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Trauma and Resilience: the Relocation Experiences of Haitian Women Earthquake Survivors

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Trauma and Resilience: the Relocation Experiences of Haitian Women Earthquake Survivors Trauma and resilience: The relocation experiences of Haitian women earthquake survivors Author: Castagna Elmeus Lacet Persistent link: http://hdl.handle.net/2345/2744 This work is posted on eScholarship@BC, Boston College University Libraries. Boston College Electronic Thesis or Dissertation, 2012 Copyright is held by the author, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise noted. BOSTON COLLEGE Graduate School of Social Work TRAUMA AND RESILIENCE: THE RELOCATION EXPERIENCES OF HAITIAN WOMEN EARTHQUAKE SURVIVORS A dissertation by CASTAGNA E. LACET, MSW Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy March, 2012 © Copyright by CASTAGNA E. LACET, MSW 2012 Abstract In January 2010, Haiti experienced a phenomenon no living Haitian had ever known. A devastating earthquake of 7.0 magnitude ravaged the already destitute island nation, killing over 230,000, leaving over one million living in tent cities or open spaces, and affecting millions of Haitians on the island and in the diasporas. This study examines the trauma and resilience of women who survived Haiti’s 2010 earthquake and relocated to Boston, MA. A phenomenological qualitative design was used in this research in which 1-2 hour in-depth interviews were conducted with eight Haitian women who were living in Haiti and directly experienced the effects of earthquake. They all subsequently sought refuge from the destruction and chaos by coming to the U.S. This research aimed 1) to discover the culturally specific ways Haitian women survivors respond to trauma and exhibit resilience in the aftermath of a natural disaster and 2) to determine the factors that effect adjustment and wellbeing for Haitian women survivors in Boston. This inquiry was guided and informed by ecological resilience theory. A linguistically and culturally competent research team was formed in order to conduct the study in Haitian Creole, transcribe the narrative data, thematically code and analyze the data in the original language, and then provide clear translations that capture the meaning of the participants’ narratives. Findings revealed that barriers such as unresolved legal status, financial stress, empathic stress, and family separation, threatened successful adaptation to their new reality. Ecological factors such as supports from friends, family and community organizations were found to promote resilience in the women survivors. Cultural values promoting connections to Haiti, the power of women, education, and spirituality, also served as motivating factors for acclimating to their relocation. The findings of this study suggest that social workers serving the relocated victims of the recent Haitian earthquake recognize that the stress of family separation and the legal challenges of immigration are major factors affecting the resilience of this population. Acknowledgements There are countless people whom I need to thank for supporting me through this journey. I thank my mom, my siblings, and my large extended family for your encouragement. Thank you to those who helped me on my research team, doing what felt like endless transcribing, translating, and editing. Genevieve Dagobert- you really were an answer to my prayers. Thank you to my dissertation committee chair, Dr. Ruth McRoy for being available by phone, email, text, and every mode of communication in order to stay connected to me no matter where she was in the country. Thank you for helping me to discover that this research was exactly where I needed to make my contribution. Thank you to my committee members, Dr. Paul Kline, Dr. Kathleen McInnis-Dittrich, and Dr. Gemima St. Louis. I am extremely thankful for my committee’s support and their pushing me to make this work a worthy contribution to the field. Thank you for believing in me. A special thank you to Brenda Vitale, for working magic behind the scenes. To Dr. Regina O’Grady-Le Shane, I always felt your prayers when I needed them most, thank you. I am thankful for the support of my colleagues at Wheelock College including but certainly not limited to Dean Emerita, Kathleen Kirk Bishop, Ph.D., Nina Aronoff, Ph.D., Hope Haslam Straughan, Ph.D., Dean, Donna McKibbens, and Wendy Champagnie Williams, Ph. D. (candidate). Thank you for helping me find out what I wanted to be when I grew up, for welcoming me into the academy, and for cheering me on so enthusiastically every step of the way. i I also am grateful for the work of Dr. St. Louis and my colleagues at the Haitian Mental Health Network. This work is for the Haitian community and for the survivors and victims of the 2010 earthquake. There is so much more to be done, but “men anpil, chay pa lou”. Finally, a very special thanks to my best friend Consuela Greene, who literally stayed by my side, helping me push through to the very end. Faith, family, and friendship: who could ask for more? ii Chapter I: Introduction ................................................................................................................ 1 Purpose of the Study ......................................................................................................................................3 Significance of the Study...............................................................................................................................4 Understanding Haitian Immigrants ...............................................................................................................6 Understanding Haiti’s history. ..................................................................................................................7 Haitian migration patterns to the U.S. .................................................................................................... 11 Haitian migration experiences in Massachusetts. ................................................................................... 14 Understanding Haitian culture and values. ............................................................................................ 16 Chapter Summary ........................................................................................................................................ 19 Chapter II: Review of Literature .............................................................................................. 22 Cultural Expressions of Mental Health in Haitians ..................................................................................... 22 Natural Disaster and Mental Health ............................................................................................................ 26 Relocation and displacement after an Earthquake. ................................................................................ 30 Theoretical Framework: Resilience Theory ............................................................................................... 35 Research Aims and Questions ..................................................................................................................... 39 Chapter Summary ........................................................................................................................................ 40 Chapter III: Method ................................................................................................................... 43 Study Design ............................................................................................................................................... 43 Sample ......................................................................................................................................................... 44 Recruitment. ............................................................................................................................................ 44 Participants. ............................................................................................................................................ 46 Human Subjects Protection ......................................................................................................................... 46 iii Formation of a Culturally Linguistically Competent Research Team ......................................................... 47 Data Collection Procedures ......................................................................................................................... 48 Interviews. ............................................................................................................................................... 48 Interview setting. ..................................................................................................................................... 49 Measures ...................................................................................................................................................... 50 Interview protocol. .................................................................................................................................. 50 Participant survey. .................................................................................................................................. 52 Demographic survey. .............................................................................................................................. 52 CES-D Scale. ........................................................................................................................................... 52 Nicolas Depression Scale. ......................................................................................................................
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