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Table of Contents Table of Contents Page Preface and Acknowledgments iii Copyright and Additional Copies iv Recommended References xi Chapter 1 NATURAL ZEOLITES F. A. Mumpton INTRODUCTION 1 MINERALOGY 2 Chemical Composition 2 Crystal Structure 4 HISTORICAL 8 REFERENCES 15 Chapter 2 CRYSTAL STRUCTURE AND CHEMISTRY OF NATURAL ZEOLITES Edith M. Flanigen INTRODUCTION 19 CRYSTAL STRUCTURES : 20 Group 1 (S4R) 22 Anal cime 22 Phillipsite 28 Gi smondi ne 28 Laumontite 31 Group 2 (S6R) 31 Erioni te 31 Offretite 34 Sodai ite 34 Group 3 (D4R) 34 Zeolite A 34 Group 4 (D6R) 37 Faujasite and Faujasite-type Structures 37 Chabazite 41 Group 5 (T5010 Units) 41 Natrolite, Scolecite, Mesolite 41 Thomson!te, Gonnardite, Edingtonite 41 Group 6 (T8016 Units) 45 MordenitDachiarditee , Ferrierite 485 ν Page Chapter 2 (continued) Group 7 (Τη0020 Units) 48 Heulandite, Clinoptilolite 48 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 52 REFERENCES 52 Chapter 3 GEOLOGY OF ZEOLITES IN SEDIMENTARY ROCKS R. L. Hay INTRODUCTION 53 Mineralogy 53 Occurrences 55 SALINE, ALKALINE LAKES DEPOSITS 57 SOILS AND SURFACE DEPOSITS 58 DEEP-SEA DEPOSITS 58 OPEN-SYSTEM TYPE DEPOSITS 60 HYDROTHERMAL DEPOSITS 60 BURIAL DIAGENETIC DEPOSITS 61 ZEOLITES IN IGNEOUS ROCKS 62 REFERENCES 63 Chapter 4 ZEOLITES IN CLOSED HYDROLOGIC SYSTEMS Ronald C. Surdam INTRODUCTION 65 GEOLOGIC SETTING 66 Modern Closed Basins 66 Hydrographie Features 67 Brine Evolution 68 Weathering Reactions 69 Chemical Trends 70 Efflorescent Crusts 73 Vol cani sm 74 MINERAL PATTERNS 74 Pleistocene Lake Tecopa Deposits 77 Pliocene Big Sandy Formation 77 Miocene Barstow Formation and Eocene Green River Formation 79 vi Page Chapter 4 (continued) INTERPRETATION OF MINERAL PATTERNS 80 Formation of Alkalic, Silicic Zeolites from Silicic Glass 80 Reaction of Alkalic, Silicic Zeolites to Analcime 82 Reaction of Zeolites to Potassium Feldspar 84 Hydrochemistry 86 REFERENCES 89 Chapter 5 ZEOLITES IN OPEN HYDR0L0GIC SYSTEMS R. L. Hay and R. A. Sheppard INTRODUCTION 93 ZEOLITE FORMATION IN SILICIC TEPHRA DEPOSITS 94 ZEOLITE FORMATION IN LOW-SILICA TEPHRA DEPOSITS 99 REFERENCES 102 Chapter 6 ZEOLITES IN LOW-GRADE METAMORPHIC GRADES James R. Boles INTRODUCTION 103 SELECTED ZEOLITE OCCURRENCES FROM THE CIRCUM-PACIFIC AREA 105 New Zealand 105 Japan 107 Western North America 112 British Columbia - Triassic rocks 112 British Columbia - Cretaceous rocks 113 British Columbia - Cretaceous to Eocene rocks 113 Washington to Alaska - Tertiary rocks 113 Washington - Tertiary rocks 115 Oregon - Triassic and Jurassic rocks 115 California - Cretaceous rocks 115 California - Tertiary rocks 116 LITHOLOGY, CHEMISTRY, AND STABILITY OF ZEOLITE SPECIES 117 Heulandite-group Minerals 117 Lithology 117 Chemistry 117 Stability 119 Analcime 120 Lithology 120 Chemistry 120 Stability 120 vii Pag« Chapter 6 (continued) Laumontite 12 ; Lithology 12; Chemistry 12' Stability 12' Less Common Zeolites 12' Wairakite 12' Mordenite 126 Stil bite 126 Other zeolites 126 ZEOLITE REACTIONS 126 Effect of Pressure 12£ Effect of Temperature 126 Effect of Parent Material and Bulk Composition 129 Effect of Fluid Chemistry 130 Effect of Permeability 131 Effect of Kinetics 132 REFERENCES 132 Chapter 7 ZEOLITES IN DEEP-SEA SEDIMENTS James R. Boles INTRODUCTION 137 OCCURRENCE AND MINERALOGY OF PHILLIPSITE AND CLINOPTILOLITE 138 Age of Sediment 138 Type of Sediments 138 Depth of Burial 141 Areal Distribution 142 Associated Authigenic Minerals 142 Mineralogy 142 Phillipsite 142 CI inopti loi i te 147 Origin of Phillipsite and Clinoptilolite 151 OTHER ZEOLITES IN DEEP-SEA SEDIMENTS 155 Anal cime 155 Harmotone 157 Laumontite 158 Erioni te 158 Zeolites in Volcanic Rocks 158 Vili Page Chapter 7 (continued) COMPARISON OF DEEP-SEA ZEOLITE OCCURRENCES WITH OTHER OCCURRENCES 159 Conditions of Formation 159 Distribution of Zeolites 159 Mode of Zeolite Occurrences 159 REFERENCES 160 Chapter 8 COMMERCIAL PROPERTIES OF NATURAL ZEOLITES Ε. M. Flanigen and F. A. Mumpton INTRODUCTION 165 ADSORPTION PROPERTIES . 165 CATION EXCHANGE PROPERTIES 168 DEHYDRATION AND DEHYDROXYLATION PHENOMENA 171 REFERENCES 174 Chapter 9 UTILIZATION OF NATURAL ZEOLITES F. A. Mumpton INTRODUCTION 177 POLLUTION-CONTROL APPLICATIONS 177 Radioactive-Waste Disposal 178 Sewage-Effluent Treatment 180 Agri cui turai-Wastewater Treatment 182 Stack-Gas Cleanup 182 Oil-Spi 11 Cleanup 183 Oxygen Production 183 ENERGY-CONSERVATION APPLICATIONS 184 Coal Gasification 184 Natural-Gas Purification 185 Solar Energy Use 187 Petroleum Production 187 AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS 188 Fertilizers and Soil Amendments 188 Pesticides, Fungicides, Herbicides 189 Heavy Metal Traps 189 Animal Nutrition 190 ix Page Chapter 9 (continued) Excrement Treatment 192 Aquacul turai Uses 193 MINING AND METALLURGY APPLICATIONS 195 Exploration Aids 195 Metallurgical Uses 195 MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS 196 Paper Products 196 Construction Uses 197 Medical Applications 197 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 198 REFERENCES 198 Appendix I. REPRESENTATIONS AND MODELS OF ZEOLITE CRYSTAL STRUCTURES 207 Appendix II. CRYSTAL STRUCTURE DATA FOR IMPORTANT ZEOLITES 211 χ .
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