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New Fruits Produced at the University of Minnesota Fruit Breeding Farm

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New Fruits Produced at the University of Minnesota Fruit Breeding Farm Bulletin 230 July 1926 UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION NEW FRUITS PRODUCED AT THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA FRUIT BREEDING FARM W. H. ALDERMAN DIVISION OF HORTICULTURE LATHAM RASPBERRY UNIVERSITY FARM, ST. PAUL CONTENTS Page Introduction . 5 Hybrid plums . 8 Anoka (Minn. No. u8) . 8 Elliot (Minn. No. 8) ............................................... 9 Goldenrod (Minn. No. 120) ......................................... IO Hennepin (Minn. No. 132) ......................................... II La Crescent (Minn. Ko. 109) ........................................ 12 Mendota (Minn. No. 5) ............................................ 13 Monitor (Minn. No. 70) ............................................ 14 Mound (Minn. No. 50) ............................................. 16 Radisson (Minn. No. 157) ......................................... 17 Red Wing (Minn. No. 12) ......................................... 18 Tonka (Minn. No. 21) ............................................. 19 Underwood (Minn. Ko. 91) ......................................... 21 Waconia (Minn. No. ro)............................................ 22 Winona (Minn. No. 30)............................................. 23 Plum-cherry hybrids . 24 Nicollet (Minn. Ko. 144)............................................ 24 St. Anthony (Minn. Ko. 145)........................................ 25 Zumbra ............................................................. 26 Apples . 28 Folwell (Minn. No. 237)............................................. 28 Haralson (Minn. No. 90)............................................ 29 Minnehaha (Minn. No. 300) ........................................ 31 Wedge (Minn. No. 207)............................................. 32 Strawberries ........................................................... 32 Chaska (Minn. No. 801) ............................................ 33 Easypicker (Minn. No. 775)........................................ 34 Minnehaha (Minn. Ko. 935)......................................... 35 Minnesota (Minn. No. 3) ........................................... ·' 37 Nokomis (Minn. No. 489)........................................... 38 Everbearing strawberries . 39 Deephaven (Minn. No. 41).......................................... 39 Duluth (Minn. No. 1017)............................................ 40 Raspberries . 41 Latham (Minn. No. 4).............................................. 41 Gooseberries . 42 Como (Minn. No. 43).......................................... ... 42 Pears . 44 Minn. Ko. r......................................................... 44 Ornamentals . 45 Manitou (Minn. No. 7).............................................. 45 Newport (Minn. No. II6)............................................ 47 In the collection of data and information regarding the fruits herein described the author gratefully acknowledges the valuable assistance of Charles Haralson, fonner superintendent of the Fruit Breeding Farm; Dr. M. J. Dorsey, formerly in charge of the section of horticultural crop breeding; Dr. J. H. Beaumont, present head of this section; F. E. Haralson, assistant superintendent of the Fruit Breeding Farm; and A. N. Wilcox, instructor in horticultural crop breeding. NEW FRUITS PRODUCED AT THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA FRUIT BREEDING FARM w. H. ALDERMAN1 INTRODUCTION Because of the severe winter conditions characteristic of the upper Mississippi Valley, Minnesota has been unable to utilize, except in a limited way, standard varieties of fruit grown in other regions. This situation has not only encouraged but has made necessary the pro­ duction of new varieties adapted to local conditions. The early set­ tlers soon became convinced of this fact and turned their attention to the growing of seedlings in large numbers, hoping to derive from them hardier and better adapted varieties. This movement was fos­ tered by the Minnesota State Horticultural Society, which at times distributed considerable numbers of apple seeds to its members for planting. As a result of this movement, scores of meritorious new varieties were brought into existence and a dozen or more growers attained distinction as originators of new fruits. The most outstanding production of this early period was the Wealthy apple, produced as a seedling by Peter Gideon, on his little farm overlooking the waters of Lake Minnetonka. The commonwealth of Minnesota soon recognized the value of fruit breeding work and gave official and financial support to the enterprise. The first state fruit breeding farm was established on Lake Minnetonka near Excelsior, in the spring of 1878, with Peter M. Gideon appointed by the the governor