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CHAPTER II CHAPTER II STUDY AREA AND METHODS OF STUDY 2.1. Geographical set-up:- 2.1.1. Introduction:- Shrigonda is the third largest tahsil in the Ahmednagar district with geographical area about 1629.94 km2 and occupies 9.56% of the total area of the district. The total population of the Shrigonda tahsil is 277319 as per the census of 2001. The total urban area is nearly 83.65 km2 covers about 5.13% area of the tahsil and the urban population is 9.49% to the total population of the Shrigonda tahsil (census handbook 2001). 2.1.2. Location :- S Shrigonda is one of the tahsil in Ahmednagar district and covers southern part of the district. Shrigonda tahsil extends between the 18- 21' 18" N t©'l8Q 54' 07" N latitudes and 74e 23' 11" E ^74a 56' 40" E longitudes. Shrigonda tahsil comprises the part of Bhima basin. (Fig 2.1) The southern limit of Shrigonda tahsil starts from Angare village (situated on left bank of river Bhima) and extends northward upto north boundary of the village Chikhali. The western limit of the tahsil is characterized by NW to SE flowing river Ghod and eastern limit is bounded by Karjat tahsil in Ahmednagar district. i Administrative boundaries of Shrigonda tahsil are well defined by the boundaries of Daund tahsil to the south, Shirur tahsil to the west (Pune district) and Karjat tahsil to the East, Nagar tahsil to the north (Ahmednagar district), Ashti tahsil to the NE (Beed District) Shrigonda Tahsil comprises about 115 villages according to census of 2001. (Census handbook 2001) 46 fable 2.1 Administrative Divisions of S hrigo nda tahsil Code Code Code Code Code Village Village Village Village Village No. No. No. No. No. c C o •3 C < - O n M * Hingani D Kharatwadi - Ghutewadi Khandgaon Kasti £ 0 m C C M 0 M Gavhanewadi Belwandi B Chikhali Pisorekhand Mundhekarwadi c i < c C C C C n M n n M * D O Deodaithan Policewadi Koregaon Mahadeowadi Velu C m O C c C •s D O n M r Yavati Mhase Vithhekarwadi Kosegavhan Chorachiwadi i c 0 C m n M n Sarolasomwanshi 0 Wadgaon shindodi Bhapakarwadi Takali lonar Bhingan Dumala c 0 m C i C c C M n n M 0 n D Koregavhan Yalpane Pandharewadi Bhangaon Chandagaon C3 i C c C o C r- O n n D O > . Chambhurdi Pisore B Lagadwadi Deulgaon Takali Kadewalit m -3 o O C C O O Ukhalqaon Parvatwadi - Kolgaon Ghugalwadgaon Bhingan Khalasa m m o 0 C C c M O n Visapur Mahadeowadi Ghargaon 0 Tandali D Ad ho re wad i o C C i C c O C M D O O n Mungusgaon Lonivyanknath Ghotavi n Surodi Chikhalthanwadi m C o o C - C -a O O O Pimpalgaon pisa - Chimbhale Kothul Pargaon Sudrik Shipalkarwadi C m 0 o C 0 M O 0 Nimbavi Bori Dhoraie 0 Khetmaliswadi Sangavi Dumala m C C i c o C C C M O O n n O Kondegavhan Hangewadi Wadghul O Wadali Nimgaon khalu O C ^ 0 r- C O C C D D O O 0 Arangaon D - Wangadari Kamathi Belwandi Kothar Gar o m C 0 S 0 O 0 Dhawalgaon Dhokraimal Mandavgan 0 Adhalgaon Kauthe 0 C C e C C o 0 m M O O O n 0 Rajapur Chormalewadi Banpimpri 0 Gavhanewadi Angar N O C C o c 0 C - O O D n Danewadi Masalwadi Tardagavhan 0 Dokewadi Arvi 0 5 C o C - O 0 Math Domaiewadi Chavarsangavi O Bhavadi Afanuj c "st C C m - C 0 M n D O 0 Mengalwadi " Shirasgaon Bodakha Thitesangavi Kokangaon Kansewadi C C o C C C 0 c M O D D M n 0 VZ VZ Raygavhan Baburdi Ghogargaon Hiradqaon Pedgaon C c o C D n Pimpri kolandar Madhewadgaon Ruikhel Ghodegaon O Anandawadi C C C 0 ^1 C M M O D 0 Ukkadgaon Mahtarpimpri