DOCSLIB.ORG

MLVA Genotyping Characteristics of Human Brucella Melitensis Isolated from Ulanqab of Inner Mongolia, China

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
MLVA Genotyping Characteristics of Human Brucella Melitensis Isolated from Ulanqab of Inner Mongolia, China ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 18 January 2017 doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00006 MLVA Genotyping Characteristics of Human Brucella melitensis Isolated from Ulanqab of Inner Mongolia, China Zhi-Guo Liu 1, 2 †, Dong-Dong Di 3 †, Miao Wang 2, Ri-Hong Liu 2, Hong-Yan Zhao 4, Dong-Ri Piao 4, Guo-Zhong Tian 4, Wei-Xing Fan 3, Hai Jiang 4*, Bu-Yun Cui 4* and Xian-Zhu Xia 1, 5* 1 College of Veterinary Medical Inner Mongolia Agriculture University, Hohhot, China, 2 Ulanqab Centre for Endemic Disease Prevention and Control, Health and Family Planning Commission of Ulanqab, Jining, China, 3 Laboratory of Zoonoses, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, MOA, Qingdao, China, 4 State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China, 5 Institute of Military Veterinary AMMS, Changchun, China Edited by: Adrian Whatmore, Brucellosis is a serious public health problem in Ulanqab, which is a region located in Animal and Plant Health Agency, UK the middle of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region adjacent to Shanxi and Hebei Reviewed by: provinces. The disease is prevalent in both the latter provinces and Ulanqab with the Giuliano Garofolo, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale highest prevalence of brucellosis occurring in Inner Mongolia. The MLVA-16 scheme dell’Abruzzo e del Molise G. Caporale, is a genotyping tool for assessing genetic diversity and relationships among isolates. Italy Jeffrey T. Foster, Moreover, this genotyping tool can also be applied to epidemiological trace-back University of New Hampshire, USA investigations. This study reports the occurrence of at least two B. melitensis biovars *Correspondence: (1 and 3) in Ulanqab, encompassing 22 and 94 isolates, respectively. B. melitensis biovar Hai Jiang 3 was the predominant biovar in the area examined. Panel 1 (MLVA-8) identified three [email protected] Bu-Yun Cui genotypes (42, 63, and 114), with genotype 42 (n = 101) representing 87% of the tested [email protected] strains. MLVA-11 identified eight genotypes (116, 111, 297, 291, and 342–345) from Xian-Zhu Xia [email protected] 116 of the analyzed isolates. All of these isolates were identified as belonging to the † = These authors have contributed East Mediterranean group. Genotype 116 (n 94) was the predominant genotype and equally to this work. represented 81% of the isolates. The isolates pertaining to this genotype were distributed throughout most of Ulanqab and neighboring regions. The MLVA-16 scheme showed the Specialty section: This article was submitted to presence of 69 genotypes, with 46 genotypes being represented by single isolates. This Infectious Diseases, analysis revealed that Ulanqab brucellosis cases had epidemiologically unrelated and a section of the journal sporadic characteristics. The remaining 23 genotypes were shared (between a total of Frontiers in Microbiology 70 isolates) with each genotype being represented by two to eight isolates. These data Received: 17 August 2016 Accepted: 03 January 2017 indicate that these cases were epidemiologically related. MLVA genotyping confirmed Published: 18 January 2017 the occurrence of a multipoint outbreak epidemic and intrafamilial brucellosis. Extensive Citation: genotype-sharing events were observed among isolates from different regions of Ulanqab Liu Z-G, Di D-D, Wang M, Liu R-H, and from other provinces of China. These findings suggest either a lack of control of Zhao H-Y, Piao D-R, Tian G-Z, Fan W-X, Jiang H, Cui B-Y and animal movement between different regions or the circulation of contaminated animal Xia X-Z (2017) MLVA Genotyping products in the market. Our study is the first comprehensive genotyping and genetic Characteristics of Human Brucella melitensis Isolated from Ulanqab of analysis of B. melitensis in Ulanqab. We believe that this study will help to improve the Inner Mongolia, China. effectiveness of brucellosis control programs. Front. Microbiol. 8:6. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00006 Keywords: Brucella melitensis, MLVA, molecular epidemiology, trace-back analysis, Ulanqab, Inner Mongolia Frontiers in Microbiology | www.frontiersin.org 1 January 2017 | Volume 8 | Article 6 Liu et al. MLVA Genotyping Characteristics of B. melitensis INTRODUCTION and Prevention and the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Informed consent was obtained from all of Brucella is a genus of Gram-negative facultative intracellular the patients prior to diagnosis. Brucella spp. were isolated from pathogens that infect humans and a variety of animal species patients’ blood samples following confirmation of their consent. (Shevtsov et al., 2015). Brucellosis is transmitted to humans following direct contact with infected animals or indirectly Bacterial Strains through the consumption of unpasteurized animal products A total of 116 strains were examined. These strains were (Deshmukh et al., 2015). The disease causes severe morbidity obtained from 11 Ulanqab counties and three neighboring in humans and results in many medical challenges globally, regions [Suniteyouqi (Xilin Hot City of Inner Mongolia), Datong especially in poor regions (Corbel, 1997; Pappas et al., 2006; (Shanxi province), and Shangyi (Hebei province)] from 2011 to Ducrotoy et al., 2015). Furthermore, animal brucellosis causes 2015. A total of 115 strains were recovered from 114 patients, abortion and infertility in livestock, resulting in serious economic and one strain was recovered from sheep. Two strains (ws091 losses (Araj, 1999). and ws101) were obtained from the same patient. The Brucella Since 2000, the incidence of brucellosis has increased rapidly strains were isolated and biotypes were identified using standard in many regions in China (Deqiu et al., 2002; Jiang et al., procedures (Alton et al., 1975; Al Dahouk et al., 2003). B. 2011). The incidence of brucellosis in Inner Mongolia ranks melitensis 16M, B. abortus 544, and B. suis 1330 reference strains in the top three incidence rates in Chinese provinces. The were used as control strains. Species-level identification was incidence of brucellosis in Ulanqab was 177.1/100,000 cases undertaken using B. abortus, B. melitensis, B. ovis, B. suis PCR in 2011, 42.2/100,000 cases in 2012, 17.2/100,000 cases in (AMOS-PCR; Bricker and Halling, 1994). 2013, 24.1/100,000 cases in 2014, and 26.5/100,000 cases in 2015. Ulanqab is a relatively small region in Inner Mongolia, DNA Preparation 2 covering a geographical area of 545,000 km , and comprises DNA was extracted with a Nucleic Acid Automatic Extraction 11 regions that are extensively pastoral and semi-pastoral. The System (LLXBIO China Ltd., China) using a single loop of people that inhabit these regions are economically dependent on fresh bacterial cells that were grown for 48 h on Brucella agar. small ruminant (sheep) livestock (Jiang et al., 2013). Livestock DNA concentrations were measured by UV spectrophotometry exchange occurs frequently in this region, and includes import (NanoDrop 2000, Thermo, US). from other areas, internal exchange, livestock foster care, and shifting field grazing. Due to excessive poverty and limitations in Brucella MLVA-16 Genotyping Scheme relation to control measures, brucellosis is endemic among sheep MLVA was performed as described previously (Le Flèche et al., and humans in these regions. Technical difficulties have meant 2006; Al Dahouk et al., 2007). The 16 primer pairs were that previous studies only concentrated on Brucella infection divided into three groups: Panel 1 (MLVA-8: eight loci including surveillance in this region, and adequate attention was not paid bruce06, bruce08, bruce11, bruce12, bruce42, bruce43, bruce45, to the molecular typing of Brucella species. However, rapid and bruce55), panel 2A (three loci including bruce18, bruce19, and accurate identification and typing procedures are important and bruce21), and panel 2B (five loci including bruce04, bruce07, for epidemiologic surveillance, investigation of outbreaks, and bruce09, bruce16, and bruce30); MLVA-11 (panels 1 and 2A), control program follow-up (Whatmore et al., 2006; Al Dahouk and MLVA-16 (panels 1, 2A, and 2B). PCR amplifications were et al., 2007; García-Yoldi et al., 2007). Previous studies have performed in 20 µL reaction volumes. The PCR conditions confirmed that MLVA (Multiple-locus variable-number tandem were as follows: initial denaturation at 94◦C for 3 min, and repeat analysis) is a useful tool for identifying and genotyping then 30 cycles of 94◦C for 30 s, 60◦C for 30 s, and 72◦C Brucella isolates and the resultant data can be used for genetic for 50 s, with a final extension of 72◦C for 3 min. PCR diversity analysis and epidemiology trace-back investigations products for the 16 loci were denatured and resolved by capillary (Whatmore et al., 2006; Kattar et al., 2008; Ferreira et al., electrophoresis on an ABI Prism 3130 automated fluorescent 2012; Garofolo et al., 2013). In this study, the MLVA-16 capillary DNA sequencer (Applied Biosystems). Fragments were scheme was used to type samples and determine the genotyping sized following comparison with a ROX (carboxy-X-rhodamine)- characteristics and epidemiological links of associated strains. labeled molecular ladder (MapMaker 1000; Bioventures Inc., The results of this study contribute to our understanding of the Murfreesboro, TN, USA) and Gene Mapper software version main transmission routes associated with this
