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Editors' Introduction Editors’ Introduction This is the 14th issue of Tolkien Studies, the first refereed journal solely devoted to the scholarly study of the works of J.R.R. Tolkien. As edi- tors, our goal is to publish excellent scholarship on Tolkien as well as to gather useful research information, reviews, notes, documents, and bibliographical material. All articles have been subject to anonymous, external review as well as receiving a positive judgment by the Editors. In the cases of articles by individuals associated with the journal in any way, each article had to receive at least two positive evaluations from two dif fer ent outside reviewers. Reviewer comments wer e anonymously conveyed to the au- thors of the articles. The Editors agreed to be bound by the recommen- dations of the outside referees. Although they are solicited and edited by the editors, book reviews represent the judgments of the individ- ual reviewers, not Tolkien Studies. Michael D. C. Drout Verlyn Flieger David Bratman 1 Acknowl edgments The Editors would like to thank Wheaton College, Norton, MA and Wheaton Research Partners for their support. Thanks also to Rowan Lowell, Paula Smith- MacDonald, Vaughn Howland, Raquel D’Oyen, and Berni Phillips, and also to West V irginia University Press, Derek Krissoff, Than Saffel, and Jason Gosnell. Fi nally, we acknowledge a special debt of gratitude to our anony- mous, outside reviewers who with their collegial ser vice contribute so much to Tolkien Studies. 2 In Memoriam Tolkien Studies notes the passing of Richard L(awrence) Purtill (1931– 2016), who died on December 4, 2016. A professor of philosophy at Western Washington University who made impor tant contributions to Tolkien and C. S. Lewis studies, he was born on March 13, 1931, and received his Ph.D. in philosophy from the University of Chicago in 1965. Like Tolkien, he was a Catholic convert. His Lord of the Elves and Eldils: Fantasy and Philosophy in C. S. Lewis and J.R.R. Tolkien (Zonder- van, 1974; rev. ed., Ignatius Press, 2006) was a parallel consideration of theological issues in the works of the two authors, including one of the first clear scholarly demonstrations thatThe Lord of the Rings was a story with a deep- set religious basis, before the publication of The Sil- marillion or Tolkien’s Letters. A later book, J.R.R. Tolkien: Myth, Morality and Religion (Harper & Row, 1984; reissued, Ignatius Press, 2003), is a collection of essays, including Purtill’s 1977 Mythopoeic Conference Guest of Honor speech discussing levels of symbolism in “Leaf by Nig- gle” that, in Purtill’s view, were too complex to make the story a simple allegory. Other essays discuss religious and theological m atters in The Lord of the Rings and The Silmarillion. Purtill also wrote Christian apol- o getics, sometimes focused on Lewis’ work; numerous college text- books on logic and metaphysics, often with philosophical dialogues included; and several fantasy novels, most of them inspired by the my thol ogy and archaeology of Greece, a country he often visited for phi los o phers’ conferences. 3 Conventions and Abbreviations Because there are so many editions of The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings, citations will be by book and chapter as well as by page- number (referenced to the editions listed below). Thus a citation from The Fellowship of the Ring, book two, chapter four, page 318 is written (FR, II, iv, 318). References to the Appendices of The Lord of the Rings are abbreviated by Appendix, Section and subsection, so subsection iii of section I of Appendix A is written (RK, Appendix A, I, iii, 321). The Silmarillion indicates the body of stories and poems developed over many years by Tolkien; The Silmarillion indicates the volume first pub- lished in 1977. Abbreviations Works by Tolkien Aotrou The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun together with the Corrigan Poems. (Poem first published 1945.) Ed. Verlyn Flieger. London: HarperCollins, 2016. ATB The Adventures of Tom Bombadil. (First published: Lon- don: Allen & Unwin, 1962; Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1963.) [50th anniversary edition.] Ed. Christina Scull and Wayne G. Hammond. London: HarperCollins, 2014. B&C Beowulf and the Critics. Ed. Michael D. C. Drout. Rev. 2nd ed. Medieval and Re nais sance Texts and Studies 402. Tempe, AZ: Arizona Medieval and Re nais sance Texts and Studies, 2011. Beowulf T&C Beowulf: A Translation and Commentary together with Sellic Spell. Ed. Christopher Tolkien. London: Harper- Collins; Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2014. Children The Children of Húrin [title as on title page:] Narn i Chîn Húrin: The Tale of the Children of Húrin. Ed. Chris- topher Tolkien. London: HarperCollins; Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2007. FA The Fall of Arthur. Ed. Christopher Tolkien. London: HarperCollins; Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2013. 