CREATING LIVABLE ASIAN CITIES Edited by Bambang Susantono and Robert Guild APRIL ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK Book Endorsements Seung-soo Han Former Prime Minister of the Republic of Korea Creating Livable Asian Cities comes at a timely moment. The book emphasizes innovative technologies that can overcome challenges to make the region’s cities better places to live and grow. Its approach encourages stronger urban institutions focused on all people in every community. The book will inspire policy makers to consider concrete measures that can help cities ‘build back better,’ in other words, to be more resilient and able to withstand the next crisis. In the post-pandemic period, livable Asian cities are a public good, just as green spaces are. Following this credo, however, requires Asia to invest in creating livable cities so they can fulfil their potential as avenues of innovation, prosperity, inclusiveness, and sustainability. In this book, Asian Development Bank experts map the challenges facing cities in the region. Its five priority themes—smart and inclusive planning, sustainable transport, sustainable energy, innovative financing, and resilience and rejuvenation—illuminate a path for urbanization in Asia over the next decade. This book will lead us to the innovative thinking needed to improve urban life across the region. Maimunah Modh Sharif Under-Secretary-General and Executive Director, United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat) Creating Livable Asian Cities addresses various urban development challenges and offers in-depth analysis and rich insights on urban livability in Asia from an urban economics perspective. The Asian Development Bank (ADB) is well-placed to review the investment needs of cities that will contribute to sustainable development. As the authors point out, innovations and technologies in planning, urban transport, sustainable energy, municipal finance, and urban resilience and rejuvenation are all vital for transformative change, and Asian cities need more opportunities to learn from good practices elsewhere. The book recognizes the formidable challenges to finance future urban growth. This includes recovery beyond the pandemic and hence it recommends financial innovations through improved revenue collection such as land value capture. UN-Habitat looks forward to further collaboration with the ADB and other partners in domains such as this. Urban development professionals and practitioners around the world will benefit from the perspectives and take note of the recommendations in this book. Yumiko Noda Chair and Representative Director, Veolia Japan People move to cities with hopes and dreams. They go there in pursuit of a better life and new opportunities. Cities must be able to respond to their expectations. However, rapid urbanization in Asia often entails severe environmental, economic, and social consequences that undermine peoples’ quality of life. This book offers profound insights and practical guidance that will help Asian cities address a wide range of urban challenges and transform into truly livable, sustainable, and resilient cities. It will be useful not only for policy makers, but also for business leaders in developing new ideas and solutions to make cities better places to live. I strongly believe that this masterpiece is a result of long-standing efforts of the Asian Development Bank and its partners to accumulate and share knowledge on cities and infrastructure. I truly admire their persistent endeavors to bring prosperity to Asia. Karen Chapple Professor and Chair of City & Regional Planning at the University of California, Berkeley, the United States Finally, the definitive book to guide sustainable city-building in Asia in the 21st century! Asian Development Bank leaders Bambang Susantono and Robert Guild have skillfully assembled a set of cutting-edge essays that outline creative ideas and best practices in creating a more livable and equitable future for Asian cities. A rich set of provocative and incisive chapters push urban stakeholders to innovate smarter and more resilient planning, as well as more sustainable transport, energy, and finance systems. With the tremendous challenges ahead of us in this century, this book offers a clear path forward to livability for all. Fumiko Hayashi Mayor, City of Yokohama, Japan I believe that achieving livable cities for all residents should be the ultimate mission for everyone involved in urban development policy making. To help us move toward this goal, Creating Livable Asian Cities provides an excellent compilation of information on the latest smart and innovative planning tools and examples from Asia and beyond. As the authors point out, each city has its own geopolitical context, and there is no single universal solution to each city’s various urban issues. The book provides analytical frameworks, important insights on policy making, and practical references for those involved in urban development. I hope that everyone involved in city management will refer to the examples in this book. The City of Yokohama looks forward to continued collaboration with the Asian Development Bank to contribute to the region’s city management knowledge base. Se-hoon Oh Mayor of Seoul Metropolitan Government, Republic of Korea My congratulations to the Asian Development Bank (ADB) for publishing Creating Livable Asian Cities. This book ruminates over cases of various Asian cities and will be a great guide for Asian city governments as they seek sustainable development. As the book emphasizes, Asia’s future is urban. Indeed, cities are important indicators of quality of life and global competitiveness. This is because as “small governments,” cities are closely connected to the lives of citizens and act as mirrors that reflect a nation’s vision. Drawing on Seoul’s development experience, the Seoul Metropolitan Government hopes to work with ADB to support and inspire other cities in the region to address rapid urbanization challenges and achieve their sustainable development goals. CREATING LIVABLE ASIAN CITIES Edited by Bambang Susantono and Robert Guild APRIL 2021 ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) © 2021 Asian Development Bank 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City, 1550 Metro Manila, Philippines Tel +63 2 8632 4444; Fax +63 2 8636 2444 www.adb.org Some rights reserved. Published in 2021. ISBN 978-92-9262-782-9 (print); 978-92-9262-783-6 (electronic); 978-92-9262-784-3 (ebook) Publication Stock No. SGP210110 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/SGP210110 The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by ADB in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area, or by using the term “country” in this document, ADB does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. 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Corrigenda to ADB publications may be found at http://www.adb.org/publications/corrigenda. Notes: In this publication, “$” refers to United States dollars unless otherwise stated. ADB recognizes "Brunei" as Brunei Darussalam; “Hong Kong” as Hong Kong, China; “China” as the People’s Republic of China; "Korea" and "South Korea" as the Republic of Korea; and “Macau” as Macau, China. Cover design by Anthony Victoria and Jan Carlo Dela Cruz. Printed on recycled paper Contents Tables, Figures, Boxes, and Maps v Abbreviations xi Weights and Measures xiii About the Editors xiv Authors xvi Introduction: Opportunities for Creating Livable Asian Cities 1 Bambang Susantono, Marlon Boarnet, and Robert Guild 1 Smart and Inclusive Planning 17 1A An Analytical Framework and Guidance for Smart City Planning 18 Seok Yong Yoon, Hong Soo Lee, Thilo Zelt, Ulf Narloch, and Elliot Aguirre 1B Housing Affordability and Adequacy in Developing Asia 48 Matthias Helble and Kwan Ok Lee 1C Earth Observation for Planning and Resilience of Livable Cities 67 Paolo Manunta, Virinder Sharma, and Jiang Yi 1D Gender-Responsive and Inclusive Urban Planning 89 Gillian Brown, Prabhjot Khan, and Samantha Hung 1E Urban Synergies Through Coordinated City Cluster Governance 107 Stefan Rau 2 Sustainable