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Urban Transformation in Transitional Economies: Lessons from the Mongolian Plateau
    URBAN TRANSFORMATION IN TRANSITIONAL ECONOMIES: LESSONS FROM THE MONGOLIAN PLATEAU By Hogeun Park A DISSERTATION Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Planning, Design, and Construction—Doctor of Philosophy 2018 ABSTRACT URBAN TRANSFORMATION IN TRANSITIONAL ECONOMIES: LESSONS FROM THE MONGOLIAN PLATEAU By Hogeun Park Over the past three decades, transitional economies have experienced dramatic urbanization in response to changes in the human and natural environments, resulting from economic transitions, industrial restructures, institutional reforms, and climate variability. However, our knowledge of the causes and processes of urbanization in transitional economies remains limited. Here, I used the Mongolian Plateau (MGP), including Inner Mongolia in China (IM) and Mongolia (MG), as a testbed for studying the processes and causes of urbanization. I also investigated urban challenges and the policy implications of those issues. The dissertation is set to three research objectives: (1) understanding the processes of urbanization in the MGP, (2) analyzing the driving forces of rural-to-urban migration, and (3) identifying urban challenges and proposing policy solutions. For the first objective, I analyzed the spatial characteristics of urbanization in six cities (Hohhot, Baotou, and Ulanqab in IM, and Ulaanbaatar, Erdenet, and Darkhan in MG) using remote sensing analyses, computed the urban growth rates, population density, and discontiguity (i.e., leap-frogging index) of each city from 1990 through 2015, and applied structural equation models. I found divergent spatial patterns of urbanization in IM and MG and the differential institutional supports and industrial structures contributing to these disparities. For the second objective, I used household surveys to analyze the forces driving rural-to- urban migration, complemented with remote sensing tools to estimate the actual environmental conditions of respondents’ former residences.
    [Show full text]
  • Multi-Scale Analysis of Green Space for Human Settlement Sustainability in Urban Areas of the Inner Mongolia Plateau, China
    sustainability Article Multi-Scale Analysis of Green Space for Human Settlement Sustainability in Urban Areas of the Inner Mongolia Plateau, China Wenfeng Chi 1,2, Jing Jia 1,2, Tao Pan 3,4,5,* , Liang Jin 1,2 and Xiulian Bai 1,2 1 College of resources and Environmental Economics, Inner Mongolia University of Finance and Economics, Inner Mongolia, Hohhot 010070, China; [email protected] (W.C.); [email protected] (J.J.); [email protected] (L.J.); [email protected] (X.B.) 2 Resource Utilization and Environmental Protection Coordinated Development Academician Expert Workstation in the North of China, Inner Mongolia University of Finance and Economics, Inner Mongolia, Hohhot 010070, China 3 College of Geography and Tourism, Qufu Normal University, Shandong, Rizhao 276826, China 4 Department of Geography, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium 5 Land Research Center of Qufu Normal University, Shandong, Rizhao 276826, China * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-1834-604-6488 Received: 19 July 2020; Accepted: 18 August 2020; Published: 21 August 2020 Abstract: Green space in intra-urban regions plays a significant role in improving the human habitat environment and regulating the ecosystem service in the Inner Mongolian Plateau of China, the environmental barrier region of North China. However, a lack of multi-scale studies on intra-urban green space limits our knowledge of human settlement environments in this region. In this study, a synergistic methodology, including the main process of linear spectral decomposition, vegetation-soil-impervious surface area model, and artificial digital technology, was established to generate a multi-scale of green space (i.e., 15-m resolution intra-urban green components and 0.5-m resolution park region) and investigate multi-scale green space characteristics as well as its ecological service in 12 central cities of the Inner Mongolian Plateau.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report Annual Report 2020
