HAZWOPER Awareness February 2004

Acknowledgments

The Midwest Consortium developed this course for emergency responders under cooperative agreement number U45 ES 06184 from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. Member institutions of the Midwest Consortium who worked on the development of this refresher course include the University of Cincinnati, Michigan State University, the University of Illinois, Indiana University, the University of Louisville, the University of Kentucky, the University of Minnesota, the University of Tennessee, Lakeshore Technical College, the Greater Cincinnati Occupational Health Center, and the Southeast Michigan Coalition on Occupational Safety and Health. Michigan State personnel coordinated the development effort. The Midwest Consortium gratefully acknowledges the support from Ford Motor Company, which enabled Michigan State University to develop the concept for the program.

We encourage you to comment on these materials. Please give your suggestions to those teaching the program in which you are now enrolled, or forward them to the Midwest Consortium for Hazardous Waste Worker Training, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 670056, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0056.

Warning

The Midwest Consortium has copyrighted this material. A recipient of the material, other than the Federal Government, may not reproduce it without permission of the copyright owner. The material was prepared for use by instructors experienced in the training of persons who are or who anticipate responding to emergencies. Authors of this material have prepared it for the training of this category of workers as of the date specified on the title page. Users are cautioned that the subject is constantly evolving. Therefore, the material may require additions, deletions, or modifications to incorporate the effects of that evolution occurring after the date of this material preparation.

Disclaimer

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) rule to help assure worker health and safety during emergency response activities requires specific training for members of the response team, depending upon the duties to be performed. Emergency response activities are conducted within a structured framework called the Incident Management System. Knowledge about this system will assist you in understanding the needs of all emergency response team members.

3AW Participant

For further information about the training requirements for emergency response personnel, consult the training instructor and/or your company emergency response plan or your health and safety representative.

Preface

You are here to increase your awareness and understanding of OSHA’s HAZWOPER Standard.

At the end of the session, you will be better able to do the following:

! Know what different kinds of operations and facilities are regulated by the Standard.

! Know where in the Standard to reference the clauses that apply to your job situation.

! Assess how well your organization is complying with the Standard and understand your company’s strengths and weaknesses.

! Understand the types of employee training that are available through the Midwest Consortium for Hazardous Waste Worker training.

3AW Participant Appendix B

Table of Contents

Exercise – How Does Your Company Size Up? ...... 1

Assessing Your Company’s Program ...... 2

Sections of the HAZWOPER Standard ...... 4

Site Characterization ...... 5

Site Remediation ...... 6

Emergency Response ...... 6

Generators and Transporters ...... 7

Training Sections (Site Remediation and Characterization) ...... 8

Training Sections (Emergency Responders) ...... 9

Treatment, Storage, and Disposal Facilities ...... 10

Training Sections (TSD Facilities) ...... 11

Appendices to the Standard ...... 12

Other OSHA Standards Referenced within the HAZWOPER Standard ...... 13

Appendix A ...... 15

Appendix B ...... 21

Appendix C ...... 97

Appendix D ...... 104

3AW Participant How Does Your Company Size Up?

Exercise – How Does Your Company Size Up?

The purpose of this exercise is to help you assess how well your company is currently complying with the HAZWOPER requirements for a health and safety program. By doing the exercise, you will recognize your company’s current strengths, as well as any areas needing improvement. The exercise also provides a convenient way for you to preview the various elements of the Standard before they are discussed.

3AW Participant 1 How Does Your Company Size Up?

Assessing Your Company’s Program

Directions: Please answer the following questions about your company’s current safety and health program. Please circle your response from the three possible answers: Yes, No, or Not Sure. If you do not know the answer, circle the “Not Sure” option.

Not Yes No Sure 1. Does your company have a written safety and health program? 1 2 3 2. Does your company modify the corporate safety and health program to write a 1 2 3 site-specific S&H program? 3. Does your company have an Emergency Response/ Contingency plan? 1 2 3 4. If your company has on-site emergency response capability, does your 1 2 3 company write site-specific/job-specific emergency response plans? 5. Does your company have a security system and/or and alarm system to notify 1 2 3 employees and the community in the event of an emergency? 6. Does your company have an established medical surveillance program? 1 2 3 ! Pre-employment? 1 2 3

