Conceptualizing and Theorizing Peace in Ancient Greece*
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The Olynthiacs and the Phillippics of Demosthenes
The Olynthiacs and the Phillippics of Demosthenes Charles Rann Kennedy The Olynthiacs and the Phillippics of Demosthenes Table of Contents The Olynthiacs and the Phillippics of Demosthenes..............................................................................................1 Charles Rann Kennedy...................................................................................................................................1 THE FIRST OLYNTHIAC............................................................................................................................1 THE SECOND OLYNTHIAC.......................................................................................................................6 THE THIRD OLYNTHIAC........................................................................................................................10 THE FIRST PHILIPPIC..............................................................................................................................14 THE SECOND PHILIPPIC.........................................................................................................................21 THE THIRD PHILIPPIC.............................................................................................................................25 THE FOURTH PHILIPPIC.........................................................................................................................34 i The Olynthiacs and the Phillippics of Demosthenes Charles Rann Kennedy This page copyright © 2002 Blackmask Online. -
Citations in Classics and Ancient History
Citations in Classics and Ancient History The most common style in use in the field of Classical Studies is the author-date style, also known as Chicago 2, but MLA is also quite common and perfectly acceptable. Quick guides for each of MLA and Chicago 2 are readily available as PDF downloads. The Chicago Manual of Style Online offers a guide on their web-page: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html The Modern Language Association (MLA) does not, but many educational institutions post an MLA guide for free access. While a specific citation style should be followed carefully, none take into account the specific practices of Classical Studies. They are all (Chicago, MLA and others) perfectly suitable for citing most resources, but should not be followed for citing ancient Greek and Latin primary source material, including primary sources in translation. Citing Primary Sources: Every ancient text has its own unique system for locating content by numbers. For example, Homer's Iliad is divided into 24 Books (what we might now call chapters) and the lines of each Book are numbered from line 1. Herodotus' Histories is divided into nine Books and each of these Books is divided into Chapters and each chapter into line numbers. The purpose of such a system is that the Iliad, or any primary source, can be cited in any language and from any publication and always refer to the same passage. That is why we do not cite Herodotus page 66. Page 66 in what publication, in what edition? Very early in your textbook, Apodexis Historia, a passage from Herodotus is reproduced. -
'Tuning the Lyre, Tuning the Soul'
Greek and Roman Musical Studies 8 (2020) 111-155 brill.com/grms ‘Tuning the Lyre, Tuning the Soul’ Harmonia, Justice and the Kosmos of the Soul in Plato’s Republic and Timaeus Tosca A.C. Lynch Jesus College, University of Oxford, Turl Street, Oxford, OX1 3DW [email protected] Abstract This paper will focus on Plato’s thought-provoking depiction of justice as special kind of harmonia (Resp. 4.443c-444a) that epitomises the best possible organisation of the soul, exploring his nuanced use of the model of lyre tunings in performative, theoreti- cal as well as educational terms. By comparing Plato’s use of harmonic imagery with technical discussions of lyre tunings and their key role in educational settings, I will show how Plato exploited distinctive features of traditional Greek lyre harmoniai to give shape to his innovative understanding of the structure of the soul and the harmo- nious, but not strifeless, relationship between its individual components. In the sec- ond part of this paper, I will look at how the model outlined in the Republic sheds light on the musical structure that gives shape to the World Soul in the Timaeus, advancing a new interpretation of its elusive harmonic organisation. Keywords Plato’s harmonics – harmonia – justice – lyre tunings – musical education – Republic – Timaeus – Philolaus Plato’s dialogues offer many revealing discussions of the ethical, political, psy- chological and educational importance that music had for the Greeks. This is especially true in the case of the Republic and the Laws, works which describe in detail the political set-up of two ideal constitutions as well as the lifestyle and ethical values embraced by their citizens. -
WHY GREECE?I
