Christina Spencer on 15 Years of Canadian Diplomacy

November–December 2004

Mexican Evolution Ten Years of Free Trade

Maria Teresa Garcia de Madero, Ambassador of Mexico

Allan Thompson critiques the Foreign Policy Review process The trouble with Jeremy Rifkin Democracy for export: To impose or lead by example? And introducing Margaret Dickensen, gourmet goddess

Nov/Dec 2004 CDN $5.95 PM 40957514

Volume 15, Number 6 PUBLISHER Our 15th anniversary issue Lezlee Cribb EDITOR Jennifer Campbell CONTRIBUTING EDITOR Table of Daniel Drolet CULTURE EDITOR Margo Roston CONTENTS COPY EDITOR Roger Bird EDITOR EMERITUS DIPLOMATICA| Bhupinder S. Liddar Happy birthday to us ...... 4 CONTRIBUTING WRITERS News and Culture ...... 5 George Abraham Roger Bird Envoy’s Photo Album ...... 8 Laura Bonikowsky Cleaning up the Carribean ...... 10 Thomas D’Aquino Diplo-dates ...... 11 Margaret Dickensen Recent Arrivals ...... 12 Joe Geurts Canadian Appointments ...... 14 Gurprit Kindra David Long Carlos Miranda DISPATCHES| Christina Spencer Diplomacy over this magazine’s lifespan Allan Thompson Christina Spencer looks back on 15 years ...... 15 Philémon Yang Dating diplomacy: A chronological countdown ...... 19 COVER PHOTOGRAPHY Jana Chytilova Democracy to go CONTRIBUTING ARTIST Differing diplomatic approaches to freedom ...... 20 Hilary Ashby The Canadian Parliamentary Centre advocates the subtle approach ...... 24 CONTRIBUTING PHOTOGRAPHER Sam Garcia After NAFTA OFFICE ASSISTANT Trade Winds: Mexico’s ambassador talks trade ...... 25 Colin Anderson NAFTA by the numbers ...... 27 OTTAWA ADVERTISING SALES Lezlee Cribb (613) 789-6890 DELIGHTS| NATIONAL ADVERTISING SALES Entertaining: Margaret Dickensen’s memories of the Soviet Union ...... 29 On the Go: Margo Roston on the sounds of a Russian symphony ...... 32 (613) 234-8468, ext. 245 The Art of Diplomacy: El Salvador’s artsy ambassador ...... 34 SUBSCRIPTIONS Book Review: Seeing Europe through Jeremy Rifkin’s eyes ...... 35 Diplomat & International Canada is published six times Book Review: Colombia’s sad story, told by a Canadian diplomat ...... 36 a year. Subscription rates: individual, one year $35.70. Wine: Stephen Beckta breaks down the bubbly ...... 37 For Canadian orders add 7% GST. U.S. orders please This Capital: War Museum CEO dons a hard hat ...... 39 add $15 for postage. All other orders please add $25. The roots of Canadian peacekeeping in Canadiana ...... 40 Diplomat & International Canada welcomes submissions. Contact Jennifer Campbell, editor, DIPLOMATIC MISSIONS ...... 41 at 231-8476 or [email protected]. DIPLOMAT & INTERNATIONAL CANADA P.O Box 1173, Station B DEBATE| Ottawa, Ontario Canada K1P 5R2 Allan Thompson has the last word on the federal Foreign Policy Review ...... 46 Phone: (613) 789-6890 Fax: (613) 789-9313 E-mail: [email protected] www.diplomatcanada.com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. The publisher assumes no responsibility for unsolicited material. No part of this magazine may be reproduced in any form without written permission from the publisher. The views Published by Ganlin Media Inc. expressed in the articles are those of the authors. © 2004

Publication Mail # 40957514. Return undeliverable Canadian copies to: Diplomat Magazine, P.O. Box 1173, Station B, Ottawa, ON K1P 5R2 DIPLOMATICA|DIPLOMAT CELEBRATES 15 YEARS

Our first 15 years Canada’s foreign policy is no stranger to Ottawa’s diplomatic and the way this country community. A home economist, she ifteen years ago this has wielded its diplomatic is married to retired diplomat Larry Fmonth, the Berlin Wall ideas and influence. Dickensen. The two spent 20 years came down. With its fall, Award-winning writer abroad. In each issue, she will intro- the Cold War came to Christina Spencer assesses duce us to the culinary delights she an abrupt end, creating Canada’s performance, encountered in her postings. This dramatic changes interna- looking at recent history time, readers will discover the tionally. It was an exciting through the eyes of both treasures she found in the former Jennifer Campbell time to be launching a optimists and cynics. Soviet Union. diplomatic magazine in Ottawa. Up front, we celebrate the Before I sign off to try one of Diplomat has changed a lot in magazine’s birthday with comments Mr. Beckta’s sparkling recommenda- 15 years, no more so than in the past from Diplomat’s founding editor and tions, let me invite you to review 12 months when it was purchased Cameroon High Commissioner our list of diplomatic milestones from its founder and significantly Philémon Yang. on page 19. Be sure to let us know transformed. Over the last year, the In Delights, wine columnist if there are any you think should be magazine has been given a new look, Stephen Beckta gives a primer on the included. We look forward to hear- more content and national newstand best beverage for toasting purposes. ing from you. distribution. Speaking of toasts, here’s to our With this issue, we celebrate the new columnist, award-winning Visit www.diplomatcanada.com to read magazine’s first 15 years. We look cookbook author Margaret Dickensen. comments from Carlos Miranda, back at the highs and lows of New to these pages, Ms. Dickensen Costa Rica’s ambassador.

Back in the early days… From the Dean’s desk Diplomat’s first editor recalls the tribulations of another age Comments By Bhupinder S. Liddar from Philémon Yang, High iplomat & International Canada Obviously, everything is simpler Commissioner Dhas come a long since its now. Articles must no longer be for Cameroon inception in 1989. written in long-hand or tapped and dean of the When I told then Chief of out on a typewriter. Stories and diplomatic corps. Protocol Ted Arcand I planned to photographs now come by e-mail. Mr. Yang gave his launch the magazine but wouldn’t Nowadays an entire issue goes to credentials 20 years be asking for any government the printer on a single CD. ago last month. money, he threw his hands into the air with joy and encouraged iplomat and International me to proceed. “DCanada has constantly Technology has made evolved and progressed with the immense advances gradual ‘internationalization’ since the days of Ottawa, a city which has when text had become more cosmopolitan, to be input and embracing a perceptible film made. Back multiculturalism … Even then, we had to though most diplomats spend cut and paste only a few years in Ottawa, it is columns on art always possible and even advisable boards. God forbid we for such diplomats to become, in should have to make a practical ways, members of the local change. community where they live and We found out early on carry out their duties. That is what that meeting deadlines was may make diplomats citizens of the not easy, a fact driven home world, as they travel around the when our first layout artist globe serving sending states missed a Cuban vacation to get and humankind.” the second issue to the printer.

4 NOVEMBER–DECEMBER 2004

NEWS AND CULTURE|DIPLOMATICA Building an even better NAFTA

Excerpts from a speech by Thomas North American Security and and Mexico and to develop a realistic d’Aquino, President and Chief Executive Prosperity Initiative (NASPI). In plan for achieving this vision over of the Canadian Council of Chief April of this year, our initial research the next 10 years. In doing so, we Executives, to the Mexico Business led to the publication of a major dis- will focus on five areas: deepening Summit in Veracruz, Mexico, Sept. 2004 cussion paper titled New Frontiers. North American economic inte- Canada's chief executives have gration, encouraging regulatory ore than a decade ago, put a great deal of effort into this convergence, closing the develop- MCanada, Mexico and the initiative and our work has garnered ment gap between Mexico and its United States launched a magnifi- strong support among leading North American partners, enhancing cent experiment. Building on the thinkers in all three countries. Our continental security, and developing historic Canada-United States Free work is far from done, however, flexible new institutions for manag- Trade Agreement of 1989, our three and the cause of building a stronger ing the trilateral relationship. countries signed the North American North America must have many Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). champions. For the complete text of Thomas In the years since, the foresight To this end, we are in the d’Aquino’s speech go to and courage that led to the NAFTA process of working with the Council www.ceocouncil.ca. have produced huge benefits for on Foreign Relations in the United the people of all three countries. States and with the Mexican While these benefits are undeniable, Council on Foreign Relations to Up Front the world has changed during these establish a joint task force of years. As individual nations and as eminent persons from all three exican a continent, we face new threats, countries. This task force will be Mambassador challenges and opportunities. co-chaired by former Canadian Maria Teresa Garcia Given our shared successes of deputy prime minister John Manley, de Madero took the past decade in North America, former governor of the state of time out of her busy the time has come to decide how Massachusetts Bill Weld and former schedule preparing for the visit of best to shape our shared future. We Mexican finance minister Pedro Aspe. Mexican President Vicente Fox to sit need new arrangements that will Dr. Robert Pastor, Ambassador down with columnist Gurprit Kindra strengthen our collective security Andrés Rozental of the Mexican to discuss NAFTA a decade after and that will position our continent Council on Foreign Relations and I its birth. Our photographer, Jana as a more competitive force in the will serve as the vice-chairs. Chytilova, said of the photo shoot: global economy. The mandate of the task force is “She's very warm and welcoming – With this vision in mind, to articulate an ambitious vision for always has a smile and a hug to the Canadian Council of Chief the future of the relationships greet you.” See Trade Winds, Page 25. Executives last year launched its between the United States, Canada

DIPLOMAT AND INTERNATIONAL CANADA 5

DIPLOMATICA|NEWS AND CULTURE

The case of the naked Meet Lester (honorary B.) Pearson salute … and more ot everyone gets to work in a building that bears an’t get to the Cenotaph for Ntheir name. But Lester Pearson does. True, the CRemembrance Day ceremonies? building was named in 1971, long after the Nobel Peace Several websites honour the accom- Prize winner and prime minister had retired. But we’re plishments of the military. After you not talking about the fellow who introduced the world have finished with them, try this to peacekeeping and carefully crafted Canada’s interna- grassroots effort: www.peacekeeper.ca, tional reputation. We’re talking about Lester James run by MCpl (retired) Frank Misztal Howard Pearson, a one-time diplomat who now works from Kingston, Ont. His site links to in systems management at Foreign Affairs Canada. DND, the major broadcast networks, “Hardly a week went by throughout my life even to Environment Canada. But that someone didn't comment on my name,” the unassuming British-born the best feature is a collection of 50-something now says, adding that he’s never been given Mr. Pearson’s anecdotes from soldiers. These nickname, Mike. “But I have never been bothered by it because it is still an include the tale of the French peace- honour to bear the name of someone whose reputation is so outstanding, keepers in Croatia who mistook a and closely linked to the honour of Canada.” Canadian communications post for Lester J. Pearson only met the great man once, when he was 10 years old. a McDonald’s outlet; the “killer A classmate was the son of Toronto Liberal MP Johnny Walker and when he monkey” who took on a Canadian told his dad about the famously named student, dad orchestrated a media corporal in Haiti; the case of the event at Toronto’s Royal York Hotel. Yuri Gagarin’s orbiting the world pre- naked salute; and, more movingly, empted Lester J’s television debut but he appeared in the Toronto Star. When poems about the tragedies of war, asked by the reporter what he wanted to be when he grew up, he gave what penned by a former soldier. MCpl appeared to be the wrong answer: An astronomer. But not wanting to let the Misztal also lists the Canadian facts get in the way of a good story, the newspaper reported that he wanted peacekeepers killed in the line of to follow in the footsteps of his namesake. duty since 1950. “I was not very happy about that, and while I did not become an astronomer, and eventually did follow in some of Mr. Pearson's footsteps by joining the Department of External Affairs 10 years later, I have never enter- A new Ottawa embassy tained the thought of becoming a politician,” he says. zerbaijan and Canada estab- After joining the department, he recalls being home to Ontario for a visit Alished diplomatic relations in from his assignment in Nairobi. When he was returning to his post, he flew 1992. The embassy was always out of the Toronto airport on the very day, back in 1984, that they were based in Washington with the U.S. renaming it Pearson International. His London, Ont. parents had considered ambassador having joint accredita- seeing him off but decided against it, so they called the airport and had tion. But this fall, Fakhraddin him paged. Gurbanov presented his credentials “It obviously caused quite a stir,” he said. and became the first Azerbaijani So, was he actually named after the big guy? Indeed. His folks, who were ambassador with residence in Canada. then living in Redruth, England and emigrated to Canada six years later, were The establishment of an Ottawa told of the great Canadian and decided to give their boy his name. Lester J. base isn’t particularly new, however. is not related although he frequently has to fight that suspicion on the part Mr. Gurbanov came in late 2003, as of people he meets. chargé d’affaires, to set up the office. “I probably look more like him than his son does,” Mr. Pearson said.

Designer diplomats fundraising fashion and dance extravaganza will have been in the Aworks for a year when it hits the runway Jan. 29. The event now has 46 embassies and high commissions on board. Even Ottawa fashion star Richard Robinson has agreed to present his “Dress of Peace” made with flags donated by the missions in Ottawa. Funds will go to the “Centre Psycho Social des Enfants et Familles d’Ottawa,” a charity that provides mental health services to children and their families. The event takes place at 7 p.m. at Library and Archives Canada. The fashion show will be fol- lowed by a reception put on by the embassies and high commissions. For information, call Christine Bassier Penot at 746-4298 (christine_bassier@ Kadidia Bagayoko sports Richard hotmail.com) or Marie Versmessen at 749-6276 ([email protected]). Robinson’s (left) “dress of peace.”

6 NOVEMBER–DECEMBER 2004

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DIPLOMAT AND INTERNATIONAL CANADA 7

DIPLOMATICA|ENVOYS’ PHOTO ALBUM

Feliz Cumpleanos, Mexico! cia Celebrating Saudi Arabia exico celebrated its national audi Arabian Ambassador Mday Sept. 16 with the embassy’s SMohammed R. Al-Hussaini usual panache. A swank party at the celebrated his country’s national Photo: Sam Gar Westin Hotel featured a mariachi day Sept. 24 at the Chateau Laurier. band, dancers and long tables with Shown here are (left to right) Egyptian sumptuous Mexican treats. The Ambassador Mahmoud F. Al-Saeed, margaritas were many. Shown here Saudi Arabian Ambassador are Ambassador Maria Teresa Garcia Mohammed R. Al-Hussaini, Jonathan de Madero (centre), and her husband Fried, senior foreign policy adviser Manuel, with South African High to the Prime Minister, Netherlands Commissioner Theresa Solomon. Ambassador J.G. van Hellenberg Hubar, and Moroccan Ambassador Mohamed Tangi. cia

Socializing, Spanish Style

Photo: Sam Gar panish Ambassador José Ignacio SCarbajal and his wife Elisa Iranzo held a garden party on an unseason- ably warm Oct. 12 afternoon to celebrate their national day. Here, they share a laugh while greeting their guests.

November 1st, 1954 November 1st, 2004: Algeria celebrates the 50th anniversary of its National Day

The occupation of Algeria by French colonial troops which The election of President Abdelaziz Bouteflika allowed the started on July 5th, 1830, marks the beginning of deep turnovers reforms, which include a redeployment of Algerian diplomacy, to in the Algerian society. The fight got organized under the leadership deepen. The latter strengthened dialogue with many countries, of charismatic personalities, such El-Emir Abdelkader, Bouamama especially France. Presidents Bouteflika and Chirac are the architects and El-Mokrani. In spite of the fate that was reserved for them, of the refondation of the Algerian – French relationship. State visits many Algerians were mobilized, beside the Allies, during the two undertaken by both parties argue well for a promising future with World Wars. On May 8th, 1945, while the world was celebrating the signature of a Treaty of friendship, expected in 2005. the armistice, a terrible repression swooped down on the Algerian The relationship with Canada dates back to the fight for population who took to the street to demonstrate for dignity and national liberation reflected by the sympathetic expressions from independence. This tragedy induced the leaders of the national people such as René Lèvesque. Algerian-Canadian relations have movement to consider the option of the armed struggle, considering always been marked by friendship and mutual respect. At the that political struggle had not succeeded. The launching of this political level, mutual visits of high-ranking officials allowed to armed struggle took place on November 1st, 1954. Seven and a half maintain a fruitful dialogue between both countries. Economically, years after, Algeria recovered its independence on July 5th, 1962. besides Canadian investments, especially in the hydrocarbons The building of the Algerian State and the national economy sector, and important business relations, Algeria is Canada's first began with the implementation of the State's structures and develop- commercial partner in the Arab World and in Africa with trade ment plans. To overcome the new challenges appearing in each exchanges of about three billion dollars. The recent establishment stage of its evolution, political and economic reforms have been of the Canada-Algeria Business Alliance aims at strengthening the implemented. The emergence of the terrorist phenomenon was existing business relations and extending trade exchanges to more added to the challenges to be taken up, however the long tradition diversified sectors. of the Algerian people's tolerance and opposition to extremism permitted to overcome this hardship. Presented by the Embassy of Algeria

8 NOVEMBER–DECEMBER 2004

ENVOYS’ PHOTO ALBUM|DIPLOMATICA

A horse-y hello from the RCMP Farewell Mr. Aujali

n a beautiful Saturday morning this fall, the RCMP Musical Ride ibyan Chargé d’Affaires Ali Opresented a performance to members of the diplomatic community. LAujali hosted a lavish party, Hundreds of diplomats and their children came out to enjoy the show which which doubled as a farewell to the was followed by tours of the stables and exhibits on the grounds at RCMP out-going head of mission, at the headquarters. Shown here are South African High Commissioner Theresa National Gallery of Canada. Shown Solomon (top right); Tanzanian High Commissioner Ben Moses (lower right); here are Robert Collette, chief of and Christine Leroy, wife of Belgian Ambassador Daniel Leroy (left). protocol, and Mr. Aujali. cia Photo: Sam Gar

Korea’s National Day he Republic of Korea held a swish Tparty at its Boteler Street embassy Oct. 4 to celebrate the country’s national day. Here, left to right, are Korean Ambassador Sung-joon Yim, Takiko Hogen, Kwee-joo Yim, and Japanese Ambassador Kensaku Hogen. #1 Rockcliffe Park Realtor Specializing in Ambassadorial Residences since 1989

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DIPLOMAT AND INTERNATIONAL CANADA 9

