DOCSLIB.ORG

Interchapter U: Batteries

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Interchapter U: Batteries INTERCHAPTER U Batteries A representative sample of commercially available batteries. University Science Books, ©2011. All rights reserved. www.uscibooks.com U. BATTERIES U1 A battery is a device that uses a chemical reaction (–)Pb(s)|PbSO4(s)|H2SO4(aq)|PbO2(s),PbSO4(s)|Pb(s)(+) to produce an electric current. Strictly speaking, a battery consists of two or more electrochemical cells The minus and plus signs denote the electrode polari- that are connected together; however, the term bat- ties during discharge (i.e., current drain), and the tery is often applied to single electrochemical cells as comma between PbO2(s) and PbSO4(s) denotes a well. Batteries are especially useful as electric power heterogeneous mixture of the two solids. The battery sources when mobility is a prime consideration. They electrolyte is a 10-M H2SO4(aq) solution. The equa- are adaptable to a wide range of power requirements, tions for the electrode reactions during discharge are from the production of very high currents over short 2– – periods to the production of stable voltages under low Pb(s) + SO4 (aq) → PbSO4(s) + 2 e (oxidation) current drain for long periods. 2 e– + PbO (s) + 4 H+(aq) + SO2–(aq) Batteries are classed as primary if they are not 2 4 → PbSO (s) + 2 H O(l) (reduction) rechargeable and as secondary (can be used a second 4 2 and further times) if they are rechargeable. Examples The equation for the overall cell reaction is obtained of primary batteries are the alkaline batteries used in by adding together the equations for the two half flashlights and the silver-zinc button batteries often reactions: used in wristwatches. Some examples of secondary batteries include the lead storage battery commonly Title General Chemistry - 4th ed discharge used in cars and trucks, the rechargeable nickel- → Pb(s) + PbO2(s) + 2 H2SO4(aq) → metal hydrideA uthobatteriesr McQuarrie/Gallo now used insteadgy of alkaline recharge batteries in many appliances, and the lithium ion Artist George Kelvin 2 PbSO4(s) + 2 H2O(l ) batteries used in cellular telephones and handheld Figure # U.1 electronics. A good-quality lead storage automobile battery Date 08/07/10 can provide a current of over 650 amperes for short U-1. The LeadCheck Storage if revision BatteryAppr Isov edUsed periods and a power output of 7.8 kW, a very impres- sive power output for a portable battery. in Vehicles According to the above overall equation, sulfuric The 12-volt lead storage battery (Figure U.1) used acid is consumed and water is produced on discharge. in vehicles consists of six cells of the following type Both of these effects dilute the H2SO4(aq) electrolyte. (each generating about two volts) arranged in series: The reaction quotient, Q, for the equation, given by Anode Cathode – Negative plates: + lead grills filled with spongy s lead and PbSO4( ) Positive plates: lead grills filled with a mixture of s Figure U.1 Cutaway view of one-half of a 12-V PbSO2( ) and s lead storage battery. PbSO4( ) U2 GENERAL CHEMISTRY, FOURTH EDITION | McQuarrie, Rock, and Gallogly Q = 1/[ H2SO4], increases upon discharge, and so the U-2. NiCad and NiMH Batteries Are cell voltage, which is given by the Nernst equation Rechargeable RT Another type of rechargeable battery is the nickel- Ecell = Ecell° = – — ln Q cadmium (NiCad) battery. The two half reactions �nF � occurring in a NiCad cell are decreases. On rapid recharge of a lead storage bat- – – Cd(s) + 2 OH (aq) → Cd(OH)2(s) + 2 e (oxidation) tery, appreciable amounts of H2(g) and O2(g) may be formed from the electrolysis of water at the 2 NiOOH(s) + 2 H O(l ) + 2 e– Pb(s)|PbSO (s) and PbO (s), PbSO (s)|Pb(s) elec- 2 → 4 2 4 – 2 Ni(OH) ( ) + 2 OH ( ) (reduction) trodes, respectively. Thus, there is significant danger 2 s aq of an explosion on rapid recharge. For this reason, sparks and flames should not be brought near a lead and the overall cell equation is storage battery, especially during recharging, and discharge → jumper cables should always be grounded to the chas- Cd(s) + 2 NiOOH(s) + 2 H2O(l ) → recharge sis rather than connected to the negative terminal when jump-starting. Cd(OH)2(s) + 2 Ni(OH)2(s) The most common cause of failure of lead stor- age batteries is the development