4 Conventions and Abbreviations FGH Farmer Giles of Ham. (First published: London: Allen & Unwin, 1949; Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1950.) [50th anniversary edition.] Ed. Christina Scull and Wayne G. Hammond. London: HarperCollins; Bos- ton: Houghton Mifflin, 1999. FR The Fellowship of the Ring. (First published: London: Allen & Unwin; Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1954.) Second edition, revised impression, Boston: Hough- ton Mifflin,1987. H The Hobbit. (First published: London: Allen & Unwin, 1937; Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1938.)The Annotated Hobbit. Ed. Douglas A. Anderson. Second edition, revised. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2002. Kullervo The Story of Kullervo. Ed. Verlyn Flieger. London: HarperCollins, 2015; Boston: Houghton Mifflin Har- court, 2016. Lays The Lays of Beleriand. Ed. Christopher Tolkien. Lon- don: Allen & Unwin; Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1985. Letters The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien. Ed. Humphrey Carpenter, with the assistance of Christopher Tolkien. London: Allen & Unwin; Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1981. Lost Road The Lost Road and Other Writings. Ed. Christopher Tolkien. London: Unwin Hyman; Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1987. LT I The Book of Lost Tales, Part One. Ed. Christopher Tolkien. London: Allen & Unwin, 1983; Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1984. LT II The Book of Lost Tales, Part Two. Ed. Christopher Tolkien. London: Allen & Unwin; Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1984. M&C The Monsters and the Critics and Other Essays. London: Allen & Unwin, 1983; Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1984. Morgoth Morgoth’s Ring. Edited by Christopher Tolkien. London: HarperCollins; Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1993. 5 Conventions and Abbreviations OFS Tolkien On Fairy- stories. (Essay first published 1947.) Extended edition, ed. Verlyn Flieger and Douglas A. Anderson. London: HarperCollins, 2008. Peoples The Peoples of Middle- earth. Ed. Christopher Tolkien. London: HarperCollins; Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1996. RK The Return of the King. (First published: London: Allen & Unwin, 1955; Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1956.) Second edition, revised impression, Boston: Hough- ton Mifflin, 1987. S The Silmarillion. Ed. Christopher Tolkien. (First pub- lished: London: Allen & Unwin; Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1977.) Second edition. London: Harper- Collins, 1999; Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2001. Sauron Sauron Defeated. Ed. Christopher Tolkien. London: HarperCollins; Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1992. S&G The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún. Ed. Christopher Tolkien. London: HarperCollins; Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2009. Shadow The Return of the Shadow. Ed. Christopher Tolkien. London: Unwin Hyman; Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1988. Shaping The Shaping of Middle- earth. Ed. Christopher Tolkien. London: Allen & Unwin; Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1986. Smith Smith of Wootton Major: (First published: London: Allen & Unwin; Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1967.) Extended Edition, ed. Verlyn Flieger. London: Harper- Collins, 2005. T&L Tree and Leaf. (First published: London: Unwin Books, 1964; Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1965.) Expanded as Tree and Leaf, including the Poem Mythpoeia [and] The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth Beorhthelm’s Son. London: HarperCollins, 2001. 6 Conventions and Abbreviations TT The Two Towers. (First published: London: Allen & Un- win, 1954; Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1955.) Second edition, revised impression, Boston: Houghton Miff- lin, 1987. Treason The Treason of Isengard. Ed. Christopher Tolkien. Lon- don: Unwin Hyman; Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1989. UT Unfinished Tales of Númenor and Middle- earth. Ed. Chris- topher Tolkien. London: Allen & Unwin; Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1980. Vice A Secret Vice: Tolkien on In ven ted Languages. Ed. Dimi- tra Fimi and Andrew Higgins. London: HarperCol- lins, 2016. WJ The War of the Jewels. Ed. Christopher Tolkien. Lon- don: HarperCollins; Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1994. WR The War of the Ring. Ed. Christopher Tolkien. London: Unwin Hyman; Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1990. Reference Works Artist Hammond, Wayne G., and Christina Scull. J.R.R. Tolkien: Artist & Illustrator. London: HarperCollins; Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1995. Bio Carpenter, Humphrey. J.R.R. Tolkien: A Biography. London: Allen & Unwin, 1977. As Tolkien: A Biography. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1977. C&G Scull, Christina, and Wayne G. Hammond. The J.R.R. Tolkien Companion & Guide. 2 vols. London: Harper- Collins; Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2006. RC Hammond, Wayne G., and Christina Scull. The Lord of the Rings: A Reader’s Companion. London: Harper- Collins; Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2005. 7 The Mystical Philology of J.R.R. Tolkien and Sir Israel Gollancz: Monsters and Critics H. L. Spencer I. The Gollancz lectures One of Tolkien’s best known works of non- fiction (familiar to readers of his fiction and students of Old En glish alike) is
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