Chapter Ii Chapter Ii
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CHAPTER II CHAPTER II STUDY AREA AND METHODS OF STUDY 2.1. Geographical set-up:- 2.1.1. Introduction:- Shrigonda is the third largest tahsil in the Ahmednagar district with geographical area about 1629.94 km2 and occupies 9.56% of the total area of the district. The total population of the Shrigonda tahsil is 277319 as per the census of 2001. The total urban area is nearly 83.65 km2 covers about 5.13% area of the tahsil and the urban population is 9.49% to the total population of the Shrigonda tahsil (census handbook 2001). 2.1.2. Location :- S Shrigonda is one of the tahsil in Ahmednagar district and covers southern part of the district. Shrigonda tahsil extends between the 18- 21' 18" N t©'l8Q 54' 07" N latitudes and 74e 23' 11" E ^74a 56' 40" E longitudes. Shrigonda tahsil comprises the part of Bhima basin. (Fig 2.1) The southern limit of Shrigonda tahsil starts from Angare village (situated on left bank of river Bhima) and extends northward upto north boundary of the village Chikhali. The western limit of the tahsil is characterized by NW to SE flowing river Ghod and eastern limit is bounded by Karjat tahsil in Ahmednagar district. i Administrative boundaries of Shrigonda tahsil are well defined by the boundaries of Daund tahsil to the south, Shirur tahsil to the west (Pune district) and Karjat tahsil to the East, Nagar tahsil to the north (Ahmednagar district), Ashti tahsil to the NE (Beed District) Shrigonda Tahsil comprises about 115 villages according to census of 2001. (Census handbook 2001) 46 fable 2.1 Administrative Divisions of S hrigo nda tahsil Code Code Code Code Code Village Village Village Village Village No. No. No. No. No. c C o •3 C < - O n M * Hingani D Kharatwadi - Ghutewadi Khandgaon Kasti £ 0 m C C M 0 M Gavhanewadi Belwandi B Chikhali Pisorekhand Mundhekarwadi c i < c C C C C n M n n M * D O Deodaithan Policewadi Koregaon Mahadeowadi Velu C m O C c C •s D O n M r Yavati Mhase Vithhekarwadi Kosegavhan Chorachiwadi i c 0 C m n M n Sarolasomwanshi 0 Wadgaon shindodi Bhapakarwadi Takali lonar Bhingan Dumala c 0 m C i C c C M n n M 0 n D Koregavhan Yalpane Pandharewadi Bhangaon Chandagaon C3 i C c C o C r- O n n D O > . Chambhurdi Pisore B Lagadwadi Deulgaon Takali Kadewalit m -3 o O C C O O Ukhalqaon Parvatwadi - Kolgaon Ghugalwadgaon Bhingan Khalasa m m o 0 C C c M O n Visapur Mahadeowadi Ghargaon 0 Tandali D Ad ho re wad i o C C i C c O C M D O O n Mungusgaon Lonivyanknath Ghotavi n Surodi Chikhalthanwadi m C o o C - C -a O O O Pimpalgaon pisa - Chimbhale Kothul Pargaon Sudrik Shipalkarwadi C m 0 o C 0 M O 0 Nimbavi Bori Dhoraie 0 Khetmaliswadi Sangavi Dumala m C C i c o C C C M O O n n O Kondegavhan Hangewadi Wadghul O Wadali Nimgaon khalu O C ^ 0 r- C O C C D D O O 0 Arangaon D - Wangadari Kamathi Belwandi Kothar Gar o m C 0 S 0 O 0 Dhawalgaon Dhokraimal Mandavgan 0 Adhalgaon Kauthe 0 C C e C C o 0 m M O O O n 0 Rajapur Chormalewadi Banpimpri 0 Gavhanewadi Angar N O C C o c 0 C - O O D n Danewadi Masalwadi Tardagavhan 0 Dokewadi Arvi 0 5 C o C - O 0 Math Domaiewadi Chavarsangavi O Bhavadi Afanuj c "st C C m - C 0 M n D O 0 Mengalwadi " Shirasgaon Bodakha Thitesangavi Kokangaon Kansewadi C C o C C C 0 c M O D D M n 0 VZ VZ Raygavhan Baburdi Ghogargaon Hiradqaon Pedgaon C c o C D n Pimpri kolandar Madhewadgaon Ruikhel Ghodegaon O Anandawadi C C C 0 ^1 C M M O D 0 Ukkadgaon Mahtarpimpri Mahandulwadi Limpangaon - Shedgaon C C C C e C m M D O M O Erondali Suregaon Bangarde n Jangalewadi Shrigonda w a> o JS -J > CO a> I w < i _Q> < O a 1- i N ngC IGO oc ^ X o CO CO Q. (0 4fe 2.1.3. Climatic conditions:- Shrigonda tahsil covers mostly semi-arid tract of the deccan peninsula. It comes under the rain shadow region of monsoon zone of Ahmednagar district. The climate of the study area is characterised by a hot summer and generally dryness except during the southwest monsoon. The weather conditions throughout the year clearly demarcate three seasons i.e. summer, rainy (southwest monsoon & north-eastern retreating monsoon) and winter. The average annual rainfall is 522 mm. The distribution of rainfall is uneven. The daily mean maximum temperature is 38.92C in summer and 22.49C in winter. 