of dendrites. These A sealed NiCad battery is more chemically stable leaflike structures of lead metal (Figure U.2) form on than a lead storage battery and can be left inactive for rapid recharge and connect the anode and cathode long periods. Each NiCad cell develops 1.2 V, so, for within the cell, thus constituting an internal short cir- example, a 9.6-V NiCad battery contains eight NiCad cuit that kills the battery. cells in series. NiCad batteries suffer from “memory effects,” which means that if they are not fully dis- charged and recharged for the first few cycles, their battery life can shorten. The NiCad battery concept was discovered by Thomas A. Edison, but Edison chose an Fe(s)|Fe(OH)2(s) electrode rather than the Cd(s)|Cd(OH)2(s) electrode because iron is much less expensive than cadmium. Edison cells have been used extensively in automobile batteries in Europe. Today the NiCad battery is being replaced by the nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) battery due to concerns about the toxicity of cadmium. Moreover, NiMH batteries have a higher energy density and do not suffer from significant memory effects. In place of cadmium, the nickel-metal hydride battery uses a metal alloy hydride (abbreviated MH) anode, where M can stand for any of a number of metal alloys. A single NiMH cell produces about 1.2 V. The cell half reactions are – – MH(s) + OH (aq) → M(s) + H2O(l ) + e (oxidation) – NiOOH(s) + H2O(l ) + e → – Ni(OH)2(s) + OH (aq) (reduction) and the overall cell reaction is Figure U.2 Metallic dendrites formed during electrochemical deposition. Such dendrites occur in the discharge → rapid discharge of a lead storage battery and can lead to an MH(s) + NiOOH(s) → M(s) + 2 Ni(OH)2(s) recharge internal short circuit. University Science Books, ©2011. All rights reserved. www.uscibooks.com Title General Chemistry - 4th ed Author McQuarrie/Gallogy Artist George Kelvin Figure # U-4 Date 08/16/10 Check if revision Approved U. BATTERIES U3 Positive button Steel case MnO2 in KOH paste Zn (anode) Graphite rod ( cathode) Absorbent/ separator Figure U.3 Hybrid cars contain both a gasoline and an electric motor. NiMH batteries are charged while braking by spinning the electric motor in reverse, making it act as Negative a generator. The stored energy is then used to supplement end cap the gasoline engine when accelerating. In this way hybrid cars can achieve fuel efficiencies significantly greater than Figure U.4 A cutaway view of a typical alkaline those of conventional vehicles. manganese cell. NiMH batteries are used extensively in cordless which has twice the capacity, a steadier voltage under tools, rechargeable flashlights, and in hybrid cars that heavy current drain, and a higher available current can charge a bank of onboard NiMH batteries while than the dry cell. The alkaline manganese cell uses braking and then use the stored energy to supplement the same electrode materials as the dry cell, but the a gasoline engine when accelerating (Figure U.3). electrolyte is a basic paste of KOH(aq) (Figure U.4). Its main disadvantage is that it costs roughly three U-3. Dry Cells and Alkaline Batteries Are times as much as the dry cell because of the more elaborate internal construction necessary to prevent Used in Flashlights and Toys leakage of the KOH(aq). Both of these cells produce The dry cell and the alkaline manganese cell, both about 1.5 V. The equation describing the overall cell of which are widely used in flashlights, battery-pow- reaction occurring in the alkaline manganese cell is ered toys, and similar devices, are closely related. Both contain a zinc metal negative electrode (anode) Zn(s) + 2 MnO2(s) → ZnO(s) + Mn2O3(s) (basic) and an inert positive electrode (cathode), on which MnO (s) is reduced to Mn O (s). The positive elec- 2 2 3 U-4. Button Batteries Are Used in trode is a carbon rod in the dry cell. The name “dry Wristwatches and Medical Devices Where cell” is used because the electrolyte in the cell is a a Constant Voltage Is Required paste composed of MnO2(s), NH4Cl(s), ZnCl2(s), carbon powder, water, and starch. An improvement Another type of primary battery is the silver-zinc but- on the dry cell is the alkaline manganese cell or ton battery used in wristwatches, hearing aids, light “alkaline battery” (recall that alkaline means basic), meters, and