DIPLOMATICA|NEWS AND CULTURE

Caribbean nations work toward a united effort to recover from nature’s fury Photo: Bahamas Information Service By Daniel Drolet

eyond the deaths, material Darius Pope, political and cul- “The Caribbean doesn’t have Bdamage and suffering, the series tural affairs officer at the High the resources to respond to disasters of hurricanes to hit the Caribbean this Commission of the Organization of of the magnitude of what happened fall underlined the willingness – and Eastern Caribbean States (OECS), to Grenada,” Mr. Pope said. So the the ability – of Caribbean countries to said the agency was able to begin countries work to co-ordinate inter- work together in the face of disaster. immediately to assess the fall-out in national relief efforts. (Canadians But the magnitude of the Grenada, where 90 per cent of the interested in donating to relief storms’ impact has also showed buildings were damaged or efforts should contact Caribbean their vulnerability – an issue the destroyed by Hurricane Ivan. embassies and high commissions.) heads of Caribbean governments Then came the planning for And there are other financial will likely be discussing in January assistance. In the short term, the problems, such as a how to under- when representatives from small Caribbean mobilized. For example, write insurance risks when the island nations worldwide meet in Trinidad and Tobago sent soldiers to whole region is hit. Mauritius for a UN-sponsored help with security and school repairs, “What has happened has brought conference. among other things; the country to the fore calls the region has been Just about every Caribbean coun- also sent food, water, generators making for years with regard to our try felt the effects of a hurricane this and construction material. vulnerability,” said Mr. Pope, adding fall. Charley, Frances, Ivan, Jeanne – Meanwhile, the OECS Secretariat that regional planners will be turning the storms laid waste to Grenada, sent a 10-person mission to Grenada their minds to ensuring effective killed thousands in Haiti, hit every to evaluate damage; their 145-page rebuilding from major disasters island in the Bahamas for the first report was presented to the country’s in future. time in history, and inflicted misery prime minister on Sept. 24, two weeks For example, the report on the all around. after the disaster. The report makes disaster in Grenada underlined Carol Joseph, the Haitian chargé recommendations and identifies weaknesses in disaster preparedness d’affaires at the embassy in Ottawa, projects to assist in meeting three and called attention to the need to said with devastating understatement major objectives: reinvigorating the re-think plans. that “this has not been a very clement economy, generating employment Meanwhile, Mr. Smith said that summer for us.” The destruction of and reducing social vulnerabilities life must go on: “What is essential Hurricane Jeanne came in the wake caused by the combination job loss for folks to realize is that we have of flooding in May and June that had and loss of homes. The report was a history of dealing with the effects already left an estimated 1,200 dead. also sent to the country’s major of hurricanes.” Despite the damage, the storms development partners. He said in most cases, the showed how people in the Caribbean Mr. Smith said an effective tourism industry and infrastructure can work together. network exists for sharing electrical will be ready to welcome Canadians “That’s one of the things about power crews from one country to to the sun this winter, and those hurricanes,” said Philip Smith, High next when a hurricane strikes, and tourist dollars will be needed to Commissioner for the Bahamas. this year’s storm prompted other help rebuild. “They remind us in the Caribbean demonstrations of regional solidarity. “So anyone planning a vacation that we are one.” “It’s how we in the Caribbean should not shelve that plan,” The countries have various look at each other,” he said. “We he urged. “Just make sure the mechanisms in place to help may be separate political entities, hotel you are going to is fully each other. The major one is the but we’re the same people sharing operational.” Caribbean Emergency Disaster the same history.” Response Agency (CDERA), But the storms also exposed Daniel Drolet is Diplomat magazine’s which was created in 1991. problems. contributing editor.

10 NOVEMBER–DECEMBER 2004

DATES OF INTEREST|DIPLOMATICA

War Memorial November 28 Diplo-Dates November 12-14 Albania’s National Day Lebanorama: A celebration featuring Lebanese Mauritania’s National Day cuisine, performances and art exhibition at the November 1 Rideau High School Auditorium, 815 St. Laurent November 30 Algeria’s National Day Blvd. For information, phone (613) 742-6952 Barbados’ National Day

November 3 November 18 December 1 Panama’s Independence Day Latvia’s Independence Day Romania’s National Day

November 5 November 20 – December 5 December 2 World Trivia Night: Canada’s largest live trivia European Union Film Festival: The Canadian United Arab Emirates’ National Day event raises money for the Champions for Children Film Institute presents, in collaboration with EU Foundation. This year, for the first time, the event member states and Delegation of the European December 5 will include a diplomatic challenge. So put your Commission in Canada, its annual showcase of Thailand’s National Day teams together and test your knowledge against contemporary European cinema. For information, visit www.cfi-icf.ca, CFI’s website. other diplomats. Located at The Aberdeen Pavilion December 6 in Lansdowne Park, Ottawa. For information, visit Finland’s Independence Day the website at www.worldtrivianight.com or November 13 phone (613) 826-0267. Indian Art and Music Masala: The National Gallery of Canada is holding a day-long extrava- December 11 Burkina Faso’s National Day November 5 to 7 ganza to celebrate the new installation, Heavenly The Capital Antique Fair: Antiques presented by Harmonies Art and Music in India, which explores December 12 Canadian formal, country and decorative arts the relationship between art and music in Indian Kenya’s National Day dealers at La Cité collégiale, 801 Aviation culture. Activities include guided visits, henna Parkway, Ottawa. Nov. 5, 6 – 10 p.m.; Nov. 6, booths, art projects, classical and modern Indian 10 a.m. – 6 p.m. and Nov. 7, 11 a.m – 5:30 p.m. dancing and music, Bollywood films, and Indian December 23 For information, phone (613) 749-4952 or e-mail food. The activities will take place in the Great Japan’s National Day [email protected] Hall between 10 a.m. and 5 p.m. For information, phone (613) 990-1985. November 5, 6 and 7 Ottawa Wine and Food Show: Sample wine, beer November 15 – December 15 and spirits from around the world while enjoying Ottawa Chamber Music Society’s Second Annual an international spectrum of fine foods at the Online Auction. For more information visit their Ottawa Congress Centre. France is the featured website at: www.chamberfest.com or phone country at this popular event. For information, (613) 234-8008 phone (613) 567-6408. November 21 November 6 Canadian Football League Grey Cup in Ottawa 2004 Governor General’s Performing Arts Awards Gala: For information or tickets phone the November 22 National Arts Centre at (613) 947-7000. Lebanon’s Independence Day

November 11 November 25 Angola’s Independence Day Bosnia and Herzegovina’s National Day Remembrance Day Ceremony at the National

DIPLOMAT AND INTERNATIONAL CANADA 11

DIPLOMATICA|RECENT ARRIVALS Ambassadors

Omar Samad Investment and Economic Cooperation. He held a Ambassador of Afghanistan similar position in the Justice department prior to that. For 30 of his 43 years, Mr. Samad lived Born in Havana in 1956, Mr. Sentí has an interna- outside Afghanistan. It wasn’t until tional law degree from the State Institute of International Afghanistan’s interim government was Relations in Moscow. He has worked as a legal expert formed that he moved back to his native in the permanent secretariat for the Council of Mutual country. He spent 21 years living in Economic Assistance, which is part of the Council of the United States, five in France, and four in the Ministers of Cuba. He taught mercantile law in the United Kingdom. University of Havana’s faculty of economy. Mr. Samad has a Masters degree in International Transactions from George Mason University in Virginia, and an undergraduate degree in communications and Pavel Vosalik international affairs from the American University in Ambassador of the Washington, D.C. For 20 years, between 1981 and 2001, Czech Republic he worked in information technology in the U.S. One of Ottawa’s youngest ambassa- Prior to coming to Canada, Mr. Samad was a dors, Mr. Vosalik celebrated his 41st spokesperson for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in birthday this summer. Mr. Vosalik Kabul and between December 2001 and July 2004, studied law at the University of Prague he worked as director-general of ministry’s infor- and then joined the government in 1986 as an officer mation division. in the foreign exchange department. Four years later, he joined Czechoslovakia’s federal ministry of foreign affairs as an inspection officer and director. In 1993, Fakhraddin I. Gurbanov he became general inspection director and director- Ambassador of Azerbaijan general of the legal and consular section at the Czech Mr. Gurbanov is Azerbaijan’s first Republic’s ministry of foreign affairs. ambassador to be stationed in Canada. Between 1997 and 2001, he was ambassador to Previous to his presentation of creden- South Africa, Namibia, Botswana, Mauritius, Lesotho tials this fall, his country’s ambassador and Swaziland. Prior to coming to Canada, he served to Canada was always a non-resident as deputy minister of foreign affairs for multilateral who was concurrently appointed to the U.S. relations. Mr. Gurbanov had been chargé d’affaires in Ottawa Mr. Vosalik is married to Magdalena Vosalikova. since his country opened an embassy in October 2003. They have one daughter. Prior to his appointment in Canada, Mr. Gurbanov served as a counselor at the embassy in the U.S. Over his foreign service career, he has held several positions Mahmoud El-Saeed in Azerbaijan including director of the information Ambassador of Egypt section and director of the office of protocol office in the Mr. El-Saeed joined the ministry of ministry of foreign affairs. Between 1993 and 2001, he foreign affairs in Cairo in 1968 as a served as first secretary and consul in Washingon, D.C. second-secretary. Since then, he has Mr. Gurbanov, born in 1954 in Azerbaijan, is held postings at Egypt’s permanent married to Saida Samadova, and has one daughter. mission to the United Nations in New York, and as ambassador to Pakistan. He’s held several positions at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Cairo. Ernesto Antonio He’s served as director of the department of interna- tional cooperation, and, most recently, as assistant Sentí Darius minister for American affairs. Ambassador of Cuba Mr. El-Saeed has a PhD in political science from Canada represents Mr. Sentí’s the University of New York. He speaks Arabic, English, first posting abroad. Prior to his French, and Russian. He arrived in Canada with his appointment, he served as first deputy two daughters and his wife. minister at Cuba’s Ministry for Foreign

12 NOVEMBER–DECEMBER 2004

RECENT ARRIVALS|DIPLOMATICA

Daniel Jouanneau Ambassador of France

Mr. Jouanneau’s arrival in Canada marks GREECE BOSNIA AND the first time a former Quebec-based George Dogoritis HERZEGOVINA diplomat has returned in the role of First Counsellor Fuad Didic, ambassador. The career diplomat served Counsellor, Military Attaché as consul-general in Quebec from 1987 to 1989. Prior to that appointment, he’d held postings in Egypt, Zimbabwe and Guinea as well as several posi- ALGERIA EGYPT tions in France. Since then, he’s served as ambassador to Yamina Chine, Attaché Mohamed El Said El Mozambique, with non-resident accreditation to Lesotho Redhouane Malek, Baz, Third Secretary Counsellor Amr Mahmoud Abbas, and Swaziland, as well as ambassador to Lebanon. From Smail Houri, Attaché Chargé d’Affaires 1993 to 1997, he served as France’s chief of protocol and Nasr Eldin Abdel Kader ARGENTINA Mansour, Attaché the inspector general of Foreign Affairs. Ricardo Fernando Mr. Jouanneau, was born in 1946 in Vendôme, studied Fernandez, Minister EUROPEAN UNION politics and has a masters degree in law. He’s married to Christopher John Otto ARMENIA Kendall, First Secretary Odile Jouanneau They have one daughter. Mikhayil Vardanian, Counsellor FRANCE Jean-Baptiste Pierre AUSTRALIA Joseph Obiang-Ndoutoume R. Lesecq, Second Dean Hogarth, Counsellor Ambassador of Gabon First Secretary Jean-Charles Allard, Caroline Jane Linke, Mr. Ndoutoume is a career diplomat who First Secretary First Secretary joined the foreign service 30 years ago Gilles Huberson, as director of the department of foreign AUSTRIA Second Counsellor Maria Theresia Unger, Jean Sarrazin, Counsellor affairs’ political division. He held several Third Secretary & Christian Guy Serge posts during his first five years in the civil Vice-Consul Dupouy, Counsellor Sigurd Pacher, service and in 1979, he was appointed as consul general GABON Minister-Counsellor to Equatorial Guinea where he stayed for a decade. From Venance Mbingt Matthias Radosztics, 1990-94, he served as ambassador to Nigeria and for the Abdoulaye, Counsellor Attaché following 10 years, he was ambassador to China and GEORGIA CHINA South Korea. From there, he came to Canada. Zurab Tinikashvili, Xianglin Xu, First Counsellor & Consul Mr. Obiang-Ndoutoume studied at the University Secretary & Consul Oman Bongo de Libreville and the National Sanping Hou, GERMANY Administration School. He was born in 1951 Second Secretary Gerald Axel Moeller, and is married with several children. Xueqin Wang, Defence Attaché Second Secretary Clara Gisela Heidi Wutong Liu, Duske, Attaché Second Secretary L. Christian Rumplecker, Alan Baker Wei Shi, First Secretary First Secretary Ambassador of Israel & Consul Birgit Gillissen, Attaché Xiaojun Wei, Counsellor HOLY SEE Before his appointment as Israel’s Zhehua Dai, Michael Francis Crotty, ambassador to Canada, Mr. Baker spent First Secretary eight years serving as legal adviser to his First Secretary CROATIA HUNGARY country’s ministry of foreign affairs. He Ante Barbir, Minister & Janos Varga, Defence, was involved in the Middle East Peace Chargé d'Affaires, a.i. Military & Air Attaché Process. For the past 30 years, he’s helped CUBA Ferenc Gabor Banyai, negotiate and draft peace treaties and agreements between Arecia Ramos Garcia, Counsellor Attaché Israel and Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon and the Palestinians. INDONESIA Carlos Ibarra Gomez, He has represented his country on numerous international Trisari Dyah Paramita, Attaché committees involved in establishing the International Third Secretary CZECH REPUBLIC Criminal Court. Between 1985 and 1988, he was seconded IRAN Stanislav Benes, Alireza Sabzali, Second to the UN in New York as a member of the legal division. Counsellor Mr. Baker has a law degree and a masters of law with Counsellor specialization in international relations. He was born in ECUADOR Jose Anibal Revelo Leeds, U.K. in 1947 and emigrated to Israel 22 years Cadena, Military Attaché later. He is married with three children.

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DIPLOMATICA|RECENT ARRIVALS AND CANADIAN APPOINTMENTS

ITALY SAUDI ARABIA Orazio De Minicis Obaid Mohammed Canada’s New Defence, Military, Naval Ahmad Basahih, Attaché & Air Attaché Eyad Ghazi S. Hakeem, Second Secretary Appointments JAMAICA Abdullah Saleh Al Viola Felicia Walton, Awwad, Counsellor Attaché SOUTH AFRICA JAPAN Nowetu Ethel Luti, Kaoru Kusuda, Minister Counsellor & Deputy Head of Christina Louisa Britz, Mission First Secretary Naoko Uchida, Second Secretary SUDAN Hiroyuki Uchida, Adil Yousif Omer First Secretary Banaga, Minister & Chargé d'Affaires, a.i. KAZAKHSTAN Imadel Din Mohamed Nicholas Coghlan, Consul General in Samat Zhanabay, Atiatalla, Attaché Cape Town, South Africa: Mr. Coghlan Second Secretary SWITZERLAND worked as a teacher in Argentina and KOREA, REPUBLIC Yannick Yvan Roulin, British Columbia before spending four years sailing Rak Gi Lee, Defence Attaché Attaché around the world. He joined External Affairs in 1991 Jean Philippe Praz, Gi Soo Ryu, Counsellor and has served in Mexico City, Bogota, Khartoum and, Second Secretary Sung Wook Moon, since 2003, Cape Town. First Secretary SYRIA Mahmoud Obeid, LIBYA Denis Comeau, Ambassador to Thailand: Attaché Abdrazag S. Ghafar, Majd Khirbik, Attaché Mr. Comeau joined the Department of Attaché Industry, Trade and Commerce in 1973 Mohamed N.M. El- TANZANIA Attug, Counsellor Richard Tibandebage, and has served in Cleveland, Paris, Berne, Jakarta, Minister Singapore, Washington, Tokyo and as Ambassador in MALAYSIA Suzilah Mohd Sidek, TURKEY Seoul. He has concurrent accreditation to the Union Second Secretary Levent Gurcan, Attaché of Myanmar. MEXICO UGANDA Carlos Gustavo Benedict Lawrence Louis-Robert Daigle, High Commissioner Obrador Garrido, Lukwiya, Counsellor to Mozambique: Mr. Daigle joined First Secretary UNITED KINGDOM External Affairs in 1976 and has served NETHERLANDS David Greig Masson, in Port-au-Prince (twice), Brussels, Yaoundé, Dakar, Saskia Elisabeth De First Secretary Nairobi and Kigali. Lang, Minister & Deputy George Edmund Pearse Head of Mission Norris, Second Secretary Mario Laguë, Ambassador to Costa Rica: PAKISTAN U.S.A. Following a career in the Quebec provin- Najm Us Saqib, Patricia Ann Lieberman, Counsellor Attaché cial government including in the Office of Saqlain Asad, David Matthew the Premier and in the Ministry of International Affairs, Second Secretary Shemenski, First where he served as provincial delegate to Venezuela Secretary PHILIPPINES and Mexico, Mr. Laguë ran his own communications Keith Powell, Minister- Alvar Estraza Rosales, Counsellor firm. Between stints in the Privy Council Office, he Attaché Keith Wayne Mines, served as Deputy Chief of Staff – Communications in POLAND First Secretary the Prime Minister’s Office. Marcin Szymanski, Thomas Kalina, Second Secretary Second Secretary Bozena Serzysko, Timothy Edward Roddy, Louise R. Marchand, Ambassador to Third Secretary Minister-Counsellor Cape Verde and High Commissioner John Shields Dickson, Gambia: Ms. Marchand joined the RUSSIA Minister Konstantin Gusev, Canadian International Development Agency in 1977 William Franklin Van Second Secretary and served in Dar es Salaam and Islamabad. Pilsum, Second Secretary Nadezda Obukhova, Margaret Helen Henoch, Attaché First Secretary John McNee, Ambassador to Alexander Komarov, Robert William Merrigan, Counsellor Luxembourg: Mr. McNee joined External First Secretary Affairs in 1978 and served abroad in RWANDA URUGUAY Déo Nkusi, First Madrid, London and Tel Aviv. From 1993 to 1997, he Eduardo Gabriel Counsellor & Chargé was ambassador to Syria. Bouzout V., Minister- d'Affaires Counsellor

