SIS Bulletin Issue 29
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Geoffrey Wilkinson
THE LONG SEARCH FOR STABLE TRANSITION METAL ALKYLS Nobel Lecture, December 11, 1973 by G EOFFREY W ILKINSON Imperial College of Science & Technology, London, England Chemical compounds in which there is a single bond between a saturated car- bon atom and a transition metal atom are of unusual importance. Quite aside from the significance and role in Nature of the cobalt to carbon bonds in the vitamin B 12 system and possible metal to carbon bonds in other biological systems, we need only consider that during the time taken to deliver this lec- ture, many thousands, if not tens of thousands of tons of chemical compounds are being transformed or synthesised industrially in processes which at some stage involve a transition metal to carbon bond. The nonchemist will pro- bably be most familiar with polyethylene or polypropylene in the form of do- mestic utensils, packaging materials, children’s toys and so on. These materials are made by Ziegler-Natta* or Philipps’ catalysis using titanium and chro- mium respectively. However, transition metal compounds are used as catalysts in the synthesis of synthetic rubbers and other polymers, and of a variety of simple compounds used as industrial solvents or intermediates. For example alcohols are made from olefins, carbon monoxide and hydrogen by use of cobalt or rhodium catalysts, acetic acid is made by carbonylation of methanol using rhodium catalysts and acrylonitrile is dimerised to adiponitrile (for nylon) by nickel catalysts. We should also not forget that the huge quantities of petroleum hydrocarbons processed by the oil and petrochemical industry are re-formed over platinum, platinum-rhenium or platinum-germanium sup- ported on alumina. -
Basic Structure Principle and Application of High Precision Microcomputer Automatic Calorimeter
International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN (Online): 2319-7064 Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2015): 6.391 Basic Structure Principle and Application of High Precision Microcomputer Automatic Calorimeter Gang Li, Jian Chu Tianjin Key Laboratory of Information Sensing and Intelligent Control, Tianjin University of Technology and Education,Tianjin,300222,China Abstract: This paper mainly expounds the system composition and the use of high precision microcomputer automatic calorimeter. Taking 80oA type LRY as an example, this paper introduces the main engine, oxygen bomb, automatic oxygen filling instrument, measurement and control software, computer, printer and other parts of the function and working principle and the problem should pay attention to in the use of the process. Keywords: Microcomputer automatic calorimeter; oxygen bomb; automatic oxygen filling instrument. 1. Introduction get a high calorific value. After correction of the moisture content of coal (the original water and hydrogen generated The system runs in Wnidow7 and above systems, from coal combustion), the heat of coal was obtained. human-computer interaction that is, learning to use. The soft using the object-oriented programming method, using the 2. The Composition of Microcomputer modular management technology, multi task operation. The Automatic Calorimeter system use advanced serial communication technology, integration of system control and data management, owning 2.1Host good compatibility and easy to maintain. It overcomes the disadvantages of the computer interface board job hopping Automatic water injection, drainage, will not overflow, and has a wide adaptability. Because of the use of scientific water temperature is not required. The system using and effective algorithm, the data accuracy is high, the system scientific and effective algorithm, which can automatically is stable and reliable. -
Technological Instruments in Physics