! Post-employment? 1 2 3 7. Have you had a company-paid medical exam? 1 2 3 ! Biannual/annual exams? 1 2 3 8. Does your company use chemical-resistant clothing and/ or personal protective 1 2 3 equipment? 9. Does your company issue respirators for employee use? 1 2 3 10. Does your company have a written respirator program? 1 2 3 11. Does your company conduct respirator fit-test for the wearers? 1 2 3 ! Annually? 1 2 3 12. Does your company have a written personal protective equipment program? 1 2 3 13. Does your company have air testing (monitoring) equipment? 1 2 3 ! Calibrating equipment? 1 2 3 14. Does your company use a consultant to conduct air monitoring? 1 2 3 ! Use own staff? 1 2 3 15. Does your company have a written monitoring strategy and plan? 1 2 3 ! Site specific? 1 2 3 16. Does your company have a safety and health training program? 1 2 3 ! Conducted in-house? (If yes, go to #17.) 1 2 3

! Go outside company to obtain? 1 2 3 17. Does your company’s training program comply with the requirements of the 1 2 3 OSHA Standard for Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response

3AW Participant 2 How Does Your Company Size Up?

Not Yes No Sure (HAZWOPER)?

Thank you for answering the questions. Now total up your points by adding the values of your circled response. (Example 1 + 1 + 3 + 2 + 3 = 10)

How did your company rate? Total points ______

0–16 You added wrong.

17–25 Very thorough written program

26–37 Company trying to comply.

38–51 Your company needs advice or they are not aware of their program.

Can the Midwest Consortium for Hazardous Waste Worker Training or any other NIEHS grantees help your company?

3AW Participant 3 Sections of the Standard

Sections of the HAZWOPER Standard

A copy of the entire Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response Standard can be found in Appendix B. This chapter outlines the general issues which are regulated by the Standard and gives the corresponding paragraph and page numbers in Appendix B. Your instructor will review the issues that are covered and the relevant sections of the regulation.

This discussion will help you obtain a general understanding of the Standard so that you can better achieve company compliance.

3AW Participant 4 Sections of the Standard

Site Characterization

Appendix B, Topic Section Page(s) Scope (a)(1)(i) 3 Definition of a Qualified Person (a)(3) 5–6 Written Site Safety and Health Program (b)(1)(i) 6 Contractors and Subcontractors (b)(1)(iv) 6 General Site Characterization (c)(1) 8 Preliminary Evaluation—Requirement for “Qualified Person” to Evaluate with Detail the Site Characteristics (c)(2) 8 Written Information Program Required Before Start Characterization (c)(4) 8–9 Personal Protective Equipment (c)(5) 9 Monitoring (c)(6) 9 Risk Identification (c)(7) 9–10 Employee Notification (c)(8) 10 40-Hour Training—Respirators to be Worn (e)(3)(i) 10–11 24-Hour Training—No Respirators to be Worn (e)(3)(ii) 11 Illumination (m) 20 Sanitation at Temporary Work Places (n) 21–22

3AW Participant 5 Sections of the Standard

Site Remediation

Topic Section Appendix B, Page(s) Scope (a)(1)(i) 3 Definition of Clean-up Operation (a)(3) 4 HazMat Response Team (a)(3) 4 Post-Emergency Response (a)(3) 5 Site Safety and Health Supervisor (a)(3) 6 Written Site Safety and Health Program (b)(1)(i) 6 Elements of Site-Specific Program (b)(4)(ii) 7–8 Pre-Entry Briefings (b)(4)(iii) 8 Site Control Program (d) 10 Training of Employees (e)(1), (3), (4), (7), (8) 10–11 Medical Surveillance Program (f) 12–14 Engineering Controls and Work Practices (g)(1)–(2) 14 Personal Protective Equipment (g)(3)–(5) 14–15 Monitoring Program (h) 15–16 Informational Programs (i) 16 Handling Drums and Containers (j)(1)(i) 16 Decontamination (k) 19 Emergency Response Plans(On-Site) (l) 19–20 Illumination (m) 20 Sanitation at Temporary Work Places (n) 21–22 New Technology Programs (o) 22

Emergency Response

Topic Section Appendix B, Page(s)

Clean-up Operations (a)(i) 3

Emergency Response Incidents (a)(v) 3

Definition of Emergency Response (a)(3) 4

Definition of Clean-up Operation (a)(3) 4

Definition of HazMat Response Team (a)(3) 4

Definition of Hazardous Waste Operation (a)(3) 5

Written Safety and Health Plan (b) 6–8

On-Site Emergency Response Plan (b)(4)(ii)(h) 8

3AW Participant 6 Sections of the Standard

Spill Containment Program (b)(4)(ii)(j) 8

Emergency Response Training (e)(7) 11

Medical Surveillance (f) 12–14

Spill Containment Program (j)(1)(viii) 17

Emergency Response by Employees at Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste Sites (l) 19–20

