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The UN's Sustainable Development Goal 11 in Russia Housing in Saint The UN’s Sustainable Development Goal 11 in Russia Housing in Saint Petersburg: providing access to safe, adequate, and affordable housing for all Aris Dougàs Chavarria NIA: 206102 Supervisor: Teresa Segura-García BA in Global Studies Universitat Pompeu Fabra 2020 Declaration This dissertation is the result of my own work, is not copied from another person’s published or unpublished work and includes nothing which is the outcome of work done in collaboration, except where specifically indicated. Neither the dissertation nor any part of it is substantially the same as any writing submitted for assessment at Universitat Pompeu Fabra, another university, or any similar institution. The UN Sustainable Development Goal 11 in Russia Housing in Saint Petersburg: providing access to safe, adequate, and affordable housing for all Abstract Housing is crucial for human livelihood. Nevertheless, many people globally are still unable to access safe, adequate, and affordable housing. In the case of Saint Petersburg, the city is facing a significant housing shortage, and many housing facilities are of low quality. The metropolis experienced a transition from a Soviet public housing model to a more privatised one, although this process has not laid out satisfactory results. Accordingly, this thesis analyses the housing situation in the former Leningrad. Firstly, it introduces the analytical framework: the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 11, which considers sustainable cities and communities, and the Target 11.1 “Safe and affordable housing,” together with the places of study, which are Saint Petersburg and Russia. Secondly, a historical section evaluates housing from late tsarist Russia, to the Soviet Union, and post-Soviet Russia. It outlines the situation in Soviet times and delves into the phenomena that led to structural housing transformations: the 1917 Revolutions and the 1991 collapse of the Soviet Union. The following section assesses inappropriate housing, and non-housing, which is homelessness. For this, it considers the insights gained from an interview with Daniil Kramorov, a staff member of Nochlezhka, the leading homelessness-related NGO in Russia. The following section explores the Soviet right to ‘quasi-free housing’ regarding the Soviet housing model and tests its’ pervasiveness among Russian university students from the Higher School of Economics (HSE) through a survey. To end, a section suggests measures to cope with housing challenges in Saint Petersburg. Keywords: Saint Petersburg, public housing, private housing, inappropriate housing, homelessness, the right to housing. i Table of Contents 1. Introduction to housing in Saint Petersburg ..................................................................... 1 2. The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, Goal 11, and its Target 11.1 “Safe and affordable housing” in Russia ............................................................................... 2 2.1 The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals ...................................................... 2 2.2 The Russian Federation and Saint Petersburg .................................................................. 3 2.3 The Russian Federation and the Sustainable Development Goals ................................... 4 2.4 The SDG 11 “Sustainable Cities and Communities” and Russia ..................................... 5 2.5 Russia, housing, and the Target 11.1 “Safe and Affordable Housing,” ........................... 6 3. From late Tsarism to the Soviet Union, and post-Soviet Russia: a historical overview of housing in Saint Petersburg ................................................................................................ 6 3.1 The housing Revolution: the late tsarist and early Soviet Petrograd ................................ 7 3.2 From utopia to reality: the housing situation in the RSFSR in Leningrad ..................... 10 3.3 Opening the pandora box: the privatisation of the Wild Nineties in Russia .................. 16 4. The inability to provide access to safe and affordable housing: inappropriate housing facilities and homelessness in Saint Petersburg ................................................................... 19 4.1 The murky side of housing: inappropriate housing in Saint Petersburg and Russia ...... 19 4.2 The issue of non-housing: homelessness and the activity of the NGO Nochlezhka ...... 20 5. Should the state provide housing? The Soviet right to ‘quasi-free housing’ and its pervasiveness among Russian university students .............................................................. 25 6. Recommendations for improving the housing situation in Russia ................................ 28 7. Conclusions ......................................................................................................................... 29 8. References ........................................................................................................................... 31 9. Annexes ............................................................................................................................... 38 9.1 Text annexes ................................................................................................................... 38 9.2 The interview with Daniil Kramorov, a staff member of the NGO Nochlezhka ........... 49 9.3 Local and international news of interest for this thesis .................................................. 54 9.4 Figures ............................................................................................................................ 59 1 1. Introduction to housing in Saint Petersburg Saint Petersburg is an appealing case to study housing. It has experienced two structurally different housing models, following radical shifts in state ideology. All in all, these models can be outlined as the more private one of tsarist Russia and post-Soviet Russia, and the Soviet model of public housing. Therefore, this thesis explores housing in Saint Petersburg and Russia. The first section presents Target 11.1 “Safe and Affordable Housing” within the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 11 of the United Nations (UN) as an analytical framework. The main indicator for this target is the share of the urban population living in slums, informal settlements, and inappropriate housing. It also presents Saint Petersburg and Russia as the spaces of study. The following section offers a historical overview of housing in Saint Petersburg and Russia, from the late tsarist empire to the Soviet Union and post-Soviet Russia. It examines the two historical moments that triggered fundamental changes in housing models: the period from the 1917 Revolutions until the end of the Civil War, which led to housing nationalisation, and the collapse of the USSR and housing privatisation. It also outlines the Soviet housing situation. For this, it considers academic literature. The following section focuses on the inability to provide safe, adequate, and affordable housing in Saint Petersburg, pointing out distinct types of inappropriate housing in nowadays Russia, drawing on academic literature. It also explores homelessness in Saint Petersburg, delving into the activity of the homelessness-related NGO Nochlezhka. For this, an interview is carried out with Daniil Kramorov, head of the Department of Resources and Public Relations. It also relies on Nochlezhka’s reports and literature. Next, a section explores the Soviet interpretation of the right to housing and tries to assess the notion’s prevalence among undergraduates of Russian citizenship through a six-question survey directed to students of the Higher School of Economics (HSE). The next section suggests measures for coping with the situation, proposing a reduction in military spending, a hybrid housing model, and state-civil society partnership for housing projects. To end, a section points out that Russia is not in the right pathway for change and stresses the urgency of tackling housing problems. In many contemporary sedentary societies, housing refers to the space which, if appropriate for living, may end up becoming a place, a ‘home’. This process occurs through the attribution of symbolic and cultural meaning to housing. Housing is a pillar of human existence; it is difficult to imagine the blossoming of personal development and the maintenance of personal stability without a permanent and secure place where to live and call home. Therefore, even if there are claims that long working hours and telework are colonising households, housing will continue 2 to be a fundamental element of most of the human lifestyles. Therefore, housing should be one of the foci of development policies. Providing housing for all and securing safe, accessible, and affordable housing is essential. Policymakers should reflect on issues such as the quality, quantity, and fitness of housing. They should focus on how to address inappropriate housing, which implies living in unsuitable housing, and tackle concealed and open homelessness, which means living in informal or non-fixed housing or making one’s living space out of the streets. 2. The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, Goal 11, and its Target 11.1 “Safe and affordable housing” in Russia This chapter is divided into five subsections. The first one presents an outline of the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and treats their configuration and some of their related problems. Moreover, another subsection provides information about
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