NOVEMBER–DECEMBER 2004 14

DIPLOMACY AFTER THE WALL|DISPATCHES The Days of Whine and Roses

Christina Spencer outlines two views of the past 15 years of Canadian diplomacy

n November 9, 1989, elated Germans danced atop the Berlin Wall. I have a shard Oof concrete from that ugly barrier, brought back by a friend who witnessed the joyful crunching Photo: Janet Crawford of sledgehammers against cement and mortar. A scant four years earlier, when I reported from Europe, the wall and what it represented seemed impregnable. But 1989 was a special time. Eastern European states opened their borders. At home, Canada and the United States welcomed free trade. Francis Fukuyama’s essay “The End of History?” was published. And although the Chinese crackdown in Tiananmen Square reminded the world that Fukuyama’s liberal thesis would not be easily realized, the image of a lone protester blocking a line of tanks in Beijing encouraged hope. The Cold War was abating. Diplomat magazine was also born that year. This proved a happy coincidence: By 1989, global diplo- macy promised to be about more Twenty years ago the Berlin Wall seemed impregnable. Five years later, it came down. than East versus West, communism versus capitalism. The number of community, they’re known as the Canada’s UN ambassador, Yves nation-states was set to explode. “declinists” and the “optimists.” Fortier, begs to differ. Article 51, he International organizations such as To judge how Canada has argues, permits unilateral acts only the United Nations were poised to performed over 15 years in world until the UN itself takes action, and assume new importance. And diplomacy, let’s take a few sips from the UN has already passed several perhaps, just perhaps, a modest, both glasses (being mindful not to resolutions. The U.S. should not amiable nation called Canada would drain them). We’ll start with the one proceed without Security Council find its place in the sun. that’s half-empty. approval, he suggests, adding that Has it? Today, 15 years later, he is confident it will be forthcoming. Diplomat asks retrospectively: How q The Americans are livid. Their brightly has Canada shone on the wo scenarios. In the first, an representative storms out of the room, international stage? Was the last TAmerican diplomat tells a closed telling the Canadian, “I hope you decade-and-a-half a time when the meeting of the UN Security Council know what you’ve done!” Yet, country counted? Have Canadians in August, 1990, that following days later, the Americans propose a made a significant impact on interna- Saddam Hussein’s invasion of naval blockade of Iraq to the Security tional diplomacy? Not surprisingly, Kuwait, the United States intends to Council, just as Ambassador Fortier there are differing viewpoints. undertake a naval blockade of Iraq. suggested. And the council Let’s call them the “glass-half- The Americans invoke Article 51 of approves it. empty” and “glass-half-full” schools. the UN Charter to justify this mili- Cut to the second scenario, In the parlance of the foreign policy tary action. Gulf War 2003. Canada isn’t on the

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DISPATCHES|DIPLOMACY AFTER THE WALL

Security Council, but its respected As Daryl Copeland, a foreign service The Fall of the Foreign Service UN ambassador, Paul Heinbecker, officer and analyst, concludes in the International perturbations aside, still searches valiantly for a compro- current Canadian Foreign Policy, Canada was too weak domestically mise that will head off the looming “it’s wild out there … there has been to seize the diplomatic opportuni- unilateral invasion of Iraq. This more change swirling around us ties of the 1990s. The federal deficit time, the Canadian ambassador is over the past 15 years than there was had ballooned; the debt loomed like brushed aside by the Americans. in the previous 60.” Any nation a dirigible. With federal depart- The U.S. gets no UN endorsement; would have trouble adapting. ments facing “program review,” the subsequent Iraq war divides the But even if Canada’s decline was Foreign Affairs lost about one- world. Canadian diplomacy has only relative, it was morally deflating. quarter of its budget and 13 per failed to knit a compromise when Here is some of the evidence with cent of its staff, writes Andrew it counted. which the glass-half-empty school Cohen in his “declinist” book, Admittedly, comparing the two washes down the point: While Canada Slept. scenarios is simplistic: the adminis- trations of George Bush Sr. and George Bush Jr. were very different in character, and Canada was hardly to blame if the latter wouldn’t heed his friends. But in diplomacy, symbolism counts. Back then, they listened to Canadians. Today, they don’t. It’s not just the Americans. Journalist Graham Green, who was first secretary at Canada’s UN mission and alternate representative to the Security Council during the Fortier days, recalls Brian Mulroney’s 1991 plea to the UN for intervention in Yugoslavia. The prime minister grabbed attention by offering 2,500 troops for any UN peacekeeping force established. He won both respect and UN action. In contrast, this past September another Canadian prime minister, Paul Martin, pleaded for humanitarian intervention in Sudan. He offered no troops. He got little attention. Many experts, declinist or not, note that Canada’s loss of status on the world stage – if indeed one concedes the point – is not entirely Canada’s fault. “With the end of the Cold War, our place in world affairs became unhinged,” says Robert Bothwell, a professor of history and director of the international relations program at the University of Toronto. China rose as a serious power, Brazil and India began to make a mark on the world economy. European integration moved from dream to reality. Globalization, the rise of information technology, the turbulence within Islam – all of these phenomena altered the landscape.

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DIPLOMACY AFTER THE WALL|DISPATCHES

In 2000, meanwhile, Mr. Bothwell have mattered in the grander scheme told an Ottawa Citizen reporter that of global diplomacy but they probably the foreign service was “dumb and did, says Mr. Bothwell, because of getting dumber.” It wasn’t necessarily Mr. Bush Jr.’s “vindictive” nature. a shot at individuals plying the Could anything have eased trade, but at the number of talented Canada’s relations with the Bush diplomats who were leaving because neo-conservatives? “Even if we sent of low pay and lousy conditions. “I Mike Harris (former Ontario Premier) got the impression that more of the down as our ambassador, it wouldn’t people who survived were time- matter,” he says. servers,” he says today. “Some The declinists have much more were very good, still are, but they to lament – after all, hollowed-out are increasingly less rewarded.” defence forces and dwindling foreign The loss of young people became a aid are a big part of what makes problem too. “In some years, 20 to them mope – but at least we now 50 per cent are leaving (the foreign have a flavour of what they’re service) after just one posting,” drinking. What sort of cocktail do Mr. Copeland writes. Anti-landmine crusader Jody Williams and the optimists, the glass-half-full Other structural issues exagger- Foreign Affairs Minister Lloyd Axworthy groupies of Canadian diplomacy, ated the problem: the tendency to celebrate the signing of an international have to offer? shift foreign service officers to federal treaty to ban landmines in 1997. Canada’s jobs elsewhere; the involvement of work is considered a diplomatic triumph. q so many federal departments, from gain, two scenarios. In the first, finance to health to justice, in foreign eyes of the declinists? It once did. ACanada’s fisheries minister, affairs; and the focusing of the policy- Canada negotiated a bilateral free Brian Tobin, holds a press conference making function in the Prime trade agreement, then a North on a barge in New York’s East River Minister’s Office. This year, respon- American trade accord, that have in March 1995, where he denounces sibility for trade was hacksawed helped bolster the country’s economy overfishing by Spain on the high from Foreign Affairs Canada. All and strengthen its relationship with seas. Mr. Tobin has sparked anger these things reduce the sense of the United States. Brian Mulroney from the Spaniards and the European Canada’s diplomatic service as an established effective ties with both Union after ordering the arrest of the elite profession. It threatens to become Ronald Reagan and George Bush Sr. trawler Estai just outside Canada’s “just another department,” warns The favours were mutual. In 200-mile limit. John English, a professor of history 1995, President Bill Clinton took the Gazing toward the United at the University of Waterloo. diplomatically unusual step of help- Nations building, Mr. Tobin intones: ing Jean Chrétien with Quebec, by “We’re down finally to one lost, Mushy multilateralism endorsing national unity during an lonely, unloved, unattractive little Canada likes to join international Ottawa visit. Mr. Clinton’s secretary turbot, clinging by its fingernails to organizations – it’s a good way to of state reiterated American prefer- the Grand Banks of Newfoundland, assert influence – but can’t always ence for a united Canada just weeks saying ‘Someone reach out and save follow through. After all, being part before the October referendum. me in this 11th hour.’” He shows the of global clubs, just like being part of But this diplomatic back- country clubs, is pricey. Holding a scratching turned to cat-clawing G-8 summit, for instance, can run the as the 1990s progressed. In 2000, host government several hundred Raymond Chrétien, the prime minis- million dollars. Not that we don’t ter’s nephew and ambassador to benefit from that particular organiza- Washington, opined that Canada tion; other middle powers wilt with might do better with Al Gore as envy at Canada’s G-8 status. But the president than with George Bush. country suffers from multilateral over- The softwood lumber dispute sawed stretch. Robert Bothwell sums it up: on. The mad-cow crisis left even “Champagne appetite, beer budget.” western farmers annoyed at America. Then there were the cheap Sticking it to the States insults that Chrétien’s MPs hurled at Aaah, the Americans … Can Canada the Bush administration during the do anything right on this file in the Iraq-war debate. They ought not to

DIPLOMAT AND INTERNATIONAL CANADA 17

DISPATCHES|DIPLOMACY AFTER THE WALL assembled media some tiny fish and to ameliorate the conditions of both North and South. It could the illegally sized net the Estai used women and children during war; change the way major world organi- to catch them. It’s pure melodrama, and the drive to make more AIDS- zations do their work. Enthuses of course. busting drugs available at affordable Mr. Kirton: “He could well pull it off; But Mr. Tobin’s public diplomacy cost to Africa. there’s good momentum there.” scores a major victory in the fight to preserve shrinking fishing stocks. Key people in key jobs q He has broken a logjam at the UN, If Canada’s foreign service is in alf-empty or half-full? Declining which proceeds to reach a major decline, it hasn’t been particularly Hor ascendant? In the end, agreement on so-called “straddling” noticed at the international level. measuring the success of Canada’s fish stocks and migratory species. A Observes Mr. Bothwell, “We’re taken diplomacy starts with judging the nation of modest naval means has seriously in international organiza- foreign policy goals of the govern- stared down the EU. Professor John tions because of the quality of our ment. In 1995, it identified three: Kirton, a political scientist at the diplomats … we’re taken seriously the promotion of prosperity and University of Toronto and director of in any organization or context where employment; the protection of secu- the G-8 research group, calls it “a intelligence and experience can be rity; and the projection abroad of landmark achievement in global brought to bear.” Doubtless that’s Canadian values and culture. Soon, environmental governance.” why Canadians hold such a dispro- we are told, there will be a new In the second scenario, it is portionate number of influential plan, a fresh set of standards by November 3, 1997. Newspapers positions in global governing organi- which to gauge the efforts of splash on their front pages a photo- zations such as the UN. Canada’s diplomatic service. graph of anti-landmine crusader It’s not just internationally, adds At this point, advice from a Jody Williams, hugging other John Kirton. He points to a cadre of veteran may be in order. Thomas activists while Foreign Affairs senior foreign affairs experts on the Delworth is a former Canadian Minister Lloyd Axworthy and Prime job in Ottawa today. “I’d put them ambassador to Indonesia, the CSCE, Minister Chrétien beam in the back- up against any configuration of Hungary, Sweden, Germany and – ground. They’ve just detonated (Lester) Person’s generation,” he well, just about everywhere. He is a 100 anti-personnel landmines at the says. Wistful references by the former provost of the University of Connaught Range on the outskirts declinists to an earlier “Golden Age” Toronto’s Trinity College, and a of Ottawa. The international treaty in Canadian diplomacy are, he adds, senior fellow at Massey College to ban these deadly weapons is “intellectual ancestor worship.” across the street. Hand-wringing about to be signed by 120 countries about whether Canada’s influence at an Ottawa ceremony. Governing the globe has ebbed or flowed is “a peculiarly A diplomatic triumph for While Canada supports UN reform, Canadian fixation,” he says. “Do Mr. Axworthy? Absolutely, says it has also proposed cutting-edge they ask it in Denmark or Peru? Mr. Kirton. The landmine treaty was ways of co-ordinating global Or France?” a genuine leap forward in interna- organizations. For the landmine Canada’s task in the world, tional weapons control. “No other treaty and the criminal court, professor Delworth asserts, is rela- Canadian minister has produced a Canada skillfully exploited the tively straight-forward: to survive, real arms control agreement.” power of non-governmental groups. to protect itself and “to flourish if we So the “optimist” school has The Canadian-initiated humanitarian can.” Grandiose plans and strategies evidence to offer that Canada is very report The Responsibility to Protect (and presumably debates about our influential 15 years after the end of challenges how the world maintains stature) are somewhat distracting. the Cold War. Here’s a taste: state sovereignty in the face of human In other words, we don’t need to disaster. An international network to go about tearing down walls, as the Selling soft power help protect national culture against Germans bravely did in 1989. Our The term is detested by traditional trade pressures was spearheaded by strength, in the end, is that we don’t hard-power advocates, who believe Heritage Minister Sheila Copps. build them in the first place. a country only gets its way in the “If even Sheila Copps can make a world if it has a robust military. Yet contribution to a new generation of Christina Spencer, former editorial soft power, (defined as the ability to global governance, we must be on a pages editor of the Ottawa Citizen, is a get other nations to want what you roll,” laughs Mr. Kirton. 2004 Africa Fellowship winner from the want) was the philosophy behind Finally, there is Paul Martin’s Canadian Association of Journalists and the anti-personnel landmine ban; the proposal to turn the G-20 group of CIDA. She is completing an MA at creation of the International Criminal finance ministers into an “L-20”: an Carleton University’s Norman Paterson Court; Canadian-backed initiatives influential institution of leaders from School of International Affairs.

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DIPLOMACY AFTER THE WALL|DISPATCHES

The Diplomatic Dance: A Canadian Chronology since 1989

January 1989: The Canada-U.S. Free trade Agreement takes effect. December 1997: The international treaty banning anti-personnel landmines, a campaign strongly backed by Foreign Minister Lloyd Axworthy, is signed June 1989: The Chinese government cracks down on protesters in in Ottawa. Tiananmen Square. Canada and other nations respond with limited sanctions. October 1997: Canada’s ambassador to Mexico, Marc Perron, resigns his October 1989: Canada joins the Organization of American States. post after telling a magazine interviewer that corruption in that country “makes you want to cry.” December 1989: Canadians Christine Lamont and David Spencer are among those charged in the sensational abduction of a Brazilian super- July 1998: The statute creating an international criminal court is signed in market magnate. Their conviction and the public campaign to free them Rome. Participants credit Canadian diplomat Philippe Kirsch for the success spark a diplomatic row. of the often-rocky negotiations.

June 1990: Nelson Mandela, newly freed from prison in South Africa, April 1999: Canada joins the NATO military campaign against Yugoslavia visits Ottawa to thank Canadians for leading the Commonwealth in the for its actions in Kosovo. anti-apartheid struggle. May 2000: Canada’s ambassador to Washington, Raymond Chrétien, says January 1991: A U.S.-led coalition, including Canada, goes to war with Canada would be more comfortable with Al Gore as president than with Iraq over its invasion of Kuwait the previous summer. George Bush Jr.

March 1991: Mohamed Al-Mashat, former Iraqi ambassador to January 2001: A drunk-driving Russian diplomat, Andrei Knyazev, kills Washington, is secretly granted landed immigrant status in Canada, Ottawa resident Catherine MacLean and seriously injures her friend, sparking public uproar. The Conservative government deflects blame Catherine Doré. The incident leads Foreign Minister John Manley to toward senior foreign affairs officials, including Raymond Chrétien, announce a tough crackdown on diplomats who drive over the limit. nephew of Jean Chrétien. Knyazev eventually stands trial in Russia.

April 1993: Several members of the Canadian Airborne Regiment at a October 2001: Air strikes begin in the U.S.-led mission to invade peacekeeping base in Belet Huen, Somalia, are arrested in the torture Afghanistan and topple the Taliban government after the terrorist and death of a 16-year-old Somali, Shidane Arone. attacks against the United States on Sept. 11.

January 1994: The North American Free Trade Agreement takes effect. January 2002: Public Works Minister Alfonso Gagliano, plagued by accusations of meddling in government contracts, is named ambassador April 1994: Canadian Major-General Roméo Dallaire begs the world to to\ Denmark. stop the genocide in Rwanda. Canada, among other nations, rejects any strong troop commitment. June 2002: The G-8 countries, gathered for a summit in Kananaskis, Alberta, pledge $6 billion for poverty alleviation in Africa, a cause for February 1995: On a trip to Ottawa, U.S. President Bill Clinton indicates which Prime Minister Chrétien has energetically campaigned. his backing for a united Canada. When the referendum on Quebec’s future is held later that year, the U.S. reiterates its disapproval of separatism. February 2003: Canada says it will not join the United States in the war on Iraq. The refusal comes amid rancor over the decidedly undiplomatic March 1995: Federal Fisheries Minister Brian Tobin tries public language some Liberal MPs and a prime ministerial aide have directed at diplomacy from a barge in the East River near the United the Bush administration. Nations, where he decries overfishing by the Spanish off the Grand Banks and defends Canada’s arrest of a March 2003: Paul Cellucci, U.S. ambassador to Canada, says Spanish trawler in the so-called “Turbot Wars.” Americans are “disappointed” and “upset” by Canada’s refusal to join the Iraq invasion. “We would be there for November 1996: Canada musters Canada” if it ever faced a security threat, he says. diplomatic support for a rescue mission of hundreds of thousands of Rwandan Hutus October 2003: Canadian Maher Arar is released from stranded in eastern Congo. The mission is cancelled a Syrian prison where he says he was tortured after being deported when the refugees return home on their own. from the U.S. He demands a public inquiry into the role Canadian intelligence and law-enforcement agencies may have played in his December 1996: Canada’s ambassador to Peru, Tony Vincent, is Turbot ordeal. Eventually, an inquiry is set up, although it quickly goes behind among those kidnapped by Tupac Ameru rebels during a party at closed doors. the Japanese embassy in Lima. He is quickly named by the rebels and government as a credible mediator. The standoff continues for months July 2004: Canada recalls its ambassador from Iran after the government however, ending in a raid in which all the hostage-takers are killed and in Tehran holds a sham trial into the beating death of a Canadian woman, one civilian dies. Mr. Vincent, one of the fall guys in the Al-Mashat affair Zahra Kazemi, in an Iranian prison. years earlier, is praised for his role.

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DISPATCHES|EXPORTING DEMOCRACY

The New Struggle for Democracy Thanks largely to U.S. enthusiasm, democracy has become a hot issue in the Mid-East By George Abraham

emocracy’s finest hour Having missed the great bus of Clearly, George W. Bush sees may yet happen in the democracy that swept through large himself in the Wilsonian tradition, Middle East. Long a tracts of Asia, Africa and Latin committing his nation’s diplomatic Dbastion of head-in-the- America in the latter part of the 20th arsenal to secure peace through sand governance, the region could century, the Middle East has consis- democracy. The invasion of Iraq is be coming around thanks largely to tently rebuffed the idea of change in controversial even in the United the fall of Saddam Hussein. Some of that direction. It has been the most States, but it has also spawned a the world’s most durable leaders are recent test for a campaign that broader coalition that includes now reconciled to the inevitability of began with President Woodrow Canada, engaged in the hard task change, helped along by the western Wilson’s lofty goal of making the of sowing civic empowerment in the realization that democratic rulers world safe for democracy nearly a hearts and minds of people across make better allies than despots. century ago. the wider region.