DRAFT (d.d. Dec. 14th 2006). This article has been published in: A Companion to Philosophy of Technology, (2009). Jan-Kyrre Berg Olsen, Stig Andur Pedersen, Vincent F. Hendricks (eds.), Blackwell Companions to Philosophy Series, Blackwell Publishers. 78-84. Please quote or cite from the published article. INSTRUMENTS IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MIEKE BOON Department of Philosophy, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands. E- mail: [email protected] Modern science and technology are interwoven into a complex that is sometimes called 'techno-science': the progress of science is dependent on the sophistication of instrumentation, whereas the progress of ‘high-tech’ instruments and apparatus is dependent on scientific research. Yet, how scientific research contributes to the development of instruments and apparatus for technological use, has not been systematically addressed in the philosophy of technology, nor in the philosophy of science. Philosophers of technology have taken an interest in the specific character of technological knowledge as distinct from scientific knowledge, thereby ignoring the contribution of scientific knowledge to technological developments. Philosophers of science such as the so-called New-Experimentalists, on the other hand, recently has become interested in the role of instrumentation, but merely focus on their role in testing scientific theories. By reviewing the two distinct developments and taking them a step further, an alternative explanation of the interwoveness of science and technology in scientific research is proposed. Additional to testing theories, instruments in scientific practice have an important role in producing reproducible phenomena, and these phenomena may have technological applications. Subsequently, technological development of these applications requires theoretical understanding of the phenomenon and of materials and physical conditions that produce it, is not for the sake of theories about the world, but for the sake of understanding a phenomenon and how it is technologically produced. -
Historical Group
Historical Group NEWSLETTER and SUMMARY OF PAPERS No. 61 Winter 2012 Registered Charity No. 207890 COMMITTEE Chairman: Prof A T Dronsfield, School of Education, | Prof J Betteridge (Twickenham, Middlesex) Health and Sciences, University of Derby, | Dr N G Coley (Open University) Derby, DE22 1GB [e-mail [email protected]] | Dr C J Cooksey (Watford, Hertfordshire) Secretary: | Prof E Homburg (University of Maastricht) Prof W P Griffith, Department of Chemistry, | Prof F James (Royal Institution) Imperial College, South Kensington, London, | Dr D Leaback (Biolink Technology) SW7 2AZ [e-mail [email protected]] | Dr P J T Morris (Science Museum) Treasurer; Membership Secretary: | Prof. J. W. Nicholson (University of Greenwich) Dr J A Hudson, Graythwaite, Loweswater, | Mr P N Reed (Steensbridge, Herefordshire) Cockermouth, Cumbria, CA13 0SU | Dr V Quirke (Oxford Brookes University) [e-mail [email protected]] | Dr S Robinson (Ham, Surrey) Newsletter Editor: | Prof. H. Rzepa (Imperial College) Dr A Simmons, Epsom Lodge, | Dr. A Sella (University College) La Grande Route de St Jean,St John, Jersey, JE3 4FL [e-mail [email protected]] Newsletter Production: Dr G P Moss, School of Biological and Chemical, Sciences Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS [e-mail [email protected]] http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/rschg/ http://www.rsc.org/membership/networking/interestgroups/historical/index.asp Contents From the Editor 2 RSC Historical Group News - Bill Griffith 3 Identification Query - W. H. Brock 4 Members’ Publications 5 NEWS AND UPDATES 6 USEFUL WEBSITES AND ADDRESSES 7 SHORT ESSAYS 9 The Copperas Works at Tankerton - Chris Cooksey 9 Mauveine - the final word? (3) - Chris Cooksey and H. -
Panthera Series Scientific Instrument Operation Manual
Panthera Series Scientific Instrument Operation Manual If the equipment is used in a manner not specified by the manufacturer, the protection provided by the Note equipment may be impaired. If the equipment is used in a manner not specified by the manufacturer, the protection provided by the Note equipment may be impaired. The clear knowledge of this Instruction Manual is needed to operate Motic Panthera Series Microscopes at maximum performance and to ensure safety at all specified operations. Please familiarize yourself with the use of this microscope and pay special attention to the safety hints given in this manual. This Document is not subject of a update routine, please download a newer version from the Motic website, if needed. Keep this instruction manual in reach and easily accessible for future user reference. All Specifications, Illustrations and items in this Manual are subject to changes. Forwarding, duplication or use in other communication of this WWW.MOTIC.COM MOTIC HONG KONG LIMITED E250223 English: Please familiarize yourselves with the Instruction Manual provided in English language. Other Language versions are available as download on Motic web services under the Address: http://www.motic.com/Panthera/Panthera_Eng_OP.zip 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Genral notes on instrument safety 5 1.1 General safety notes and Instruction 5 1.2 Instrument safety, FCC and EMC conformity 6 1.3 Transporting, unpacking, storage of the Instrument 7 1.4 Instrument Disposal 7 1.5 Use of the Instrument 7 1.6 Intended use of the Microscope 9 1.7 Instrument warranty 9 2. Nomenclature 10 2.1 Panthera S 10 2.2 Panthera U / C / L / HD 11 3. -