    2020 Annual Report Annual Report 2020 For further details about information disclosure, please visit the website of Yanzhou Coal Mining Company Limited at Important Notice The Board, Supervisory Committee and the Directors, Supervisors and senior management of the Company warrant the authenticity, accuracy and completeness of the information contained in the annual report and there are no misrepresentations, misleading statements contained in or material omissions from the annual report for which they shall assume joint and several responsibilities. The 2020 Annual Report of Yanzhou Coal Mining Company Limited has been approved by the eleventh meeting of the eighth session of the Board. All ten Directors of quorum attended the meeting. SHINEWING (HK) CPA Limited issued the standard independent auditor report with clean opinion for the Company. Mr. Li Xiyong, Chairman of the Board, Mr. Zhao Qingchun, Chief Financial Officer, and Mr. Xu Jian, head of Finance Management Department, hereby warrant the authenticity, accuracy and completeness of the financial statements contained in this annual report. The Board of the Company proposed to distribute a cash dividend of RMB10.00 per ten shares (tax inclusive) for the year of 2020 based on the number of shares on the record date of the dividend and equity distribution. The forward-looking statements contained in this annual report regarding the Company’s future plans do not constitute any substantive commitment to investors and investors are reminded of the investment risks. There was no appropriation of funds of the Company by the Controlling Shareholder or its related parties for non-operational activities. There were no guarantees granted to external parties by the Company without complying with the prescribed decision-making procedures.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Report
    Document of The World Bank Public Disclosure Authorized Report No.: 48966 PROJECT PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT REPORT Public Disclosure Authorized CHINA TRI-PROVINCIAL HIGHWAY PROJECT (LOAN 4356-CHA) AND HUBEI-XIAOGAN-XIANGFAN HIGHWAY PROJECT (LOAN 4677-CHA) Public Disclosure Authorized June 17, 2009 Public Disclosure Authorized Sector Evaluation Division Independent Evaluation Group (World Bank) Currency Equivalents (annual averages) Currency Unit = Yuan, USD1.00 = 7.32 Y (RMB) 1998 US$1.00 Y 8.28 1999 US$1.00 Y 8.27 2000 US$1.00 Y 8.27 2001 US$1.00 Y 8.27 2002 US$1.00 Y 8.27 2003 US$1.00 Y 8.27 2004 US$1.00 Y 8.27 2005 US$1.00 Y 8.20 2006 US$1.00 Y 7.97 2007 US$1.00 Y 7.50 Abbreviations and Acronyms AA Alternative Analysis ADT Average Daily Traffic BDH Baotou-Dongsheng Highway BDR Baotou-Dongsheng Road BFH Baiyinchagan-Fengzhen Highway CAS Country Assistance Strategy CPS Country Partnership Strategy DPL Development Policy Loan EA Environmental Assessment EAP Environmental Action Plan EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMP Environmental Management Plan ENPV Economic Net Present Value ERR Economic Rate of Return FIDIC Fédération Internationale des Ingénieurs-Conseils FRR Financial Rate of Return FNPV Financial Net Present Value GNP Gross National Product GOC Government of China GRP Gross Regional Product GOVAI Gross Output Value of Agriculture and Industry GPCD Gansu Provincial Communications Department GWH Guyaozi-Wangquanliang Highway ICR Implementation Completion Report ICB International Competitive Bidding IEGWB Independent Evaluation
    [Show full text]
  • Continuing Crackdown in Inner Mongolia
    CONTINUING CRACKDOWN IN INNER MONGOLIA Human Rights Watch/Asia (formerly Asia Watch) CONTINUING CRACKDOWN IN INNER MONGOLIA Human Rights Watch/Asia (formerly Asia Watch) Human Rights Watch New York $$$ Washington $$$ Los Angeles $$$ London Copyright 8 March 1992 by Human Rights Watch All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. ISBN 1-56432-059-6 Human Rights Watch/Asia (formerly Asia Watch) Human Rights Watch/Asia was established in 1985 to monitor and promote the observance of internationally recognized human rights in Asia. Sidney Jones is the executive director; Mike Jendrzejczyk is the Washington director; Robin Munro is the Hong Kong director; Therese Caouette, Patricia Gossman and Jeannine Guthrie are research