Illumination (m) 20

Sanitation at Temporary Work Places (n) 21–22

Emergency Response to Hazardous Substances (q)(1–11) 25–30

Generators and Transporters

Appendix B, Topic Section Page(s) Exemption to large-quantity generators who store less than 90 days (a)(2)(iii)(b) 3–4 Exemption to small-quantity generators (a)(2)(iii)(b) 3–4 Application TSD on-site emergency response to above two groups of (p)(8) (a)(2)(iii)(c) 4 Motor vehicle in definition of“Facility” (a)(3) 4

3AW Participant 7 Sections of the Standard

Training Sections (Site Remediation and Characterization)

Appendix B, Topic Section Page(s) 40-Hour Site Worker and Management (e)(3)(i) 10–11 3 Days On-the-job Training (e)(3)(i) 11 24-Hour Occasional Personnel (e)(3)(ii) 11 1-Day On-the-job Training (e)(3)(ii) 11 24-Hour Workers without Respirators (e)(3)(iii) 11 1-Day On-the-job Training (e)(3)(iii) 11 16-Hour Enhanced Training to Workers Now Needing Respiratory Protections (e)(3)(iv) 11 2 Days Additional On-the-job (e)(3)(iv) 11 Additional 8-Hour Site Management (e)(4) 11 Qualification of Trainer (e)(5) 11 Training Certification (e)(6) 11 Emergency Response—On-Site (e)(7) 11 8-Hour Annual Refresher Training (e)(8) 11 Equivalent Training (Grandfather Clause) (e)(9) 12 Rehearsal of Emergency Response Plan (l)(3)(iv) 20 Training Curriculum Guidelines Appendix E 46

3AW Participant 8 Sections of the Standard

Training Sections (Emergency Responders)

Topic Section Appendix B, Page(s)

Emergency Incident Responders (q)(1–11) 25–30

Specialist Employee Training (q)(5) 27

Training for First-Responder Awareness Level (q)(6)(i) 27–28

Training for First-Responder Operations Level (q)(6)(ii) 28

Training for Hazardous Materials Technician (q)(6)(iii) 28

Training for Hazardous Materials Specialist (q)(6)(iv) 29

Training for Incident Commander (q)(6)(v) 29

Trainer Qualifications (q)(7) 30

Annual Refresher Training (q)(8) 30

Training Curriculum Guidelines Appendix E 46

This section covers off-site and on-site emergency response personnel.

3AW Participant 9 Sections of the Standard

Treatment, Storage, and Disposal Facilities

Appendix B, Topic Section Page(s)

RCRA Operations (p) 22–24

Written Safety and Health Program (p)(1) 22

Written Hazard Communication Program (p)(2) 22

Medical Surveillance Program (p)(3) 22

Decontamination Program (p)(4) 22–23

New Technology Program (p)(5) 23

Material Handling Program (p)(6) 23

Training Program (p)(7)(i–iii) 23

Training of On-Site Emergency Responders (p)(8)(iii)(a–c) 24

Procedures for Handling Emergency Incidents (p)(8)(iv) 24–25

3AW Participant 10 Sections of the Standard

Training Sections (TSD Facilities)

Topic Section Appendix B, Page(s)

New Employees at TSD Facility (p)(7)(i) 21

Current Employees at TSD Facility (p)(7)(ii) 22

Training of Emergency Responders in a TSD Facility (p)(8)(iii) 22

Annual Competency Certification of Emergency Responders (p)(8)(iii)(c) 23

Annual Refresher for All TSD Employees (p)(7)(i) 21

Training Curriculum Guidelines Appendix E 46

3AW Participant 11 Sections of the Standard

Appendices to the Standard

Appendix Topic Appendix B, Page(s)

A Personal Protective Equipment Test Methods 30–36

General Descriptions and Discussion of the B Levels of Protection and Protective Gear 36–39

C Compliance Guidelines 39–45

D References 45–46

(Non-Mandatory) Training Curriculum E Guidelines 46–56

3AW Participant 12 Sections of the Standard

Other OSHA Standards Referenced within the HAZWOPER Standard

Appendix B, Topic Section Page(s)

1910 General Industry Standards (a)(2)(i) 3

1926 Safety& Health Regulations for Construction (a)(2)(i) 3

1910 Sub-Part G Occupational Health and Environmental Control (a)(3) 5

(g)(1–2) 14

1910 Sub-Part Z Toxic and Hazardous Substances (a)(3) 5

(g)(1–2) 14

1910.1200 Hazard Communication Standard Appendix A (a)(3) 5

1926 Sub-Part P Excavations (b)(1)(iii) 6

1910.1200 Hazard Communication Standard (c)(7) 9

(p)(2) 22

(q)(11)(ii) 30

1910.134 Respiratory Protection (f)(2)(ii) 12

(f)(6)(v) 13

(q)(11)(ii) 30

1910 Sub-Part I Personal Protective Equipment (g)(3)(vi) 15

3AW Participant 13 Sections of the Standard

Appendix B, Topic Section Page(s)

