SCIENTIFIC .AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT, No

Home , Henry Roscoe (chemist)

lO�O SCIENTIFIC .AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT, No. 651. JUNE 23, 1888. alloy with cop per, with which latt,er they formed orna has not been taken into account, Even this ?';1tlay, thing in the world to remember lllay just be among t,he mental metallic designs upon kmfe handles and such however, will not suffice to prevent a foul conditlOn of most difficult to B. We venture to aSSUllle, for lll things, and then released the dark-colored gold by a the river during the summer lI:lO�ths: The only o�her stance t,hat no chemical student would dream of try pickling process; by its means they h,ad produced an , feasi ble plan, in Sir Henry's 0pllllOn, IS,that of aeratlOn, ing to 'fix the date of the deluge ,in fÜS memory ?y so appearance of transparency in a metalhc representatlOn since free oxygen is to be had for n,othlllg, and the cost clmllsy a device as that we have JUS" q oted whll� he , � of water at a place where in the design a duck waR of pumping air need not be conslderable Sooner or has a far simpler plan always ready to hiS hand, as we represented plunging half its body below �he surface of later we shall have to filter the sewage through land, will endeavor to show. All he �eeds is the falllili1l;r a strealll, He believed that no other natIOn had made or discharge it into the estuary at a point not higher .. H,O," and this once thought of 10 the proper way" It use of this allo)', , than the sea reach, Until a more satisfactory means is simply impossible for it ever to be forg�tten, ,as m The changes which small proportions of f?reign mat for overcoming the evil has been devised, it is, proposed deed we have proved arnong our young fnends m nu- ter will produce in metals are not nece�sarlly o� small to add manganate in a moderate q uantity-three merous inst.ances. Thus: , , practical importance, for a sma�1 fractlOn o� ?Ismuth grains per gallon-during thobe periods of the year In "H,O" the central (and, therefore, most dlstmc in Cupper will reduce its electrlCal conductiv,lty �uffi when the dissol ved oxygen falls below,:W per cent, of tive) fact is the figure "2," cientlv to cause any submarine cable made wlth lt to the possi ble maximum, or the chlorllle exceeds 200 Of atoms, there are present exactly "3." " becouie a commercial failure, A cable made of �he grains per gallon , , Picturing the formula in our mind's eye as a f!ac, copper of to-day has twice as much message-carrYlllg Such is the gist of thiS valuable report, to WhlCh I,S tion, by the aid or an imaginary line of demarkatIOn, power as a cable made in the early days of telegraphy, appended full details of the experiments, the quanti HO , because of the copper now used belllg purer Pure ties of deo.dorants used, and the rainfall returns, -- we get 2 multiplied by 2 (elements) = "4." 16 17 gold has a breaking strain of from tons to tons to 2 , the square inch; but when alloy�d with but tu per Next, the division of the atomie welght of 0 (16) by , cent of lead it will break with a shght blow or I!nder a HINTS ON THE RELIEF OF TOOTHACHE,* this same figure 2. gives us "8," trifling strain, He next exhibited an alloy of ZlllC and THERE are four main causes of toothache : 1, irrita Lastly the forulUla itself-H,O-is permanently sug rhodium, which possessed in a small degree sOUle of the 2, 3, gestive �f the "deluge, " and the ,whoie ('Yh,ieh ?eeu properties of gun cotton, tion of the tooth pulp; exposure of the t,ooth pulp; periostitis; 4, alveolar abscess, or gum bO,lI. pies I1lUch more time and space m explamm� tt on ======paper than is required for the mental effort) IS, once The first, irritation of the tooth pulp, IS ca�sed, as a DEODomZATION OF SEW AGE. rule, by caries, which starts at 8,ome c?ngemtal mal for all, indelibly impresse� upon the memory" , We could easily multlply examples of thls kmd, formation, and is aided by the varlOus aCids engende�ed FüR some time past, says a corr�spondent, of the in the 1tI0uth, the resllit of disease or of fermentatIOn tending to show that a chemist who knows his"sym Manchedter GttaTdian the metropohtan publtc have of particles of food lodged in 01' between the teeth, The bols and equivalents " fairly weil cau �herefrOlll con been anxious to get at ' Sir Henry Roscoe's report on the progress of the decay is no doubt also accelerated by struct for himself a far bettel' mneIlJOl IlC system than deodorization of metropolitan sewage at the outfalls, any he is likely to find elsewher�, various micrococci and cryptogamous growths, The At length a copy has fallen into my hand�, The re , ' " decay creeps on tiIl at last impr ss!ons or heat and cold Returning, however, to Dr PI,ck, hiS new m�thod port is exceedingly interesting, and of vast unportance t;l 18 or biting on a hard substance Irrltate t�e tooth pulp of improving the memory "-'YhlCl?, by t,he way, not to Londoners, It was a fortunate day that saw t�e and cause pain of a more or less severe kllld and dura- altogether novel-chiefly conslsts m takmg ad va,lltage appointment of Sir Henry Roscoe as consu�ting chemist tion, of the correlation of what Illay be terllled senes of to the Metropolitan Board of Works, Durlllg the shoI:t , , In this