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(12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 6,521,185 B1 Groger Et Al

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(12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 6,521,185 B1 Groger Et Al USOO6521185B1 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 6,521,185 B1 Groger et al. (45) Date of Patent: Feb. 18, 2003 (54) FLUORESCENT PROBES BASED ON THE Material Safety Data Sheet for Oxazine 750 Perchlorate, AFFINITY OF A POLYMER MATRIX FOR Exciton, Inc. (no date). AN ANALYTE OF INTEREST (75) Inventors: Howard P. Groger, Gainesville, FL (List continued on next page.) (US); Shufang Luo, Blacksburg, VA (US); K. Peter Lo, Blacksburg, VA (US); Martin Weiss, New Port Richey, Primary Examiner Jill Warden FL (US); James M. Sloan, Abingdon, (74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm-James Creighton Wray; MD (US); Russell J. Churchill, Meera P. Narasimhan Radford, VA (US) (57) ABSTRACT (73) Assignee: American Research Corporation of Virginia, Radford, VA (US) A highly-Sensitive, rapid response fluorescent probe is based on the affinity of a polymer matrix for an analyte of interest. (*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this The probe includes a polymer matrix and a dye immobilized patent is extended or adjusted under 35 in the matrix. The polymer matrix has an affinity for an U.S.C. 154(b) by 1159 days. analyte of interest and the dye has little or no Sensitivity to the analyte of interest when excited by an excitation Source (21) Appl. No.: 08/553,773 in a free State but has significant Sensitivity to the analyte of (22) Filed: Oct. 23, 1995 interest when excited by the excitation Source when immo bilized in the matrix. Sensors incorporating the polymer/ (51) Int. Cl." ................................................ G01N 21/64 fluorophore probes of the present invention have the Sensi (52) U.S. Cl. ................................ 422/82.08; 422/82.07; tivity and rapid response needed for detection of chemical 436/172 agent and biological materials. Sensors using the probes (58) Field of Search ........................... 422/82.05, 82.06, provide Sensitivity to Sarin at Several hundred parts per 422/82.07, 82.08, 82.11, 91; 436/104, 172 trillion in one Second or leSS. That is a notable advance over (56) References Cited State-of-the-art detectors that require preconcentration Steps, which in turn restrict response times to one minute or more. U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS A wide-range of near-infrared excitable fluorophores are 5,573.956 A * 11/1996 Hanning ..................... 436/164 used as Sensitive probes for analytes not detectable when the 5,621,522 A * 4/1997 Ewing et al. ... 356/301 fluorophores are outside the polymer matrix. The present 5,641,640 A * 6/1997 Hanning ........... ... 436/164 Sensors provide early warning of the presence of toxic 5,674,752 A * 10/1997 Buckley et al.............. 436/151 chemicals, provides for on-line analysis of trace materials in OTHER PUBLICATIONS chemical and biological processing operations and biomedi DuPont Product Information Sheet for Nafion(R) (Sep. cal processing operations, and provides for effective bio 2001).* medical and environmental monitoring. Safety Data Sheet for nile blue 690 perchlorate (Mar. 3, 1999).* 10 Claims, 14 Drawing Sheets Long Wave Polarization Ouarter Pass Filter Waveguide Beamsplitter Waveplate Bal Microscope Photodetector PE Objective 22 ser s Sensitive Film DMMP US 6,521,185 B1 Page 2 OTHER PUBLICATIONS Giuliani, J. F., “Selective Response of Polymeric-Film Coated Optical Waveguide Devices to Water and Toxic STN Search of CAS Registry for Reg. Nos. 62669-60-7 and Volatile Compounds.” Fundamentals and Applications of 54849-69-3 (Oct. 1,2002).* Giuliani, J. F., “An Investigation of the Solubility of Organic Chemical Sensors, ACS Symposium Series, vol. 309, pp. Vapors in Polymer Films. Using an Optical Wave Guide 320-329, 1986. Interfacial Probe,” Journal of Polymer Science, 1988, pp. Giuliani, J. F., “Reversible Optical Waveguide Sensor for 2197-2201, vol. 26. Ammonia Vapors,” Optics Letters, vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 54-56, Giuliani, J. F., “The Effect of Ammonia Ions on the Absorp 1983. tion and Fluorescence of an Oxazine Dry, 'Spectroscopy Letters, vol. 16, No. 7 pp. 555-563, 1983. * cited by examiner U.S. Patent Feb. 18, 2003 Sheet 2 of 14 US 6,521,185 B1 4. O O -1 before exposure to DMMP vapor 3 O O 2 O O after exposure to DMMP vapor 100 O -100 600 620 