Philosophical Transactions, »
INDEX TO THE PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS, » S e r ie s A, FOR THE YEAR 1898 (VOL. 191). A. Absorption, Change of, produced by Fluorescence (B urke), 87. Aneroid Barometers, Experiments on.—Elastic After-effect; Secular Change; Influence of Temperature (Chree), 441. B. Bolometer, Surface, Construction of (Petavel), 501. Brilliancy, Intrinsic, Law of Variation of, with Temperature (Petavel), 501. Burke (John). On the Change of Absorption produced by Fluorescence, 87. C. Chree (C.). Experiments on Aneroid Barometers at Kew Observatory, and their Discussion, 441. Correlation and Variation, Influence of Random Selection on (Pearson and Filon), 229. Crystals, Thermal Expansion Coefficients, by an Interference Method (Tutton), 313. D. Differential Equations of the Second Order, &c., Memoir on the Integration of; Characteristic Invariant of (Forsyth), 1. 526 INDEX. E. Electric Filters, Testing Efficiency of; Dielectrifying Power of (Kelvin, Maclean, and Galt), 187. Electricity, Diffusion of, from Carbonic Acid Gas to Air; Communication of, from Electrified Steam to Air (Kelvin, Maclean, and Galt), 187. Electrification of Air by Water Jet, Electrified Needle Points, Electrified Flame, &c., at Different Air-pressures; at Different Electrifying Potentials; Loss of Electrification (Kelvin, Maclean, and Galt), 187. Electrolytic Cells, Construction and Calibration of (Veley and Manley), 365. Emissivity of Platinum in Air and other Gases (Petavel), 501. Equations, Laplace's and other, Some New Solutions of, in Mathematical Physics (Forsyth), 1. Evolution, Mathematical Contributions to Theory o f; Influence of Random Selection on the Differentiation of Local Races (Pearson and Filon), 229. F. Filon (L. N. G.) and Pearson (Karl). Mathematical Contributions to the Theory of Evolution.—IV. On the Probable Errors of Frequency Constants and on the Influence of Random Selection on Variation and Correlation, 229. -
1 Oriental Metrology and the Politics of Antiquity
1 Oriental Metrology and the Politics of Antiquity in Nineteenth-century Survey Sciences Simon Schaffer University of Cambridge E-mail: [email protected] Argument Metrological techniques to establish shared quantitative measures have often been seen as signs of rational modernisation. The cases considered here show instead the close relation of such techniques with antiquarian and revivalist programmes under imperial regimes. Enterprises in survey sciences in Egypt in the wake of the French invasion of 1798 and in India during the East India Company’s revenue surveys involved the promotion of a new kind of oriental metrology designed to represent colonisers’ measures as restorations of ancient values to be applied to current systems of survey and measurement. Surveyors’ practice and hardware help clarify the significance of the complex historical and political functions of scientific standards. The balance of the paper discusses the survey work of later nineteenth century indigenous Egyptian astronomers at a conjuncture of major economic and political dislocation to explore the various versions of antiquity at stake in these metrological programmes. 2 Introduction: survey sciences and metrology’s invention “Egyptian genius always seems to take pleasure in veiling from the world the principle of its lovely creations, concealing it from profane eyes, perhaps so as better to give them a divine origin, keep them pure and guard them from time’s injuries. Thus one sees in use in Egypt, but without being able to understand the principle, a measurement system apparently crude but in fact the most exact of all known systems”: Mahmud al-Falaki, “The current Egyptian measurement system” (Mahmud 1873, 67) Metrological equipment relies on material measures that somehow embody agreed standards used by a specific community to help make its world knowable in quantitative form. -
