Freeman and Company 41 Madison Avenue New York, NY 10010 www.whfreeman.com ISBN-13: 978-1-4641-2438-9 ISBN-10: 1-4641-2438-8 Published in the rest of the world by Oxford University Press Great Clarendon Street Oxford, 0X2 6DP United Kingdom www.oup.com ISBN-13: 9780198701712 ISBN-10: 0198701713 u iranchembook.ir/edu TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface, v Acknowledgments, vii PART 1 Foundations Chapter 1 Atomic Structure 1 Chapter 2 Molecular Structure and Bonding 13 Chapter 3 The Structures of Simple Solids 27 Chapter 4 Acids and Bases 43 Chapter 5 Oxidation and Reduction 61 Chapter 6 Molecular Symmetry 79 Chapter 7 An Introduction to Coordination Compounds 89 Chapter 8 Physical Techniques in Inorganic Chemistry 101 PART 2 The Elements and Their Compounds Chapter 9 Periodic Trends 107 Chapter 10 Hydrogen 111 Chapter 11 The Group 1 Elements 119 Chapter 12 The Group 2 Elements 123 Chapter 13 The Group 13 Elements 127 Chapter 14 The Group 14 Elements 137 Chapter 15 The Group 15 Elements 145 Chapter 16 The Group 16 Elements 153 Chapter 17 The Group 17 Elements 159 Chapter 18 The Group 18 Elements 171 Chapter 19 The d-Block Elements 175 Chapter 20 d-Metal Complexes: Electronic Structure and Properties 181 Chapter 21 Coordination Chemistry: Reactions of Complexes 193 Chapter 22 d-Metal Organometallic Chemistry 201 Chapter 23 The f-Block Metals 213 PART 3 Frontiers Chapter 24 Materials Chemistry and Nanomaterials 217 Chapter 25 Catalysis 223 Chapter 26 Biological Inorganic Chemistry 233 Chapter 27 Inorganic Chemistry in Medicine 237 iranchembook.ir/edu IV iranchembook.ir/edu PREFACE This Solutions Manual accompanies Inorganic Chemistry, Sixth Edition by Duward Shriver, Mark Weller, Tina Overton, Jonathan Rourke, and Fraser Armstrong. Within its covers, you will find the detailed solutions for all self-tests and end of chapter exercises. New'^ to this edition of the Solutions Manual is the inclusion of guidelines for the selected tutorial problems—^those problems for which the literature reference is not provided—for the majority of chapters. Many solutions include figures specifically prepared for the solution, and not found in the main text. As you master each chapter in Inorganic Chemistiy, this manual will help you not only to confirm your answers and understanding but also to expand the material covered in the textbook. The Solutions Manual is a learning aid—its primary goal is to provide you with means to ensure that your own understanding and your own answers are correct. If you see that your solution differs from the one offered in the Solutions Manual, do not simply read over the provided answer. Go baek to the main text, reexamine and reread the important concepts required to solve that problem, and then, with this fresh insight, try solving the same problem again. The self-tests are closely related to the examples that precede them. Thus, if you had a problem with a self-test, read the preceding text and analyze the worked example. The solutions to the end of chapter exercises direct you to the relevant sections of the textbook, which you should reexamine if the exercise proves challenging to you. Inorganic chemistry is a beautiful, rich, and exciting discipline, but it also has its challenges. The self-tests, exercises, and tutorial problems have been designed to help you test your knowledge and meet the challenges of inorganic chemistry. The Solutions Manual is here to help you on your way, provide guidance through the world of chemical elements and their compounds and, together with the text it accompanies, take you to the very frontiers of this world. With a hope you will find this manual useful, Alen Hadzovic iranchembook.ir/edu IV iranchembook.ir/edu ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank the authors Duward Shriver, Mark Weller, Tina Overton, Jonathan Rourke, and Fraser Armstrong for their insightful comments, discussions, and valuable assistance during the preparation of the sixth edition of the Solutions Manual. I would also like to express my gratitude to Heidi Bamatter, Editor for W. H. Freeman and Company, and Alice Mumford, Editor for Oxford University Press, for all of their efforts and dedication to the project. V I1 iranchembook.ir/edu Vlll iranchembook.ir/edu Self-Test Exercises S l.l For the Paschen series n\ = 3 and m = 4, 5, 6,... The second line in the Paschen series is observed when «2 = 5. Hence, starting from equation 1.1, we have = 1.097xl07m -'|-!