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Djibouti) : Structures De Variabilité Et Processus Qui Les Gouvernent Moussa Omar Youssouf

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Djibouti) : Structures De Variabilité Et Processus Qui Les Gouvernent Moussa Omar Youssouf Etude de l’habitat épipélagique du Golfe de Tadjourah (Djibouti) : structures de variabilité et processus qui les gouvernent Moussa Omar Youssouf To cite this version: Moussa Omar Youssouf. Etude de l’habitat épipélagique du Golfe de Tadjourah (Djibouti) : structures de variabilité et processus qui les gouvernent. Océanographie. Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2016. Français. NNT : 2016BRES0017. tel-02191547 HAL Id: tel-02191547 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02191547 Submitted on 23 Jul 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. THÈSE / UNIVERSITÉ DE BRETAGNE OCCIDENTALE Présentée par MOUSSA OMAR YOUSSOUF sous le sceau de l’Université européenne de Bretagne Préparée au sein de l'unité de recherche : UMR6539 pour obtenir le titre de : Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITÉ DE BRETAGNE OCCIDENTALE Unité mixte : Etude intégrée du Mention : Océanographie fonctionnement des écosystèmes École Doctorale des Sciences de la Mer Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer Etude de l'habitat Thèse souten ue le 23 mars 2016 devant le jury composé de : épipélagique du Golfe Sabrina SPEICH : Professeur des universités, École de Tadjourah (Djibouti) : Normale Supérieure, Examinateur/RapporteurPrésidente du Jury Structures de variabilité et Bruno Zakardjian : Professeur des universités, Université Sud-Toulon, Examinateur/Rapporteur processus qui les gouvernent. Laurent MEMERY : Directeur de recherche CNRS Directeur de thèse Xavier CARTON , Professeur des universités Université de Bretagne Occidentale / co-dircteur de thèse Mohamed JALLUDIN Directeur général du Centre d’Etude et de Recherchei de Djibouti : Invité Remerciements Remerciements Cette thèse a initialement bénéficié du soutien du gouvernement français par le biais du Service de Coopération et d’Action Culturelle de l’ambassade de France à Djibouti, que je tiens à remercier vivement. Je remercie également le Gouvernement djiboutien, et notamment le Centre d’Etude et de Recherche de Djibouti (CERD) qui a assuré la suite du financement ainsi que les travaux de terrain. De prime abord, je remercie tous les membres du jury, en particulier Sabrina Speich et Bruno Kazadjian pour avoir accepté d’être rapporteur de cette thèse. Qu’ils soient remerciés pour l’intérêt porté à ce travail, le temps consacré et les commentaires objectifs sur le manuscrit. Les résultats présentés dans ce manuscrit sont l’aboutissement d’un long cheminement et d’un travail de longue haleine. Je remercie toutes les personnes qui m’ont aidé tout au long de ce travail. En premier lieu, je tiens à exprimer toute ma reconnaissance à Laurent Mémery, mon directeur de thèse. Je le remercie d’abord de m’avoir accepté dans son laboratoire alors que mon projet de thèse n’était qu’à ses balbutiements et, mes connaissances dans le domaine océanographique étaient des plus élémentaires. Cette thèse a donc été pour moi une occasion de m’initier dans cette discipline passionnante qu’est l’océanographie. Je remercie mon directeur de thèse pour m’avoir fait confiance et laissé découvrir les choses par moi-même. L’apprentissage par la recherche, les questionnements et l’exigence d’aller au fonds des choses m’ont été très instructifs. Outre l’encadrement scientifique, je lui suis très redevable pour l’aide qu’il m’a apportée dans des moments difficiles. Mes sincères remerciements aussi à Xavier Carton, qui a assuré le co-encadrement de cette thèse. Si nous nous n’étions pas croisé sur le chemin, certains travaux de cette thèse n’auraient pas vu le jour. Les deux dernières années que j’ai travaillé avec lui ont été très bénéfiques à plusieurs égards et riches d’enseignements. J’ai appris avec lui d’être plus précis et surtout de calculer, démontrer, répondre aux questions avec précision. J’ai beaucoup apprécié sa minutie et ses conseils qui m’ont été très utiles. Je le remercie pour sa sympathie et sa disponibilité. Je remercie aussi tous ceux et celles qui ont contribué du près ou de loin, par leur engagement, leur geste de soutien et d’encouragement à ce travail : Remerciements Je remercie Dr Nabil Mohamed Ahmed, le ministre de l’Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche de Djibouti, qui m’a incité et encouragé à faire cette thèse. Sans ses conseils et ses encouragements, j’aurais peut-être hésité à me lancer dans ce travail de long halène. Je me dois également de