640 66O 68O 700 720 740 76O 780 8OO Wavelength, A (nm) FIG 3 400 300 2OO 100 O 1O 20 30 40 50 60 7O 8O Concentration (ppm) FIG 4 U.S. Patent Feb. 18, 2003 Sheet 3 of 14 US 6,521,185 B1 1OO 7 O 6 O 5 O O 2 4 6 8 1O 12 14 Concentration (ppm) F.G. 5 1 OO 9 O 8 O 7 O 6 O O 1 OO 200 3OO 400 500 6OO 7OO Concentration (ppb) F.G. 6 U.S. Patent Feb. 18, 2003 Sheet 4 of 14 US 6,521,185 B1 -20 O 20 40 60 80 OO 120 140 16O 18O 200 -- Vapor Off -20 O 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 Time (Second) FIG. 7 DMMP in OMMP Out s FlowCell G-Miaoscope Objective ...lau 655nm Long-pass Filter PMT 50 () HP4194A 40dB Amplifier FIG. 8 U.S. Patent Feb. 18, 2003 Sheet 5 of 14 US 6,521,185 B1 -44.00 -44.25 - GB OFF -44.50 -44.75 GB ON -45.00 -45.25 -45.50 -45.75 -46.00 10 15 20 Time (Seconds) FIG 10 U.S. Patent Feb. 18, 2003 Sheet 6 of 14 US 6,521,185 B1 -60 G8 ON -65 4. 6 8 1O 12 14 16 18 2O Time (Seconds) FIG 11 -2 O 2 4 6 8 1O 12 14 16 Time (Seconds) FIG. 12 U.S. Patent Feb. 18, 2003 Sheet 7 of 14 US 6,521,185 B1 4OO 450 500 550 600 650 700 Wavelength, A. (nm) FIG. 13 O DMMP Vapor On | Off 8 | 264. 40 150 160 17O 180 Time (Second) FIG. 14 U.S. Patent Feb. 18, 2003 Sheet 8 of 14 US 6,521,185 B1 10 8 6 4 2 -2O O 2O 40 60 80 1 OO 12O 140 16O 18O 2CO Time (Second) F.G. 15 10 5 Y Y O DMMP Vapor O 250 300 350 400 450 Time (Second) FG 16 U.S. Patent Feb. 18, 2003 Sheet 9 of 14 US 6,521,185 B1 150 140 130 12O 11O O 1O 2O 3O 40 50 6O 7O 8O Concentration (ppm) FIG. 17 12Ammonia \ .Water Vapor. On Ammonia 1 t Yu/ Vapor Off Water Vapor Off O 100 200 300 400 500 600 Time (Second) FIG. 18 U.S. Patent Feb. 18, 2003 Sheet 10 of 14 US 6,521,185 B1 1 6 DMMP Vapor ON r 2 0. 8 Ethanol ON -5 O 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Time (Second) F.G. 19 OMMP in DMMP Out Des!"-7 Laser 7 3-Microscope Objectiveas 555nm Long-pass Filter FIG. 20 Picoammeter U.S. Patent Feb. 18, 2003 Sheet 11 of 14 US 6,521,185 B1 13ppm DMMP N-O sppm DMMP - 1 OO O 1 OO 2OO 3OO 400 5OO 6OO 7OO Time (Second) FIG 21 U.S. Patent US 6,521,185 B1 (Sun qJW) dS "Onpold Jo unS U.S. Patent Feb. 18, 2003 Sheet 13 of 14 US 6,521,185 B1 O O OO O O O N 5 s CY) a. CN C CD O CDO CD t O O CN O O O O O O O (N O OO O r CN S. V vo (eefeO) effuW eSeuld U.S. Patent Feb. 18, 2003 Sheet 14 of 14 US 6,521,185 B1 US 6,521,185 B1 1 2 FLUORESCENT PROBES BASED ON THE (LAPS). Neither method has proven effective in meeting the AFFINITY OF A POLYMER MATRIX FOR sensitivity and response times required. At best, the SAW instrument has demonstrated Sensitivities to Sarin/Soman at AN ANALYTE OF INTEREST 0.01 mg/m (1.7 ppb), but requires preconcentration times This project was funded by the Department of the Army, ranging from 2 minutes to 14 minutes. Needs exist for Small Business Innovation Research Program of the U.S. field-usable Sensors that provide for highly-Sensitive, rapid Army Laboratory Command under Contract Number response measurements of the concentration of analytes in DAALO1-93-C-4049. Solution or in air. Previous efforts indicate that polymers can be used to BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION improve the sensitivity of SAW devices to a range of analytes and that polymer coatings are effective in enhanc This invention relates to apparatus for and methods of ing the concentrations of analyte detected by optical probes. rapidly and Sensitively detecting and monitoring chemical Polymer-coated waveguides have been used to detect nerve and biological materials. agent Simulants, Such as dimethyl-methyl-phosphonate Recent developments in the World political Situation, (DMMP), and polymeric materials having affinity for the 15 nerve agent and exhibiting a change in refractive index upon exemplified by the demise of the Soviet Union, continued absorption of the agent have been identified. Floropolyol geopolitical preSSures in the Middle East and Eastern Europe was found to have a partition coefficient for vapor phase and the proliferation of terrorist activities throughout the DMMP between one million and ten million, indicating that World, have raised increased concerns about the use of the concentration of DMMP in the fluoropolyol was up to chemical and biological warfare materials in local conflicts. ten million times that in the vapor phase. Fluoropolyol is The defense against chemical and biological warfare agents Strongly acidic, which may improve Sensitivity to Strongly includes detection of potential threats, development and use basic vaporS Such as the organophosphorus compounds.
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