Shaping Scientific Instrument Collections: a Historiography
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by National Museums Scotland Research Repository Alberti, S J M M (2018) Shaping scientific instrument collections: A historiography. Journal of the History of Collections (fhy046). ISSN 1477-8564 https://doi.org/10.1093/jhc/fhy 046 Deposited on: 09 December 2019 NMS Repository – Research publications by staff of the National Museums Scotland http://repository.nms.ac.uk/ Journal of the History of Collections vol. 31 no. 3 (2019) pp. 445–452 Shaping scientific instrument collections A historiography Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/jhc/article-abstract/31/3/445/5214359 by National Museums Scotland user on 09 December 2019 Samuel J.M.M. Alberti Many histories of scientific instruments concentrate on their manufacture and original function, but such artefacts as survive often do so in collections – many will have spent far longer in a museum than anywhere else. Alongside the rich literature on the history of scientific instruments, accordingly, there is a body of work on the histories of scientific instrument collections. This survey outlines genres and themes in the historiography of scientific instruments, focusing in particular on display and other collection-based functions. Fluid and contingent, collections are instrumental in the history, heritage, and historiography of science. THERE is an extensive literature on the history of what culture of science, from buildings to herbarium sheets. we now term scientific instruments. As a result, we Neither will the literatures on specific categories of know a great deal about how devices such as telescopes, instruments be addressed in detail, rather I follow the clocks and astrolabes were made and used, especially flow of those who reflect on scientific instruments more those dating from the seventeenth to the nineteenth broadly.2 Finally, it is important to acknowledge my centuries. -
The Partnership of Smithson Tennant and William Hyde Wollaston
“A History of Platinum and its Allied Metals”, by Donald McDonald and Leslie B. Hunt 9 The Partnership of Smithson Tennant and William Hyde Wollaston “A quantity of platina was purchased by me a few years since with the design of rendering it malleable for the different purposes to which it is adapted. That object has now been attained. ” WILLIAM HYDE W O L L A S T O N Up to the end of the eighteenth century the attempts to produce malleable platinum had advanced mainly in the hands of practical men aiming at its pre paration and fabrication rather than at the solution of scientific problems. These were now to be attacked with a marked degree of success by two remarkable but very different men who first became friends during their student days at Cam bridge and who formed a working partnership in 1800 designed not only for scientific purposes but also for financial reasons. They were of the same genera tion and much the same background as the professional scientists of London whose work was described in Chapter 8, and to whom they were well known, but with the exception of Humphry Davy they were of greater stature and made a greater advance in the development of platinum metallurgy than their predecessors. Their combined achievements over a relatively short span of years included the successful production for the first time of malleable platinum on a truly com mercial scale as well as the discovery of no less than four new elements contained in native platinum, a factor that was of material help in the purification and treatment of platinum itself. -
Streamlining Alloy Design and Thermo-Mechanical Processing Parameters for High Strength Line Pipe Steels and Hot Rolled Microall
