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755800Revised0011020120fi Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Papua New Guinea 2011-2012 Country Gender Assessment Contents Contents .............................................................................................................................. iii List of Tables ................................................................................................................ vi List of Figures ............................................................................................................... vi List of Boxes ................................................................................................................. vi Acronyms and Abbreviations .............................................................................................. viii Forewords ............................................................................................................................... x Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................. xiii Executive Summary ............................................................................................................. xv Chapter I. Introduction ........................................................................................................... 1 A. Country context ......................................................................................................... 1 1. Social and political characteristics ..................................................................... 1 2. Economic characteristics ................................................................................... 1 3. Development challenges .................................................................................... 2 4. Gender dimensions of development challenges ................................................. 4 B. Women, men and culture .......................................................................................... 6 1. Traditional gender roles ..................................................................................... 6 2. Modernization .................................................................................................. 10 3. Gender-based violence ..................................................................................... 12 C. Gender in national development planning and policy ............................................. 17 1. National policy framework .............................................................................. 17 2. Regional policy frameworks ............................................................................ 19 3. International commitments .............................................................................. 20 Chapter II. Access to Resources: Education and Health ...................................................... 22 A. Education ................................................................................................................ 22 1. Access to education services ............................................................................ 22 2. Education policies and programmes ................................................................ 28 B. Health ...................................................................................................................... 31 1. Health services ................................................................................................. 31 2. Health status ..................................................................................................... 33 3. Policy environment .......................................................................................... 38 4. Major initiatives ............................................................................................... 39 5. Stakeholder support ......................................................................................... 40 6. Gaps and opportunities .................................................................................... 40 C. Gender concerns in HIV and AIDS ......................................................................... 43 1. The HIV epidemic in PNG .............................................................................. 43 2. Gender and HIV infection ................................................................................ 45 3. Response to gender issues in HIV and AIDS .................................................. 46 4. Gender issues, gaps and opportunities ............................................................. 49 iii Papua New Guinea: 2011-2012 Country Gender Assessment Chapter III. Access to Resources: Employment, Livelihoods and Economic Resources .... 52 A. Work and labour force participation ....................................................................... 52 1. Employment in an economic context ............................................................... 52 2. Policy environment .......................................................................................... 56 B. Agriculture, forestry and fisheries ........................................................................... 59 1. The gendered context of productive resources ................................................ 59 2. Agriculture ....................................................................................................... 61 3. Fisheries ........................................................................................................... 63 4. Forestry ............................................................................................................ 65 5. Government policy and programmes ............................................................... 66 6. Stakeholder support ......................................................................................... 67 C. Extractive industries ................................................................................................ 68 1. Gender issues ................................................................................................... 68 2. Policy and strategic initiatives ......................................................................... 71 3. Representation of women‘s interests ............................................................... 72 Chapter IV. Access to Rights through Legal and Social Empowerment ............................. 78 A. Factors affecting access .......................................................................................... 78 1. Distance to services ......................................................................................... 78 2. Illiteracy and lack of education ........................................................................ 78 3. Lack of judicial officials .................................................................................. 78 4. Gender inequality ............................................................................................. 78 B. Constitutional provisions for equality of access ...................................................... 79 C. Commissions ........................................................................................................... 79 1. Ombudsman Commission ................................................................................ 79 2. Human Rights Commission ............................................................................. 80 D. The courts ................................................................................................................ 80 1. National and district courts .............................................................................. 80 2. Village courts ................................................................................................... 81 E. Reform of customary laws and practices ................................................................. 83 F. Legal provisions for increasing access to rights ...................................................... 85 1. Family law ....................................................................................................... 85 2. Law reform initiatives ...................................................................................... 86 3. Laws relating to family and sexual violence .................................................... 88 G. Law enforcement ..................................................................................................... 89 H. Social and legal empowerment for survivors of family and sexual violence ......... 90 I. Policy initiatives against family and sexual violence .............................................. 92 J. Family and sexual violence public awareness initiatives ........................................ 94 Chapter V. Access to Political Voice and Participation ....................................................... 96 A. Political representation ............................................................................................ 96 1. National parliament .......................................................................................... 96 2. Provincial governments ................................................................................... 97 3. Local governments ........................................................................................... 97 4. Conflict resolution ..........................................................................................
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