remercier mes collègues et responsables du Centre d’Etude et de Recherche de Djibouti (CERD) qui m’ont appuyé tout au long de ce travail : mes sincères remerciements à Dr Mohamed Jalludin, le directeur général du CERD, pour m’avoir orienté vers ce sujet très intéressant et qui m’a fait découvrir beaucoup de choses. Merci également pour s’être déplacé et assisté à la soutenance de cette thèse malgré votre agenda très chargé - un geste qui montre l’importance que vous accordez à la science et à la recherche scientifique. Ma gratitude et ma reconnaissance distinguée à Dr Abdourahman Daher Miraneh, directeur de l’Institut des Sciences de la Vie au CERD. Sans son engagement et son dynamisme, les différentes campagnes que nous avions menées dans un contexte socio-politique difficile, n’auraient pas pu voir le jour. Je ne saurais oublier, Eric Duvielbourg, ingénieur au Laboratoire des Sciences de l’Environnement Marin (LEMAR). Je lui suis très reconnaissant pour m’avoir accompagné sur le terrain et assisté à l’échantillonnage. Nous avons ensemble défié les grandes vagues, au péril de notre vie, et réalisé des mesures en plein été durant lequel les eaux du Golfe de Tadjourah sont très hostiles et dangereuses. Un grand merci également à Manon LE GOFF, responsable du laboratoire de chimie au LEMAR ainsi qu’à Farhan BOURALEH du laboratoire de géochimie au CERD, tous deux m’ont assisté dans les analyses des nutriments, un domaine dont j’ignorai beaucoup de choses. Je remercie également tous les informaticiens du LEMAR et particulièrement, Camille Mazoyer, Emmanuel Tabouret et Alain Lemercier, qui m’ont soutenu au tout début, quand je ne maitrisais pas les outils informatiques (Linux et Matlab). Mes pensées aussi à Tony, JP (Jean-Philippe) et Romain, les doctorants avec qui j’ai partagé mon bureau. Nous avons passé des moments agréables qui resteront gravés dans ma mémoire. Merci à tous les Lemariens, en particulier à Anne Sophie Podeur, Laurent Chauvaud et Jacques Clavier pour l’accueil et la sympathie. Enfin, je ne pourrais terminer sans dire un mot à mes parents. Sans leur intuition et leur clairvoyance, je ne pourrais parvenir à ce niveau. Merci infiniment ! ce travail est aussi le vôtre. iii Dédicasse Je dédie cette thèse à : Mon grand-père maternel, Moussa Hamadou Idiris (Arroumleh Moussa), Mon père, OMAR YOUSSOUF HAMID, Ma mère, NASRO MOUSSA HAMADOU, Ma fille NASRO MOUSSA OMAR Ma femme HALIMA ADEN KAKO Que toutes ces personnes trouvent dans ce modeste travail ma reconnaissance pour leur amour, pour leur patience et pour tous leurs sacrifices. Listes Abréviations Liste des abréviations AVHRR : Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer CHL-a : Concentration de la chlorophylle a EMEUTSAT : Organisation européenne pour l’exploitation des satellites météorologiques GAC : Global Area Coverage GAIW Gulf of Aden Intermediate Water GASSW : Gulf of Aden Subsurface Water GASW : Gulf of Aden Surface Water GdA : Golfe d’Aden GdT : Golfe de Tadjourah GIEC : Groupe intergouvernemental d’experts sur l’évolution du climat GTSSW : Gulf of Tadjourah Subsurface Water. GTSSW : Gulf of Tadjourah Subsurface Water. IIOE : International Indien Ocean Expedition ML : Mixed Layer MLD : Mixed Layer Depth MNE : Mousson du nord-est MPC : Maximum profond de la chlorophylle MSO : Mousson du Sud-ouest PPN : Production primaire net de l’océan REDSOX : Red sea outflow experiment RSOW : Red Sea outflow water SAF : Réseau des centres d’applications satellitaires SST : Température de la surface de la mer SW : Surface water ZEED : Zone économique exclusive de Djibouti WOCE : World ocean circulation experiment Tables des matières Table des matières Remerciements .................................................................................................................... ii Liste des abréviations ...........................................................................................................v Table des matières .............................................................................................................. vi Index des figures ................................................................................................................. ix Index des tableaux ............................................................................................................ xiii INTRODUCTION GENERALE ..........................................................................................1 CHAPITRE 1 : REVUE BIBLIOGRAPHIQUE ...........................................................................7 1.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................8 1.2 Caractéristiques
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