For publication in a Serbian translation only! THE QUEST FOR PEACE IN THE ANCIENT WORLD: WHY GREECE?i Kurt A. Raaflaub The dramatic date of the Chinese film “Hero” (Yingxiong) is the end of the Warring State Period (403-221 BCE), in which seven kingdoms fought ruthlessly for supremacy, causing massive slaughter and suffering for the population.ii In the film, the king of Qin, determined to conquer all of known China, has defeated most of his enemies. Over the years, however, he has been the target of many assassins. Three of these are still alive, Broken Sword, Flying Snow, and Sky. To anyone who defeats these three, the king promises great rewards: power, riches, and a private audience with the king himself. For ten years no one comes close to claiming the prize. Then an enigmatic person, Nameless, appears in the palace, bearing the legendary weapons of the slain assassins. His story is extraordinary: for ten years he has studied the arts of the sword, before defeating the mighty Sky in a furious fight and destroying the famed duo of Snow and Broken Sword, using a weapon far more devastating than his sword—their love for each other. The king, however, replies with a different story: of a conspiracy between the four, in which Nameless’ victories were faked to enable him to come close to the king and kill him. Nameless indeed has a chance to achieve his goal. The king, exposed to his sword, tells him of his true aspiration: to conquer the warring states in order to overcome war and violence once and for all, to create a unified empire, and to establish lasting peace. -
Politics, Competition, and the Courts in Democratic Athens Susan Lape*
The State of Blame: Politics, Competition, and the Courts in Democratic Athens Susan Lape* Abstract Politics in democratic Athens routinely spilled over into the courts. From an Athenian perspective, this process was fundamentally democratic; it allowed the courts to provide a check on the power of individual political leaders and contributed to the view that the courts were the most democratic branch of Athenian government. That said, there were some downsides to transferring the scene of politics to the courts. When political issues and rivalries were brought into the courts, there was a tendency to render them into the court’s adversarial rhetoric. This translation of political issues into the polarizing language of judicial rhetoric in turn impoverished political reasoning and the political process. This study examines this broad process by first reviewing the culture of competitive honor that informed Athenian political and judicial practice, and then by examining how it operates in one famous and exceptionally competitive political trial in which politics and policy-making are center stage: Demosthenes’s prosecution of Aeschines for misconduct on the embassies leading to the Peace of Philocrates between Athens and Philip II of Macedon. The arguments and emotion strategies in this case indicate that intra-Athenian competition, both in and out of the courts, inflected the way foreign policy issues were conceptualized and understood, and was a factor in Athens’s inability to formulate a coherent policy and response to Philip of Macedon in the context of the Peace of Philocrates. * * * In the United States, the judicial system is supposed to be inoculated from political con- cerns, even though this is often more an ideal than reality. -
Ten-Day Armistices in Thucydides , Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies, 33:4 (1992:Winter) P.329
ARNUSH, MICHAEL, Ten-Day Armistices in Thucydides , Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies, 33:4 (1992:Winter) p.329 Ten-Day Armistices in Thucydides Michael Arnush HUCYDIDES OBSERVES that in the summer of 421/420, TAthens and Boeotia were observing a ten-day truce (5.26.2: £KExnptav OEX"~EPOV ~yov). But although he makes several other references to this and to other ten-day armistices (5.32.5, Corinth's failure to obtain one from Athens; 6.7.4, between Athens and the Thracian Chalcidice; 6.10.3, between Athens and some of Sparta's allies, presumably Boeotia and the Chalcidice), Thucydides does not provide specific details of the character of these truces. Andrewes' commen tary, which supplements Gomme's initial work, postulates a definition for this type of cease-fire: presumably a truce made in the first instance for ten days and thereafter terminable at ten days' notice by either side. A truce which needed explicit renewal every ten days would require an unconscionable amount of travelling by envoys ... and one tacitly renewed every ten days would involve risks of miscalculation.1 This interpretation misrepresents and incorrectly explains Thucydides' understanding of a ten-day cessation of hostilities, for the evidence suggests that during the Peloponnesian War poleis explicitly renewed truces every ten days; and it may be suggested that proxenoi may have been responsible for the formalities involved. If correct, this affects our understanding of proxenoi and the nature of diplomatic relations in the late fifth century. A discussion of these truces in their historical and political contexts requires first a thorough understanding of the terms I A. -
The Agenda of Libanius' Hypotheses to Demosthenes
