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The Reinvestigation of Hoffman'sirobberg Cave - the Artefactual and Shellfish Assemblages, 2007

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The Reinvestigation of Hoffman'sirobberg Cave - the Artefactual and Shellfish Assemblages, 2007 THE REINVESTIGATION OF HOFFMAN'SIROBBERG CAVE - THE ARTEFACTUAL AND SHELLFISH ASSEMBLAGES, 2007 KATHARINE KYRIACOU Thesis presented for the degree of Master of Philosophy In the Department of Archaeology University of Cape Town February 2009 Abstract This thesis documents the re-investigation of Hoffman' slRobberg Cave, a little known site located on the Robberg Peninsula near Plettenberg Bay on the southern Cape coast of South Africa Previous excavations carried out at the site early in the twentieth century and again in the late 1950s are scantily documented. Furthermore, a large collection derived from Hoffinan' s excavations, which I examined and catalogued in 2006, is only a selective sample of the archaeological remains from the site. Small-scale excavations were carried out at Hoffinan'slRobberg Cave in June/July 2007 with the dual objectives of documenting the stratigraphy of the Late Holocene deposits, and obtaining an unselected sample of material for analysis. The primary aim was to elucidate the lifeways of prehistoric hunter-gatherers living at the site for a short period during the Later Stone Age. The stratigraphy and chronology of the deposits indicate two episodes of occupation between 4000 and 3300 BP. Shellfish residues suggest exploitation patterns in keeping with the steep topography of the shore in the immediate vicinity of the cave. Changes in the size distributions of the most abundant limpet species, S. cochlear, are attributed to fluctuations in the intensity of human predation. A comparative sample from an open midden in Noetzie, Knysna, reflects slightly different exploitation patterns, as well as chronological changes in shellfish collection strategies which have been documented elsewhere. Changes in the size distributions of T. sarmaticus are probably also the result of human exploitation, and are consistent with changes observed at other sites along the southern Cape coast. The material cultural assemblages from Hoffinan'slRobberg Cave and the neighbouring site of Nelson Bay Cave reflect some cultural continuity in the production of certain types of artefacts during the post­ Wilton period. Acknowledgements I would firstly like to thank CapeNature for permitting us to excavate in the Robberg Peninsula Nature Reserve, and for facilitating our fieldwork in many different ways. I would like to thank my advisor, Judith Sealy, for her guidance and support throughout the excavation, analysis of the material and collation of results; Tim Maggs, whose practical knowledge and experience proved invaluable in the field; and Louisa Hutten for her role in organizing many aspects of the excursion. Thanks are also due to all the other members of the 2007 field team: Susan pfeiffer, Dolores Jacobs, Tara van Niekerk, Jane Noah, Celeste Boothe, Cuan Hahndiek, Deon Vaaltyn and AlOOn Pietersen. Dolores Jacobs deserves extra thanks for her assistance with the laboratory sorting of the material. Sally Adam is responsible for the re-drawing of the Hoffinan'slRobberg Cave section, and for the map showing the location of Hoffman's!Robberg Cave. Tim Maggs re-drew the site plan. I am grateful to David Halkett and Jayson Orton for allowing me to participate in one of the excavations at Noetzie, and for granting me access to the shellfish remains from this site. I also wish to acknowledge Simon Hall, John Parkington, and Chopi Jerardino for their support and advice, and Gerda Coetzee of the National Museum for her continued attempts to find information on Hoffman's excavation. Financial support for this project was provided by the National Research Foundation, the South African Archaeological Society, through the Kent Bequest, and the University of Cape Town. 11 CONTENTS Abstract .......................................................................................... 1 Acknowledgements ................................................. " ........................ .ii List of Tables .................................................................................viii List of Figures ..................................................................................x CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................. : ............... 1 1.1. THE SITE OF HOFFMAN'SIROBBERG CAVE .................................... 1 1.2. PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS AT HOFFMAN'SIROBBERG CAVE ........2 1.3. RECENT RESEARCH AT HOFFMAN'SIROBBERG CAVE ................... .4 1.4. THESIS LAYOUT ........................................................................5 CHAPTER 2 PREVIOUS ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH ALONG THE CAPE COAST ... 7 2.1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................ 