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The State Department now another calling – the defeat of com- long as oppressive regimes were terms the process of democratiza- munism. In the name of this struggle, friendly to the West and to western tion a “central pillar” and America’s a covert Anglo-American operation oil companies. That helped tilt the “greatest legacy,” a prism through ousted Iranian prime minister political balance in a vast region which every other issue concerning Mohammad Mossadegh, the best away from freedom toward dicta- the Middle East is judged. This democrat the region ever produced, torship.” This toleration prevailed explains why Washington is staying stymieing any movement toward for much of the 20th century. the course both militarily and Recent U.S. ambassadors rhetorically, despite the blood- in the Middle East confirm letting in Iraq. Diplomats fear that “democracy that geopolitics trumped Mr. Bush told the has become a kind of code for democracy until Mr. Bush Republican convention in changed the terms of refer- New York on Sept. 2, “I American imperialism” ence. According to Michael believe that millions in the Sterner, a former ambassador Middle East plead in silence to the United Arab Emirates for their liberty. I believe that given liberal regimes. Mr. Mossadegh, who is now a member of the board the chance they will embrace the deposed in August 1953 after he of governors at the Middle East most honourable form of govern- nationalized the Anglo-Iranian Oil Institute in Washington, D.C., these ment ever devised by man.” The Co., gave way to despotic rule by factors included oil, the Arab-Israeli assertion was a classical Bush tru- the Shah, who in turn was forced to peace talks, the need for forward ism, audacious since there is no evi- flee by the Islamic Revolution of 1979. bases, and more recently, the hunt dence to suggest that a majority of In All the Shah’s Men, New York for Al-Qaeda. In the eyes of critics, the people of region are yearning for Times reporter Stephen Kinzer the Iraq invasion is yet another democracy. If this were true, change observed, “Operation Ajax (the CIA attempt to corner oil reserves. would have come by now. codename) taught tyrants and aspir- “While our political leaders have In the words of Tom Lippman, ing tyrants there that the world’s most at times drifted toward one kind of who was the Washington Post’s powerful governments were willing ‘thesis’ or another about Middle Middle East bureau chief for many to tolerate limitless oppression as East affairs, for the thoughtful years, “We are going through a phase when all the worst, most About Our The The word “democracy” has become one of George Bush’s favourites. fascistic tendencies within Islam are Illustration Our reporter counted the number of times the nine-letter term appeared ascendant. Those tendencies are by Diplomat’s contributing D-count in his major (non-election) addresses over the past four years. definition anti-democratic.” artist, Hilary Ashby took Date Address D-Count U.S. unease with the region’s her inspiration from the Sept. 21, 2004 UN General Assembly 12 political order goes back at least a frieze, The Royal Standard Sept. 2, 2004 Republican Convention, New York 07 of Ur, which was found in generation. Mr. Lippman’s Inside the May 24, 2004 Iraq Transition, Pennsylvania 08 Mirage, for instance, cites a 1962 a Sumarian tomb. The Jan. 20, 2004 State of the Union 05 cable from then secretary of state wrestlers were inspired by Sept. 23, 2003 UN General Assembly 06 Dean Rusk to the U.S. ambassador a classical greek frieze. Sept. 7, 2003 Address to the Nation 04 in Saudi Arabia. The instructions are The figures are generic, May 1, 2003 End of Iraq Combat Operations 01 blunt: The ambassador was to tell but the wrestler on the Mar. 19, 2003 Launch of Operation Iraqi Freedom 0 Prince Faisal that Washington’s right looks like Sargon, a Jan. 29, 2002 State of the Union 0 continued support for the Al-Sauds Mesopotamian king who Aug. 3, 2000 Republican Convention, Philadelphia 0 lived in 2350 BC. was contingent on political reform. Compiled by George Abraham While the Bush administration sees reforming governance as an antidote to the radical ideologies in the region, diplomats with knowledge of Arab politics fear that “democracy has become a kind of code for American imperialism.” A former Canadian ambassador to Egypt, Jordan and Israel, Michael Bell, author of the code quotation above, said this may be damaging both to democracy and to American interests. Fifty years ago, the U.S. had

DIPLOMAT AND INTERNATIONAL CANADA 21

DISPATCHES|EXPORTING DEMOCRACY professional it has always been Fortunately for the U.S., the more cia about striking a pragmatic balance progressive regimes in the region between our many, sometimes generally see the country operating conflicting, interests in that area,” this way, although they wish

Mr. Sterner said from Washington. Photo: Sam Gar Washington was less shrill about it. Another former U.S. ambassador to “Democracy cannot be a ready- the region, Patrick Theros, said in made pill, but has to be homegrown, the late 1990s, the accent was on incorporating the historical, social “maintaining relations with the and political realities of the region,” established order and a very low said Jordan’s ambassador, Fouad emphasis on democratization.” Ayoub. His Yemeni counterpart, Mr. Theros was ambassador to Qatar Abdulla Nasher, said, “When the and witnessed some momentous people of any country and their changes – including the Emir Sheikh government feel that such a pre- Hamad bin Khalifa Al-Thani provid- scription is timely and good for ing seed capital for Al Jazeera in them and their future generations, 1996 – and he views reforms as a democracy and what follows, like largely domestic process. good governance, will evolve natu- Like his colleagues when he was rally and will develop and flourish on the job, Mr. Theros was not will- in a very normal way.” ing to sermonize about democracy While few of Saddam Hussein’s without explicit instructions home. fellow leaders are commiserating However, he said public perception with him, there has been no rash of in Qatar and the rest of the region abdications either. Though Libyan was very different. Qataris were leader Moammar Gadhafi dropped convinced that changes were a quid his weapons programs, he has shown pro quo with the U.S. in return for no interest in ending his 34-year security guarantees. In an interview rule. The region’s leaders, by and with Diplomat, Mr. Theros said the large, remain mired in the past, even speculation was only half right. as democracies clamour for them to “It was a Qatari initiative as part introduce universal suffrage, regular of an overall strategy to get close elections and term limits. Arab to the United States, and also as a ambassadors in Ottawa recognize “Democracy cannot be a ready-made pill,” self-defence progressive move to Jordanian Ambassador Fouad Ayoub says. that the U.S. action in Iraq has created accommodate the inevitable arrival His colleague, Yemeni Ambassador an opening, offering for the first time of democracy, perhaps in some form Abdulla Nasher, agrees. the prospect of a fully democratic not so good for Qatar.” Arab nation. In recent years, Bahrain, Kuwait, conceiving of the guidelines of the But there are pitfalls. Brian Jordan, Yemen and Lebanon have society of tomorrow, by widening Buckley, a former senior Canadian also taken baby steps toward women’s participation in the diplomat who teaches foreign policy democracy. All of them now have political, economic, social, at Carleton University, described elected national assemblies, but they cultural and educational fields and an inverse relation between the are weak, often mere rubber stamps reinforcing their rights and status American footprint in Iraq and the for the real leaders. Thanks largely in society …” prospects for democracy. The army to Washington’s enthusiasm, democ- Canada has been part of the of occupation, he said, provides a racy has become a hot issue in the effort to export democracy. Ottawa sharp contrast to the kind of values Middle East. Take for example “facilitated” contacts between that are being promoted by U.S. events at the Tunis Arab League Canadian political parties and their public diplomacy. meeting in May. Its joint declaration counterparts in post-Franco Spain in Despite this argument, project included a paragraph which said the mid-1970s and played a role in democracy is awake, mostly at the member states should, “Endeavour … South Africa to end apartheid. It micro-level. The U.S. State to pursue reform and modernization was Canada that virtually invented Department is pouring in millions in our countries, and to keep pace the notion of human security – the in funding through its Bureau of with the rapid world changes, by revolutionary idea that national Democracy, Human Rights and consolidating the democratic prac- sovereignty is not sacrosanct and Labour and the Middle East tice, by enlarging participation in can be violated by foreign powers if Partnership Initiative. The bureau, political and public life, by fostering they are operating to protect citizens begun in 1976, has programs in the role of all components of the exposed to the ravages of their own virtually every Middle East nation, civil society, including NGOs, in governments. supplemented by money from the

22 NOVEMBER–DECEMBER 2004

EXPORTING DEMOCRACY|DISPATCHES partnership – $129 million since its democratic development and good a democratic Middle East. Ottawa’s founding in December 2002, and governance projects. They would be spending is modest (under $4 mil- a further $145 million this year. on top of the investments already lion) and its efforts nuanced and Nations including Canada are made by CIDA mainly in Iraq and consensual, focused on raising stepping up to the plate, despite the Palestinian territories. awareness about civic rights and their opposition to the invasion. Canada is providing $20 million responsibilities. The Americans are Mark Bailey, Foreign Affairs to the UN to support Iraqi elections heavily invested in public diplomacy Canada’s director-general of the slated for January as well as $10 mil- and projects that cut a vast swath Middle East and North Africa lion and 20 police instructors to an across the Middle East through bureau, recently identified “regional academy in Jordan training Iraqi programs administered by U.S. democratic development” as one of officers; along with security, they are embassies or NGOs. five priorities, adding that Canada taught about democratic principles The megaphone approach, will increase funding to take advan- and human rights. The agency also Hubert Védrine would say, is typical tage of “new opportunities to promote funded a Canadian Parliamentary for a “hyperpower.” For more reform.” Canada sees Iraq as crucial Centre project in Jordan, Morocco, temperate powers such as Canada, for this experiment. “[T]here is a Yemen, Lebanon and the Palestinian the former French foreign minister great opportunity to establish insti- territories to tell Arab parliamentari- would reiterate advice he first gave tutions of democratic governance, ans how Canada tackles democratic at a June 2000 Community of and to put Iraq on course towards a policy-making. Democracies conference in Warsaw: stable, prosperous, and democratic Arab ambassadors in Ottawa “Democracy is not like a religion future,” Mr. Bailey told the National argue the ground is fertile for that lends itself to converts, but Council for Canada-Arab Relations democracy, but some observers rather a process of evolution that this summer. warn that U.S. cheerleading is involves long maturing processes Canada has yet to announce counter-productive. Maher within nations on such matters as specific projects that take advantage Abdullah, an Al Jazeera anchor, said economics, the collective state of of this unusual moment in the in an interview from Doha that, mind, and in the end, politics.” Middle East, but a spokesperson for “anything the Americans want is the Canadian International rejected out of hand.” George Abraham, a Nieman scholar Development Agency said the But, increasingly, what the U.S. and Carleton University graduate, writes agency is scouting the region for wants is also what Canada wants – on foreign affairs from Ottawa.

DIPLOMAT AND INTERNATIONAL CANADA 23

DISPATCHES|EXPORTING DEMOCRACY Encouraging Democracy the Canadian Way

hen we what’s called the Arab be carried too far. Many in the think of the Parliamentarians Network Middle East respect our approach Middle East, on WTO Issues. but wish we would do more to Wthe subjects The role of the support the struggle for democratic of parliaments and the Parliamentary Centre – a change. Canada has lessened its World Trade Organization Canadian not-for-profit influence by neglecting the resources are not the first things that organization – is to facili- on which influence depends. The come to mind. Instead, our tate and support the International Policy Review currently heads fill with images of efforts of these Arab underway is an opportunity to conflict and suffering. parliamentarians. The confirm the Canadian approach to However, it is time to Robert Miller approach illustrates the democratic development while notice another reality: The Canadian way of strength- also substantially increasing – and political discourse in the region is ening democracy. We don’t preach; strengthening – Canadian efforts. changing. As indicated by the 2003 we try not to be overbearing; we have This is an opportune time for United Nations Human Development few, if any, hidden agendas; and, Canadians to affirm that supporting Report, Arab decision-makers are we are relatively free of historical democracy is an important national beginning to recognize that gover- baggage. The decision by the interest, as well as an expression of nance will have to improve if they Canadian government to sit out the who we are and how we relate to are to achieve economic and social Iraq war has strengthened our posi- the world. progress. That, in turn, brings us tion. In general, we are seen as back to parliaments and the WTO. working in a balanced and fair way Robert Miller is executive director of The Parliamentary Centre, fund- to support constructive change in the Parliamentary Centre. ed by the Canadian International the Middle East. Development Agency, has been Some scholars would like us to working with parliaments and civil adopt a more interventionist style in society organizations in the region pressing for political change in the to strengthen their role in oversee- Middle East and elsewhere – some- ing international trade agreements, thing closer to the overtly political notably those of the WTO. This may style of our American neighbours. sound dull but Middle Eastern Without debating the merits of that countries must succeed in the global approach here, it is simply not the economy to create the jobs they need Canadian way. Over the past 20 and reduce poverty. To ensure trade years, the Canadian government policy promotes the well-being of and organizations such as the the majority, parliament has to play Parliamentary Centre have learned an active role. a lot about providing practical assis- That’s where the Parliamentary tance to those working to reform Centre’s program comes in. A and strengthen their own political Jordanian parliamentary delegation institutions. We’ve learned that all visited Canada in the late 1990s to peoples have their distinct history study the role of the Canadian par- and culture that must be respected liament in trade policy. They were and cannot simply be swept aside. surprised to discover that prior to We’ve also discovered that the Canada’s accession to the WTO, the effectiveness of assistance rests on foreign affairs committee of the building trust, an asset that is slowly House of Commons travelled across acquired but easily squandered. Still the country to hear from Canadians, another lesson: No democracy and then prepared a report for gov- (including Canada’s) is so perfect as ernment. The Jordanians returned to justify holding it up as the model home determined to involve their for all to emulate. own parliament in overseeing trade Canadians have earned trust by policy. Since then, parliamentarians the modesty of the role they claim from many Middle Eastern coun- for themselves in supporting democ- tries have come together to launch racy abroad. That said, modesty can

24 NOVEMBER – DECEMBER 2004

TRADE WINDS|DISPATCHES Mexico at the Crossroads

Some experts say Mexico is on the cusp of an economic explosion while others claim income disparity, security lapses and corruption will stymie that growth

exico is to diversify its trade. For this country, and am truly honoured rapidly example, last year 89 per to be representing Mexico during approaching cent of Mexico’s total this special year. Mfull scale merchandise exports industrialization. It has were destined for the GK: Looking at the trade figures, it the 11th largest gross U.S. Less than one per is clear NAFTA has not only bene- domestic product, and cent of total Mexican fited the three nations, but also set last year, its exports of exports went to Central an excellent example for other $165 billion and imports America and 3.4 per cent aspiring countries. Where do you of $171 billion meant it went to the EU. As well, see NAFTA 10 years from now? became the eighth largest after many years of trading country. Mexican Gurprit S. Kindra dynamic growth, MdM: President Vicente Fox has exports alone are higher Canadian exports to been very specific on the need for a than the GDP of countries such as Mexico have declined for the past common vision of the future, since Greece, Poland and New Zealand, two years. Last year, Mexico also his very first visit to Canada. NAFTA while the country’s imports are registered major trade deficits with has been extremely successful but higher than all member countries in trading partners such as China, in order to remain competitive the Free Trade Area of Central Chile, the EU, Israel, Argentina, before other emerging nations and Europe (Poland, Hungary, Czech Brazil, Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, blocks, we will need to focus on Republic and Slovenia). Mexican oil and Japan. Reports of corruption, the future. In recognition of the reserves are the fifth largest in the income disparities, and security need to address income disparities, world and the country is a major lapses on the U.S.-Mexico border President Fox has proposed initia- supplier to the U.S. add to the uncertainty of Mexico’s tives like “NAFTA Plus” and, In the 10 years since the imple- future. “Partnership for Prosperity.” It is mentation of the North American I sat down with Mexican also essential that medium- and Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), ambassador Maria Teresa Garcia small-sized companies become nearly 100 per cent of tariffs on de Madero to discuss her country’s more involved and get benefits industrial products and agricultural trade vision and strategic direction. from NAFTA. I believe that our products have been removed, and region will have to become more duty-free goods produced within GK: This is a special year for integrated and coherent in terms the region are more competitive Mexico-Canada relations. It marks of labour markets as well. worldwide. Last year, trade the 10th anniversary of NAFTA, between Canada, Mexico, and the and the 60th year of the establish- GK: What about Free Trade of the U.S. accounted for $626 billion – an ment of diplomatic relations Americas? Does Mexico support it? increase of 117 per cent since 1993. between the two countries as well During the same period, Mexico’s as the 30th anniversary of the MdM: Mexico has been a very trade with NAFTA members establishment of Seasonal active supporter of free trade. As reached $259 billion – an increase Agricultural Workers Program. you might be aware, my country of 186 per cent. How does it feel to be representing has the largest network of agree- Canada and Mexico have your country during this period? ments signed in the world (12 free increased their trade by 217 per trade agreements with 33 countries). cent since 1993. MdM: The Fox government has a We have been very active facilitators By many accounts, Mexico is special relationship with Canada and regarding the process of negotiating poised for a major economic trans- having travelled the 10 provinces an FTA of the Americas. Indeed, formation. Others contend that and the three territories, I can truly Mexico has even offered to host the such predictions ignore its failure say that I understand and appreciate FTA directorate.