-----!-| = l .097x 1 O’m-i x 0.071 = 779967m-i, 32 5^ 1 The wavelength is the reciprocal value of the above-calculated wavenumber: = 1.28 X10-6 m or 1280 779967m-1 nm. 81.2 The third shell is given by « = 3, and the subshell for / = 2 consists of the d orbitals. Therefore, the quantum numbers « = 3, / = 2 define a 3d set of orbitals. For / = 2, m/ can have the following values: -2, -1, 0, 1, 2. Thus, there are five orbitals in the given set. Figure 1.15 shows the electron density maps for 3d orbitals. 51.3 The number of radial nodes is given by the expression: n-l-\. For the 5s orbital, « = 5 and/ = 0. Therefore: 5-0-1 = 4. So there are four radial nodes in a 5s orbital. Remember, the first occurrence of a radial node for an s orbital is the 2s orbital, which has one radial node, the 3s has two, the 4s has three, and finally the 5s has four. If you forget the expression for determining radial nodes, just count by a unit of one from the first occurrence of a radial node for that particular “shape” of orbital. Figure 1.9 shows the radial wavefuntions of Is, 2s, and 3s hydrogenic orbitals. The radial nodes are located where the radial wavefunction has a value of zero (i.e., it intersects the x- axis). 81.4 There is no figure showing the radial distribution functions for 3p and 3d orbitals, so you must reason by analogy. In the example, you saw that an electron in a p orbital has a smaller probability of close approach to the nucleus than in an s orbital, because an electron in a p orbital has a greater angular momentum than in an s orbital. Visually, Figure 1.12 shows this. The area under the graph represents where the electron has the highest probability of being found. The origin of the graph is the nucleus, so one can see that the 2s orbital, on average, spends more time closer to the nucleus than a 2p orbital. Similarly, an electron in a d orbital has a greater angular momentum than in a p orbital. In other words, /(d) > /(p) > /(s). Therefore, an electron in a p orbital has a greater probability than in a d orbital of close approach to the nucleus. 81.5 The configuration of the valence electrons, called the valence configuration, is as follows for the four atoms in question: Li: 2s‘ B: 2s^2p' Be: 2s‘ C: 2s^2p^ When an electron is added to the 2s orbital on going from Li to Be, Zeff increases by 0.63, but when an electron is added to an empty p orbital on going from B to C, Zgfr increases by 0.72. The s electron already present in Li repels the incoming electron more strongly than the p electron already present in B repels the incoming p electron, because the incoming p electron goes into a new orbital. Therefore, increases by a smaller amount on going from Li to Be than from B to C. However, extreme caution must be exercised with arguments like this because the effects of electron-electron repulsions are very subtle. This is illustrated in period 3, where the effect is opposite to that just described for period 2. 81.6 Following the example, for an atom of Ni with Z= 28 the electron configuration is: Ni: ls-2s^2p^3s^3p^3d*4s“ or [Ar]3d*4s^ iranchembook.ir/edu Once again, the 4s electrons are listed last because the energy of the 4s orbital is higher than the energy of the 3d orbitals. Despite this ordering of the individual 3d and 4s energy levels for elements past Ca (see Figure 1.19), interelectronic repulsions prevent the configuration of an Ni atom from being [Ar]3d‘®. For an Ni^^ ion, with two fewer electrons than an Ni atom but with the same Z as an Ni atom, interelectronic repulsions are less important. Because of the higher energy 4s electrons as well as smaller Zeff than the 3d electrons, the 4s electrons are removed from Ni to form Ni^^, and the electron configuration of the ion is: Ni: ls^2s^2p^3s^3p*’3d“ or [Ar]3d* and Ni^'":2+.
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