as superintendent. This station was continued until l88g, when by act of the legislature the property was sold and the station was abandoned. In the meantime, in the spring of 1887, by act of the state legislature, a small tract of land was set aside from the property of the State Public School at Owa­ tonna, to be used as an Experimental Tree Station. This station was administered through the University of Minnesota and continued in operation until 1925. E. H. S. Dartt was for many years the super­ intendent and grew a large number of seedling apples besides con­ ducting variety trials and some cultural studies. Mr. Dartt was sue- 6 MINNESOTA BULLETIN 230 ceeded by Hon. Thomas E. Cashman. During the latter years of its history, the Owatonna station was largely devoted to variety trials. In the spring of 1907 the state legislature appropriated $16,000 for the purchase of a fruit breeding farm for the state university and established an annual appropriation of $2000 for its care and management. During the ensuing summer the Board of Regents of the University purchased 77.89 acres of land near Zumbra Heights, about five miles west of Excelsior. Some necessary buildings were erected during the fall and winter, permitting the active work in fruit breeding to be started in the spring of 1908. The work of establishing and operating the farm was under the supervision of Samuel B. Green, horticulturist of the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station. Charles Haralson was appointed resident superintendent of the station and held this position until January, 1923; Fred E. Haralson, Much of the fruit breeding work is done in the greenhouses the present assistant superintendent, succeeding him. Additional land was purchased in 1920, making the total acreage 109.87 acres. That the present fruit breeding farm has been successful in the production of improved fruits is indicated by the fact that thirty-two new and valuable varieties have already been named and introduced. These, together with a promising seedling pear which has been distributed but not named, are described in detail in this bulletin. FRUITS PRODUCED AT FRUIT BREEDING FARM 7 A summary of these introductions discloses the following distribution into groups : Plums ............................... 14 varieties Plum-cherry hybrids .................. 3 Apples .............................. 4 " Strawberries (spring fruiting) ......... 5 Strawberries (Everbearing) ........... 2 " Red raspberries ...................... 1 variety Gooseberries ......................... " Ornamentals 2 varieties 32 " Fruit breeding in the orchards is carried on as extensively as weather conditions will permit Many of these varieties are rapidly becoming accepted as standards in this and adjoining states. The plums are being planted on a com­ mercial scale. The Minnehaha strawberry is proving one of the best money-makers in most of the sections where it is grown. The Duluth Everbearing strawberry is accepted as a standard in northern Minne­ sota and Manitoba. The Latham red raspberry has largely displaced all other varieties formerly grown in the state, with the exception of King, and greatly exceeds that variety in state-wide popularity. The wealth accruing to the state each year from the products of these thirty-two varieties far exceeds the total cost of all the state-supported fruit breeding experiments since the establishment of the first farm in 1878. In fact, the 1926 illcome from the Latham raspberry alone will be more than adequate for such a purpose. Except in a few cases where reduction was necessary, all the fruits illustrated in this publication are shown in natural size. In no cases have enlargements been made. 8 MINNESOTA BULLETIN 230 HYBRID PLUMS These fruits are to be distinguished from the smaller fruited and bushlike plum-cherry hybrids. The plum hybrids listed are all hardy, large-fruited forms produced at the University of Minnesota Fruit Breeding Farm from crosses between some form of the Japanese plum (Prunus salacina) and some of the hardy species native to the upper Mississippi Valley. Many of the varieties described produce fruits two inches in diameter, beautifully colored, and high in quality. They form a valuable and interesting addition to the list of hardy fruits and are of much promise for both home and commercial purposes. ANOKA Anoka (Minn. No. II8) Prunus salicina X Pru,nus americana Anoka has not been distributed as extensively, by either the Experi­ ment Station or commercial nurseries, as most of the other plums. For this reason its value is not well determined. Its productivity and fine showy fruits should make it worthy of more extended trial for both home and market use. Anoka originated from seed of Burbank pollinated by De Soto, the cross having been made in 1913. The first fruits were borne in 1918 and the variety was named and introduced to the nnrsery trade
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