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DISPATCHES|TRADE WINDS

GK: There is strong Government Information political pressure in the Act. The federal govern- U.S. to curtail outsourcing ment is convinced that to specialized, low-cost accountability is the key countries like China, principle underlying India, and Mexico. Will administrative efficiency. Mexico and Canada will In addition, the prevail upon the U.S. new Administrative to continue the liberaliza- Responsibilities for Public tion of trade in the Officers Act, recently hemisphere? approved by the Mexican Senate, empowers the MdM: We need to continue Department of the the liberalization process Comptroller to “break” and strengthen the work bank secrecy for effective done within the World handling of corruption by Trade Organization. There public officers. And, finally, has always been pressure the government is making from different groups attempts to involve Mexican opposed to free trade. society itself, in its effort to Therefore, I think one of change attitudes toward our main challenges is to Mexican Ambassador Maria Teresa Garcia de Madero hosted President the practice of corruption. prove to these groups that Vicente Fox who visited Ottawa Oct. 24-26. free trade is beneficial to all. GK: Amid media reports possible to gain additional diversi- of intelligence indicating terrorist GK: The U.S is interested in fication. We are working hard at groups may be trying to enter the reducing its dependence on Mid- improving our trade with countries United States through Mexico, Eastern oil, and Mexico holds the in many parts of the world. politicians have called for a North world’s fifth largest oil reserve. American security parameter. Does Does your country support a GK: Last year, according to Mexico support this idea? Continental Energy Policy? Is Transparency International, Mexico Mexico interested in exporting was perceived as the 64th (out of MdM: Mexico is convinced the more oil to the U.S.? 133) most corrupt nation in the security of our three nations is world. How serious is this problem strategic, interdependent and com- MdM: After the 2001 Quebec City from a Mexican perspective? plementary, and should be based Summit of the Americas, Mexico, on shared interests. In this regard, the U.S. and Canada established a MdM: Perceptions of corruption on different occasions, President North American Energy Working hurt trade and create a negative Fox has proposed the establishment Group in which a more integrated impression of Mexico. Therefore, of a security policy for the entire approach to different issues related the fight against corruption is an North American region. For to energy was discussed. Industrial important crusade for the Mexican Mexico, a common security pact production and growth are certainly society and government. In recogni- to protect North American borders related to energy policies. However, tion of the fact that Mexico cannot represents a logical next step after as for the future of oil exports, I be a first-world nation without the NAFTA, following the terrorist believe that conditions in the inter- total eradication of corruption, last attacks in New York and national markets and other factors year, the government enacted The Washington on September 11, 2001. will play a significant role. Law on the Professional Career We should seize the opportunity to Civil Service, which constitutes the promote the common interest of GK: Last year, 89 per cent of cornerstone of our effort to consoli- protecting Mexican, Canadian and Mexico’s merchandise exports were date good governance. This law U.S. citizens, by engaging in trilat- destined for the U.S. Does it worry requires the establishment of new eral discussions on security and your government that this lack of mechanisms for recruitment, retain- border issues. diversification might represent a ing, promotion and even termination Nevertheless, I would like to high-risk approach? based on merit and equity. Another underline that at this time, legislation recently endorsed by the Mexico’s security agenda is focused MdM: Well, yes. We are aware of Mexican Congress is the Federal only on matters related to borders the risk and are doing everything Transparency and Access to Public and the sharing of information. My

26 NOVEMBER-DECEMBER 2004

TRADE WINDS|DISPATCHES country has not taken part in any dialogue regarding its prospective NAFTA by the Numbers participation in any type of 1. The NAFTA is the world’s largest trade bloc 10. The susceptibility of Canada-U.S. trade to military initiative. with a gross domestic product (GDP), at present, increased security and delays at the border is one of US $11.4 trillion, about one-third of the of the most challenging aspects to Canadian GK: How important is the issue of world’s total and seven percentage points more trade policy over the medium term. “open borders” to free trade between than that of the European Union (EU). the three countries? Do they compro- 11. The U.S. economy is also heavily dependent mise U.S. domestic security? Is Mexico 2. The U.S. accounts for the lion’s share of both on trade and investment linkages with Canada; concerned that tighter borders might population and GDP in the NAFTA region as well this dependence has increased over the past have a negative impact on free flow as having the highest GDP per capita. Canada, decade as production in each country has become while having a slightly lower GDP per capita is increasingly interdependent. Canada is the most of goods? only about one-ninth the size in terms of popula- important destination for exports from 39 U.S. tion and has one-11th the GDP while Mexico, states and the number one supplier of energy, MdM: Needless to say, three years having a slightly smaller GDP than Canada, is including oil, to that country (see note). after the tragic events of September about three times as populous and posts a stan- 11th, one of the most important dard of living about one-third that of Canada. 12. Canada-Mexico trade and investment flows challenges regarding trade is how remain relatively small with Mexico accounting to reconcile trade and security. Both 3. $1.9 billion of goods and services crosses the for only 0.7 per cent of Canadian exports and Canada and Mexico are export- Canada-U.S. border every day, making the Canada- 3.1 per cent of imports in 2001. Mexico accounted oriented economies and share the U.S. trade relationship the largest in the world. for an even smaller share of Canada’s outward FDI stock, at 0.8 per cent, and of its inward FDI same main trade partner. Any dis- 4. Since 1989, Canada-U.S. trade has nearly tripled stock, at 0.02 per cent, in 2002. ruption to trade, related to security from $235.2 billion to $677.8 billion in 2002. In issues, can have a negative impact on 2002, the U.S. accounted for 80.8 per cent of 13. However, trade, and especially imports, has our exports and therefore, affect jobs Canada’s total exports, up from 71.1 per cent exploded in recent years. Between 1994 and and economic growth. in 1989. 2002, Canadian merchandise exports to Mexico By recognizing that the U.S. anti- rose 10.5 per cent per year while imports increased terrorist measures implemented at its 5. Merchandise exports to the U.S. expanded by at a rapid rate of 13.8 per cent per year. borders may have a direct impact on 250 per cent since 1989 to reach $345.4 billion in economic, commercial and social 2002 and account for 87.2 per cent of Canada’s 14. On the surface, Canada and Mexico appear total merchandise exports. Imports from the U.S. to exchange many of the same products: Motor flows among our countries, the grew by 150 per cent over the same period to Vehicles, Machinery & Electrical, and Special Government of Mexico considers reach $218.3 billion which contributed to Instruments. But, at a more detailed level, the that the definition of the extent of its Canada’s $127.1 billion merchandise trade differences become apparent. Canada exports cooperation with the U.S. is a strate- surplus with the U.S. higher value-added products, such as telecommu- gic issue, as it is for Canada. nications equipment and specialized technical Mexico is aware of the fact that, 6. The importance of trade with the U.S. has equipment, while importing from Mexico more in the event of a terrorist-related increased for every Canadian province and nearly labour-intensive products, such as ignition wiring, incident in the U.S. … security every industry. Canada now exports more manu- television receivers and thermostats. repercussions might be felt both in facturing production to the U.S. than it consumes domestically. Source: NAFTA @ 10, a report by International Mexico and in Canada. Therefore, in Trade Canada. order to truly preserve these interests 7. There has been a shift in Canada’s trade with that are vital to the economic and the U.S. toward the South and West of that country. Note: All figures are in Canadian dollars, unless social development of Mexico, otherwise noted. Energy trade is calculated on a customs basis while all other trade is calculated Canada and the U.S., we must 8. Services are a relatively small and declining share on a balance of payments basis. continue to work toward a secure of Canada-U.S. trade; however, this is mostly due continent. to a rapid increase in merchandise trade rather than As to how ‘open borders’ would to poor performance of services, which expanded compromise U.S. domestic security, at an average annual rate of 8.8 per cent for exports and 6.5 per cent for imports between (that) is for the U.S. Government to 1989 and 2002. evaluate. 9. FDI (foreign direct investment) flows between GK: Muchas Gracias! Canada and the U.S. increased dramatically between 1998 and 2001, driven by booming Gurprit S. Kindra is a professor at the stock markets, and surging merger and acquisi- University of Ottawa’s School of tion activity. However, the U.S. share of Canada’s Management. inward FDI stock fell from 65.6 per cent in 1989 to 64.2 per cent in 2002, and of the outward stock from 63.0 per cent to 46.7 per cent.

DIPLOMAT AND INTERNATIONAL CANADA 27

28 NOVEMBER–DECEMBER 2004

“MARGARET’S SENSE OF OCCASION”|DELIGHTS How I fell for Soviet cuisine

“ argaret, just Stockmann’s in even there, ingredients were scarce follow the Helsinki, our limited and supplies unpredictable. We crowd,” budget didn’t allow could count on finding potatoes, Mexplains us to take significant beets, carrots, onions, cabbage and my husband Larry in an advantage of those garlic, a variety of jams (including emphatic whisper. “Up the pricey privileges. apricot), yogurt, sour cream, whip- escalator, before they are all Rather, with ping cream, chicken, pork, and put into reverse. There are coupons, we shopped usually some beef, liver, tongue, crab supposed to be blinis and at a store catering meat, caviar and curious little rolls of caviar for sale if we arrive uniquely to diplomats. chocolate-covered cream cheese. in time.” It offered more fresh (Those rolls became a treat for our The year is 1970. It’s Margaret Dickensen produce as well as pre- daughters, but only on occasion.) intermission at the Kremlin’s served and packaged Wonderful local bread was sold Palace of Congress and we’ve just foodstuffs than all local markets and in our neighbourhood but buying it been riveted by a Bolshoi ballet stores in Moscow combined. But was a test of patience. We stood in performance. That was my introduc- tion to real caviar and blinis. They cost mere kopeks – ice cold vodka | RECIPE APRICOT-GLAZED CHICKEN BREASTS included. Thriving on the challenge of This delightful combination of simple ingredients illustrates how comfort introducing new elements experi- food can be included on fine dining menus. Although it is a fabulous recipe enced in our host country into my on its own, the sautéed shrimp and the Cognac White Wine Cream Sauce own culinary repertoire, I began make this dish a unique culinary experience. (Note: A whole chicken, cut serving blinis and caviar with into pieces, may be used.) Serves 6. chilled vodka. The combination has evolved, indeed mutated, during 6 single chicken breasts, skin on 1 subsequent foreign postings, each ⁄3 C (85 ml) lightly spiced flour * offering its own source of inspira- 2 tbsp (30 ml) vegetable oil 1 tion and local ingredients. Today, 1 ⁄2 to 2 tsp (8-10 ml) finely chopped fresh garlic 1 1 smoked salmon crepe purses are one ⁄4 to ⁄3 C (60-85 ml) apricot jam of my many signature recipes, initially 2 C (500 ml) Cognac White Wine Cream Sauce inspired during our stay in the USSR. (recipe attached – optional) The early 70s were a remarkable period. The height of the Cold War Garnish was juxtaposed against a growing 12 large shrimp (fresh or frozen, unpeeled) Western fascination with the Soviet 1 tbsp (15 ml) herb garlic butter ** Union. Prime Minister Trudeau salt to taste brought his stunning young bride, crush black peppercorns to taste Margaret, on an official visit. We 6 sprigs of fresh herb (dill, thyme or rosemary) attended a magical lunch in the Kremlin and then a private dinner at Dust chicken breasts with lightly spiced flour. Heat oil in a heavy large Kosygin’s “dacha” with local bear skillet over medium heat. Add chicken (skin side down); cook until on the menu. To the envy of many, golden brown; turn. (Chicken breasts are only turned once). Spread top we had seventh row, centre seats at browned surface of chicken (skin side) with garlic and then apricot jam. all four games of the “Hockey Series Be careful not to allow garlic or jam to fall onto surface as they burn easily. of the Century.” Once second side is golden brown, cover skillet and reduce heat to a As a young diplomat’s wife, gentle simmer. Cook until chicken is fork-tender and juices run clear. finding appropriate food supplies to (Total cooking time, 15-20 minutes). If desired, sprinkle lightly with salt. meet both entertaining and family needs was a challenge. Products Meanwhile, peel shrimp leaving tails attached; devein, rinse and drain were limited and often of modest well. In a medium skillet over medium heat, sauté shrimp in herb garlic quality. Although, we had access to butter. Season with salt and crushed black peppercorns to taste; sauté “duty free” foreign trading houses until just barely cooked. Immediately remove shrimp from skillet. and weekly deliveries from Continued on next page

DIPLOMAT AND INTERNATIONAL CANADA 29

DELIGHTS|“MARGARET’S SENSE OF OCCASION” three lines – one to see what was children’s wagon groaning with Ultimately, Moscow taught me available, another to buy a chit, and “empties,” I discovered an entrepre- one of the principles of my culinary a third to actually pick up the goods, neurial opportunity. Not only did philosophy: the pleasure of cooking if they were not all gone by then. they take my empties, they gave me and entertaining within the limits of One day, curiosity drew me to 15 kopeks for each. Having paid locally available supplies. We mes- an open window near our daughter’s only 10 kopeks for full bottles, I now merized our guests with my unique “detski sad” (kindergarden) where had another incentive to create new recipes to the point that we began Russian women with net bags of recipes using dairy products. A five- dining on those same recipes in other empty bottles were lined up. They kopek profit on each bottle wasn’t a diplomats’ apartments across Moscow. were the same squat bottles I pur- bad deal. My cream sauces and Very popular was my Apricot-Glazed chased filled with dairy products homemade ice creams are, to this Chicken Breasts with Cognac White at the diplomats’ store. Pulling a day, irresistible. Wine Cream Sauce. It is quick, simple, inexpensive, always successful and a definite treat for guests and family. | RECIPE Over the years, I have added the shrimp topping to give it more If desired, serve Apricot-glazed Chicken Breasts topped artistically with pizzazz when entertaining. Please sautéed shrimp (two per chicken) and sprigs of fresh herbs. Drizzle plates/ try it. Bon appetit! platter with Cognac White Wine Cream Sauce and pass extra sauce at table. Margaret Dickenson studied Foods 1 * To make the lightly spiced flour, mix together ⁄3 C (85 ml) of all-purpose and Nutrition at the University of 1 1 flour, ⁄2 tsp (2.5 ml) of curry powder. ⁄3 tsp (2 ml) each of crushed dried Guelph. She is married to Larry tarragon leaves and salt, and a pinch of each of the following: pepper, Dickenson, a 28-year veteran of garlic powder, ground nutmeg and dried mustard powder. Canada’s foreign service. Author of the

1 award-winning cookbook, “From the ** To make herb garlic butter, cream ⁄4 C (60 ml) of butter together with 1 Ambassador’s Table,” she created ⁄4 tsp (1 ml) of both finely chopped fresh garlic and dill weed. Add and hosts “Margaret’s Sense of 1 tsp (5 ml) of finely chopped fresh parsley and combine thoroughly 1 Occasion,” a Rogers TV series which (makes ⁄4 C or 60 ml). Place an airtight plastic container, store refrigerated airs in September 2005). Her website is for up to a couple of weeks. www.margaretssenseofoccasion.com. Cognac White Wine Cream Sauce This quick and charming sauce is lovely with chicken, veal, pasta, sweet- breads, fish and seafood. It is usually on hand in our freezer. This recipe makes two cups (500 ml).

1 1 ⁄3 tbsp (20 ml) crushed chicken bouillon cubes (or powder) 2 tsp (10 ml) prepared mustard 1 1 ⁄2 C (375 ml) hot water 2 tsp (10 ml) finely chopped garlic 1 ⁄2 tsp (3 ml) peeled and grated fresh ginger root 2 tbsp (30 ml) butter 3 tbsp (45 ml) all-purpose flour 1 ⁄4 C (60 ml) white wine 1 ⁄2 C (125 ml) heavy cream (35 per cent fat) 1 tbsp (15 ml) cognac Dissolve bouillon cubes and mustard in hot water. In a medium saucepan, sauté garlic and ginger in melted butter over medium heat for about one minute; blend in flour and cook for another minute. Remove saucepan from heat; whisking constantly, add bouillon mixture and wine; whisk until smooth. Return saucepan to heat; whisking constantly, bring to a boil. Reduce heat to medium-low; continuing to whisk constantly, add cream and bring sauce to a simmer. Allow sauce to simmer gently for a couple of minutes; remove from heat; stir in cognac. Cover and let sauce rest for at least five to 10 minutes, allowing flavours to develop. If serving later, store cooled sauce refrigerated or frozen in an airtight plastic container. Stored properly, this sauce retains its quality for several days in the refrigerator or for months in the freezer.

30 NOVEMBER–DECEMBER 2004

DELIGHTS|ON THE GO An homage to St. Petersburg By Margo Roston

take a peek and notice Ithat Russian Ambassador Georgiy Mamedov and his wife Ekaterina are holding hands during the march and scherzo from Prokofiev’s Photo: Jana Chytilova The Love of Three Oranges. We are sitting together in row F at the National Arts Centre and it’s the opening night performance by the Ottawa Symphony Orchestra. On the program is Russian music, part of the orchestra’s Five Cities con- cert season. This homage to St. Petersburg obviously delights these Russian guests. “I’m very excited to listen to the orchestra,” says the lively ambassador, who has been on the job in Ottawa for one year. He’s just returned from a trip to Churchill, Manitoba, where he says he met some polar bears and some caribou and watched Russian conductor Andrey Boreyko put the Winnipeg Symphony Russian Ambassador Georgiy Mamedov poses with members of the Rousskiye Uzory Dance Ensemble. Orchestra through its paces. The orchestra also plans to bring a especially fond of St. Petersburg, the and literature are part of those young Russian composer to Winnipeg. cradle of Russia’s artistic life. things.” “It’s Russian season all the “To promote culture is part of The ambassador is familiar with way,” he smiles. the mandate of any embassy,” he Canada after spending 13 years as Ambassador Mamedov is pas- says. “And to show people things deputy foreign minister in charge of sionate about his country’s culture that you personally love most about relations with the U.S. and Canada. and, although a native of Moscow, is your own country. Music, painting. Last year, he accompanied Gov. Gen.

32 NOVEMBER–DECEMBER 2004

ON THE GO|DELIGHTS Adrienne Clarkson on her state visit While he seems to enjoy the Mr. Mamedov and his wife are to Russia, a trip which drew some evening’s Stravinsky and Prokofiev also searching for sponsors to help criticism because of the large group offerings, both he and his wife say them shine a spotlight on Moscow accompanying her, and the costs. that Shostakovich’s Symphony and some of its talented young “I know she took with her the No. 5 is the piece that most touches artists. “We have plans, (my wife) best and the brightest from the them, and most Russians as well. and I, to bring some young stars to Canadian arts community. They “It’s because of the suffering of Ottawa,” he says. were all very excited to visit Shostakovich under the Soviets,” “It would be a wonderful con- St. Petersburg. They were shown he says. “It’s in his music.” cert – fabulous,” says Mrs. Mamedov, Russian ballet, they listened to our Things have changed in Russia who worked for 30 years putting on music and visited the Hermitage. he says and now the country’s shows for the largest industrial exhi- They had numerous round tables cultural institutions are learning bition company in Russia. “We will with Russian writers and scientists about finding sponsors, something be lucky to arrange it next year.” and philosophers. I was almost he thinks Canadians are very The concert ends. We have ecstatic when I learned she is used to. listened to wonderful music from going to stay with us for one more “Under the Soviets the arts were the rich Russian repertoire, watched year.” (On Sept. 30, Prime Minister pure, but on the other hand they traditional dancing by six members Paul Martin asked the governor suffered from censorship. of a Russian troupe from Montreal, general to extend her term by Government footed your bill all the and are headed for a post-perform- another year.) way but it gave the government the ance party. “Now we’ll have some There is now a Group of Seven right to tell you what to see, what social chitchat and some Russian exhibition at the Hermitage. “It’s not to see, what to read, what not to vodka supplied by Mr. Smirnoff,” spectacular because the kind of art read. Now everything is open and says the ambassador. that is on display not only resembles you can enjoy it. Prokofiev was at one Just the right ingredients to end the northern parts of Russia – lakes, time prohibited by the Soviet gov- an evening full of echoes from forests, hills – but it also gives you a ernment because he was considered Canada’s neighbour to the north. kind of northern spirit that pervades counter-revolutionary and anti- Russian culture as much as Soviet. Imagine, even music played Margo Roston is Diplomat’s Canadian,” he says. a part in this great class struggle.” culture editor.