other devices where a constant voltage Title General Chemistry - 4th ed Author McQuarrie/Gallogy Artist George Kelvin Figure # U-5 Date 08/16/10 Check if revision Approved U4 GENERAL CHEMISTRY, FOURTH EDITION | McQuarrie, Rock, and Gallogly Anode cap Cathode can Zn in KOH gel (anode) (–) Gasket Separator Pellet of Ag2O in graphite Figure U.5 A cutaway view of a typical (cathode) (+) silver-zinc button battery. is of primary concern (Figure U.5). The silver-zinc primary lithium batteries, while cell phones, laptop button battery replaced the mercury battery in such computers, digital cameras, MP3 players, and similar applications because of environmental concerns over devices generally use secondary (rechargeable) lith- the disposal of mercury. The cell diagram of a silver- ium ion batteries (Figure U.6).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Li-Ion Polymer Batteries
    CM0256 Pervasive Computing Lecture 8 – Power Sources Tom Goodale [email protected] Lecture Outline In this lecture we: Examine power sources for mobile devices What power sources are there ? What are their characteristics ? What are their limitations ? Power Sources Mechanical e.g. clockwork Electrical mains power solar power batteries fuel cell Radiation ? Batteries A battery is a device to store energy and make it available in electrical form. Electricity is produced by a chemical reaction, producing electricity, and some by-products, such as heat or gases. In rechargable batteries this chemical reaction is reversible. Battery Arrangements Strictly, an electrical “battery” is an interconnected array of one or more similar “cells”. In current English usage, however, it is more common to call a single cell used on its own a battery than a cell. For example, a hand lamp (flashlight) (torch) is said to take one or more "batteries" even though they may be D cells. A car battery is a true "battery" because it uses multiple cells. Multiple batteries or cells may also be refered to as a battery pack, such as a set of multi-cell 12 V batteries in an electric vehicle. Battery Arrangements In almost any device that uses batteries, you do not use just one cell at a time. You normally group them together serially to form higher voltages, or in parallel to form higher currents. In a serial arrangement, the voltages add up. In a parallel arrangement, the currents add up. The upper arrangement is called a parallel arrangement. If you assume that each cell produces 1.5 volts, then four batteries in parallel will also produce 1.5 volts, but the current supplied will be four times that of a single cell.
    [Show full text]
  • Electrochemistry –An Oxidizing Agent Is a Species That Oxidizes Another Species; It Is Itself Reduced
    Oxidation-Reduction Reactions Chapter 17 • Describing Oxidation-Reduction Reactions Electrochemistry –An oxidizing agent is a species that oxidizes another species; it is itself reduced. –A reducing agent is a species that reduces another species; it is itself oxidized. Loss of 2 e-1 oxidation reducing agent +2 +2 Fe( s) + Cu (aq) → Fe (aq) + Cu( s) oxidizing agent Gain of 2 e-1 reduction Skeleton Oxidation-Reduction Equations Electrochemistry ! Identify what species is being oxidized (this will be the “reducing agent”) ! Identify what species is being •The study of the interchange of reduced (this will be the “oxidizing agent”) chemical and electrical energy. ! What species result from the oxidation and reduction? ! Does the reaction occur in acidic or basic solution? 2+ - 3+ 2+ Fe (aq) + MnO4 (aq) 6 Fe (aq) + Mn (aq) Steps in Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Review of Terms Equations in Acidic solutions 1. Assign oxidation numbers to • oxidation-reduction (redox) each atom so that you know reaction: involves a transfer of what is oxidized and what is electrons from the reducing agent to reduced 2. Split the skeleton equation into the oxidizing agent. two half-reactions-one for the oxidation reaction (element • oxidation: loss of electrons increases in oxidation number) and one for the reduction (element decreases in oxidation • reduction: gain of electrons number) 2+ 3+ - 2+ Fe (aq) º Fe (aq) MnO4 (aq) º Mn (aq) 1 3. Complete and balance each half reaction Galvanic Cell a. Balance all atoms except O and H 2+ 3+ - 2+ (Voltaic Cell) Fe (aq) º Fe (aq) MnO4 (aq) º Mn (aq) b.