Mahandulwadi Limpangaon - Shedgaon C C C C e C m M D O M O Erondali Suregaon Bangarde n Jangalewadi Shrigonda w a> o JS -J > CO a> I w < i _Q> < O a 1- i N ngC IGO oc ^ X o CO CO Q. (0 4fe 2.1.3. Climatic conditions:- Shrigonda tahsil covers mostly semi-arid tract of the deccan peninsula. It comes under the rain shadow region of monsoon zone of Ahmednagar district. The climate of the study area is characterised by a hot summer and generally dryness except during the southwest monsoon. The weather conditions throughout the year clearly demarcate three seasons i.e. summer, rainy (southwest monsoon & north-eastern retreating monsoon) and winter. The average annual rainfall is 522 mm. The distribution of rainfall is uneven. The daily mean maximum temperature is 38.92C in summer and 22.49C in winter. 2.1.3.1. Temperature Variation:- The air temperature rises from the month of March. The month of May is the hottest month in the year. The mean maximum temperature increases up to 38.9QC & the mean minimum temperature is 22.4SC on individual days during the hot weather period. Occasionally temperature goes up to 43SC to 44SC at the end of the month of May. (Fig 2.2) In the wet monsoon the daily range of temperature is stable. The hottest day position associated in the month of October; hence it is called October heat. The cold season start from mid November and day and night temperatures \A*i|l rapidly decreased The December is the coldest month in the year over the study area. The mean maximum temperature is 11.79C. The wind blow from north direction and daily mean temperature decreases upto 7QC to 59C some times affected by cold waves associated from the NW disturbance across the northern part of India and in the study area. 50 S002 t>003 "3; eg £002 6> il 2002 IOOB 0002 6661 8661 Z661 966 \ 9661 L_ fr661 £661 -1 •a 2661- C/> E X 3 1661 < X 1- CD 066 k < > Q t IX la 686 k o7 (LI < C5 cc 886 i t_ DC I c IB61 CO o *(-0 9861 C&D- > 9861 fr86t £861 2861 1-861- 0861. 6/6V 8/61 ZZ61 9/61 9/61 o o o in o o CD CO (% UiiaiwnH 3Aiivi3d 51 Table 2.1 Annual Average Temperatures (°C) (1975 to 2003) YEAR M.MAX H.MAX M.MIN LMIN 1975 32.73 35.53 18.13 15.19 1976 33.23 36.33 18.33 14.92 1977 33.78 37.02 18.93 14.18 1978 33.38 36.48 18.15 15.03 1979 33.76 37.00 18.52 14.64 1980 34.23 37.34 18.68 14.65 1981 28.33 30.93 15.41 12.54 1982 23.33 25.93 15.98 13.07 1983 30.96 33.37 18.31 14.87 1984 32.63 35.22 17.56 14.35 1985 32.44 35.24 17.53 14.05 1986 33.45 36.39 18.46 14.95 1987 31.95 35.18 18.17 14.71 1988 30.64 32.80 15.90 14.96 1989 31.13 34.56 18.28 15.03 1990 22.72 38.18 19.25 12.05 1991 27.83 33.08 17.02 12.70 1992 26.17 35.92 17.77 11.48 1993 31.13 30.75 20.08 15.04 1996 26.67 22.26 17.58 13.50 1997 25.03 34.73 18.15 18.10 1998 27.58 27.68 21.55 14.48 1999 33.18 36.62 19.06 15.71 2000 33.48 37.12 17.29 13.79 2001 36.38 39.18 16.92 12.68 2002 31.50 36.04 18.94 15.16 2003 25.92 31.95 17.63 11.55 (Source - IMD, Pune) 2.1.3.2. Rainfall Variation:- The mean annual rainfall varies from 500 mm to 550 mm in the study area. Average annual rainfall received up to 522 mm. The rainy season extends from the month of June to the end of September. The intensity of rainfall is greater in the month of June. The amount of rainfall nearly 77% receives between four months (June to September). The remaining rainfall receives in October and November from the NE retreating monsoon. The Shrigonda tahsil comes