1910 Sub-Part L Fire Protection (j)(1)(i) 17

1910.141 Sanitation (k)(8) 19

(n)(7)(i–ii) 22

1910.38 Emergency Action Plans (l)(1)(ii) 19

(p)(8)(i) 23

(q)(1) 25

(q)(11)(ii) 30

1910.165 Employee Alarm System (l)(3)(vi) 20

(p)(8)(iv)(E) 25

1910.156 Fire Brigades (q)(3)(iii) 26

1910.1020 Access to Employee Exposure and Medical Records (f)(8)(i) 14

3AW Participant 14 Appendix A

Appendix A

3AW Participant 15 Appendix A

HAZWOPER Standard Table of Contents

Final Rule of Hazardous Waste Operations Standard–29 CFR 1910.120

Appendix B, Page(s) Section and Description 3–6 Scope, Application and Definition 1. Scope 2. Applications 3. Definitions 6–8 Safety and Health Programs 1. General 2. Organizational structure part of site program 3. Comprehensive work plan part of the site program 4. Site-specific safety and health plan part of the program i. General ii. Elements iii. Pre-entry briefing iv. Effectiveness of site safety and health plan 8–10 Site Characterization and Analysis 1. General 2. Preliminary evaluation 3. Hazard identification 4. Required information 5. Personal protective equipment 6. Monitoring 7. Risk identification 8. Employee notification 10 Site Control 1. General 2. Site control program 3. Elements of the site control program

3AW Participant 16 Appendix A

Table of Contents, continued Appendix B, Page(s) Section and Description 10–12 Training 1. General 2. Elements to be covered 3. Frequency of training 4. Management and supervisor training 5. Qualifications for trainers 6. Training certification 7. Emergency response 8. Refresher training 9. Equivalent training 12–14 Medical Surveillance 1. General 2. Employees covered 3. Frequency of medical examinations and consultations 4. Content of medical examinations and consultations 5. Examination by a physician and costs 6. Information provided to the physician 7. Physician’s written opinion 8. Recordkeeping 14–15 Engineering Controls, Work Practices, and Personal Protective Equipment for Employee Protection 1. Engineering controls, work practices and PPE for substances regulated in Sub-Parts G and Z 2. Engineering controls, work practices and PPE for substances not regulated in Sub-Parts G and Z 3. Personal protective equipment selection 4. Totally-encapsulating chemical protective suits 5. Personal protective equipment (PPE) programs

3AW Participant 17 Appendix A

Table of Contents, continued Appendix B, Page(s) Section and Description 15–16 Monitoring 1. General 2. Initial entry 3. Periodic monitoring 4. Monitoring of high-risk employees 16 Informational Programs 16–18 Handling Drums and Containers 1. General 2. Opening drums and containers 3. Material handling equipment 4. Radioactive wastes 5. Shock sensitive wastes 6. Laboratory waste packs 7. Sampling of drum and container contents 8. Shipping and transport 9. Tank and vault procedures 19 Decontamination 1. General 2. Decontamination procedures 3. Location 4. Equipment and solvents 5. Personal protective clothing and equipment 6. Unauthorized employees 7. Commercial laundries or cleaning establishments 8. Showers and change rooms 19–20 Emergency Response by Employees at Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste Sites 1. Emergency Response Plan 2. Elements of an emergency response plan 3. Procedures for handling emergency incidents

3AW Participant 18 Appendix A

Table of Contents, continued

Appendix B, Page(s) Section and Description 20 Illumination 21–22 Sanitation at Temporary Work Places 1. Potable water 2. Non-potable water 3. Toilet facilities 4. Food handling 5. Temporary sleeping quarters 6. Washing facilities 7. Showers and changing rooms 22 New Technology Programs 22–25 Certain Operations Conducted Under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 (RCRA) 1. Safety and health program 2. Hazard communication program 3. Medical surveillance program 4. Decontamination program 5. New technology program 6. Material handling program 7. Training program i. New employees ii. Current employees iii. Trainers 8. Emergency response program i. Emergency response plan ii. Elements of an emergency response program iii. Training iv. Procedures for handling emergency incidents