associates; Cathy Yai-Wen Lee and Grace Oboma-Layat are associates; Mickey Spiegel is a research consultant. Jack Greenberg is the chair of the advisory committee and Orville Schell is vice chair. HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH Human Rights Watch conducts regular, systematic investigations of human rights abuses in some seventy countries around the world. It addresses the human rights practices of governments of all political stripes, of all geopolitical alignments, and of all ethnic and religious persuasions. In internal wars it documents violations by both governments and rebel groups. Human Rights Watch defends freedom of thought and expression, due process and equal protection of the law; it documents and denounces murders, disappearances, torture, arbitrary imprisonment, exile, censorship and other abuses of internationally recognized human rights. Human Rights Watch began in 1978 with the founding of its Helsinki division. Today, it includes five divisions covering Africa, the Americas, Asia, the Middle East, as well as the signatories of the Helsinki accords.
    [Show full text]
  • Chinacoalchem
    ChinaCoalChem Monthly Report Issue May. 2019 Copyright 2019 All Rights Reserved. ChinaCoalChem Issue May. 2019 Table of Contents Insight China ................................................................................................................... 4 To analyze the competitive advantages of various material routes for fuel ethanol from six dimensions .............................................................................................................. 4 Could fuel ethanol meet the demand of 10MT in 2020? 6MTA total capacity is closely promoted ....................................................................................................................... 6 Development of China's polybutene industry ............................................................... 7 Policies & Markets ......................................................................................................... 9 Comprehensive Analysis of the Latest Policy Trends in Fuel Ethanol and Ethanol Gasoline ........................................................................................................................ 9 Companies & Projects ................................................................................................... 9 Baofeng Energy Succeeded in SEC A-Stock Listing ................................................... 9 BG Ordos Started Field Construction of 4bnm3/a SNG Project ................................ 10 Datang Duolun Project Created New Monthly Methanol Output Record in Apr ........ 10 Danhua to Acquire &
    [Show full text]
  • Best-Performing Cities: China 2018
    Best-Performing Cities CHINA 2018 THE NATION’S MOST SUCCESSFUL ECONOMIES Michael C.Y. Lin and Perry Wong MILKEN INSTITUTE | BEST-PERFORMING CITIES CHINA 2018 | 1 Acknowledgments The authors are grateful to Laura Deal Lacey, executive director of the Milken Institute Asia Center, Belinda Chng, the center’s director for policy and programs, and Ann-Marie Eu, the Institute’s senior associate for communications, for their support in developing this edition of our Best- Performing Cities series focused on China. We thank the communications team for their support in publication as well as Kevin Klowden, the executive director of the Institute’s Center for Regional Economics, Minoli Ratnatunga, director of regional economic research at the Institute, and our colleagues Jessica Jackson and Joe Lee for their constructive comments on our research. About the Milken Institute We are a nonprofit, nonpartisan think tank determined to increase global prosperity by advancing collaborative solutions that widen access to capital, create jobs, and improve health. We do this through independent, data-driven research, action-oriented meetings, and meaningful policy initiatives. About the Asia Center The Milken Institute Asia Center promotes the growth of inclusive and sustainable financial markets in Asia by addressing the region’s defining forces, developing collaborative solutions, and identifying strategic opportunities for the deployment of public, private, and philanthropic capital. Our research analyzes the demographic trends, trade relationships, and capital flows that will define the region’s future. About the Center for Regional Economics The Center for Regional Economics promotes prosperity and sustainable growth by increasing understanding of the dynamics that drive job creation and promote industry expansion.
