Gertrude Stein's Transmasculinity
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Gertrude Stein’s Transmasculinity Chris Coffman 55744_Coffman.indd744_Coffman.indd i 110/05/180/05/18 110:220:22 AAMM Edinburgh University Press is one of the leading university presses in the UK. We publish academic books and journals in our selected subject areas across the humanities and social sciences, combining cutting-edge scholarship with high editorial and production values to produce academic works of lasting importance. For more information visit our website: edinburghuniversitypress.com © Chris Coffman, 2018 Edinburgh University Press Ltd The Tun – Holyrood Road, 12(2f) Jackson’s Entry, Edinburgh EH8 8PJ Typeset in 11/14 Adobe Sabon by IDSUK (DataConnection) Ltd, and printed and bound in Great Britain. A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978 1 4744 3809 4 (hardback) ISBN 978 1 4744 3811 7 (webready PDF) ISBN 978 1 4744 3812 4 (epub) The right of Chris Coffman to be identifi ed as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, and the Copyright and Related Rights Regulations 2003 (SI No. 2498). 55744_Coffman.indd744_Coffman.indd iiii 110/05/180/05/18 110:220:22 AAMM Contents Illustrations iv Acknowledgements vii Introduction: Gertrude Stein’s Transmasculinity 1 1. Seeing Stein’s Masculinity 39 2. Reading Stein’s Genders: Multiple Identifi cations in the 1900s 68 3. Reading Stein’s Genders: Transmasculine Signifi cation in the 1910s and 1920s 108 4. Visual Economies of Queer Desire in The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas 132 5. Picasso’s Stein / Stein’s Picasso: Cubist Perspective / Masculine Homosociality 165 6. ‘Torquere’: Stein’s and Hemingway’s Queer Relationality 200 7. Stein, Van Vechten and Modernism’s Queer Gaze 251 Coda: Gertrude Stein Icon 295 Bibliography 306 Index 328 55744_Coffman.indd744_Coffman.indd iiiiii 110/05/180/05/18 110:220:22 AAMM Illustrations Figures Figure 1.1 George Platt Lynes, Gertrude Stein in Bilignin (c. 1931). Photographic print. Gertrude Stein and Alice B. Toklas Papers, Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library. © Estate of George Platt Lynes. 45 Figure 1.2 Man Ray, Gertrude Stein posing for Jo Davidson (c. 1922). Gelatin silver print. National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution. © 2010 Man Ray Trust / Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / ADAGP, Paris. 55 Figure 1.3 Henri Manuel, Gertrude Stein (1924). Addison M. Metcalf Collection of Gertrude Steiniana, Denison Library, Scripps College. 56 Figure 1.4 Henri Manuel, Gertrude Stein (1924). Courtesy Staley-Wise Gallery, New York. 57 Figure 1.5 Man Ray, Gertrude Stein (1927). Gelatin silver print. National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution. © 2010 Man Ray Trust / Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / ADAGP, Paris. 58 Figure 7.1 Photograph by Carl Van Vechten, Gertrude Stein (1934). B-13, F-32, MS-1, Carl Van Vechten – Mark Lutz Collection, Rare Books and Special Collections, University Libraries, University of Richmond, Richmond, Virginia. © Carl Van Vechten Trust. 271 Figure 7.2 Photograph by Carl Van Vechten, Gertrude Stein (1934). Philadelphia Museum of Art, Gift of John Mark Lutz, 1965, 1965-86-8490. © Carl Van Vechten Trust. 271 55744_Coffman.indd744_Coffman.indd iivv 110/05/180/05/18 110:220:22 AAMM Illustrations v Figure 7.3 Photograph by Carl Van Vechten, Carl Van Vechten (1934). Photographic print. Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University. © Carl Van Vechten Trust. 273 Figure 7.4 Photograph by Carl Van Vechten, Carl Van Vechten (1933). Photographic print. Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University. © Carl Van Vechten Trust. 274 Figure 7.5 Photograph by Carl Van Vechten, Gertrude Stein (1935). B-13, F-33, MS-1, Carl Van Vechten – Mark Lutz Collection, Rare Books and Special Collections, University Libraries, University of Richmond, Richmond, Virginia. © Carl Van Vechten Trust. 277 Figure 7.6 Photograph by Carl Van Vechten, Gertrude Stein, Carl Van Vechten, Alice B. Toklas (1935). Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University. © Carl Van Vechten Trust. 279 Figure 7.7 Photograph by Carl Van Vechten, Gertrude Stein, Carl Van Vechten and Alice B. Toklas (1935). Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University. © Carl Van Vechten Trust. 280 Figure 7.8 Photograph by Carl Van Vechten, Gertrude Stein, Carl Van Vechten, Alice B. Toklas (1935). © The Carl Van Vechten Trust and the Henry W. and Albert A. Berg Collection of English and American Literature, The New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations. 280 Figure 7.9 Photograph by Carl Van Vechten, Carl Van Vechten (1934). Photographic print. Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University. © Carl Van Vechten Trust. 