3AW Participant 19 Appendix A

Table of Contents, continued

Appendix B, Page(s) Section and Description 25–30 Emergency Response to Hazardous Substances Releases 1. Emergency response plan 2. Elements of an emergency response plan 3. Procedures for handling emergency responses 4. Skilled support personnel 5. Specialist employees 6. Training i. First responder awareness level ii. First responder operation level iii. Hazardous materials technician iv. Hazardous materials specialist v. On-scene incident commander 7. Trainers 8. Refresher training 9. Medical surveillance and consultation 10. Chemical protective clothing 11. Post-emergency response operations

30–36 Appendix A: Personal Protective Equipment Test Methods 36–39 Appendix B: General Description and Discussion of the Levels of Protection and Protective Gear 39–45 Appendix C: Compliance Guidelines 45–46 Appendix D: References 46–56 Appendix E: (Non Mandatory) Training Curriculum Guidelines

3AW Participant 20 Appendix B

Appendix B

1910.120 Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response a) Scope, application, and definitions. EPA NPL, and initial investigations of (1) Scope. This section covers the following government identified sites which operations, unless the employer can are conducted before the presence demonstrate that the operation does not or absence of hazardous substances involve employee exposure or the has been ascertained); reasonable possibility for employee (ii) Corrective actions involving cleanup exposure to safety or health hazards. operations at sites covered by the (i) Clean-up operations required by a Resource Conservation and governmental body, whether Recovery Act of 1976 (RCRA) as Federal, state, local or other amended (42 USC 6901 et seq.); involving hazardous substances that (iii) Voluntary clean-up operations at are conducted at uncontrolled sites recognized by Federal, state, hazardous waste sites (including, but local or other governmental bodies not limited to, the EPA’s National as uncontrolled hazardous waste Priority Site List (NPL), state priority sites; site lists, sites recommended for the

3AW Participant 21 Appendix B

(iv) Operations involving hazardous regulated by 40 CFR parts 264 and wastes that are conducted at 265 or by state law authorized treatment, storage, and disposal under RCRA, and required to have a (TSD) facilities regulated by 40 CFR permit or interim status from EPA Parts 264 and 265 pursuant to RCRA; pursuant to 40 CFR 270.1 or from a or by agencies under agreement state agency pursuant to RCRA. with USEPA to implement RCRA (b) Employers who are not required regulations; and to have a permit or interim status (v) Emergency response operations for because they are conditionally releases of, or substantial threats of exempt small quantity generators releases of, hazardous substances under 40 CFR 261.5 or are without regard to the location of the generators who qualify under 40 hazard. CFR 262.34 for exemptions from (2) Application. regulation under 40 CFR parts 264, (i) All requirements of Part 1910 and Part 265 and 270 (“excepted employers”) 1926 of Title 29 of the Code of the are not covered by paragraphs (p)(1) Fed- 1910.120 Hazardous Waste through (p)(7) of this section. Operations and Emergency Excepted employers who are Response Federal Regulations apply required by the EPA or state agency pursuant to their terms to to have their employees engage in hazardous waste and emergency emergency response or who direct response operations whether their employees to engage in covered by this section or not. If emergency response are covered by there is a conflict or overlap, the paragraph (p)(8) of this section, and provision more protective of cannot be exempted by (p)(8)(i) of employee safety and health shall this section. Excepted employers apply without regard to 29 CFR who are not required to have their 1910.5(c)(1). employees engage in emergency (ii) Hazardous substance clean-up response, who direct their operations within the scope of employees to evacuate in the case paragraphs (a)(1)(i) through of such emergencies and who meet (a)(1)(iii) of this section must comply the requirements of paragraph with all paragraphs of this section (p)(8)(i) of this section are exempt except paragraphs (p) and (q). from the balance of paragraph (p)(8) (iii) Operations within the scope of of this section. paragraph (a)(1)(iv) of this section (c) If an area is used primarily for must comply only with the treatment, storage or disposal, any requirements of paragraph (p) of emergency response operations in this section. that area shall comply with Notes and Exceptions: paragraph (p)(8) of this section. In (a) All provisions of paragraph (p) of other areas not used primarily for this section cover any treatment, treatment, storage, or disposal, any storage, or disposal (TSD) operation emergency response operations