DIPLOMAT AND INTERNATIONAL CANADA 33

DELIGHTS|ART OF DIPLOMACY El Salvador’s embassy houses a professional art gallery

By Jennifer Campbell and next year it will host an exhibit of paintings by Natalia Karpova wo young women are making de Carrasco, wife of Bolivian Tclay trays on which to bake Ambassador Carlos Antonio Carrasco. Salvadoran delicacies. They work on Mrs. Carrasco’s exhibition is no the ground in front of a modest hut, Photo: Jana Chytilova favour for a friend. The gallery has a surrounded by cacti. In the back- professional curator who remains ground, bright green trees dance independent from the embassy in the wind before distant, sun- itself – which has the dual benefit of drenched mountains. protecting the curator’s artistic stan- Asked to survey his art collection dards, and frees Salvadoran officials and pick his favourite Salvadoran from being asked for exhibitions by piece, Mauricio Rosales Rivera, amateur artists among the local ambassador of El Salvador, chooses diplomatic corps. “It’s out of our this landscape, Las Comaleras by José hands,” Mr. Rivera says with a shrug. Mejia Vides (1903-1993). The embassy doesn’t charge The ambassador explains that artists or other embassies for dis- the trays are called comales and playing works, but asks the artist to the women, from the town of Ambassador Mauricio Rosales Rivera donate one work to its collection. As Panchimalco in the central part of Ocean from a lake and give Satan a result, the embassy’s walls are a the country, are known as comaleras a good surveying spot for his evil vivid roadmap of exhibits past. An because of their trade. They use the deeds, Mr. Rivera says. ornately carved aluminum box came trays to make tortillas for pupusas, “(Vides) has always put the from two craftswomen who exhibited traditional Salvadorian treats filled indigenous style first,” the ambassa- years ago. A painting by Borka with cheese, pork and beans. dor says of the artist. “And he loved Sattler, the Peruvian embassy’s “He always has the hut, fruits the town of Panchimalco.” cultural attaché, hangs on the wall and flowers and lots of green,” Mr. Rivera has been in Canada behind the ambassador’s desk. A Mr. Rivera says of Vides’ paintings. for eight years. He knows his art. Salvadoran artist’s colourful abstract “The cactus shows that the land is Indeed, his embassy is the only one adorns the opposite wall. sandy. You wouldn’t have clay if the in Ottawa that has its own gallery, “We have started to build a nice land wasn’t a little bit sandy.” which hosts exhibitions of art from collection of Latin American art,” The mountains in the background Latin American countries. Currently, Mr. Rivera said. Nice indeed. The are called “Devil’s Mountain” it’s showing the works of Chilean collection now numbers 16 works, because they divide the Pacific artist Anita Junge-Hammersley, and counting.

Jennifer Campbell is the editor of Diplomat magazine.

34 NOVEMBER–DECEMBER 2004

BOOK REVIEW|DELIGHTS regional gover- pretense, Rifkin conflates the broad The global nance, especially and varied sweep of European the EU. Rather, culture, civilization and social norms Rifkin argues for and practices with the rarified vision somnambulist the superiority of a of a European elite. Viewing the progressive vision Union through rose-tinted glasses, By David Long of the world stress- his quick history of the development ing human rights of the EU acknowledges the stutter- n The European Dream: How and community. ing development of common foreign IEurope’s Vision of the Future is However, to advance and defence policies but portrays it Quietly Eclipsing the American Dream, his case, Rifkin reduces as a project for Europe rather than Jeremy Rifkin presents a personal all the complexities of modern life to questioning its premises. An alterna- view of global developments. His a simplistic dichotomy. The world, tive view sees this EU rope as a noose approach is wide-ranging and eclec- he argues, is a complex place with around Europeans’ necks. The EU tic – Alex the African Grey Parrot a mess of overlapping connections, remains sclerotic and arthritic; a makes an appearance on page 350 – networks and groups. Yet, he wants collection of regional and national and his outlook, a broadly progressive us to believe that one simple view of government policies and social and American one. Rifkin borrows global issues is better than another economic structures desperately in promiscuously from social, political simple view. As such, this is a book- need of reform. The truth, of course, and scientific theory to paint a picture length exegesis with the analytical is somewhere in between these views. of a world at odds with itself. For structure and assumptions of CNN’s Because it doesn’t fit with his some time, the American Dream – Crossfire. vision, Rifkin neglects to tell us that individualism, competition, private Following in the footsteps of the EU has been at its most success- property, self-assertiveness and neo-con Robert Kagan, Rifkin attaches ful precisely when it has been in acquisitiveness, autonomy and national and regional identity labels tune with neo-liberal governance self-reliance, and an optimistic go-it- to the visions he has concocted. This such as in its 1992 Single Market alone spirit of adventure – has been adds a second dimension to the program. He also fails to relate the the successful outlook. According to problems with this book because melancholy fact that the EU could the author, it is now out-of-date and such labels are at best a shorthand not be a member of itself because it dysfunctional. The parochial national for understanding the visions pre- does not measure up to the standards egotism and gross inequality of this sented. It is a grave error to mistake of democracy that it sets for new American vision confronts an imma- these caricatures for a summation of member states. The EU certainly does nent world community forged by whole societies and ways of life. well on the rhetoric of democracy the forces of globalization. Eschewing Kagan sees America as virile and and human rights. The achievements what he sees as the appeal with warlike and Europeans as impotent of enlargement in this regard are significant drawbacks of collectivist and feeble. Rifkin modifies but does impressive but by their very nature Asia, Rifkin embraces the European not challenge this dichotomy, valuing are not universalizable; the EU is a vision as the successor to the European diplomacy over American European Union. In the wider world, American Dream. This is a world- force. Over-generalization is not the the EU’s declaratory foreign policy is view, he argues, based on universal only or greatest weakness of this cheap and does not require extensive human rights not national interests, type of scholarship, though it can resources, the instances of substantive community not competition, con- mean that the text appears to be common action are increasing in nectedness over autonomy, networks little more than name-dropping of a number and significance but very rather than hierarchies, multicultur- huge swath of academic and other slowly. Kosovo still looms larger alism and multi-level governance as literature. Rifkin dallies with concepts than its several police missions as a opposed to the sovereign state. While like postmodernism and networks measure of the impact of the EU’s this is a vision of global scope, it is a in an attempt to encapsulate global international actions. European vision because it has been trends. Yet his approach amounts to Ultimately the book doesn’t developed, elaborated and, within stipulation concealing ambiguity: fulfill the promise of its subtitle; geographical and practical limits, Surely the world of networks Rifkin rather, Rifkin admits that the implemented in Europe. applauds is as much modern and European vision at the very least This is a book with grand aspi- individualist as it is, in his descrip- needs work and in some contexts rations and a wide scope; it is also a tion, postmodern and communitarian. (see demographic decline and immi- book with big problems. Don’t be In this short-hand, Europe is gration controversies) desperately misled: This is not a book about represented by the EU. This is pre- needs shoring up. Simply repeating Europe, though there is some dis- cisely the pretense that the European the mantra ‘universal human rights’ cussion of European attitudes and Commission would like everyone to the development of European accept. Refusing to challenge the Continued on page 40

DIPLOMAT AND INTERNATIONAL CANADA 35

DELIGHTS|BOOK REVIEW

A sad country ambition?,” the author asks Lucía, a rebel group comandante in the jungle. “ ‘To take over the government indeed of Colombia and install a dictatorship By Roger Bird of the proletariat.’ “ ‘And would you say, in three he stereotype is that Colombia or four years time, call elections?’ Tis one of those tiny South or “ ‘Elections in Colombia,’ Central American states headed frowned Lucía, ‘have never toward failure – political corruption, produced a true government of the violence, narcotics, a vast gap people … and look what happened between rich and poor, illiteracy – to the Sandinistas when they decided or trying to recover from it. everyone lies about the troubles: to go that way … no, I don’t To get past the stereotype, start police and politicians, the military think so.’” with geography. Tiny? Not exactly. and the rebels, the paramilitary Coghlan calls them the revolu- Colombia is more than twice the thugs, social workers and priests, tionaries that time forgot, but they size of France. To learn why it’s narcotic kings and princelings, even show no signs of going away. “the saddest country” for its people, water taxi or bus drivers (“We’re Then there are the four agents of Nicholas Coghlan’s book is a good leaving for sure in five minutes”; a group called Renacer (“Rebirth”) source. He was political counsellor don’t count on it). But what also whose mission is “to entice under- at the Canadian embassy in Bogotá emerges elliptically – Coghlan is far age prostitutes off the street and into from 1997 to 2000. Beyond that, he from a know-it-all – is that terror healthier and safer lines of business.” was adventurous, curious, and and poverty destroy morality along Coghlan accompanies them one brave and travelled everywhere in with lives. night as they go about “the process the country. The book shows the people who of acercamiento, or trust-building” The book has a quick historical are in the dark, behind the headlines in dives no one would write home sketch and only brief connections to and TV images. Foreign news corre- about. We meet campesinos, driven the geopolitics of our era (did the spondents come home and tell their away from their villages to a refugee fall of the Soviet Union have any colleagues tales that include what camp, organizing to force the govern- impact on the Marxist rebels? We was in the stores, on TV, what people ment to live up to its promise to clear don’t know.) It is not an academic did for laughs or at funerals, what the area of rebels and paramilitary study, it doesn’t preach or bemoan, life was like at school. But they thugs and let them return. Priests it just describes; it’s journalism on rarely put this material in their sto- take the lead for peace and justice, the run by an intelligent and ries. This, for the most part, is what often ending up murdered. We compassionate observer. Coghlan’s book is about. One watch the parade of kidnappings, The author provides a picture example: Colombian schools accounting for half the world’s total of Colombia’s diversity and the include properly ironed uniforms at every year. efforts of some of its people to over- one end of the spectrum and a shack Coghlan went to banana planta- come the agonies of narcotic traffic, in the jungle with the roof blown off tions and coca fields, as a witness to political corruption and violence. He at the other. back-country negotiations with the describes oil exploration (some by The people of Colombia are sad, rebels; to meetings of indigenous Canadian companies), banana plan- yes, and with good reason, living as people, as a guarantor of legitimacy tations, endless cocoa fields (being they do with a murder rate astro- or just a human shield on behalf of supplemented, when Coghlan was nomically higher than Canada’s. Colombia’s National Human Rights there, with opium poppies), indige- They are also realistic, alternately ombudsman. Often he did plainly nous people, rich, sophisticated and cynical and idealistic, determined dangerous things, like driving in a cultured elites in Bogotá, Medellín that this will end and they’ll some- cab at night on remote roads, travel- and Cartagena. The latter is a port how find a way to have fun. We see ling to the wrong side of town for city on the Caribbean, part-time the annual Reinado de Cartagena, an interview. home to novelist Gabriel García (the Miss Colombia contest), the His book manages to answer, Márquez. We meet him in person, Terry Fox Run, Sundays in Bogotá, partly, what anyone can do about part of Coghlan’s firm grasp on, and which look and sound like Sundays the suffering in a country like this. interest in, the culture of his posting. in Ottawa, especially the blocked off In this case, a Canadian diplomat Most of Colombia’s appealing, roads for cyclists and 12 hours of demonstrates that no side in the friendly people yearn for an end to terror-free relaxation. Colombian conflict has a monopoly the troubles. They’re not perfect We meet fiercely dedicated certainly, and Coghlan suggests that people. “Concretely, what’s your Continued on page 40

36 NOVEMBER–DECEMBER 2004

WINE|DELIGHTS Why Champagne goes to your head Celebrating Diplomat’s 15th anniversary with a little bubbly By Stephen Beckta

n honour of Diplomat’s 15th ette before release. Most houses have a Ianniversary, let’s toast the publica- consistent style from year to year, so tion and talk about Champagne and if you preferred Bollinger to Pol sparkling wine. They are, after all, Roger last year, new bottles should the best toasting beverages. taste the same next year. Non- Champagne came along by acci- Photo: Paul Couvr Vintage (restaurants will label these dent in the 19th century when wine, as “N.V.”) is the most common form stored in cold caves during the winter, of Champagne and is often referred was bottled and transported to to simply as “Brut.” Non-vintage England, where it warmed up and wines can be made several ways. allowed a “secondary” fermentation They can be a blend of three grapes in the bottle, inadvertently creating (Chardonnay, Pinot Noir and Pinot bubbles for the imbibers. Brits fell in Meunier), or they can be made with love with this “new style” of wine a single grape (known as Blanc de and demanded more “fizzy stuff.” Blancs, these are made with Winemakers, led by Madame (Veuve) Chardonnay). Yet another variety – Clicquot, were happy to oblige and Blanc de Noir – is white wine made went on to improve the technology with red grapes, and finally Rosé is making a consistent and pleasing Beckta’s advice: Drink what you like made either from lightly pressed wine. Because bubbles were rare red grapes or a blend of red and and hard to reproduce, Champagne production. Most notable examples white grapes. soon became the festive drink of the are Cava from Spain, Prosecco from Vintage Champagnes are made upper class. (It also doesn’t hurt Italy and some good up-and-comers three or four times per decade and that the carbon dioxide trapped in from Canada, California and only in the best years. These wines sparkling wine causes the alcohol Australia. The best value sparkler are of higher quality and are aged to absorb into one’s blood stream I’ve ever come across is Seaview longer in bottle. The grapes used all faster than with still wine). Brut from Australia ($11.05 in come from the same year. Currently, only one in 12 bottles Ontario). But if real Champagne is Finally, there is what’s known as of sparkling wine in the world what you want, here are a few Tête du Cuvée or luxury brands comes from the famous Champagne points to better understand them. from a particular house. These are region in France. Everything else is Non-vintage Champagne is made only in vintage years with the just sparkling wine. But don’t limit usually priced between $45-80 per finest grapes. They cost much more yourself to the real thing: There are bottle and is a blend of up to seven than regular non-vintage Champagne plenty of great sparkling wines from different vintages (some good and and can usually be cellared for years around the world that use the some not-so-good years). It ages in after release. Some examples are: Champagne method in their the bottle for at least three years Roederer’s Cristal, Moet &

DIPLOMAT AND INTERNATIONAL CANADA 37

DELIGHTS|WINE

Chandon’s Dom Perignon and is now the most celebrated wine in Tattinger’s Comte du Champagne. the world and the one most often Only you can decide if they are celebrated with. Let’s be honest … worth the extra money. you can’t possibly be down when An exciting new breed of you have a glass full of bubbles. Champagne, now on shelves in Cheers! Canada, is worth a sip. Known as “Small-Grower” Champagnes, Stephen Beckta is the sommelier and because rather than selling their owner of Beckta dining & wine in grapes to the larger corporations, Ottawa (www.bekta.com). owned by luxury goods manufac- turers and insurance companies, these estates grow, make, bottle and sell their wine themselves. You can often get better quality than the well-known houses and a lower price tag because you aren’t subsi- dizing huge advertising budgets and executives. Some of my favorite small-grower Champagnes found in Canada are: Egly-Ouriet N.V. Grand Cru, Pierre Peters Blanc de Blanc and Billecart-Salmon Brut Rose. Those Brits were onto some- thing way back when. Champagne

NOVEMBER–DECEMBER 2004 38

THIS CAPITAL|DELIGHTS

Museum recognizes vets in their lifetimes four to five years were required between the beginning and the ay 2005 will see speak to the mandate opening of a new facility. Mthe opening of the of the museum and From the outset, we had a firm National Capital’s newest respect its functional date in mind for our opening. May 8, cultural attraction: the new requirements. After 2005 is the 60th anniversary of V-E Canadian War Museum working closely with Day, representing the end of the (CWM) on LeBreton Flats. the architects, we Second World War in Europe. But The timeline for this proj- reduced 64 concepts to more than just an anniversary, with ect, from groundbreaking three. We presented most Second World War veterans over in November 2002 to its these to our key stake- the age of 80, this is a realization of a official opening on May 8, holders and made efforts promise that their contributions would 2005, is a short 30 months. Joe Geurts to reach the Canadian be recognised within their lifetime. That’s two-and-a-half years public. We launched a It is a pleasure to lead an excellent for the construction of a website to present the team of staff at the CWM who are 440,000-square-foot facility. In the concepts, and most importantly, producing the results that visitors same period, we must move 500,000 collect public comments. will soon see. All the staff of the artifacts, install the permanent exhi- The building site has been a Canadian Museum of Civilization bition, and launch a public facility challenge in itself. LeBreton Flats, Corporation continue to provide which meets the expectations of a former industrial and residential their best efforts for this national its visitors. neighbourhood expropriated in the project. With the completion of the Designing and constructing a late 1960s, was contaminated and new CWM, Canada’s history and national museum is challenging and required significant preparation national identity will be found in its complex. As a public institution, we before we could begin work. We had two museums – the Canadian must respond to public and media to strengthen our partnerships with Museum of Civilization and the interest, expectations and sometimes the NCC, the City of Ottawa and Canadian War Museum. criticism. Further challenges involve other levels of government to lead developing a building, a storyline the project to fruition. Joe Geurts is director and CEO of the and exhibitions, which all respect The schedule is an additional Canadian War Museum. the Canadian War Museum’s com- challenge. The new CWM is the first memorative aspect while ensuring major cultural project in the nation’s broad public appeal to visitors. capital in more than a decade. A We began the monumental proj- review of other capital projects of ect by selecting a design that would this size and scope revealed that

DIPLOMAT AND INTERNATIONAL CANADA 39

DELIGHTS|CANADIANA

Keeping the peace The resolution of Mr. Pearson’s plan was passed Nov. 4. UNEF, By Laura Neilson Bonikowsky Egyptian Prime history’s first peacekeeping force, eacekeeping is Canada’s Minister Gamal Nasser was established, commanded by Pforte. We deployed the nationalized the Suez Canadian General E.L.M. Burns, to first peacekeepers to Egypt Canal, declaring martial supervise the ceasefire and with- on November 24, 1956. law, when America and drawal of French, British and Israeli Today, despite our small Britain withdrew financial troops from Egypt. Later it was a and under-resourced military, support of the Aswan Dam project buffer between Egypt and Israel. Canada provides about 10 per cent because of Egypt’s increasing chum- Canada initially deployed 300 of the world’s peacekeeping force. miness with Czechoslovakia and the service troops, followed by reconnais- The 1956 Suez Crisis impelled USSR. America was already miffed sance, administrative and support the modern concept of peacekeeping at Egypt for recognizing Communist troops. By January 1957, there were when External Affairs Minister Lester China. England and France feared more than 1,100 Canadian military B. Pearson saw the need for a force Nasser would close the canal, personnel in Egypt. to maintain peace during political stopping petroleum shipments to Though the UN initiative didn’t negotiations. He and UN Secretary- Western Europe. The UN became end war, it made big wars less likely. General Dag Hammarskjöld involved when Britain and France The Suez Crisis was significant in envisioned the United Nations cooperated with Israel in attacking Canada’s relations with Britain. Emergency Force (UNEF). Egypt on Oct. 29. Canada had always automatically The 1945 UN Charter afforded The UN General Assembly responded to imperial requests. This Canada the opportunity to extend condemned the three attackers in time she stood on her own. to the world the rule of law and a an emergency session Nov. 1. The framework from which to regulate assembly took sides when the U.S. Laura Neilson Bonikowsky is disputes. The need for an independ- demanded a ceasefire. Mr. Pearson associate editor of The Canadian ent UN force was proven during the knew that support from Canada Encyclopedia. To learn more, consult Korean War, when the UN formed would antagonize Britain and France. The Canadian Encyclopedia, an army, as permitted under the A ceasefire would be ineffective published by the Historica Foundation Charter. Canada contributed to without a provision to enforce it. (www.histori.ca). that effort. Mr. Pearson abstained from the vote, Though the UN had pledged to gaining time to finalize his plan. forge a unified, democratic Korea, In his address to the assembly, House for Rent it had developed an image as the Mr. Pearson remarked that a cease- Old Ottawa South/Grove St., 3 Brm “lackey for the United States.” Clearly, fire was insufficient. He proposed a Semi-Detached House, 5 appls, garage, the UN required independence dur- special emergency force to keep yard, hwd floors, separate dining rm, ing an international situation, as peace on the Israeli-Egyptian border $1600 plus util. Call 613-739-1057 ext 30. Egypt illustrated. pending a settlement.