285 Plates Plate 1 Pablo Picasso, Portrait of Gertrude Stein, 1906. Oil on canvas, H. 39-3/8, W. 32 inc. (11 x 81.3 cm). Bequest of Gertrude Stein, 1946 (47.106). © 2018 Estate of Pablo Picasso / Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York. Image copyright © The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Image source: Art Resource, NY. 55744_Coffman.indd744_Coffman.indd v 110/05/180/05/18 110:220:22 AAMM vi Gertrude Stein’s Transmasculinity Plate 2 Pablo Picasso, Les Demoiselles d’Avignon (1907). Oil on can- vas. Acquired through the Lillie P. Bliss Bequest. © 2018 Estate of Pablo Picasso / Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York. Digital Image copyright © The Museum of Modern Art/Licensed by SCALA / Art Resource, NY. Plate 3 Pablo Picasso, Homage a Gertrude (1909, sic). Tempera on wood. Gilbert A. Harrison Collection of Material by and Relating to Gertrude Stein (Collection 2108). UCLA Library Special Collec- tions, Charles E. Young Research Library, UCLA. © 2018 Estate of Pablo Picasso / Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York. Plate 4 Pablo Picasso, The Architect’s Table (1912). Oil on canvas mounted on panel. The Museum of Modern Art, New York City, The William S. Paley Collection. Digital Image © The Museum of Modern Art/Licensed by SCALA / Art Resource, NY. © 2018 Estate of Pablo Picasso / Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York. Plate 5 Edouard Manet, Le déjeuner sur l’herbe (1863). Oil on canvas. RF 1668. Musée d’Orsay, Paris, donation by Etienne Moreau-Nelaton in 1906. Digital image licensed by SCALA / Art Resource, NY. 55744_Coffman.indd744_Coffman.indd vvii 110/05/180/05/18 110:220:22 AAMM Acknowledgements Although I fi rst sowed the seeds of what would eventually become Gertrude Stein’s Transmasculinity during a summer 2006 National Endowment for the Humanities seminar on ‘Modernist Paris’ led by Maria diBattista and Suzanne Nash, sustained work on this book began in earnest during a 2011–12 academic year sabbatical leave awarded by the University of Alaska Fairbanks. Viewing the Seeing Gertrude Stein and The Stein Collects exhibits along with related cul- tural events in San Francisco in summer 2011 sparked my thinking about the relationship between Stein’s transmasculinity and her work as both a writer and an art collector, prompting me to take Gertrude Stein’s Transmasculinity in an interdisciplinary direction. Along the way, this project has benefi ted from conversations with Sine Anahita, Melissa Bradshaw, Lee Callahan, Deborah Cohler, Merrill Cole, Madelyn Detloff, Melina Draper, Jonathan Eburne, Mat Fournier, Octavio González, Jordana Greenblatt, Karen Grossweiner, Len Gutkin, Cindy Hardy, Eileen Harney, Maureen Hogan, Stephanie Hsu, Shayle Hutchison, Alla Ivanchikova, Shawna Lipton, E. L. McCallum, Judith Roof, Patricia Juliana Smith, William Spurlin, Kayt Sunwood, Robert Tobin and Annalisa Zox-Weaver, as well as from responses from peer reviewers and attendees at conferences at which I presented early versions of these materials. Sessions organ- ised by the International Comparative Literature Association’s Comparative Gender Studies Committee at ICLA and ACLA con- ferences have proven particularly generative, and I am grateful for the community I have found there. I have also benefi ted from travel funding from United Academics AAUP/AFT Local 4996, the Uni- versity of Alaska Fairbanks College of Liberal Arts, the UAF English Department, and the UAF Women, Gender, and Sexuality Studies Program to present early versions of these materials. Special thanks 55744_Coffman.indd744_Coffman.indd vviiii 110/05/180/05/18 110:220:22 AAMM viii Gertrude Stein’s Transmasculinity are due to CLA Dean Todd Sherman for continuing to provide me with time to complete this study. Gertrude Stein’s Transmasculinity would also not have been possible without the pioneering work of Stein scholars before me, in particular the archival research of Ulla Dydo, Wanda Corn and Tirza True Latimer. Above all, this book and my life would have been far more diffi cult without the support of my parents: James P. Coffman, who passed away before I saw Gertrude Stein’s Transmasculinity into print; and Anne W. Coff- man, who encouraged me to persist and was my sounding board as I fi nalised its contents. The Interlibrary Loan department at UAF has provided vital assis- tance in obtaining items cited in this book; thanks especially to Brad Krick for his assistance over the years. The staff at Yale University’s Beinecke Library and the John F. Kennedy Library’s Ernest Heming- way Collection proved equally helpful. Georgia Glover at David Higham Literary, Film and TV Agents facilitated permission to quote from Gertrude Stein’s unpublished notebooks held at the Beinecke Library as well as several other works; Yessenia Santos of Simon & Schuster and Kirk Curnutt of the Ernest Hemingway Society arranged permission for excerpts from several of his texts. The two epigraphs from Hemingway at the beginning of Chapter 6 are from ERNEST HEMINGWAY, SELECTED LETTERS 1917–1961 by Carlos Barker, editor, Copyright © 1981 by Carlos Baker and The Ernest Heming- way Foundation, Inc. Reprinted with permission of Scribner, a divi- sion of Simon & Schuster, Inc.