3AW Participant 22 Appendix B

shall comply with paragraph (q) of an occurrence which results or is likely to this section. Compliance with the result, in an uncontrolled release of a requirements of paragraph (q) of hazardous substance. Responses to this section shall be deemed to be in incidental releases of hazardous compliance with the requirements substances where the substance can be of paragraph (p)(8) of this section. absorbed, neutralized, or otherwise [55 F.R. 14073, April 13, 1990] (iv) controlled at the time of release by Emergency response operations for employees in the immediate release releases of, or substantial threats of area, or by maintenance personnel are releases of, hazardous substances not considered to be emergency which are not covered by responses within the scope of this paragraphs (a)(1)(i) through standard. Responses to releases of (a)(1)(iv) of this section must only hazardous substances where there is no comply with the requirements of potential safety or health hazard (i.e., paragraph (q) of this section. fire, explosion, or chemical exposure) are (3) Definitions. “Buddy system” means a not considered to be emergency system of organizing employees into responses. work groups in such a manner that each “Facility” means employee of the work group is (A) any building, structure, installation, designated to be observed by at least equipment, pipe or pipeline (including one other employee in the work group. any pipe into a sewer or publicly owned The purpose of the buddy system is to treatment works), well, pit, pond, provide rapid assistance to employees in lagoon, impoundment, ditch, storage the event of an emergency. container, motor vehicle, rolling stock, or “Clean-up operation” means an aircraft, or operation where hazardous substances (B) any site or area where a hazardous are removed, contained, incinerated, substance has been deposited, stored, neutralized, stabilized, cleared-up, or in disposed of, or placed, or otherwise any other manner processed or handled come to be located; but does not include with the ultimate goal of making the site any consumer product in consumer use safer for people or the environment. or any water-borne vessel. “Hazardous “Decontamination” means the removal materials response (HAZMAT) team” of hazardous substances from means an organized group of employees, employees and their equipment to the designated by the employer, who are extent necessary to preclude the expected to perform work to handle and occurrence of foreseeable adverse control actual or potential leaks or spills health effects. of hazardous substances requiring “Emergency response” or “responding to possible close approach to the emergencies” means a response effort substance. The team members perform by employees from outside the responses to releases or potential immediate release area or by other releases of hazardous substances for the designated responders (i.e., mutual-aid purpose of control or stabilization of the groups, local fire departments, etc.) to incident. A HAZMAT team is not a fire

3AW Participant 23 Appendix B

brigade nor is a typical fire brigade a “Hazardous waste site” or “Site” means HAZMAT team. A HAZMAT team, any facility or location within the scope however, may be a separate component of this standard at which hazardous of a fire brigade or fire department. waste operations take place. “Hazardous substance” means any “Health hazard” means a chemical, substance designated or listed under mixture of chemicals or a pathogen for paragraphs (A) through (D) of this which there is statistically significant definition, exposure to which results or evidence based on at least one study may result in adverse affects on the conducted in accordance with health or safety of employees: established scientific principles that (a) Any substance defined under acute or chronic health effects may section 101(14) of CERCLA; occur in exposed employees. The term (b) Any biological agent and other “health hazard” includes chemicals disease causing agent which after which are carcinogens, toxic or highly release into the environment and toxic agents, reproductive toxins, upon exposure, ingestion, irritants, corrosives, sensitizers, inhalation, or assimilation into any hepatotoxins, nephrotoxins, neurotoxins, person, either directly from the agents which act on the hematopoietic environment or indirectly by system, and agents which damage the ingestion through food chains, will lungs, skin, eyes, or mucous membranes. or may reasonably be anticipated to It also includes stress due to cause death, disease, behavioral temperature extremes. abnormalities, cancer, genetic Further definition of the terms used mutation, physiological malfunctions above can be found in Appendix A to 29 (including malfunctions in CFR 1910.1200. “IDLH” or “Immediately reproduction) or physical dangerous to life or health” means an deformations in such persons or atmospheric concentration of any toxic, their offspring. [55 F.R. 14073, April corrosive or asphyxiant substance that 13, l990] poses an immediate threat to life or (c) Any substance listed by the U.S. would cause irreversible or delayed Department of Transportation as adverse health effects or would interfere hazardous materials under 49 CFR with an individual’s ability to escape 172.101 and appendices; and (d) from a dangerous atmosphere. Hazardous waste as herein defined. “Oxygen deficiency” means that “Hazardous waste” means (a) A concentration of oxygen by volume waste or combination of wastes as below which atmosphere supplying defined in 40 CFR 261.3, or (b) Those respiratory protection must be provided. substances defined as hazardous It exists in atmospheres where the wastes in 49 CFR 171.8. percentage of oxygen by volume is less “Hazardous waste operation” means any than 19.5 percent oxygen. operation conducted within the scope of “Permissible exposure limit” means the this standard. exposure, inhalation or dermal