7 2.2. EARLY ACCOUNTS AND ENCOUNTERS ........................................ 7 2.3. EARLY ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATIONS ..................................9 2.3.1. EXPLORATORY EXCAVATIONS AT SITES ALONG THE ROBBERG PENINSULA ....................................................................................9 2.4. LATER STONE AGE RESEARCH IN THE SOUTHERN AND EASTERN CAPE: 1920 - 1960 ........................................................................... 10 2.4.1. EXCAVATIONS AT MATJES RIVER ROCK SHELTER ................... .12 2.4.1.1. Dreyer's excavations: 1928-1929 ................................................. 12 2.4.1.2. Further excavations: 1952-1953 ................................................... 13 2.4.1.3. Renewed excavations and other research ....................................... .15 2.4.2. EXCAVATIONS AT HOFFMAN'SIROBBERG CAVE ....................... 16 2.5. ECOLOGICAL AND SYSTEMS APPROACHES: 1960-1980 .................. 17 2.5.1. LATER STONE AGE STUDIES IN THE EASTERN, SOUTHERN AND SOUTHWESTERN CAPE ................................................................. .18 2.5.2. EXCAVATIONS AT NELSON BAY CAVE: A RECORD OF CULTURAL AND ENVIR()NMENTAL CHANGE ................................................... 21 III 2.6. CHANGING APPROACHES FROM TIlE 1980s ................................. 26 2.6.1. SUBSISTENCE AND SOCIAL INTENSIFICATION DURING THE LATE HOLOCENE ..................................................................................27 2.6.1.1. Economic and social differentiation among the Late Holocene inhabitants of the Robberg Peninsula and Matjes River Rock Shelter ................................. 31 2.6.1.1.2. Dietary reconstructions based on stable isotopic analysis: a case for economic separation .........................................................................31 2.6.1.1.2. Differences in the artefactual assemblages from Nelson Bay Cave and Matjes River Rock Shelter: a material expression ofseparate identities? ............ 33 2.6.1.1.3. The Late Holocene assemblage from Hoffman'slRobberg Cave .......... .34 2.7. SUMMARY ..............................................................................35 CHAPTER 3 EXCAVATION, STRATIGRAPHY AND DATING .................................. .37 3.1. EXCAVATION: APPROACH AND PROCEDURES ........................... .37 3.2. STRATIGRAPHY ......................................................................40 3.4 DATING ..................................................................................43 3.5. SUMMARY ..............................................................................45 CHAPTER 4 SHELLFISH ANALYSIS .................................................................. 46 4.1. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................46 4.2. SHELLFISH REMAINS FROM HOFFMAN'SIROBBERG CAVE ........... .48 4.2.1. METHODOLOGy ....................................................................48 4.2.1.1. Satnpling ..............................................................................48 4.2.1.2. Identification, quantification and measuring ................................... .48 4.2.2. RESULTS .............................................................................. 50 4.2.2.1. Shellfish species abundances ...................................................... 50 4.2.2.2. Changes in the size of two shellfish species ..................................... 55 4.3. SHELLFISH REMAINS FROM AN OPEN MIDDEN IN NOETZIE, KNYSNA ....................................................................................... 62 4.3.1. METHODOLOGY ....................................................................62 4.3.1.1. Satnpling and dating ................................................................62 iv 4.3.1.2. Identification, quantification and measuring .................................... 65 4.3.2. RESULTS .............................................................................. 65 4.3.2.1. Shellfish species abundances ...................................................... 65 4.3.2.2. Changes in the mean size of T. sarmaticus opercula ...........................67 4.4. DISCUSSION AND COMPARISON ................................................ 71 4.4.1. PREHISTORIC EXPLOITATION PATTERNS AT HOFFMAN'SIROBBERG CAVE .......................................................................................... 71 4.4.2. SHELLFISH COLLECTION STRATEGIES AT THE NOETZIE MIDDEN ....................................................................................... 72 4.4.3. VARIATION IN S. COCHLEAR AND T. SARMATICUS SIZE AT HOFFMAN'SIROBBERG CAVE: THE EFFECTS OF HUMAN SETTLEMENT ANDPREDATION ........................................................................... 75 4.4.4. TIME-RELATED CHANGES IN THE SIZE DISTRUBUTION OF T. SARMATICUS FROM THE NOETZIE MIDDEN ......................................
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