species of toothache, the dlagn?SIS could, be ideas, such, for example, as " book-printing ; printing time he has held that post he has accoml?lished a con arrived at by the following tests: no palll on tapplllg -newspaper ; newspaper-:-telegraph,; telegraph-At siderable amount of valuable work, SIr Henry ha;s lantic cable' cable-AllIel'lca; Amel'lca-cotton; co� the crown of the tooth, no redness round edge of the made several experiments in reference to the deodol'l gum and the pa in being only occasional and of a sharp ton-Manch�ster; Manchester-Sir Robert Peel; SIr zation which it will be as weil to set forth, A clear , char�cter, Telllporary relief would be afforded b� a Robert Peel-free trade," and so on idea df the principles upon which the deodorants stopping, such as cotton wool saturated wlth a solutIOn But here again different people would instinctively bleaching powder and manganate , of soda and sul . of mastic, 01' a plug of gutta percha to keep away c?ld forge very different links to the chain, wh<;n the whole phuric acid-act nlUst first be obtallled, as weil as the and pre�sure, with advice to have a permanent filhng "system ,. is at onee weakened, and the ttem wanted suhsequent changes whieh th� sewage undergoes ILf�er , , put in, would be missed and some other recalled to mel!JOry snch treatment in its passage lllto and adnll�ture w�th '['wws; The second variety, ruore frequently seen by pharllla Thus we might go easily frolll "newspaper " to the water of the river, No q uantity of chellllCals WhlCh cists, is ex posure of the pul p, The decay has proceeded times-clocks' clocks-watches; watches-Sir Joho ean be added is sufficient 1,0 change the whole of the , ' ' till it has laid bare the pulp cavity, �nd an)' ho or Bennett, etc; cable might sllggest "ship," 01 Sir R. � "bobbi6lS,"-Monthly Magazine. wlid maUer into harmless forms, sothat the use of chem cold substance or contact with any sohd matter brlllgs Peel, ieals is only to be regarded s a tem,porary measure, , � on an at.tack of severe toothache, �uided exclush'ely by conditlOns of tune and of plac�, This form oi toothache can be diagnosed by the Sir Henry points out that, considering the present THE ENEMIES OF THE HUMAN SPECIES, , P?SI severity and continuity of the pain of a sharp lall�inat. tion of the out falls, the arrangements now eXlstlllg RAPHAEL BLANCHARD, * ing description, and little or no inc ease of palll ,on By there and the conditions arising from drought and � percussion' it is generally accompamed by extensIve high temperature during the summer months, th� ad THE epoch in which we live will ever be memor�ble decay, and' the gum may have a red ring round the , dition of some deodorant to the effluent sewage IS ad in the history of human knowledge �t has preslded margin, visable' but should the conditions be altered, then the " over the birth of a goodly number of selences that were Relief in this case may be obtallled' by llltroduclllg necessity for such addition might decrease 01' �ven dis but yesterday unthought of, and, i� the first r�nk of, gently a plug of cotton wool saturated 'Yithcamp�or , appear, The use of chemicals is onl� ?f v�lue 10 �o far which stands microbiology Thls smence, of WhlCh the ated spirit camphorated chloroform,solutlOn of cocallle, that they either start a process of punficatlOo or sUllply illustrious Pasteur was the prophet, produced , a pro or any an�dyne of thfÜ description ; but of course these get rid of the evil odor, found perturbation in biology, and has revolutIOmzed , " , are only of a palliative description, and for permanent The knotty point is to purlfy the l'lve� (10 whleh the the physico-chemical world itself. , relief the pulp must either be destroyed or rendered se wage may remain for some length of tune) by natu, ral The fermentations that were consldered but yester healthy and a suitable fill!ng,iI?troduced : , , day as taking place through the simple aid lble to detect It C? dies and undergoes fatty degeneratIOI�, u�less the s?ell , recollecting this, we remember all that IS reqmre,d , same days after its addition, Apart frOlll the consld- that. imprisons it has been I, ed by drlOkI�g w,ater lI?tO The worst of these arbitrary methods of fixmg, 01' , eration of cost, manganate is more preferable as a deo- the human inteHtine In thiS case, the digestive flUids , attempting to fix, by a short forlllula, SO lle I nger and dorant than bleaching powder, The fir t se les of ! � soften the shell and set the embryo free in the medium � l' more complex fact 01' idea upon the mmd, IS, to our experiments on the effe�ts of, the two chellllcals on �he that is precisely adapted to its ulterior evolution. It thinking, that hardly any two persons t��e up , a�y living organisms contamed, m th sewage was car led thell develops and quickly reaches an adult state, t;l l' psychic impression in the same way, Indl vldual I�IO out at Cl'Ossness, the relll�mder m Manchester, The 'l'he mischief done by this worm is in most cases not syncrasies step in here, and what A finds the easlest average annual cost for usmg manganate as a ?eod,o' -"Abstract of a paperread befor� tbe Freuet A88ociatiou for the Ad rant is estimated at 4.0,000/.; the cost of sulphurlc aCId • From a paper by W. Rushtou, vancement of Scienees .