under the effect of drought prone condition and rain shadow regions, rainfall is very irregular. The onset of monsoon, amount of rainfall and the variability of rain are very irregular in the study area. The agricultural activities in the northern part are entirely dependent on amount of rainfall. The rainy days are less than 50 throughout the year; hence area experiences long dry periods. It is inferred from the IMD office and discussion with scientist that the probability of moderate drought is as high as 75% and that of severe drought is 50% for the region. Droughts are one of the most natural hazards in this area and entire economy of the tahsil thus gets affected due to these events. Q. -1 CO c/) m r c < o h- < CO Q 1— Z >m o0 CO ^*m •^ X c T. (0 CO QC / 5^ Tabie 2.2 Drought Years in the Shrigonda tahsil (1901 to 2005) Sr. No. Year Magnitude of drought 1 1901 Moderate 2 1904 Moderate 3 1905 Moderate 4 1908 Moderate 5 1912 Severe 6 1918 Moderate 7 1920 Moderate 8 1936 Moderate 9 1939 i orate 10 1941 Moderate 11 1945 Moderate 12 1952 Moderate 13 1963 Moderate 14 1965 Moderate 15 1971 Moderate 16 1972 Severe 17 1984 Moderate 18 1991 Moderate 19 1992 Moderate 20 1994 Severe 21 2002 Moderate 22 2003 Severe (Source GSDA, (Source Ahmednagar, 2005) It can be observed from the table 2.2 that during a span of forty years magnitude of droughts remained to be moderate to severe.
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    Annexure-1B 1)Taxpayers with turnover above Rs 1.5 Crores b) Taxpayers falling under the jurisdiction of the State Taxpayer's Name SL NO GSTIN Registration Name TRADE_NAME 1 NATIONAL INSURANCE COMPANY LIMITED NATIONAL INSURANCE COMPANY LTD 19AAACN9967E1Z0 2 WEST BENGAL STATE ELECTRICITY DISTRIBUTION CO. LTD WEST BENGAL STATE ELECTRICITY DISTRIBUTION CO. LTD 19AAACW6953H1ZX 3 INDIAN OIL CORPORATION LTD.(ASSAM OIL DIVN.) INDIAN OIL CORPORATION LTD.(ASSAM OIL DIVN.) 19AAACI1681G1ZM 4 THE W.B.P.D.C.L. THE W.B.P.D.C.L. 19AABCT3027C1ZQ 5 ITC LIMITED ITC LIMITED 19AAACI5950L1Z7 6 TATA STEEL LIMITED TATA STEEL LIMITED 19AAACT2803M1Z8 7 LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED 19AAACL0140P1ZG 8 SAMSUNG INDIA ELECTRONICS PVT. LTD. 19AAACS5123K1ZA 9 EMAMI AGROTECH LIMITED EMAMI AGROTECH LIMITED 19AABCN7953M1ZS 10 KOLKATA PORT TRUST 19AAAJK0361L1Z3 11 TATA MOTORS LTD 19AAACT2727Q1ZT 12 ASHUTOSH BOSE BENGAL CRACKER COMPLEX LIMITED 19AAGCB2001F1Z9 13 HINDUSTAN PETROLEUM CORPORATION LIMITED. 19AAACH1118B1Z9 14 SIMPLEX INFRASTRUCTURES LIMITED. SIMPLEX INFRASTRUCTURES LIMITED. 19AAECS0765R1ZM 15 J.J. HOUSE PVT. LTD J.J. HOUSE PVT. LTD 19AABCJ5928J2Z6 16 PARIMAL KUMAR RAY ITD CEMENTATION INDIA LIMITED 19AAACT1426A1ZW 17 NATIONAL STEEL AND AGRO INDUSTRIES LTD 19AAACN1500B1Z9 18 BHARATIYA RESERVE BANK NOTE MUDRAN LTD. BHARATIYA RESERVE BANK NOTE MUDRAN LTD. 19AAACB8111E1Z2 19 BHANDARI AUTOMOBILES PVT LTD 19AABCB5407E1Z0 20 MCNALLY BHARAT ENGGINEERING COMPANY LIMITED MCNALLY BHARAT ENGGINEERING COMPANY LIMITED 19AABCM9443R1ZM 21 BHARAT PETROLEUM CORPORATION LIMITED 19AAACB2902M1ZQ 22 ALLAHABAD BANK ALLAHABAD BANK KOLKATA MAIN BRANCH 19AACCA8464F1ZJ 23 ADITYA BIRLA NUVO LTD. 19AAACI1747H1ZL 24 LAFARGE INDIA PVT. LTD. 19AAACL4159L1Z5 25 EXIDE INDUSTRIES LIMITED EXIDE INDUSTRIES LIMITED 19AAACE6641E1ZS 26 SHREE RENUKA SUGAR LTD. 19AADCS1728B1ZN 27 ADANI WILMAR LIMITED ADANI WILMAR LIMITED 19AABCA8056G1ZM 28 AJAY KUMAR GARG OM COMMODITY TRADING CO.