3AW Participant 24 Appendix B

permissible exposure limit specified in 29 implement the site safety and health CFR Part 1910, Subparts G and Z. plan and verify compliance with “Published exposure level” means the applicable safety and health exposure limits published in “NIOSH requirements. Recommendations for Occupational “Small-quantity generator” means a Health Standards” dated 1986 generator of hazardous wastes who in incorporated by reference, or if none is any calendar month generates no more specified, the exposure limits published than 1,000 kilograms (2,205 pounds) of in the standards specified by the hazardous waste in that month. American Conference of Governmental “Uncontrolled hazardous waste site” Industrial Hygienists in their publication means an area where an accumulation of “Threshold Limit Values and Biological hazardous waste creates a threat to the Exposure Indices for 1987-88” dated health and safety of individuals or the 1987 incorporated by reference. environment or both. Some sites are “Post emergency response” means that found on public lands, such as those portion of an emergency response created by former municipal, county or performed after the immediate threat of state landfills where illegal or poorly a release has been stabilized or managed waste disposal has taken place. eliminated and clean-up of the site has Other sites are found on private begun. If post-emergency response is property, often belonging to generators performed by an employer’s own or former generators of hazardous employees who were part of the initial waste. Examples of such sites include, emergency response, it is considered to but are not limited to, surface be part of the initial response and not impoundments, landfills, dumps, and post-emergency response. However, if a tank or drum farms. Normal operations group of an employer’s own employees, at TSD sites are not covered by this separate from the group providing initial definition. response, performs the clean-up (b) Safety and health program. Note to (b): operation, then the separate group of Safety and health programs developed and employees would be considered to be implemented to meet other Federal, state, performing post emergency response or local regulations are considered and subject to paragraph (g)(11) of this acceptable in meeting this requirement if section. they cover or are modified to cover the “Qualified person” means a person with topics required in this paragraph. An specific training, knowledge and additional or separate safety and health experience in the area for which the program is not required by this paragraph. person has the responsibility and the (1) General. authority to control. (i) Employers shall develop and “Site safety and health supervisor (or implement a written safety and official)” means the individual located on health program for their employees a hazardous waste site who is involved in hazardous waste responsible to the employer and has the operations. The program shall be authority and knowledge necessary to designed to identify, evaluate, and

3AW Participant 25 Appendix B

control safety and health hazards, health, safety or other hazards of and provide for emergency response the hazardous waste operation that for hazardous waste operations. have been identified by the (ii) The written safety and health employer, including those identified program shall incorporate the in the employer’s information following: program. (a) An organizational (v) Program availability. The written structure; safety and health program shall be (b) A comprehensive work made available to any contractor or plan; subcontractor or their (c) A site-specific safety and representative who will be involved health plan which need not with the hazardous waste operation; repeat the employer’s to employees; to employee standard operating designated representatives; to OSHA procedures required in personnel, and to personnel of other paragraph (b)(1)(ii)(F) of this Federal, state, or local agencies with section; regulatory authority over the site. (d) The safety and health (2) Organizational structure part of the training program; site program. (e) The medical surveillance (i) The organizational structure part program; of the program shall establish the (f) The employer’s standard specific chain of command and operating procedures for specify the overall responsibilities of safety and health; and supervisors and employees. It shall (g) Any necessary interface include, at a minimum, the following between general program elements: and site specific activities. (a) A general supervisor who (iii) Site excavation. Site excavations has the responsibility and created during initial site authority to direct all preparation or during hazardous hazardous waste operations. waste operations shall be shored or (b) A site safety and health sloped as appropriate to prevent supervisor who has the accidental collapse in accordance responsibility and authority with Subpart P of 29 CFR Part 1926. to develop and implement (iv) Contractors and subcontractors. the site safety and health An employer who retains contractor plan and verify compliance. or subcontractor services for work in (c) All other personnel hazardous waste operations shall needed for hazardous waste inform those contractors, site operations and subcontractors, or their emergency response and representatives of the site their general functions and emergency response procedures responsibilities. and any potential fire, explosion,

3AW Participant 26 Appendix B

(d) The lines of authority, (4) Site-specific safety and health plan responsibility, and part of the program. communication. (i) General. The site safety and (ii) The organizational structure shall health plan, which must be kept on be reviewed and updated as site, shall address the safety and necessary to reflect the current health hazards of each phase of site status of waste site operations. operation and include the (3) Comprehensive work plan part of the requirements and procedures for site program. The comprehensive work employee protection. plan part of the program shall address (ii) Elements. The site safety and the tasks and objectives of the site health plan, as a minimum, shall operations and the logistics and address the following: resources required to reach those tasks (a) A safety and health risk or and objectives. hazard analysis for each site (i) The comprehensive work plan task and operation found in shall address anticipated clean-up the work plan. activities as well as normal operating (b) Employee training procedures which need not repeat assignments to assure the employer’s procedures available compliance with paragraph elsewhere. (e) of this section. (ii) The comprehensive work plan (c) Personal protective shall define work tasks and equipment to be used by objectives and identify the methods employees for each of the for accomplishing those tasks and site tasks and operations objectives. being conducted as required (iii) The comprehensive work plan by the personal protective shall establish personnel equipment program in requirements for implementing the paragraph (g) (5) of this plan. section. (iv) The comprehensive work plan (d) Medical surveillance shall provide for the implementation requirements in accordance of the training required in paragraph with the program in (e) of this section. paragraph (f) of this section. (v) The comprehensive work plan (e) Frequency and types of shall provide for the implementation air monitoring, personnel of the informational programs monitoring, and required in paragraph (i) of this environmental sampling section. techniques and (vi) The comprehensive work plan instrumentation to be used, shall provide for the implementation including methods of of the medical surveillance program maintenance and calibration described in paragraph (f) of this of monitoring and sampling section. equipment to be used.