of a formidable nature, yet it is nevertheless capable themselves betwefm the abdominal rings of the little THE ACTION OF FLUORIDE OF SILICON ON of causing terrible accidents at times by getting into crustacean, enter the latter's general cavity. Here ORGANIC BASES.* the air passages and causing rapid asphyxia, or rising they remain, moult, grow, and reach their complete through the choledoch duct and bringing about an larval state. By ARTHUR M. COMEY and C. LORING JACKSON. icterus or suppurative hepatitis, or by perforating the THE LIVER FLUKE. intestine and fallin� into the peritoneum, 01' finally by THIS is an interesting paper contained in the May The liver fluke (Distoma hepaticnm), so often found �4.merican Chemical Journal, causing nervous phenomena simulating chorea, epi number of the being COfl lepsy, etc. in oxen and sheep, is sometimes also found in man's tribut:ions frolll the chelllical laboratory of Harval'd liver. This is another parasite transmitted to us by This parasite is now comparatively rare in France. College. The authors say : Tht' research described was water. Is this because medicine has exterminated the race? undertaken in the hope of obtaining from the amines The worm contained in the biliary tracts of the No; it is simply due to the fact that the use of filtered products similar to the compound which ammonia sheep lays eggs, which, ejt'cted from the intestines, Water has become comlllOn. gives with fluoride of silicon, (NH ),SiF" discovered by finally reach water. Here they develop. An embryo Gay-Lussac and Thenard t and three years later pre THE TRICOCEPHALUS makes its exit whose entire body is covered with pared and studied by J. Davy.:j: We have been able vibratile cilia, thus Illaking it reselllble an infusorian. to find only two previous papers on the subject, one differs much from the ascarides from a zoological This embryo swims off to find some animal that can published by Laurent and Delbos,§ in 1848, in which point of view, but greatly resembles it in its propaga harbor it. Its intermediate host is a small shell fish, the action of fluoride of silicon on aniline is described, tion. This singularly shaped parasite lives in the first Limncea truncatula, whose pulmonary chamber it the product being a nearly white mass, whi'lh they portion of man's large intestine. The eggs behave in enters. It then attaches itself to the side of this, tra washed with ether, boiled with alcohol, and sublimed the same mann er as those of the ascarides, and develop verses it, and enters the gelleral cavity. Here it moult., to purify it for analysis; their analyses, however, led only in water at the end of from six IJ)onths to a year and then undergoes complicated metamorphoses. only to a very complex formula containing oxygen, and a half. 'I'he embryo is introduced into the diges It has now lost its ciliary appendages and is provided which they advance .. with much reserve," although it tive passages by drinking vater, and develops at once. with a hollow cavity, in which art' organized and was confirmed by the proportionsll in which its factors THE DUODE� ANKYLOSTOMA. developed cellular masses, each of which develops into com bined. The substance when treated with water a redic. The redics become free from the rupture gave a gelatinous precipitate of silicic acid, and when This little nematode inhabits the small intestine. Dis of the side of the embryo's body and distribute thelll boiled with alcohol was converted into sIllall white covered at Milan by Dubini, in 1838, and rediscovered selves through the mollusk's body. They grow rapidly lustrous scales.� The second paper was publisht'd by in twenty per cent. of the inhabitants of Upper Italy, and give birth to a large number of new organisms, W. Knop, ** in 1858, and had for its primary object the it was generally considered a harmless parasit� until which accumulate in their general cavity. 'fhese study of the solution of fluoride of silicon in absol ute Griesinger, in 1851, found that to it was to be attrl buted creatures of the second generation are the cercarias. alcohol, which gave with urea and aniline the fluosili the chlorosis with which half of the poor population of They have a disk·shaped body and a long tail. They eates of these ba ses, hoth of which Knop sublimed, and . Egypt is affiicted. Later on, i t was met with in Brazil make their exit from the redic through a peculiar obtained from the urea fluosilicate only amlIlonic fluo in cases of opilation, and in the Antilles in ca ses of orifice at the back. 