    [Show full text]
  • Japan''s Effort in Management of Mercury Waste
    S1_04 JapanJapan ’’’’’’ss EffortEffort inin ManagementManagement ofof MercuryMercury WasteWaste Outline of Mercury Waste Control in Japan Implementation of Battery /fluorescent light Separate ①①① Producer’s Efforts/ Initiative Collection ～～～Design for Environment ～～～ ■A lot of municipalities collects ■Achievement of Mercury-free dry mercury contained waste battery separately to join the nationwide ■Stop Mercurybattery production recovery system in cooperation (1995) with people. Proper Disposal ②②② Establishment of Mercury waste ③③③ Set proper standard for Collection & Recovery System ■ Nationwide Recovery system was mercury waste control established in 1986 by the Japan Waste ■Standard of soot in the exhaust gas Management Association, in closer from incinerator cooperation with a private recycler. ■Effluent standard for landfill site ■Criteria for industrial waste which can be carried into controlled landfill site, etc History of Mercury Reduction Efforts in Japan 1968 Minamata disease certificated as pollution- related illness 1973 Stop production of Mercurochrome Chlor-Alkali plant need closed-system by government (mercury method nearly 100%) 1983 Public anxiety on the risks of environmental pollution caused by waste battery which includes mercury through the waste treatment process 1986 Nation-wide collection & recycling system was established Mercury method of Chlor-Alkali plant became “ 0%” 1991 Mercury Free completed in Manganese Batteries 1992 Mercury Free completed in Alkaline Battery 1995 Stop production of Mercury Battery ① ProducerProducer’’’’ss Efforts/Initiative Central GovernmentGovernment’’’’ss Request to the Battery Association of Japan (BAJ)(BAJ)inin 1984 Ministry of Health and Ministry of International Trade & Industry requested BAJ (1) Reduction of mercury amount for battery (2) Expand of voluntary-collection of battery etc. Response by the BAJ in 1984 BAJ committed (1) Manufacturers of mercury battery never create new market.
    [Show full text]
  • Energizer's OEM Strategic Alliance Team Exploring the Future, Building
    ENERGIZER 1 Energizer is a major player in Portable Power and Personal Care products Presence in >160 markets around the globe Wet Shave, Skin Care, Feminine Care, Infant Care Portable Energy (FY 2009) (FY 2009) $2.11 B $1.89 B •#2 Branded Market Share •#2 Market Share globally •#1 Brand in Rechargeable •#1 Flashlight manufacturer globally 2 Energ izer ’s miss ion is to dlideliver innovat ive Portable Energy portable power solutions to power people’s lives (FY 2009) $2.11 B •#2 Branded Market Share •#1 Brand in Rechargeable Product Lines •#1 Flashlight manufacturer globally Performance Batteries Lithium AA, AAA Global Headquarters: St. Louis, MO USA Rechargeable Batteries and Chargers Global R&D Center: Cleveland, OH USA Premium and Price Batteries FY2009 Sales: $2.11 Billion Alkaline Carbon Zinc Specialty Batteries Countries Served: 150+ Hearing Aid Estimated Global Market Share - Primary Batteries: 28% Coin Cell Lighting Products 3 Energizer – at the leadinggg edge of innovation 1896 1898 1931 . 1955 . First dry cell for First Flashlight & consumer use 1957 First to freshness first D size battery First miniature date batteries 1959 hearing aid battery First & First 9V battery 1989 Rechargeable NiCd First standard battery alkaline battery First AA 1991 lithium battery First zero‐added mercury battery 2009 2008 2007 2005 1995 . 2003 . 2001 First Lithium powered phone First on‐battery First AAA lithium First multi‐drain charger tester First non added battery watch battery Re‐launch of the mercury H.A AAAA alkaline battery First hihearing aid battery dispenser 4 Energizer – at the leading edge of innovation in the future New form factors, power sources and conveniences Fuel Cells Solar Energizer provides our partners with global manufacturing and customer support to meet ththieir needs anywhere in the world Bennington VT St.