    [Show full text]
  • Table of Codes for Each Court of Each Level
    Table of Codes for Each Court of Each Level Corresponding Type Chinese Court Region Court Name Administrative Name Code Code Area Supreme People’s Court 最高人民法院 最高法 Higher People's Court of 北京市高级人民 Beijing 京 110000 1 Beijing Municipality 法院 Municipality No. 1 Intermediate People's 北京市第一中级 京 01 2 Court of Beijing Municipality 人民法院 Shijingshan Shijingshan District People’s 北京市石景山区 京 0107 110107 District of Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 人民法院 Municipality Haidian District of Haidian District People’s 北京市海淀区人 京 0108 110108 Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 民法院 Municipality Mentougou Mentougou District People’s 北京市门头沟区 京 0109 110109 District of Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 人民法院 Municipality Changping Changping District People’s 北京市昌平区人 京 0114 110114 District of Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 民法院 Municipality Yanqing County People’s 延庆县人民法院 京 0229 110229 Yanqing County 1 Court No. 2 Intermediate People's 北京市第二中级 京 02 2 Court of Beijing Municipality 人民法院 Dongcheng Dongcheng District People’s 北京市东城区人 京 0101 110101 District of Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 民法院 Municipality Xicheng District Xicheng District People’s 北京市西城区人 京 0102 110102 of Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 民法院 Municipality Fengtai District of Fengtai District People’s 北京市丰台区人 京 0106 110106 Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 民法院 Municipality 1 Fangshan District Fangshan District People’s 北京市房山区人 京 0111 110111 of Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 民法院 Municipality Daxing District of Daxing District People’s 北京市大兴区人 京 0115
    [Show full text]
  • CREATING LIVABLE ASIAN CITIES Edited by Bambang Susantono and Robert Guild
    CREATING LIVABLE ASIAN CITIES Edited by Bambang Susantono and Robert Guild APRIL ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK Book Endorsements Seung-soo Han Former Prime Minister of the Republic of Korea Creating Livable Asian Cities comes at a timely moment. The book emphasizes innovative technologies that can overcome challenges to make the region’s cities better places to live and grow. Its approach encourages stronger urban institutions focused on all people in every community. The book will inspire policy makers to consider concrete measures that can help cities ‘build back better,’ in other words, to be more resilient and able to withstand the next crisis. In the post-pandemic period, livable Asian cities are a public good, just as green spaces are. Following this credo, however, requires Asia to invest in creating livable cities so they can fulfil their potential as avenues of innovation, prosperity, inclusiveness, and sustainability. In this book, Asian Development Bank experts map the challenges facing cities in the region. Its five priority themes—smart and inclusive planning, sustainable transport, sustainable energy, innovative financing, and resilience and rejuvenation—illuminate a path for urbanization in Asia over the next decade. This book will lead us to the innovative thinking needed to improve urban life across the region. Maimunah Modh Sharif Under-Secretary-General and Executive Director, United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat) Creating Livable Asian Cities addresses various urban development challenges and offers in-depth analysis and rich insights on urban livability in Asia from an urban economics perspective. The Asian Development Bank (ADB) is well-placed to review the investment needs of cities that will contribute to sustainable development.
    [Show full text]
  • Laogai Handbook 劳改手册 2007-2008
    L A O G A I HANDBOOK 劳 改 手 册 2007 – 2008 The Laogai Research Foundation Washington, DC 2008 The Laogai Research Foundation, founded in 1992, is a non-profit, tax-exempt organization [501 (c) (3)] incorporated in the District of Columbia, USA. The Foundation’s purpose is to gather information on the Chinese Laogai - the most extensive system of forced labor camps in the world today – and disseminate this information to journalists, human rights activists, government officials and the general public. Directors: Harry Wu, Jeffrey Fiedler, Tienchi Martin-Liao LRF Board: Harry Wu, Jeffrey Fiedler, Tienchi Martin-Liao, Lodi Gyari Laogai Handbook 劳改手册 2007-2008 Copyright © The Laogai Research Foundation (LRF) All Rights Reserved. The Laogai Research Foundation 1109 M St. NW Washington, DC 20005 Tel: (202) 408-8300 / 8301 Fax: (202) 408-8302 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.laogai.org ISBN 978-1-931550-25-3 Published by The Laogai Research Foundation, October 2008 Printed in Hong Kong US $35.00 Our Statement We have no right to forget those deprived of freedom and 我们没有权利忘却劳改营中失去自由及生命的人。 life in the Laogai. 我们在寻求真理, 希望这类残暴及非人道的行为早日 We are seeking the truth, with the hope that such horrible 消除并且永不再现。 and inhumane practices will soon cease to exist and will never recur. 在中国，民主与劳改不可能并存。 In China, democracy and the Laogai are incompatible. THE LAOGAI RESEARCH FOUNDATION Table of Contents Code Page Code Page Preface 前言 ...............................................................…1 23 Shandong Province 山东省.............................................. 377 Introduction 概述 .........................................................…4 24 Shanghai Municipality 上海市 .......................................... 407 Laogai Terms and Abbreviations 25 Shanxi Province 山西省 ................................................... 423 劳改单位及缩写............................................................28 26 Sichuan Province 四川省 ................................................