'fhe animals are vt'ry agile. They silicate, silicic acid, and cyanuric acid; but from the agueous cachexy, chthonophegia, and sickness of stom make a passage through the tissues of their host and aniline fluosilicate a new substance, which gave a pre ach alllong the negroes. "White tongue," earth eating escape into the water. Reaching this, they swim with cipitate of gelatinons silicic acid with water, and con and other morbid symptoms are connected with the pre alacrity, using their tail as an oar, and then stop at tained more silicon and fluorine tban tbe flllosilicate. sence of this parasite. Everywhere and always, those the surface of Bome aquatic plant and encyst them He did not, however, identify it witb the substance who harbor this parasite are enfeebled and are affiicted selves. Swallowed by sheep or by man, they become made by Laurent and Delbos. We may add that with profound analUlia. During the construction of the transformed into flukes, and rise through the biliary some years later "\V. Knop and "\V. W olt'tt deseribe St. Gothard tunnel, a fatal epidemic arose among the channels to fixthemselves definitely in the liver. They the aniline fluosilicate more in detail. workmen, who were struck by hundreds with analmia, may get a lodging in animals in three ways: through The results of our work on this subject Illay he surn and the surl'ivors remained for a long time debilitated eating the mollusk that harbors them, through drink IlIarized b!'iefly as follows: Aniline forms with fluoride and unable to work. ing the water in which they are swimming, or byeating of silicon a compound having the forrnula (C.H.NH,). The cause of this remained unknown until one day in cresses on which they have encysted themselves. (SiF.)" which sublimt's without alteration, but is decolII 1879, when DI'. Graziadt'i met with a large number of posed with wate!', forl1ling aniline fluosilicate and silicic ankylostomas in the intestine of the body of a work THE BILHARZIA. acid; when heated with an excess of aniline, it is cou verted into another cOlupound having the foruJUla, man of the St. Gothard tunnel upon wh ich he was On the eastem coast of Africa, but especially in making an autopsy. It was therefore necessary to (C.H.NH,).(SiF.)" and the sallle substance is former! Egypt, there is frequently observed a peculiar disease attribute to these minute worms that terrible epidemic when fillol'ide of silicon !lctson aniline at high tempera known as hematuria of Egypt. It is caused by a which made so many victitus in a few months. tures. This second prod uct is unstable, breaking u p worru allied to the fiuke, but living in the blood. This It has been found that this same parasite is the wonu (Bilharzia hcematobia) is harmless in itself, but spontaneously into the first and free anilinfl. The fol cause of the anallJlia observed among miners aad brick lowing bases also give compounds containingthree mole its eggs, which are arrued at one end with a very sharp and tile makers in France, and workmen on rice cules of the base to two of fluoride of silicon: paratolui point, pierce the wall of the capillaries, lacerate the plantations in Italy. In a word, the ankylostoma is tissues, anLl thus produce intestinal 01' vascular hemor dine, orthotol uidine, parachloraniline, diphenylamine, one of the most formidable parasites of the h Uluan dimethylaniline, chinoline, and dimethylamine, the last rhages. The metamorphoses and migrations of this species. gi ving also a eOlu pound having the formula [(CH.),NH j. parasite are unknown ; but we know that it is trans An exalllination of the animal shows how it is capa (SiF.),. On the other hand, we have not succeeded in mitted by water. ble of doing its misehiel'ous work. Its mouth is obtaining from ammonia a cOlllpound of the forlllula armed with four strong chitinous teeth, by means of THE LINGUATULA. (NH3).(SiF.),. which it fixes itself to the mucous membrane of the The linguatula lives in the nasal fosSal and the We propose to call these substances siIicotetrafiuo intestine, which it perforates, and, reaching the capil· frontal sinus of the dog. It lays eggs which'are ejected rides, a clumsy name, it is true, but one which will lär�' vessels, lacerates their wall. This abstraction of with the sanguinolent mucosities that the dog con designate them with certainty, whereas all the simpler blood bv hundreds of these animals for months debili names, such as silicofluoride or fiuosilicide, have been tinually distributes over the grass, and which may 01' tates the human organislJl to such a degree as to put be absorbed with the latte I' by an herbivorons animal used for the fluosilicates at one time another, and life in danger and to make recovery very slow. or even by man. Soon after reaching the digestive tube, might therefore lead to confusion. It il:l through water, and that alone, that this animal the egg gives passage to an embryo that traverses the The remainder of the paper