The Agenda of Libanius’ Hypotheses to Demosthenes Craig A. Gibson F SCHOLARLY INTEREST AND ACTIVITY are an accurate indication, Demosthenes was alive and well in late antiquity. By the time of Libanius (A.D. 314–ca 393),1 readers of this 700-year- Iold classic were well served with secondary treatments of all kinds: rhetorical commentaries and handbooks, biographies of the orator, philological and historical commentaries, special literary studies, lexica to individual speeches (both alphabetical and non-alphabetical), and alphabetical lexica to the Attic orators as a whole. But outside the classrooms of the grammar- ians and rhetoricians, students of Demosthenes had no basic guide to the more than sixty items in this unwieldy corpus. It was to satisfy some such market as this that Libanius com- posed one of his earliest known works: a set of introductions, or “hypotheses” (Ípoy°seiw), to Demosthenes’ speeches.2 1 On Libanius’ life and writings see J. H. W. G. Liebeschuetz, Antioch: City and Imperial Administration (Oxford 1972) 1–39. Bibliography for the years 1954–81 may be found in G. Fatouros and T. Krischer, edd., Libanios (Darmstadt 1983) 275–280. 2 Text: R. Foerster, ed., Libanii Opera VIII (Leipzig 1915) 575–681. References to the hypotheses here will append the modern number of the Demosthenes ora- tion, e.g. Hyp. 25.4 [59]. Libanius was not the only ancient scholar to compose hypotheses to Demosthenes. According to the Suda, Posidonius of Olbiopolis in the second century (S 2109, discussed under 2108) and the rhetor Numenius in the first (N 518) also wrote them. -
Anthropogony, Myth and Gender: Athenian Autochthony As a Case Study
Anthropogony, Myth and Gender: Athenian Autochthony as a Case Study Di Yan Faculty of Classics University of Cambridge Murray Edwards College November 2018 This dissertation is submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Preface Declaration This dissertation is the result of my own worK and includes nothing which is the outcome of work done in collaboration except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text. It is not substantially the same as any that I have submitted, or, is being concurrently submitted for a degree or diploma or other qualification at the University of Cambridge or any other University or similar institution except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text. I further state that no substantial part of my dissertation has already been submitted, or, is being concurrently submitted for any such degree, diploma or other qualification at the University of Cambridge or any other University or similar institution except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text. It does not exceed the prescribed word limit for the relevant Degree Committee. Di Yan November 12, 2018 III Abstract This thesis, with its reflections on previous myth theories, especially structuralism in the 20th century and post-structuralist readings in recent decades, suggests a new approach for understanding GreeK mythology. TaKing Athenian autochthony as a case study, it argues that, instead of regarding GreeK myth as either a narrative system with one universal logic (structuralist reading) or as an ever-changing corpus without a unified concern (post-structuralist reading), it is more plausible to understand various myths as a dynamic system of social conversation, where individual authors and different genres respond to, argue with, or even compete against one another concerning core issues for a compelling explanation and understanding of the world. -
I Advise War. I Advise Peace: Polemological Thought in Rhetorical Speeches of the Classical Period
Krakowskie Studia z Historii Państwa i Prawa 2018; 11 (3), s. 393–411 doi:10.4467/20844131KS.18.026.9052 www.ejournals.eu/Krakowskie-Studia-z-Historii-Panstwa-i-Prawa MARCIN NIEMCZYK University of Rzeszów I Advise War. I Advise Peace: Polemological Thought in Rhetorical Speeches of the Classical Period Abstract Polemology, as a science of studying war, is in the interest of representatives of most fi elds and academ- ic disciplines. In a special way, this kind of refl ection should be sought at the very source of Europe’s culture, that is, in the political and legal thought of Ancient Greece. In turn, part of this research should be the study of rhetorical speeches of the classical period, whose goal was to create incentives to war, or which, on the contrary, advised making peace. Given the above, the aim of this article is to attempt to look at the war rhetoric as an issue at the crossroads between diff erent disciplines. The incentive for such an approach is given by the so- called counselling speeches about war and peace by such speakers as, for example, Lisias, Aeschines, Isocrates, Cleon, Diodotus, Andocides, and Demosthenes. It is also worth noting that funeral speeches by such eminent personages as Gorgias, Lisias, Plato, Demosthenes, Pericles, and Hyperides also con- stituted part of the war rhetoric of Ancient Greece. These speeches are not only a manifestation of rhetorical art, but as they refer to such ideas as freedom, democracy, Panhellenism, or just war, they become a valuable source material for scholars dealing with rhetoric, as well as for historians of politi- cal and legal doctrines. -