    [Show full text]
  • Battery Replacement for Mercury PX13, PX625, MR9 and PX27
    The mercury cell problem and its solutions. Index. Page 1: Index and general information on mercury battery problems and solutions. 2: Detailed information on mercury, zinc-air, alkaline, rechargeable and lithium cells. 3: Information on silver-oxide cells, a battery comparison chart and options for replacing 625-mercury cells. 4: Battery adapters and various diodes for use in a camera, exposure meter or adapter. 5: Temperature influence on Schottky-diodes and PX27 battery problem and solutions. 6: Materials and tools needed for making a battery adapter and disclaimer. 7: Elaborate step-by-step guide for making a homemade PX13 / PX625 / MR9 battery adapter. 8: Last piece of the step-by-step guide for making a homemade battery adapter and a list of movie cameras and photo (still) cameras, exposure meters and accessories that use PX13 / PX625 / MR9 cells. 9: List of cameras, exposure meters and accessories that use PX13 / PX625 / MR9 cells. 10: For the more technically challenged: a step-by-step guide for making a battery adapter with tiny S.M.D. parts. 11: Ordering information and prices (incl. shipping costs) for ready-made adapters, kits or a hardcopy of this article. 12-14: F.A.Q. frequently asked questions: please READ this first before you place your order or ask questions. General information about mercury cells and various solutions for replacing the banned mercury cells. The now (for environmental reasons) banned mercury Most batteries that were available in mercury versions cells have caused problems for a lot of (vintage) camera are currently available in silver-oxide and/or alkaline and exposure meter owners who are now facing versions.
    [Show full text]
  • R. S. Gumucio Etal Storage Battery
    R. S. GUMUCIO ETAL STORAGE BATTERY V BY April 22, 1969 R. S. GUMUCIO ETAL 3,440,100 STORAGE BATTERY "arzzze 3,440,100 United States Patent Office Patented Apr. 22, 1969 1. 2 3,440,100 very reactive lead dioxide positive electrode, it will be STORAGE BATTERY possible to arrive at several embodiments of potentially Ricardo Salcedo Gumucio and Angel Pascual Ardanuy, reversible, i.e., chargeable and dischargeable, storage bat Madrid, Spain, assignors to Instituto Nacional De Indus teries. Zinc is preferred for this purpose, primarily due to tria, Madrid, Spain the fact that the free energy from the reduction of lead Filed Dec. 13, 1965, Ser. No. 513,200 dioxide by zinc in an acid medium equals about 108.56 Claims priority, application Spain, June 2, 1965, Kcal, corresponding to an electromotive force of about 313,675 nt. CI. H01m 39/00, 41/00 235 volts determined from thermal data, or 2.448 volts U.S. CI. 136—26 12 Claims if the lead dioxide-zinc semi-elements which are shown 10 in the electrochemical couple oxidation-reduction tables are combined, for instance in accordance with the disclos ure in “Oxidation Potentials” by Latimer, second edition, ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE pp. 340 and 345. Furthermore, a zinc-lead battery will be A storage battery which comprises a housing, at least of considerably lesser weight than a lead battery, since one positive electrode including lead dioxide as active 5 the ratio of electrochemical equivalence between zinc and mass, located in the housing, at least one negative elec lead is 1:3.17.
    [Show full text]
  • Page 1 of 4 Sb516/9596
    S.B. 516: ENROLLED ANALYSIS BATTERIES: PROHIBIT SALE Senate Bill 516 (as enrolled) PUBLIC ACT 124 of 1995 Sponsor: Senator Loren Bennett Senate Committee: Natural Resources and Environmental Affairs House Committee: Conservation, Environment, and Great Lakes Date Completed: 8-29-95 RATIONALE In recent years there has been an increase in deposit program be repealed. A similar program efforts to reduce the amount of household solid to encourage the exchange of nickel cadmium waste sent to landfills by separating recyclable and batteries was scheduled to take effect January 1, potentially hazardous items from the waste 1998, and some people believed it, too, should be stream. For example, Part 171 of the Natural repealed. Resources and Environmental Protection Act prohibits a person other than a retailer, distributor, In addition, according to NEMA, prior to 1993 or manufacturer from disposing of a lead acid most household batteries (i.e., “alkaline” batteries) battery except by delivering it to a retailer, also contained amounts of mercury by weight that distributor, or manufacturer, who must deliver it were considered too high by Environmental either to the manufacturer who is ultimately Protection Agency (EPA) standards. Since the responsible for recycling it, or to a collection, late 1980s, battery manufacturers have recycling, or smelting facility approved by the significantly reduced the amount of mercury they Department of Natural Resources (DNR). In use in making household batteries, from amounts addition, under provisions that had been ranging between .8% and 1.2% of a battery’s total scheduled to take effect July 1, 1995, the Act weight to no more than .025%.