contains the detailed im'ades uso account of our experimental results, and at the end a .FILARIA OF THE BLOOD. wall of the intestine and encysts itself in the li ver. Here it moults many times, each moult being the discussion of our views in regard to the constitution of the silicotetrafluorides. AnlOng the parasites transmitted to us by drinking signal of a' new organic complication. Finally it water rnay be cited the filaria of the blood. This acquires a high degree of development. If the aniIual animal has not been known very long, since it was that harbors this larva becomes prey to a carnivorous SPECTRUM OF CARBON. but twenty-five years aga that it was discovered by animal, a dog for example, the larva enters the nasal PROF. VOGEL communicated lately to the Physical Delllarquay. Nevertheless, its biological and patho fossal, fixes itself therein definitely, and undergoes its Society, Berlin, the results of his researches on genetic history is al ready as completely elucidated as la.t metamorphosis. the spectrum of earbon. In recent times tbe spec that of the best studied helminth. Owing to the fact that man is both herbivorous and tra of all the carbon compounds have been recognized Olle of the most widely distributed diseases in the carnivorons, he is capable of being the host of the lin as being those due to carbon itself, the sole exception intertropical zone is halmato-chyluria; and the ele guatula in the larval as weil as the adult state. There being in the case of cyanogen, whose spectrum was phantiasis of the Arabs is observed in the same regions. is a great difference in the frequency of these two considered to be that of the compound, not of carbon It has been found that these maladies are but two forms, however. In fact, the adult has been recog itself. The speaker had therefrolll investigated the manifestations of one and the same disease, which is nized but once with certainty, while the larva has spectrum of cyanogen, with the help of photography. due to the tilaria. The circulating apparatus of per many times been met with in the liver and other He obtained a spectrum whieh was marked, from the sons affiicted with filariosis contains adult worms, organs_ TAPE WORMS. red to the ultra-violet, by very characteristic lines. which are about four inches in length. The females The spectrum of a Bunsen burner was next photo give birth to very sIllall embryos, which are carried We now come to the parasites that we owe to our graphed, and it was found that its first three lines coin along by the blood and disseminated throughout the anima 1 food. The migrations of the tamias have been cide in all respects with those of the spectrum of cya orgauism. From the blood, these embryos pass into known for nearly thirty years. The Tamia soli um nogen ; in addition a series of !ines Iying between tbe the urine, into the tears, and even into the glands of comes frOlll pork Illeat, the Tcenia vaginata from beef, above and also in the blue were found to be ident.ical Meibomius. Through ihe urine they easily reach and the hydatic cysts result from fortuitous ingestion in both spectra. On the other hand, the two bands in water, and it was thus, it was first thought, that the of the eggs of Tcenia echinococcus. the blue and ultra-violet were absent in the spectrum migration nece8sary for their development was aCCOIIl 'I'he only important discovery that has recently been of the cOlupounds of carbon and hydrogen, being re plished. But Dr. Manson, of Amoy, has proved by madfl in this line of research is that of the intermediate placed by a series of very character!stic double lines. ingenious experiments that the embryo is introduced host of the BothTiocephalus. It was for a long time Prof. Vogel next photographed the spectrum of car directly into the blood vessels by an animal in which it suspected t.hat this worm, which is so frequent in bonic oxide, and found that its more highly refracted has to pass its larval existenct', and that that animal Switzerland and the Baltic provinces of Russia, was portion corresponded cOlupletely with that of cyano is the mosquito. Countries in which filariosis prevails transmitted to us by a fish, but tbere was a dispute as gen. The bands in the blue and ultra-violet were par are infested with legions of mosq uitoes. In certain to the species. Prof. Max Brann has closed the debate ticularly weil marked, whereas the less highly re species, the female is provided with a buccal armature and shown that the parasite passes its larval period in fracted half of this spectrum did not correspond strong enough to pierce the human skin. When. with the muscles of the pike. with that of cyanogen. Finally, the light emit· this, she stings a slumbering man aillicted with filario· ted by the electric arc was photographed, and sis, and sucks his blood, the embryos contained in the OTHER PARASITES, its spectrum resembled , in all respects, that later pass into the insect's digestive tube, and, protected of cyanogen. The speaker drew the concl usion by their chitinous cuticle, continue to live and develop, We have j ust passed in review a certain number of from these observations that in all four cases he was When full, the mosquito goes off to some sheltered enemies of the human species. Their nature is varied, really dealing with the spectrum of carbon. The dif place to digest at her ease. 