Agon and Homonoia: the Dynamics of Competition and Community in the Panhellenic Sanctuary
COMPETITION AND COMMUNITY IN THE PANHELLENIC SANCTUARY AGON AND HOMONOIA: THE DYNAMICS OF COMPETITION AND COMMUNITY IN THE PANHELLENIC SANCTUARY By: SARAH -JANE EVANS, B.A. A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfillment ofthe Requirements for the Degree Master ofArts McMaster University © Copyright by Sarah-Jane Evans, September 2010 MASTER OF ARTS (2010) McMaster University (Classics) Hamilton, Ontario TITLE: Agon and Homonoia: The Dynamics of Competition and Community in the Panhellenic Sanctuary AUTHOR: Sarah-Jane Evans, B.A. (McMaster University) SUPERVISOR: Professor Sean Corner NUMBER OF PAGES: vi, 101 ii Abstract The aim of this thesis has been to explore agonism, and the relationship of individual and collective in Classical Greece, through the lens ofathletic competition at the panhellenic sanctuaries. This study moves beyond the presumed dichotomy of agon and homonoia upon which the standard view of agonism in modern scholarship has been predicated to explore the ways in which agonism functions precisely within and is structured by polis society, even as the polis must negotiate constantly between the interests of collective and individual. The evidence ofboth athlete and polis commemorations of athletic victory suggests a dynamic tension between promoting the self and remaining, and identifying oneself as, a member of a community. When appropriately channeled into civic benefaction and mutual advantage, agonism enables the self-interest ofthe individual to function within and remain structured by the polis; when it is not channeled in this way, it creates conflict and stasis. Just as in the relationship of athlete and polis, so too the interaction ofpoleis with each other in the panhellenic sanctuary reveals a tension between the desires for self-promotion and membership in the collective. -
The Peace of Nicias
University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Masters Theses 1911 - February 2014 1977 The eP ace of Nicias/ Milo Milton Williams University of Massachusetts Amherst Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses Williams, Milo Milton, "The eP ace of Nicias/" (1977). Masters Theses 1911 - February 2014. 2082. Retrieved from https://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses/2082 This thesis is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses 1911 - February 2014 by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE PEACE OF NICIAS A Thesis Presented By MILO MILTON WILLIAMS, JR. Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Massachusetts in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS December 1977 History Department ii THE PEACE OF NICIAS A Thesis Presented By MILO MILTON WILLIAMS, JR Approved as to style and content by: George Kirk «/Wf^' Ronald Ware Edward Phinnny /CsW /^yt« .«*v+**+ Date Bell, Graduate Program Director iii TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION 1 II. TOWARD PEACE 5 Strategic Considerations 5 Finances 9 The Truce 13 Delay For The Present: Scione Revolts 21 III. THE INSTRUMENT OF PEACE 24 Basis For Peace 24 General Terms 25 Specific Terms 28 Formal Conclusions 40 IV. THE PEACE IN ACTION 51 Immediate Consequences 51 Document Of The Spartan-Athenian Alliance 52 The Aftermath: Military and Diplomatic Confusion 60 V. CONCLUSIONS: WHOSE VICTORY? 65 APPENDIX: The Peace Of Nicias And The Financial Recovery Of Athens. -
The Alleged Failure of Athens in the Fourth Century1
ELECTRUM * Vol. 19 (2012): 111–129 doi:10.4467/20843909EL.12.006.0747 THE ALLEGED FAILURE OF ATHENS IN THE FOURTH CENTURY1 P.J. Rhodes Abstract: The view that the successes of Macedon in the fourth century marked the failure, or the end, of the Greek polis is increasingly being abandoned, and some scholars are abandoning also the view that Athens was great and glorious in the fi fth century but degenerate in the fourth. However, the successes of Macedon meant for Athens the loss of that ultimate freedom which it had aspired to and had often enjoyed between the early fi fth century and the late fourth, free- dom not merely from receiving orders from others but to give orders to others, and in this paper I explore the reasons for that change. Some scholars believe that fourth-century Athens was led astray by “the ghost of empire;” others believe that the Athenians were unwilling to pay for a re- sponse which could have defeated Philip; I argue that except in the years after Leuctra the ghost of empire did not have malign effects, and even with more expenditure Athens could not have defeated Philip. There was nothing fundamentally wrong with Athens in the fourth century, but Sparta’s success in the Hellespont in 387 and the resulting King’s Peace, the rule in Macedon of Philip II, who was too clever diplomatically and became too strong militarily for the Athenians, and Alexander’s succession in 336 and his success and survival in his campaigns, placed Athens in situations which it could not overcome.