Rifkin, continued from page 35 Colombia, continued from page 36 against ‘American’ individualism is need to wake up and smell the cof- on truth, and helps guide money not going to solve Europe’s, or the fee (Fair Trade, organic, and from a and material support to Colombians world’s, diverse and complex region formerly prone to violent who are working against all odds problems, whether these are poverty conflict, naturally). for a better day. and lack of development, global insecurity, the degrading environ- David Long is an associate professor Roger Bird, a retired Carleton ment, or the greying and decline of at the Norman Paterson School of University journalism professor, is western populations alongside the International Affairs, Carleton Diplomat magazine’s copy editor. continuing exponential growth of University. some developing country popula- tions. In The European Dream, Rifkin The Saddest Country: On assignment sleepwalks through the realities of The European Dream in Colombia global politics. If I might be excused Author: Jeremy Rifkin Author: Nicholas Coghlan for over-extending Rifkin’s Publisher: Jeremy Tarcher/Penguin Publisher: McGill-Queen’s University Press Price: $39.95 metaphor, Canadians, indeed all of Price: $38 Pages: 434 pages Pages: 255 plus index us, don’t need more dreaming, we

40 NOVEMBER–DECEMBER 2004

AFGHANISTAN BARBADOS e-mail: [email protected] His Excellency Omar Samad His Excellency Glyne Samuel Murray www.ambaburkina-canada.org 246 Queen Street, Suite 400 130 Albert Street, Suite 1204 Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5E4 Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5G4 BURUNDI TEL. 563-4223 ...... FAX 563-4962 TEL. 236-9517 ...... FAX 230-4362 Her Excellency Epiphanie K. Ntamwana email: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] 325 Dalhousie Street, Suite 815 Ottawa, Ontario K1N 7G2 ALBANIA BELARUS TEL. 789-0414 ...... FAX 789-9537 His Excellency Adhurim Resuli Her Excellency Nina Mazai e-mail: ambabucanada@infonet 130 Albert Street, Suite 600 130 Albert Street, Suite 302 CAMEROON Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5G4 MISSIONS Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5G4 His Excellency Philémon Yang TEL. 236-4114 ...... FAX 236-0804 TEL. 233-9994 ...... FAX 233-8500 e-mail: [email protected] 170 Clemow Avenue e-mail: [email protected] Ottawa, Ontario K1S 2B4 BELGIUM TEL. 236-1522 ...... FAX 236-3885 ALGERIA TIC His Excellency Youcef Yousfi His Excellency Daniel Leroy 360 Albert Street, Suite 820 CHILE 500 Wilbrod Street His Excellency José Miguel Cruz Sánchez Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N2 Ottawa, Ontario K1R 7X7 TEL. 236-7267 ...... FAX 236-7882 50 O’Connor Street, Suite 1413 TEL. 789-8505 ...... FAX 789-1406 Ottawa, Ontario K1P 6L2 e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] www.diplomatie.be/ottawa TEL. 235-9940 ...... FAX 235-1176 e-mail: [email protected] ANGOLA BELIZE www.chile.ca His Excellency Miguel Maria N. Puna Her Excellency Amilia Mai 189 Laurier Avenue East 350 Albert Street, Suite 2120 CHINA DIPLOMA Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6P1 Ottawa, Ontario, K1R 1A4 His Excellency Ping Mei TEL. 234-1152 ...... FAX 234-1179 TEL: 232-2826 ...... FAX: 232-4279 515 St. Patrick Street e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] Ottawa, Ontario K1N 5H3 www.embangola-can.org TEL. 789-3434 ...... FAX 789-1412 BENIN www.chinaembassycanada.org ARGENTINA His Excellency Francis Loko His Excellency Arturo Bothamley 58 Glebe Avenue COLOMBIA 90 Sparks Street, Suite 910 Ottawa, Ontario K1S 2C3 His Excellency Jorge Anibal Visbal Martelo Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5B4 TEL. 233-4429 ...... FAX 233-8952 360 Albert Street, Suite 1002 TEL. 236-2351 ...... FAX 235-2659 e-mail: [email protected] Ottawa, Ontario K1R 7X7 e-mail: [email protected] TEL. 230-3760 ...... FAX 230-4416 www.argentina-canada.net BOLIVIA e-mail: [email protected] His Excellency Carlos Antonio Carrasco www.embajadacolombia.ca ARMENIA Fernandez His Excellency Ara Papian 130 Albert Street, Suite 416 CONGO (ZAIRE) 7 Delaware Avenue Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5G4 Ms. Louise Nzanga Ramazani Ottawa, Ontario K2P 0Z2 TEL. 236-5730 ...... FAX 236-8237 Chargé d’Affaires TEL. 234-3710 ...... FAX 234-3444 e-mail: [email protected] 18 Range Road e-mail: [email protected] Ottawa, Ontario K1N 8J3 BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA TEL. 230-6391 ...... FAX 230-1945 AUSTRALIA His Excellency Vjekoslav Domljan His Excellency Tony Hely 130 Albert Street, Suite 805 COSTA RICA 50 O’Connor, Suite 710 Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5G4 His Excellency Carlos Miranda Ottawa, Ontario K1P 6L2 TEL. 236-0028 ...... FAX 236-1139 325 Dalhousie Street, Suite 407 TEL. 236-0841 ...... FAX 236-4376 e-mail: [email protected] Ottawa, Ontario K1N 7G2 TEL. 562-2855 ...... FAX 562-2582 AUSTRIA BRAZIL e-mail: [email protected] His Excellency Valdemar Carneiro Leäo His Excellency Otto Ditz CÔTE D’IVOIRE 445 Wilbrod Street 450 Wilbrod Street Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6M8 Her Excellency Dienebou Kaba Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6M7 9 Marlborough Avenue TEL. 789-1444 ...... FAX 789-3431 TEL. 237-1090 ...... FAX 237-6144 e-mail: [email protected] Ottawa, Ontario K1N 8E6 e-mail: [email protected] TEL. 236-9919 ...... FAX 563-8287 BRUNEI e-mail: [email protected] AZERBAIJAN His Excellency Dato A. Aziz Mohammad His Excellency Fakhraddin Gurbanov 395 Laurier Avenue East CROATIA 275 Slater Street, Suite 904-C Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6R4 His Excellency Zeljko Bosnjak Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5H9 TEL. 234-5656 ...... FAX 234-4397 229 Chapel Street TEL. 288-0497 ...... FAX 230-8089 e-mail: [email protected] Ottawa, Ontario K1N 7Y6 TEL. 562-7820 ...... FAX 562-7821 BAHAMAS BULGARIA e-mail: [email protected] His Excellency Philip P. Smith His Excellency Branimir Zaimov www.croatiaemb.net 50 O’Connor Street, Suite 1313 325 Stewart Street Ottawa, Ontario K1P 6L2 Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6K5 CUBA TEL. 232-1724 ...... FAX 232-0097 TEL. 789-3215 ...... FAX 789-3524 His Excellency Ernesto Antonio Se 388 Main Street BANGLADESH BURKINA FASO Ottawa, Ontario K1S 1E3 His Excellency Rafiq Ahmed Khan Her Excellency Juliette Yaméogo Bonkoungou TEL. 563-0141 ...... FAX 563-0068 275 Bank Street, Suite 302 48 Range Road e-mail: [email protected] Ottawa, Ontario K2P 2L6 Ottawa, Ontario K1N 8J4 www.embacuba.ca TEL. 236-0138 ...... FAX 567-3213 TEL. 238-4796 ...... FAX 238-3812

DIPLOMAT AND INTERNATIONAL CANADA l EMBASSIES l HIGH COMMISSIONS l OTHER INTERNATIONAL REPRESENTATIVES 41

DIPLOMATIC MISSIONS 42 www.ethiopia.ottawa.on.ca e-mail: [email protected] .FAX235-4638 235-6637 TEL. 5P2 K1P Ottawa, Ontario 151 SlaterStreet, Suite210 His ExcellencyBerhanu Dibaba ETHIOPIA www.estemb.ca e-mail: embassy .FAX789-9555 789-4222 TEL. Ottawa, Ontario 260 DalhousieStreet, Suite210 Char Mr.Küünemäe Argo ESTONIA .FAX234-6213 234-3989 TEL. 5E7 K1P Ottawa, Ontario 75 Albert Street, Suite610 Consul Ms. NuraMohammedOmer ERITREA TEL. 238-2939 Ottawa, Ontario 209 KentStr His ExcellencyMauricioRosalesRivera SALVADOR EL e-mail: [email protected] .FAX234-4398 234-4931 TEL. K1N6R3 Ottawa, Ontario 454 Laurier His ExcellencyMahmoudF EGYPT His Excellency ECUADOR e-mail: [email protected] TEL. 236-8952 5G4 K1P Ottawa, Ontario 130 Albert Street, Suite700 Her ExcellencyLorraineB.Williams EASTERN CARIBBEANSTATES www.drembassy.org .FAX569-8673 569-9893 TEL. 5G4 K1P Ottawa, Ontario 130 Albert Street, Suite418 Pichardo His ExcellencyEduardo Fernandez DOMINICAN REPUBLIC www.danish-embassy-canada.com e-mail: [email protected] .FAX562-1812 562-1811 TEL. K1N9K1 Ottawa, Ontario 47 Clarence Street, Suite450 His ExcellencySvendRoedNielsen DENMARK e-mail: [email protected] .FAX562-3878 562-3875 TEL. Ottawa, Ontario 251 CooperStreet His ExcellencyPavelVosalik CZECH REPUBLIC Email: embajada@elsalvador Ottawa, Ontario 50 O’ConnorStr E.5348 .FAX235-5776 563-4286 TEL. gé d’Affaires A eet venue East . . FAX236-3042 l Alejandr [email protected] eet, Suite316 EMB K1N 7E4 1Z8 K2P 0G2 K2P K1P ASSIES 6L2 o Suárez . El-Saeed -ca.org l F AX 238-6940 HIGH COMMISSIONS www.delcan.cec.eu.int e-mail: [email protected] .FAX238-5191 238-6464 TEL. www e-mail: embassy@gr TEL. 238-6271 Ottawa, Ontario 80 MacLar .FAX236-0874 236-0871 TEL. K1S2A9 Ottawa, Ontario e-mail: [email protected] .FAX238-2986 238-1628 TEL. 5P2 K1P Ottawa, Ontario 130 Chargé d’affaires TEL. 232-1 Ottawa, Ontario 45 O’ConnorStreet, Suite1900 His ExcellencyEricHayes EUROPEAN COMMISSION Mr HAITI .FAX235-1447 235-7249 TEL. 5H3 K1P Ottawa, Ontario 151 SlaterStreet, Suite309 His ExcellencyRajnarineSingh GUYANA e-mail: [email protected] TEL. 789-8444 K1N6N1 Ottawa, Ontario 483 W His Excellency Aly Diané GUINEA e-mail: [email protected] .FAX233-0135 233-7237 TEL. 5G4 K1P Ottawa, Ontario 130 Albert Street, Suite1010 His ExcellencyCarlosJiménezLicona GUATEMALA His Excellency GREECE 1 Clemow His ExcellencySamuel GHANA e-mail:[email protected] Ottawa, Ontario 1 W His ExcellencyChristianPauls GERMANY e-mail: [email protected] .FAX232-6916 232-5301 TEL. K1N8J5 Ottawa, Ontario 4 RangeRoad,P.O. Box368 His ExcellencyJosephObianNdoutoume GABON www.ambafrance-ca.org .FAX562-3704 789-1795 TEL. K1M2C9 Ottawa, Ontario 42 SussexDrive His ExcellencyDanielJouanneau FRANCE e-mail: [email protected] .FAX288-2244 288-2233 TEL. 6L5 K1P Ottawa, Ontario 55 MetcalfeStreet, Suite850 His ExcellencyPasiMikaelPatokallio FINLAND . Car averley Str Albert Str .greekembassy.ca ilbrod Street l ol Joseph O 101 en Str A HRITRAINLREPRESENTATIVES THER INTERNATIONAL venue eet, Suite1409 . FAX238-5676 . . eet Y eet, Suite76 annis Mourikis 2 0K6 K2P 1 1A4 K1P K2P eekembassy 0T8 A. Odoi-Sykes F FAX 789-7560 AX 594-9330 .ca www e-mail: [email protected] .FAX724-1105 724-1100 TEL. 1E5 K1Y Ottawa, Ontario TEL. 744-3751 Ottawa, Ontario 10 SpringfieldRoad Her ExcellencyShashiTripathi INDIA e-mail: [email protected] .FAX482-1945 482-1944 TEL. K1R7X7 Ottawa, Ontario 360 Albert Street, Suite710 His ExcellencyGudmundurEiriksson ICELAND www.docuweb.ca/Hungary .FAX230-7560 230-2717 TEL. 0V9 K2P Ottawa, Ontario 299 Waverley Street His ExcellencyDénesTomaj HUNGARY .FAX232-0193 233-8900 TEL. 5H3 K1P Ottawa, Ontario 151 SlaterStreet, Suite805 Her Excellency Ana Carolina Galeano HONDURAS .FAX746-4786 746-4914 TEL. K1M0E3 Ottawa, Ontario 724 Manor Avenue Apostolic Nuncio The MostRev. LuigiVentura His Excellency HOLY SEE www.ottawa.mfa.gov.il .FAX237-8865 567-6450 TEL. 6L2 K1P Ottawa, Ontario 50 O’ConnorStreet, Suite1005 His Excellency Alan Baker ISRAEL e-mail: [email protected] .FAX233-5835 233-6281 TEL. Ottawa, Ontario 130 Albert Street, Suite1105 His ExcellencyMartinBurke IRELAND e-mail: [email protected] .FAX567-1101 236-9177 TEL. 0Z8 K2P Ottawa, Ontario 215 McLeodStreet Acting Chargé d’Affaires Mrs. Samarah AL-HOMSI IRAQ www.salamiran.org e-mail: [email protected] TEL. 235-4726 Ottawa, Ontario 245 MetcalfeStr His ExcellencyDr IRAN 55 Parkdale His ExcellencyEkiSyachr INDONESIA www.hciottawa.ca e-mail: [email protected] .indonesia-ottawa.or A venue . . FAX232-5712 NOVEMBER eet . S.M. Ali Mousavi K1M 1C9 K1P K2P 5G4 2K2 g udin – DECEMBER g F AX 744-0913 2004

ITALY MACEDONIA NEW ZEALAND His Excellency Marco Colombo Mr. Zvonko Mucunski, Chargé d’Affaires His Excellency Graham Kelly 275 Slater Street, 21st Floor 130 Albert Street, Suite 1006 99 Bank Street, Suite 727 Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5H9 Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5G4 Ottawa, Ontario K1P 6G3 TEL. 232-2401 ...... FAX 233-1484 TEL. 234-3882 ...... FAX 233-1852 TEL. 238-5991 ...... FAX 238-5707 e-mail: [email protected] www3.sympatico.ca/emb.macedonia.ottawa e-mail: [email protected] www.italyincanada.com/i-serv/i_index.asp www.nzembassy.com MADAGASCAR JAMAICA His Excellency Rakotoarisoa Florent NIGER His Excellency Carl O’Neal Marshall 649 Blair Road Her Excellency Nana Aicha Mouctari

