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Thesis Binet VALUING NET BENEFITS OF BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION IN WEST AFRICAN MARINE PROTECTED AREAS ©Thomas Binet, BSc MD The thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) of the University of Portsmouth. Department of Economics, Portsmouth Business School University of Portsmouth, United Kingdom February, 2015 Abstract Momentum behind the economic valuation of ecosystems, after a decade of hopeful support from researchers and policymakers, is currently petering out and decision-makers still do not consider biodiversity conservation to be a political priority. Surprisingly, the economic benefits provided by the conservation of ecosystems have been poorly investigated, unlike the ecosystems themselves. Furthermore, is the valuation of conservation (the valuation of the “interest rate” made on the natural capital saved, instead of the valuation of the natural capital itself) an efficient means to better serve decision-making? The research presented here addresses this question, in proposing a more effective approach to the valuation of conservation. It also investigates how such economic valuation exercises could best serve the decision-making process. The research method for measuring conservation value relies on a comparison of Total Economic Values for analogous ecosystems both within a protected area and in outside adjacent areas. This methodology is tested in a sample of five marine protected areas in West Africa. For the estimation of the Total Economic Values in these sites, the research has applied most of the available valuation tools and includes all values for which data are available, including non-use values. The results indicate a predominance of benefits linked to indirect use values over direct use values and non-use values. The marine protected areas display substantial benefits when compared to unprotected sites. These benefits are thought to derive primarily from the better marine health status associated with protected areas, and subsequent higher indirect use values which compensate for the decrease in direct use values caused by the conservation policy and the subsequent limitations imposed as a result. The ‘paper areas’ (i.e. those protected areas with no management plan) show, however, a deficit even when compared to unprotected sites. The research discusses and highlights the shortcomings of such an approach within the West African context (data-poor situation, non-monetised economies, value transfer to developing countries, difficulties in communicating non-use values of biodiversity) and associated time and space considerations. It also underlines the importance of considering the socio-cultural context in any economic valuation, which provides key information for valuation interpretation. 2 Furthering the approach within the ‘economics of protection’ stream (after the ‘economics of degradation’ and the ‘economics of welfare’), this research delivers a new approach for valuing biodiversity conservation. The extensions of this research for policy purposes may include management support (comparison of conservation benefits with costs of management, increased consideration of indirect use values), advocacy information (through the calculation of the costs of policy inaction), and mechanisms for sustainable financing (through the development of payment for ecosystem services). 3 Contents Abbreviations ...................................................................................................................... 8 Declaration .......................................................................................................................... 9 1 Chapter 1: introduction ............................................................................................. 18 1.1 Context ................................................................................................................ 18 1.2 Research questions and objectives of the research ............................................. 19 1.3 Content ................................................................................................................ 21 2 Chapter 2: a framework for the economic valuation of marine protected ecosystems (literature review) .............................................................................................................. 24 2.1 Marine and coastal conservation context ........................................................... 24 2.1.1 Threats to coastal and marine ecosystems ................................................... 24 2.1.2 The efforts for enhanced coastal and ocean protection ................................ 26 2.1.3 The urgent need for sustainable management of marine and coastal ecosystems ................................................................................................................ 28 2.1.4 MPA as a powerful management tool to curb biodiversity loss .................. 29 2.2 A history of the economics of ecosystems ........................................................... 31 2.2.1 The economic value of ecosystem goods and services (1500-1990) ........... 31 2.2.2 Media interest in the economic valuation of ecosystems (1997-2000) ........ 38 2.2.3 The road to science and policy reconnection (2000-2013) .......................... 39 2.3 Valuation of ecosystems: concept and methods .................................................. 43 2.3.1 Framework for economic valuation of ecosystem services ......................... 44 2.3.2 Review of environmental goods valuation techniques ................................. 47 2.4 Methods for valuing conservation benefits ......................................................... 57 2.4.1 Cost-benefit analysis .................................................................................... 57 2.4.2 Cost-effectiveness analysis .......................................................................... 59 2.4.3 Multi-criteria analysis .................................................................................. 59 2.4.4 Synthesis ...................................................................................................... 60 2.5 Conclusion of the chapter ................................................................................... 62 3 Chapter 3: case study on a sample of West African MPAs ...................................... 64 3.1 The three ecoregions in West Africa and their related ecosystems .................... 64 3.2 Characterization of coastal and marine ecosystems in West Africa ................... 68 3.2.1 Mangroves .................................................................................................... 69 3.2.2 Estuaries and channels ................................................................................. 73 3.2.3 Mudflats ....................................................................................................... 74 3.2.4 Beaches ........................................................................................................ 76 3.2.5 Seagrass meadows ........................................................................................ 78 3.2.6 Coral bottoms ............................................................................................... 79 3.2.7 Rocky bottoms ............................................................................................. 81 3.3 Valuing ecosystem services in West Africa ......................................................... 83 3.4 Calculation method for the conservation benefits in the West African MPA ..... 84 3.5 The choice of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) and comparison areas ............. 85 3.5.1 Choice of MPA ............................................................................................ 86 3.5.2 Choice of comparison areas ......................................................................... 89 3.5.3 Geographical boundaries .............................................................................. 90 3.5.4 Surface areas of marine and coastal ecosystems .......................................... 91 4 3.6 The socioeconomic context of the case study ...................................................... 92 3.6.1 Commercial fishing ...................................................................................... 92 3.6.2 Subsistence fishing ....................................................................................... 95 3.6.3 Sport fishing ................................................................................................. 96 3.6.4 Salt production ............................................................................................. 97 3.6.5 Mangrove wood-cutting ............................................................................... 98 3.6.6 Medical exploitation..................................................................................... 99 3.6.7 Tourism ........................................................................................................ 99 3.7 Survey design .................................................................................................... 101 3.7.1 Populations: residential, allochton and visiting ......................................... 101 3.7.2 Sampling plan ............................................................................................ 104 3.7.3 Questionnaire and survey material ............................................................. 105 3.7.4 Survey method ..........................................................................................
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