    [Show full text]
  • Proper Disposal of Miscellaneous Items & Batteries
    PROPER DISPOSAL OF MISCELLANEOUS ITEMS & BATTERIES RECYCLING POINT OF CONTACT: ANJUAN THOMAS OFFICE LOCATION: OFAS, 1500 EAST CORRIDOR CONTACT: (202) 219-3143 • [email protected] MISCELLANEOUS ITEM RECYCLING • OFAS has provided a collection point for miscellaneous items such as small consumer electronics, eyeglasses, and cartridges used in printers, copy machines, and faxes. • The collection point is located adjacent to the Bison Bistro Cafeteria and Interior Federal Credit Union on the Basement Level • Items disposed of at the collection point must be properly segregated. CONSUMER ELECTRONICS • All consumer electronics must be properly disposed of in the red bin at the collection point. • Only small consumer electronics should be recycled at the collection point. • Examples: Computer peripherals, TV accessories, digital cameras, MP3/radio players, communication devices, tablets/laptops, storage devices, VHS/DVD/Blu-Ray media, CDs • Contact Recycling POC for instructions on disposal of large consumer electronics. Do not leave items outside of bin or attempt to force them to fit. CONSUMER ELECTRONICS • All batteries must be removed before disposal. • If battery cannot be removed, contact Recycling POC for special instructions. • All other general recycling protocols must be followed: • No cardboard boxes of any size/shape • No plastic bags, wrapping, or casing of any kind • No glass bottles, jars, or casing of any kind • No bubble wrap or packing materials of any kind • No paper or general trash • Contact Recycling POC for disposal of damaged electronics. Do not put these items inside of the bin or leave them outside of the bin. INK & TONER CARTRIDGES • All ink and toner cartridges must be properly disposed of in the green bin at the collection point.
    [Show full text]
  • Mercury Contamination in Man and His Environment
    TECHNICAL REPORTS SERIES No. 137 Mercury Contamination in Man and his Environment A JOINT UNDERTAKING BY THE INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANISATION. THE FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS. THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION AND THE INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY J WJ INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, VIENNA, 1972 MERCURY CONTAMINATION IN MAN AND HIS ENVIRONMENT TECHNICAL REPORTS SERIES No. 137 MERCURY CONTAMINATION IN MAN AND HIS ENVIRONMENT A JOINT UNDERTAKING BY THE INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANISATION, THE FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS, THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION AND THE INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY VIENNA, 1972 MERCURY CONTAMINATION IN MAN AND HIS ENVIRONMENT IAEA, VIENNA, 1972 STI/DOC/lO/137 Printed by the IAEA in Austria July 1972 FOREWORD In May 1967, at a Symposium organized by the International Atomic Energy Agency in Amsterdam, the special problems of food and environ- mental contamination by mercury were discussed by world experts on the subject and by representatives of FAO, WHO and IAEA. One of the recom- mendations made by this meeting was that the international organizations of the United Nations family should assist in the collection and distribution of information on environmental mercury. Subsequently, the organizations concerned agreed that a handbook on mercury contamination would be es- pecially useful. This would deal with sources of mercury in relation to man and his environment; with physical and biological transfer processes that determine its distribution; with analytical methods for determining mercury and its compounds as environmental contaminants; with actual concentrations of mercury found in the environment, in living organisms and in man; and with its toxicology in animals and man.