275 Slater Street, Suite 800 Gloucester, Ontario K1J 7M4 Foumakoye MISSIONS Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5H9 TEL. 744-7995 ...... FAX 744-2530 38 Blackburn Avenue TEL. 233-9311 ...... FAX 233-0611 www.madagascar-embassy.ca Ottawa, Ontario K1N 8A3 TEL. 232-4291 ...... FAX 230-9808 JAPAN MALAWI TIC His Excellency Kensaku Hogen His Excellency Kennedy Amos Malisita NIGERIA 255 Sussex Drive 7 Clemow Avenue His Excellency Olufemi Oyewale George Ottawa, Ontario K1N 9E6 Ottawa, Ontario K1S 2A9 295 Metcalfe Street TEL. 241-8541 ...... FAX 241-7415 TEL. 236-8931 ...... FAX 236-1054 Ottawa, Ontario K2P 1R9 Tel. 236-0521...... Fax 236-0529 JORDAN MALAYSIA e-mail: [email protected] His Excellency Fouad Ayoub His Excellency Dennis Ignatius www.nigeriahighcommottawa.com 100 Bronson Avenue, Suite 701 60 Boteler Street Ottawa, Ontario K1R 6G8 Ottawa, Ontario K1N 8Y7 NORWAY TEL. 238-8090 ...... FAX 232-3341 TEL. 241-5182 ...... FAX 241-5214 His Excellency Ingvard Havnen DIPLOMA e-mail: [email protected] 90 Sparks Street, Suite 532 KENYA Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5B4 His Excllemcy Peter Nicholas Rateng O. Ogego MALI TEL. 238-6571 ...... FAX 238-2765 415 Laurier Avenue East His Ex. Mamadou Bandiougou Diawara e-mail: [email protected] Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6R4 50 Goulburn Avenue TEL. 563-1773 ...... FAX 233-6599 Ottawa, Ontario K1N 8C8 PAKISTAN e-mail: [email protected] TEL. 232-1501 ...... FAX 232-7429 His Excellency Shahid Malik www.kenyahighcommission.ca 10 Range Road MAURITANIA Ottawa, Ontario K1N 8J3 KOREA, REPUBLIC His Excellency Mahfoud Ben Deddach TEL. 238-7881 ...... FAX 238-7296 His Excellency Sung-joon Yim 121 Sherwood Drive e-mail: [email protected] 150 Boteler Street Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 3V1 Ottawa, Ontario K1N 5A6 TEL. 237-3283 ...... FAX 237-3287 PANAMA TEL. 244-5010 ...... FAX 244-5034 Her Excellency Marianela Díaz www.emb-korea.ottawa.on.ca MEXICO 130 Albert Street, Suite 300 Her Excellency Maria Teresa de Madero Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5G4 KUWAIT 45 O’Connor Street, Suite 1000 TEL. 236-7177 ...... FAX 236-5775 His Excellency Faisal A. Al-Mulaifi Ottawa, Ontario K1P 1A4 e-mail: [email protected] 333 Sussex Drive TEL. 233-8988 ...... FAX 235-9123 Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 1J9 e-mail: [email protected] PARAGUAY TEL. 780-9999 ...... FAX 780-9905 www.embamexcan.com His Excellency Juan E. Aguirre Martinez 151 Slater Street, Suite 501 LATVIA MONGOLIA Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5H3 His Excellency Atis Sjanits His Excellency Galsan Batsukh TEL. 567-1283 ...... FAX 567-1679 280 Albert Street, Suite 300 151 Slater Street, Suite 503 e-mail: consularsection@embassyof- Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5G8 Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5H3 paraguay.ca TEL. 238-6014 ...... FAX 238-7044 TEL. 569-3830 ...... FAX 569-3916 e-mail: [email protected] PERU LEBANON His Excellency José E. Romero His Excellency Raymond Baaklini MOROCCO 130 Albert Street, Suite 1901 640 Lyon Street His Excellency Mohamed Tangi Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5G4 Ottawa, Ontario K1S 3Z5 38 Range Road TEL. 238-1777 ...... FAX 232-3062 TEL. 236-5825 ...... FAX 232-1609 Ottawa, Ontario K1N 8J4 e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] TEL. 236-7391 ...... FAX 236-6164 www.lebanonembassy.ca www.ambassade-maroc.ottawa.on.ca PHILIPPINES His Excellency Francisco L. Benedicto LIBYA MYANMAR 130 Albert Street, Suite 606 Mr. Ali Suleiman Aujali His Excellency Aye U Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5G4 Chargé d’Affaires 85 Range Road, Suite 902 TEL. 233-1121 ...... FAX 233-4165 81 Metcalfe Street, Suite 1000 Ottawa, Ontario K1N 8J6 [email protected] Ottawa, Ontario K1P 6K7 TEL. 232-6434 ...... FAX 232-6435 www.embers.rogers.com TEL. 230-0919 ...... FAX 230-0683 e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] POLAND NETHERLANDS Mieczyslaw Olender LITHUANIA His Excellency J. (Como) van H. Hubar Chargé d’affaires Her Excellency Siguté Jakstonyté 350 Albert Street, Suite 2020 443 Daly Avenue 130 Albert Street, Suite 204 Ottawa, Ontario K1R 1A4 Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6H3 Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5G4 TEL. 237-5030 ...... FAX 237-6471 TEL. 789-0468 ...... FAX 789-1218 TEL. 567-5458 ...... FAX 567-5315 e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected]

DIPLOMAT AND INTERNATIONAL CANADA 43 l EMBASSIES l HIGH COMMISSIONS l OTHER INTERNATIONAL REPRESENTATIVES

DIPLOMATIC MISSIONS 44 www.embaspain.ca e-mail: [email protected] .FAX744-1224 747-2252 TEL. K1M 1P4 Ottawa, Ontario 74 Stanley Avenue His ExcellencyJoséIgnacioCarbajal SPAIN www.southafrica-canada.ca e-mail: [email protected] .FAX741-1639 744-0330 TEL. Ottawa, Ontario 15 SussexDrive Her ExcellencyTher SOUTH AFRICA e-mail: [email protected] .FAX565-5783 565-5781 TEL. 1P1 K1P Ottawa, Ontario 150 MetcalfeStreet, Suite2101 Her ExcellencyVeronika Stabej SLOVENIA Char Mr SLOVAKIA www e-mail: [email protected] .FAX233-7850 233-6289 TEL. K1N8A2 Ottawa, Ontario 17 Blackburn Avenue His ExcellencyPerkoV &MONTENEGRO SERBIA 57 Marlbor His ExcellencyM. SENEGAL .FAX237-0567 237-4100 TEL. Ottawa, Ontario 99 BankStreet, Suite901 His ExcellencyMohammed Al-Hussaini SAUDI ARABIA www.rusembcanada.mid.ru e-mail: [email protected] .FAX236-6342 235-4341 TEL. K1N8L5 Ottawa, Ontario 285 CharlotteStreet His ExcellencyGeorgiy Mamedov RUSSIA e-mail: [email protected] .FAX789-4365 789-3709 TEL. K1N6A3 Ottawa, Ontario 655 RideauStreet His ExcellencyLiviuMaior ROMANIA embportugal@embportugal/ottawa.org e-mail: .FAX729-4236 729-0883 TEL. 0B8 K1Y Ottawa, Ontario 645 IslandParkDrive Carvalho His ExcellencyJoaoPedro Silveira PORTUGAL www.mfa.sk .FAX749-4989 749-4442 TEL. Ottawa, Ontario 50 RideauT e-mail: [email protected] .FAX238-2695 238-6392 TEL. Ottawa, Ontario . StefanRozkopál gé d’Af .embscg.ca ough errace fair l es A EMBASSIES K1M 1M8 6B9 K1P K1M 2A1 K1N 8E8 venue Amadou Diallo esa MarySolomon ukotic .si l IHCOMMISSIONS HIGH www.srilankahcottawa.org .FAX238-8448 233-8449 TEL. TEL. Ottawa, Ontario 333 Laurier Avenue West, Suite1204 Her ExcellencyGeethaDeSilva SRI LANKA e-mail: [email protected] .FAX237-7939 237-0330 TEL. K1S3P8 Ottawa, Ontario 515 O’ConnorStreet His ExcellencyMohamedSaad TUNISIA e-mail: [email protected] TEL. 232-2418 K1S2G6 Ottawa, Ontario 200 First Avenue, Third Level His Excellency TRINIDAD ANDTOBAGO .FAX235-6425 238-5916 TEL. Ottawa, Ontario 12 RangeRoad His ExcellencyBawoumondom Amelete TOGO e-mail: [email protected] .FAX722-6624 722-4444 TEL. 0A2 K1Y Ottawa, Ontario 180 IslandParkDrive His ExcellencySnanchartDevahastin THAILAND TEL. 232-1509 Ottawa, Ontario 50 RangeRoad His ExcellencyBenGwaiMoses TANZANIA e-mail: [email protected] .FAX231-7112 231-5080 TEL. 1A4 K1P Ottawa, Ontario Dr OFF.TAIPEI ECON.&CULTURAL www.syrianembassy.ca Ottawa, Ontario 151 SlaterStr His Excellency SYRIA e-mail: vertr .FAX563-1394 235-1837 TEL. K1N8E6 Ottawa, Ontario 5 Marlborough Avenue His Excellency Anton Thalmann SWITZERLAND e-mail: [email protected] .FAX241-2277 241-8553 TEL. K1N9N8 Ottawa, Ontario 377 DalhousieStreet His ExcellencyLennart Alvin SWEDEN www.sudanca.com .FAX235-6880 235-4000 TEL. K1N6K8 Ottawa, Ontario 354 StewartStreet Chargé d’Affaires Mr. Abd Elghani A. Elkarim SUDAN 45 O’ConnorStr . ThomasChen,Repr 569-5556 l TE NENTOA REPRESENTATIVESOTHER INTERNATIONAL [email protected] eet, Suite1000 . . Arnold Piggott Ahmad Arnous . eet, Suite1960 1 1C1 K1P K1N 8J3 K1N 8J4 K1P 5H3 esentative F F F AX 232-4349 AX 569-3800 AX 232-5184 e-mail: safara@uae-embassy TEL. 565-7272 1A4 K1P Ottawa, Ontario 45 O’ConnorStreet, Suite1800 His ExcellencyHassan Al-Suwaidi UNITED ARABEMIRATES www.ukremb.ca 230-2400 .Fax Tel.2302961 0J9 Ottawa, Ontario,K2P 310 SomersetStreet, West, His ExcellencyMykolaMaimeskul UKRAINE www.britainincanada.org .FAX237-7980 237-1530 TEL. 5K7 K1P Ottawa, Ontario 80 ElginStreet His ExcellencyDavidReddaway UNITED KINGDOM www.ugandahighcommission.ca .FAX789-8909 789-7797 TEL. K1N8J2 Ottawa, Ontario 231 Cobourg Street Her ExcellencyCissyHelenTaliwaku UGANDA e-mail: [email protected] .FAX789-3442 789-4044 TEL. Ottawa, Ontario 197 Wurtemburg Street His Excellency Aydemir Erman TURKEY E.2748 .FAX563-8269 237-4388 TEL. Ottawa, Ontario 332 SomersetStreet West His ExcellencyGabrielM.Machinga ZIMBABWE www.yemenincanada.ca .FAX729-8915 729-6627 TEL. 0C2 K1Y Ottawa, Ontario 788 IslandParkDrive His Ex.Dr. Abdulla Abdulwali Nasher YEMEN TEL. 236-0772F K1N6M8 Ottawa, Ontario 470 Wilbrod Street Her ExcellencyHoiThiNguyen VIETNAM www.misionvenezuela.org .FAX235-3205 235-5151 TEL. K1N8J4 Ottawa, Ontario 32 RangeRoad His ExcellencyJorge Osorio VENEZUELA www.iosphere.net e-mail: [email protected] .FAX233-4670 234-2727 TEL. Ottawa, Ontario 130 His Excellency URUGUAY TEL. 238-5335 Ottawa, Ontario 490 SussexDrive His ExcellencyPaulCellucci UNITED STATES OFAMERICA www Albert Str .usembassycanada.gov eet, Suite1905 . . AX 236-2704 Alvär NOVEMBER K1N 8L9 K2P K1P K1N 1G8 o M.Moerzinger 0J9 5G4 – .com DECEMBER FAX 565-8007 F AX 688-3100 2004

Directory of Business and Professional Services (as advertised in Diplomat & International Canada)

ACCOMMODATION MOVERS Doral Inn...... (613) 230-8055 Ability Movers ...... (613) 830-7090 Les Suites Hotel ...... (613) 232-2000 ...... 1-800-267-1699 Lord Elgin Hotel ...... (613) 235-3333 PHOTOGRAPHY APPLIANCES Jana Chytilova ...... (613) 447-8323 220 Volt Depot ...... (613) 746-4777 Sam Garcia ...... (613) 733-8761 ART GALLERY PRIVATE SCHOOLS Jean-Claude Bergeron ...... (613) 562-7836 Bishop’s College School . . . . (819) 566-0227 AUTOMOBILES www.bcschool.qc.ca Import Auto Leasing...... (613) 722-7535 REAL ESTATE Ogilvie Motors Ltd ...... (613) 745-9000 Marilyn Wilson ...... (613) 238-2801 St-Laurent Volvo ...... (613) 749-VOLVO www.rockcliffepark.com CATERING Karen Scott ...... (613) 725-1171 Blackforest Deli and Cheese . . (613) 742-5104 SEAFOOD Party Time Rentals ...... (613) 745-4652 Lapointe’s ...... (613) 789-6221 The Westin ...... (613) 560-7385 TRAVEL AGENCY COMPUTER Accu-Rate Travel ...... (613) 596-5505 Neolore Networks ...... (613) 594-9199 www.neolore.com DENTAL AND MEDICAL INSURANCE — DIPLOMATIC COVERAGE R. Hooper Benefits Consultants Inc...... (613) 271-7171 ...... 1-800-621-1269 DENTIST Associated Dental Care . . . . (613) 737-4944 DINING Daly’s (The Westin)...... (613) 560-7333 Signatures ...... (613) 236-2499 DRY CLEANERS AND LAUNDRY Hillary’s...... (613) 733-3070 ELECTRONICS Overseas Electronics ...... (613) 235-4414 ESTHETICS Beauty Mark...... (613) 744-4460 Dr. Beaupré’s Vein Clinic . . . (613) 722-0101 Ottawa Vein & Cosmetic Medical Clinic . . . (613)-737-5675 EYE CLINIC Dr. Nurani/Dr. Moison . . . . (613) 567-0800 FINANCIAL SERVICES ScotiaMcLeod...... (514) 350-7794 ...... 1-800-787-8271 FLOWERS Allen’s Flowers ...... (613) 235-7201 FOREIGN EXCHANGE Accu-Rate ...... (613) 596-5505 FUNERAL DIRECTORS Hulse, Playfair & McGarry . . . (613) 233-1143 HEALTH AND BEAUTY Asia Massage Therapy Centre. (613) 241-8988 Feelbest.com...... (613) 234-4643 ext. 230 ...... 1-888-689-9890 HOME FURNISHINGS Burapa ...... (613) 789-0759 Zenteriors ...... (613) 241-0699 LANGUAGE TRAINING Alliance Francaise ...... (613) 234-9470 Visa Language Institute . . . . (613) 567-4018 MEDICAL Dr. Beaupré’s Vein Clinic . . . (613) 722-0101 Ottawa Vein & Cosmetic Medical Clinic. . . . (613) 737-5675

DIPLOMAT AND INTERNATIONAL CANADA 45

DEBATE|THE LAST WORD Forever Waiting on a Foreign Policy Review

ell below the radar screen, a draft of Apart from those structured review WCanada’s new International Policy processes, there has been an incremental foreign Statement was taken to cabinet weeks ago by and defence policy review going on in the media, Foreign Affairs Minister Pierre Pettigrew. A final in government and in the public mind. Since version is to be released in mid-November in the end of the Mulroney era, each new Liberal the context of the October 5 Throne Speech, foreign minister has sought to leave his imprint. which made clear the policy statement will be Those attempts could almost be reduced to the basis of a round of parliamentary and public bumper stickers. consultations on Canada’s place in the world. For André Ouellet, the policy doctrine So it should be. This country hasn’t had boiled down to a slogan would have been Allan Thompson full-blown foreign and defence policy review in “trade trumps human rights.” His successor, a decade and it’s been even longer since foreign Lloyd Axworthy, famously championed the and defence policy were debated in tandem. “soft power” doctrine that shifted Canada’s attention to a The last comprehensive review of Canada’s interna- range of initiatives meant to foster “human security.” John tional policy took place at a time when the U.S. was just Manley took a step back from that and shifted attention to emerging from its Cold War preoccupations. Now, after a Canada-U.S. relations. Mr. Manley’s bumper sticker: “The decade of flux and the cataclysmic events of Sept. 11, 2001, U.S. is our friend.” In some respects, Mr. Graham didn’t Canada’s all-important neighbour has a new prism through have time to impose his personal imprint before being which to view the world: the war on terrorism. replaced with the ambitious Mr. Pettigrew, who hopes to In its Throne Speech, the government said Canada’s make his mark with the policy review. diplomacy, defence, international aid, and trade efforts For his part, Pettigrew says his priority is figuring out must “work in concert.’’ It will take quite a conductor to how to position Canada at a time when some experts argue get that quartet – Foreign Affairs Canada, the Department of globalization is virtually erasing borders. National Defence, the Canadian International Development The review process is challenging. The government Agency and International Trade Canada – to play from the departments involved are working on documents outlining same score. their own policy priorities. The task of integrating those The review’s purpose is to formulate an “integrated’’ plans into the overall statement remains. This is not an approach and “to identify the niche where Canada can play editing job. It will spark fierce interdepartmental turf wars. a real influence’’ in the world says Mr. Pettigrew, the lead Apart from the content, officials are deliberating with minister for the review. Foreign Affairs will produce the their political masters about how and when the policy overall “framework’’ document to be tabled mid-November paper will be unveiled, against the backdrop of a minority and within days of that release, Defence, Trade and CIDA government beholden to opposition parties. will unveil their own reviews. Mr. Pettigrew says that while the framework document The draft of Mr. Pettigrew’s document, hammered out should not be called a “white paper’’, on it will be a state- by officials, was presented to the cabinet on Sept. 23. A few ment of the government’s policy direction. But, that will be days later, it was subject to more discussion at a meeting of open to review and revision after cross-country parliamen- the cabinet’s global affairs committee, chaired by Mr. Pettigrew. tary committee hearings likely to stretch into next summer. Negotiations continued after the Throne Speech. In 1994, the newly elected Chrétien government asked The international policy statement is built around five a joint parliamentary committee to seek out the views of themes, the most important being Canada-U.S. relations. Canadians and report back on principles and priorities that The others are Canada’s contribution to global security should guide foreign policy. The committee held more than (grappling with such issues as terrorism, disease and failed 70 meetings, heard from more than 500 witnesses, and states); economic opportunity and equality (development commissioned several studies. Its report fed into the foreign assistance and the role of such emerging powers as China, policy white paper, Canada in the World, issued in 1995. India and Brazil, and Martin’s proposal for a G-20); the In all likelihood, the current foreign policy review process environment (the oceans, the Arctic, climate change); and that began years ago will continue for months to come. finally, human rights, democracy and good government. In And what comes out, rather than being a definitive state- some form, this foreign policy review has been in the works ment of Canada’s foreign policy, could become fodder for for years. Former foreign affairs minister Bill Graham, now an election campaign. defence minister, embarked in early 2003 on a months-long dialogue with Canadians across the country. Mr. Graham Allan Thompson is an assistant professor of journalism at also used an internet discussion forum to solicit the views Carleton University and a freelance journalist who writes a of ordinary Canadians. weekly column in The Toronto Star.

46 NOVEMBER–DECEMBER 2004