'fhe material absorbed yet all have a great resemblance as regards the mann er ferences in the several spectra are not dependent upon serves for the elaboration of the eggs. When, after a in which they invade our organism. As for the mi differences of tem perature, inasmuch as the tempera few days, the latter are ready to be ejected, the insect crobes which we alluded to at the outset, these gain an ture of a Bunsen flame is higher than thatof cyanogen, 01' , repairs to the vicinity of a pond brook, deposits her entrance through our beverages or solid food Now and notwithstanding this the latter gave a more highly burden, and falls into the water and dies. Meanwhile that their origin is known, it will be easy to protect developed and complicated spectrum. The speaker the embryos have grown and hal'e moulted several ourselves against them, for para8itic diseases make a was much more inclined to a,SUlue the existence of times, and thus reached thf'ir larval state. This state happy exception in the dOlllain of pathology, in that modifications of carbon, of which one yields its spec culminates at the very moment the mosquito falls into their cause being determined,:we know at the same trum in the Bunsen flame, the other in the fiame of the water to which she has confided her charge. The time the measures to take to avoid them. carbon monoxide, the two spectra being met with larval are capable of leading a free and independent ex- Since water is the vehicle of so many parasit es, the uni ted in those of cyanogen and the electric arc re istence quite a long time, and consequently have an exclusive use of boiled or filtered water is an imperious spectively. In photographs of the solar spectrum, the opportunity so me day or other of reaching the digest-' necessity. Ordinary filters are incapable of arresting dark background on which the line G is conspicuous ive tube of man with drinking water. From the intes- the passage of the most subtile microbes, and these are shows such a marked correspondelJce with narrow tine they pass into the lymphatics and blood vessels, not the least dangerous. Boiling prolonged for some bands in all the above four spectra that the existence where they stop definitely and accomplish their last minutes is alone capable of giving absolute security. of carbon in the sun must necessarily be assumt'd. metamorphosis, which leads them to the adult state. In regard to parasites such as trichinal and cysticerci, Filaria Madinensis, * Cornrnunieated by the authore, frorn the Proeeedings of the American There is another species, the whose germ is transmitted to us by solid food, pro 0 f Arts whieh is found on the coast of Guinea, in Senegal, longed cooking is the most efficacious of measures tc. Acaderny and Seienees, Nubia, Arabia, Persia, Turkestan, Brazil, and else- take against them. Yet the usual culinary prepara tMern_d'Arcueil, 2,317_ :1= Phi!. 1812, 352. where, which attains a length of six feet, and which tions are rarely sufficient to give absolute immunity. Trans" p. § Ann. 22, 101. appears under the skin and produces a.bscesses. The We know that trichinre. for example, will live in piece8 ehirn. phys" ser. 3, worm found under the skin is always a female, and is of mAat immersed for some time in water heated to 80' 11 These proportions agree tolerably with the formula worked out by us for this substanee, but their analytieal resnlts do not and are entitled to filled with an immense number of embryos that only C. Now, meat sublllitted to cooking never reaches such no eonsideration, on aceount of the difficulties in th e analysis, whieh await a chance accident to esca,pe into water. When a temperature. Lallrent and DeI bOB did not sueeeed in overcoming. this occurs, the embryos fasten themselves to the feet As regards parasites derived from vegetable food, we ,. Aniline t1uosilieate. C of the cyclops that are met with in abundance in the have no protection, herbs being mostly eaten in a raw ** hern. Central blatt, 1858, p. 388. stagnant waters of tropical countries, and, insinuating state; but, fortunately, they form only the exception. tt lbid., 1862, p. 401.