University of Texas at El Paso DigitalCommons@UTEP Open Access Theses & Dissertations 2018-01-01 Streamlining Alloy Design And Thermo- Mechanical Processing Parameters For High Strength Line Pipe Steels And Hot Rolled Microalloyed Steels: Process - Structure - Property Paradigm Venkata Vignesh Natarajan University of Texas at El Paso, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.utep.edu/open_etd Part of the Materials Science and Engineering Commons, and the Mechanics of Materials Commons Recommended Citation Natarajan, Venkata Vignesh, "Streamlining Alloy Design And Thermo-Mechanical Processing Parameters For High Strength Line Pipe Steels And Hot Rolled Microalloyed Steels: Process - Structure - Property Paradigm" (2018). Open Access Theses & Dissertations. 129. https://digitalcommons.utep.edu/open_etd/129 This is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UTEP. It has been accepted for inclusion in Open Access Theses & Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UTEP. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STREAMLINING ALLOY DESIGN AND THERMO-MECHANICAL PROCESSING PARAMETERS FOR HIGH STRENGTH LINE PIPE STEELS AND HOT ROLLED MICROALLOYED STEELS: PROCESS – STRUCTURE – PROPERTY PARADIGM VENKATA VIGNESH NATARAJAN Doctoral Program in Materials Science and Engineering APPROVED: Devesh Misra, Ph.D., Chair Srinivasa Rao Singamaneni, Ph.D. Guikuan Yue, Ph.D. Charles Ambler, Ph.D. Dean of the Graduate School Copyright © by Venkata Vignesh Natarajan 2018 DEDICATION -
English Men Oe Science %Xm Lroit
English Men oe Science THEIR NATURE AND NURTURE. »Y FRANCIS GALTON, F.R.S., AUTHOR OP " HEREDITARY GENIUS,” ETC. % x m l r o i t : MACMILLAN & CO. 1874. PREFACE. I u n d e r t o o k the inquiry of which this volume is the result, after reading the recent work of M. de Candolle,1 in which he analyses the salient events in the history of 200 scientific men who have lived during the two past centuries, deducing therefrom many curious conclusions which well repay the attention of thoughtful readers. It so happened that I myself had been leisurely engaged on a parallel but more ex tended investigation— namely, as regards men of ability of all descriptions, with the view of supplementing at some future time my work on Hereditary Genius. The object of that book 1 “ Histoire des Sciences et des Savants depuis deux Siecles.” Par Alphonse de Candolle. Corr. Inst. Acad. Sc. de Paris, &c. Geneve, 1873. was to assert the claims of one of what may be called the “ pre-efficients ” 1 of eminent men, the importance of which had been previously over looked ; and I had yet to work out more fully its relative efficacy, as compared with those of education, tradition, fortune, opportunity, and much else. It was therefore with no ordinary interest that I studied M. de Candolle’s work, finding in it many new ideas and much con firmation of my own opinions; also not a little criticism (supported, as I conceive, by very im perfect biographical evidence,)1 2 of my published views on heredity. -
Bulletin Issue 29 Spring 2018 New Series by Paul Haley Begins in This Issue: 19Th Century Observatories 2018 Sha Spring Conference
BULLETIN ISSUE 29 SPRING 2018 NEW SERIES BY PAUL HALEY BEGINS IN THIS ISSUE: 19TH CENTURY OBSERVATORIES 2018 SHA SPRING CONFERENCE The first talk is at 1015 and the Saturday 21st April 2018 The conference registraon is morning session ends at 1215 Instute of Astronomy, between 0930 and 1000 at which for lunch. The lunch break is University of Cambridge me refreshments are available unl 1330. An on-site lunch Madingley Road, Cambridge in the lecture theatre. The will be available (£5.00) BUT CB3 0HA conference starts at 1000 with a MUST BE PRE-ORDERED. There welcome by the SHA Chairman are no nearby eang places. Bob Bower introduces the There is a break for refreshments Aer the break there is the aernoon session at 1330 then from 1530 to 1600 when Tea/ final talk. The aernoon there are two one-hour talks. Coffee and biscuits will be session will end at 5 p.m. and provided. the conference will then close. 10 00 - 1015 10 15 - 1115 1115 - 1215 SHA Chairman Bob Bower Carolyn Kennett and Brian Sheen Kevin Kilburn Welcomes delegates to Ancient Skies and the Megaliths Forgotten Star Atlas the Instute of of Cornwall Astronomy for the SHA 2018 Archeoastronomy in Cornwall The 18th Century unpublished Spring Conference Past and Present Uranographia Britannica by Dr John Bevis 13 30 - 1430 14 30 - 1530 16 00 – 17 00 Nik Szymanek Kenelm England Jonathan Maxwell The Road to Modern Berkshire Astronomers 5000 BC Some lesser known aspects Astrophotography to AD 2018 regarding the evolution of The pioneering days of Some topics on astronomers and refracting telescopes: from early astrophotographers, observations made from Lippershey's spectacle lens to the up to modern times Berkshire since pre-historic Apochromats times until last week An insight into the development of 2 the refracting telescope In this Issue BOOK SALE AT THE 2017 AGM Digital Bulletin The Digital Bulletin provides extra content and links when viewing the 4 Bulletin as a PDF.