  • Shivneri Fort Information in Marathi Language Pdf

    Shivneri Fort Information in Marathi Language Pdf

    Shivneri fort information in marathi language pdf Continue In the caves cut down on the rocks, you can see the caves of Shivnery. ShivneriJunnar, Pune District, Maharashtra ShivneriShivneri in MaharashtraShow map IndiaShivneriShivneri (Maharashtra)Show map MaharashtraCoordinates191156N 73'51'34E / 19.1990'N 73.8595'E / 19.1990; 73.8595TypeFortSite Information Ownership Government of India Under the controldebygiri Delhi Sultanata Sultanate Ahmadnagar Sultanate Marata Empire (1716-1820) British Raj (1820-1947) India (1947-)Opened to the publicYes Shivneri Fort located at the top of Shivneri Hill, Located on the hill Shivneri, Fort Junnar Shivnery is a 17th-century military fort located near Junnar in puna district of Maharashtra, India. This is the birthplace of Shivaji, the founder of the Marat Empire. Shivnery's history has been known as a place of Buddhist rule since the 1st century AD. Its caves, rock architecture and water system indicate the presence of housing since the 1st century AD. This fort was used mainly to guard the old trade route from Desh to the port city of Kalyan. This place passed to the Sultanate of Bahmani after the weakening of the Delhi Sultanate in the 15th century, and then passed to the Sultanat Ahmadnagar in the 16th century. In 1595, a Marathi leader named Maloji Bhonsle, shivaji Bhosale's grandfather, was included by Ahmadnagar Sultan Bahadur Nizam Shah and gave him Shivnery and Chaban. Shivaji was born in Fort on February 19, 1630 (some accounts place it 1627), and spent his childhood there. Inside the fort is a small temple dedicated to the goddess Shiwai Devi, after whom Shivaji was named.
  • Chapter One Sources Structure: 1.0. Objectives 1.1. Introduction 1.2. Subject Matter 1.2.1. Indian Sources: Shivbharat and Sabha

    Chapter One Sources Structure: 1.0. Objectives 1.1. Introduction 1.2. Subject Matter 1.2.1. Indian Sources: Shivbharat and Sabha

    Chapter One Sources Structure: 1.0. Objectives 1.1. Introduction 1.2. Subject Matter 1.2.1. Indian Sources: Shivbharat and SabhasadBakhar 1.2.2. Persian Sources: Munthakhab-ul- Lubab of Khafi Khan and Tarikh-i- Dilkusha of BhimsenSaxena 1.2.3. Foreign Sources: English and Portuguese 1.3. Glossary 1.4. Answers of Questions for Self-Study 1.5. Summary 1.6. Questions for Practice 1.7. Reference Books 1.0. Objectives: After studying this unit the students 1) Will understand the importance of historical sources and evidence for the writing of history 2) Will be introduced to important Indian, Persian , Portuguese and English sources for the writing of history of the rise of Maratha power. 3) Will understand the importance and limitations of Sanskrit sources like Shivbharat and SabhasadBakhar. 4) Will know the importance and limitation of Persian sources like Muntakhab-ul-Lubab and Tarikh-i- Dilkusha 5) Know the value of documents in English and Portuguese languages for writing the history of Marathas. They will also know about the places where these documents are preserved. 1.1. Introduction: Historical sources are any traces of the past that remain. They may be written sources, documents, newspapers, laws, literature and diaries. They may be artifacts, sites, buildings. History is written with the help of these sources. Whatever the historian says or writes is based on the information and evidence provided by the sources. The historian gathers his information and evidence about the past events and culture by studying the historical sources. It is only by using this collected information that the historian can narrate the history of past events and individuals.