    [Show full text]
  • Resolution No. 005-01-COE [Batteries]
    Resolution No. 005-01-COE Batteries 6/25/01 Resolution No. 005-01-COE [Batteries] URGING THE CITY AND COUNTY OF SAN FRANCISCO TO REQUIRE THAT CITY DEPARTMENTS PURCHASE AND USE ONLY RECHARGEABLE BATTERIES AND URGING THE CITY AND COUNTY OF SAN FRANCISCO TO INCREASE BATTERY RECYCLING. WHEREAS, the Sustainability Plan of the City and County of San Francisco establishes the goal of minimizing risks to human health and the environment by striving to eliminate hazardous materials and hazardous waste; and, WHEREAS, batteries containing cadmium, mercury, silver, lead, cobalt, nickel, zinc or other heavy metals may be toxic, hazardous materials or hazardous waste; and, WHEREAS, possible health effects associated with ingestion or inhalation of water, food, or air that has been contaminated with high levels of cadmium, mercury, and other heavy metals range from headaches and abdominal discomfort to seizures, cancer, comas, and even death1; and, WHEREAS, cadmium is an acutely toxic metal and a known carcinogen that has been shown to have the following toxicological effects: lung, liver, and kidney damage, fragile bones, anemia, and decrease in male fertility; and, WHEREAS, one pre-1996 mercury battery in six tons of trash exceeds the federal government’s allowable limit for mercury in solid waste2; and, WHEREAS, most batteries are discarded with ordinary municipal solid waste rather than recycled or treated as hazardous waste; and, WHEREAS, in landfills, heavy metals in batteries have the potential to leach into soil, ground water, and surface water; and, WHEREAS, emissions from municipal solid waste incineration are a major source of both air and water pollution, leading to bioaccumulation of mercury and cadmium in the food chain; and, WHEREAS, batteries mixed with municipal solid waste have the potential to explode, cause fires, or harm workers when processed; and, WHEREAS, the goal of the federal Mercury-Containing and Rechargeable Battery Management Act of 1996 (Battery Act) is to phase out the use of mercury in batteries and encourage increased 1 U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Act on Preventing Environmental Pollution of Mercury” (About Mercury-Added Products for New Use)
    June 2015 Ministerial Ordinance under “Act on Preventing Environmental Pollution of Mercury” (about mercury-added products for new use) Chemical Management Policy Division, Manufacturing Industries Bureau, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, Japan Environmental Health and Safety Division, Environmental Health Department, Environmental Policy Bureau, Ministry of the Environment, Japan 1. Background of enactment of the ministerial ordinance Act on Preventing Environmental Pollution of Mercury (Act No. 42 of 2015), as a measure to ensure the implementation of Article 4(6) of the Minamata Convention on Mercury (hereinafter referred to as “the Convention”), lays out the basic principle of banning the manufacture and distribution in commerce of mercury-added products not covered by mercury-added products for known use (hereinafter referred to as “mercury added products for new use”) unless the use of such products demonstrates environmental or human health benefits. Further, businesses intending to be engaged in the manufacture or distribution in commerce of “mercury-added products for new use” are required to carry out a self-assessment of use of their “mercury-added products for new use” and notify its result to the competent minister. The Ministerial Ordinance of the Act specifies mercury-added products for known use and the method of the self-assessment of the manufacture or distribution in commerce of “mercury-added products for new use”. 2. Outline (1) Mercury-added products for known use “Mercury-added products for known use” are listed in Annex. However, based on identification of current practice of use of “mercury-added products for known use”, addition or revision to Annex may occur in the future.
    [Show full text]
  • Battery ­ Accessscience from Mcgraw­Hill Education
    10/13/2016 Battery ­ AccessScience from McGraw­Hill Education (http://www.accessscience.com/) Battery Article by: Anglin, Donald L. Consultant, Automotive and Technical Writing, Charlottesville, Virginia. Sadoway, Donald R. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Publication year: 2014 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1036/1097­8542.075200 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1036/1097­8542.075200) Content Types Components Size Selection and applications Ratings Life Primary Batteries Zinc­carbon cells Magnesium cells Alkaline­manganese dioxide cells Mercuric oxide cells Silver oxide cells Zinc­air cells Lithium cells Solid­electrolyte cells Reserve batteries Zinc­silver oxide reserve batteries Magnesium water­activated batteries Lithium­anode reserve batteries Thermal batteries Secondary Batteries Lead­acid batteries Nickel­cadmium batteries Nickel­metal hydride batteries Silver­zinc batteries Sodium­sulfur batteries Zinc­air batteries Lithium­ion batteries Lithium­solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) batteries Outlook Bibliography Additional Readings An electrochemical device that stores chemical energy which can be converted into electrical energy, thereby providing a direct­current voltage source. Although the term “battery” is properly applied to a group of two or more electrochemical cells connected together electrically, both single­cell and multicell devices are called battery. See also: Electrochemistry (/content/electrochemistry/220300); Electromotive force (cells) (/content/electromotive­force­cells/223300) Types http://www.accessscience.com/content/battery/075200 1/24 10/13/2016 Battery ­ AccessScience from McGraw­Hill Education The two general types are the primary battery and the secondary battery. The primary battery delivers current as the result of a chemical reaction that is not efficiently reversible. Practically, this makes the primary battery nonrechargeable.
    [Show full text]