2.1.3.1. Temperature Variation:- The air temperature rises from the month of March. The month of May is the hottest month in the year. The mean maximum temperature increases up to 38.9QC & the mean minimum temperature is 22.4SC on individual days during the hot weather period. Occasionally temperature goes up to 43SC to 44SC at the end of the month of May. (Fig 2.2) In the wet monsoon the daily range of temperature is stable. The hottest day position associated in the month of October; hence it is called October heat. The cold season start from mid November and day and night temperatures \A*i|l rapidly decreased The December is the coldest month in the year over the study area. The mean maximum temperature is 11.79C. The wind blow from north direction and daily mean temperature decreases upto 7QC to 59C some times affected by cold waves associated from the NW disturbance across the northern part of India and in the study area. 50 S002 t>003 "3; eg £002 6> il 2002 IOOB 0002 6661 8661 Z661 966 \ 9661 L_ fr661 £661 -1 •a 2661- C/> E X 3 1661 < X 1- CD 066 k < > Q t IX la 686 k o7 (LI < C5 cc 886 i t_ DC I c IB61 CO o *(-0 9861 C&D- > 9861 fr86t £861 2861 1-861- 0861. 6/6V 8/61 ZZ61 9/61 9/61 o o o in o o CD CO (% UiiaiwnH 3Aiivi3d 51 Table 2.1 Annual Average Temperatures (°C) (1975 to 2003) YEAR M.MAX H.MAX M.MIN LMIN 1975 32.73 35.53 18.13 15.19 1976 33.23 36.33 18.33 14.92 1977 33.78 37.02 18.93 14.18 1978 33.38 36.48 18.15 15.03 1979 33.76 37.00 18.52 14.64 1980 34.23 37.34 18.68 14.65 1981 28.33 30.93 15.41 12.54 1982 23.33 25.93 15.98 13.07 1983 30.96 33.37 18.31 14.87 1984 32.63 35.22 17.56 14.35 1985 32.44 35.24 17.53 14.05 1986 33.45 36.39 18.46 14.95 1987 31.95 35.18 18.17 14.71 1988 30.64 32.80 15.90 14.96 1989 31.13 34.56 18.28 15.03 1990 22.72 38.18 19.25 12.05 1991 27.83 33.08 17.02 12.70 1992 26.17 35.92 17.77 11.48 1993 31.13 30.75 20.08 15.04 1996 26.67 22.26 17.58 13.50 1997 25.03 34.73 18.15 18.10 1998 27.58 27.68 21.55 14.48 1999 33.18 36.62 19.06 15.71 2000 33.48 37.12 17.29 13.79 2001 36.38 39.18 16.92 12.68 2002 31.50 36.04 18.94 15.16 2003 25.92 31.95 17.63 11.55 (Source - IMD, Pune) 2.1.3.2. Rainfall Variation:- The mean annual rainfall varies from 500 mm to 550 mm in the study area. Average annual rainfall received up to 522 mm. The rainy season extends from the month of June to the end of September. The intensity of rainfall is greater in the month of June. The amount of rainfall nearly 77% receives between four months (June to September). The remaining rainfall receives in October and November from the NE retreating monsoon. The Shrigonda tahsil comes under the effect of drought prone condition and rain shadow regions, rainfall is very irregular. The onset of monsoon, amount of rainfall and the variability of rain are very irregular in the study area. The agricultural activities in the northern part are entirely dependent on amount of rainfall. The rainy days are less than 50 throughout the year; hence area experiences long dry periods. It is inferred from the IMD office and discussion with scientist that the probability of moderate drought is as high as 75% and that of severe drought is 50% for the region. Droughts are one of the most natural hazards in this area and entire economy of the tahsil thus gets affected due to these events. Q. -1 CO c/) m r c < o h- < CO Q 1— Z >m o0 CO ^*m •^ X c T. (0 CO QC / 5^ Tabie 2.2 Drought Years in the Shrigonda tahsil (1901 to 2005) Sr. No. Year Magnitude of drought 1 1901 Moderate 2 1904 Moderate 3 1905 Moderate 4 1908 Moderate 5 1912 Severe 6 1918 Moderate 7 1920 Moderate 8 1936 Moderate 9 1939 i orate 10 1941 Moderate 11 1945 Moderate 12 1952 Moderate 13 1963 Moderate 14 1965 Moderate 15 1971 Moderate 16 1972 Severe 17 1984 Moderate 18 1991 Moderate 19 1992 Moderate 20 1994 Severe 21 2002 Moderate 22 2003 Severe (Source GSDA, (Source Ahmednagar, 2005) It can be observed from the table 2.2 that during a span of forty years magnitude of droughts remained to be moderate to severe.