    [Show full text]
  • December 1998
    JANUARY - DECEMBER 1998 SOURCE OF REPORT DATE PLACE NAME ALLEGED DS EX 2y OTHER INFORMATION CRIME Hubei Daily (?) 16/02/98 04/01/98 Xiangfan C Si Liyong (34 yrs) E 1 Sentenced to death by the Xiangfan City Hubei P Intermediate People’s Court for the embezzlement of 1,700,00 Yuan (US$20,481,9). Yunnan Police news 06/01/98 Chongqing M Zhang Weijin M 1 1 Sentenced by Chongqing No. 1 Intermediate 31/03/98 People’s Court. It was reported that Zhang Sichuan Legal News Weijin murdered his wife’s lover and one of 08/05/98 the lover’s relatives. Shenzhen Legal Daily 07/01/98 Taizhou C Zhang Yu (25 yrs, teacher) M 1 Zhang Yu was convicted of the murder of his 01/01/99 Zhejiang P girlfriend by the Taizhou City Intermediate People’s Court. It was reported that he had planned to kill both himself and his girlfriend but that the police had intervened before he could kill himself. Law Periodical 19/03/98 07/01/98 Harbin C Jing Anyi (52 yrs, retired F 1 He was reported to have defrauded some 2600 Liaoshen Evening News or 08/01/98 Heilongjiang P teacher) people out of 39 million Yuan 16/03/98 (US$4,698,795), in that he loaned money at Police Weekend News high rates of interest (20%-60% per annum). 09/07/98 Southern Daily 09/01/98 08/01/98 Puning C Shen Guangyu D, G 1 1 Convicted of the murder of three children - Guangdong P Lin Leshan (f) M 1 1 reported to have put rat poison in sugar and 8 unnamed Us 8 8 oatmeal and fed it to the three children of a man with whom she had a property dispute.
    [Show full text]
  • August 29 - September 03, 2021
    August 29 - September 03, 2021 www.irmmw-thz2021.org 1 PROGRAM PROGRAM MENU FUTURE AND PAST CONFERENCES························ 1 ORGANIZERS·················································· 2 COMMITTEES················································· 3 PLENARY SESSION LIST······································ 8 PRIZES & AWARDS··········································· 10 SCIENTIFIC PROGRAM·······································16 MONDAY···················································16 TUESDAY··················································· 50 WEDNESDAY·············································· 85 THURSDAY··············································· 123 FRIDAY···················································· 167 INFORMATION.. FOR PRESENTERS ORAL PRESENTERS PLENARY TALK 45 min. (40 min. presentation + 5 min. discussion) KEYNOTES COMMUNICATION 30 min. (25 min. presentation + 5 min.discussion) ORAL COMMUNICATION 15 min. (12 min. presentation + 3 min.discussion) Presenters should be present at ZOOM Meeting room 10 minutes before the start of the session and inform the Session Chair of their arrival through the chat window. Presenters test the internet, voice and video in advance. We strongly recommend the External Microphone for a better experience. Presenters will be presenting their work through “Screen share” of their slides. POSTER PRESENTERS Presenters MUST improve the poster display content through exclusive editing links (Including the Cover, PDF file, introduction.) Please do respond in prompt when questions
    [Show full text]