3AW Participant 27 Appendix B

(f) Site control measures in occupational safety and health, accordance with the site acting on behalf of the employer as control program required in necessary to determine the paragraph (d) of this section. effectiveness of the site safety and (g) Decontamination health plan. Any deficiencies in the procedures in accordance effectiveness of the site safety and with paragraph (k) of this health plan shall be corrected by the section. employer. c) Site characterization (h) An emergency response and analysis. plan meeting the (1) General. Hazardous waste sites shall requirements of paragraph be evaluated in accordance with this (l) of this section for safe and paragraph to identify specific site effective responses to hazards and to determine the emergencies, including the appropriate safety and health control necessary PPE and other procedures needed to protect equipment. employees from the identified hazards. (i) Confined space entry (2) Preliminary evaluation. A preliminary procedures. evaluation of a site’s characteristics shall (j) A spill containment be performed prior to site entry by a program meeting the qualified person in order to aid in the requirements of paragraph selection of appropriate employee (j) of this section. protection methods prior to site entry. (iii) Pre-entry briefing. The site Immediately after initial site entry, a specific safety and health plan shall more detailed evaluation of the site’s provide for pre-entry briefings to be specific characteristics shall be held prior to initiating any site performed by a qualified person in order activity, and at such other times as to further identify existing site hazards necessary to ensure that employees and to further aid in the selection of the are apprised of the site safety and appropriate engineering controls and health plan and that this plan is personal protective equipment for the being followed. The information and tasks to be performed. data obtained from site (3) Hazard identification. All suspected characterization and analysis work conditions that may pose inhalation or required in paragraph (c) of this skin absorption hazards that are section shall be used to prepare and immediately dangerous to life or health update the site safety and health (IDLH), or other conditions that may plan. cause death or serious harm, shall be (iv) Effectiveness of site safety and identified during the preliminary survey health plan. Inspections shall be and evaluated during the detailed conducted by the site safety and survey. Examples of such hazards health supervisor or, in the absence include, but are not limited to, confined of that individual, another individual space entry, potentially explosive or who is knowledgeable in flammable situations, visible vapor

3AW Participant 28 Appendix B

clouds, or areas where biological suspected hazardous substances and indicators such as dead animals or health hazards, and which will vegetation are located. provide protection against other (4) Required information. The following known and suspected hazards information to the extent available shall identified during the preliminary site be obtained by the employer prior to evaluation. If there is no permissible allowing employees to enter a site: exposure limit or published (i) Location and approximate size of exposure level, the employer may the site. use other published studies and (ii) Description of the response information as a guide to activity and/ or the job task to be appropriate personal protective performed. equipment. (iii) Duration of the planned (ii) If positive-pressure self- employee activity. contained breathing apparatus is (iv) Site topography and accessibility not used as part of the entry by air and roads. ensemble, and if respiratory (v) Safety and health hazards protection is warranted by the expected at the site. potential hazards identified during (vi) Pathways for hazardous the preliminary site evaluation, an substance dispersion. escape self-contained breathing (vii) Present status and capabilities apparatus of at least five minute’s of emergency response teams that duration shall be carried by would provide assistance to employees during initial site entry. hazardous waste clean-up site (iii) If the preliminary site evaluation employees at the time of an does not produce sufficient emergency. information to identify the hazards (viii) Hazardous substances and or suspected hazards of the site, an health hazards involved or expected ensemble providing protection at the site, and their chemical and equivalent to Level B PPE shall be physical properties. provided as minimum protection, (5) Personal protective equipment. and direct reading instruments shall Personal protective equipment (PPE) be used as appropriate for shall be provided and used during initial identifying IDLH conditions. (See for site entry in accordance with the a description of Level B hazards and following requirements: the recommendations for Level B (i) Based upon the results of the protective equipment.) preliminary site evaluation, an (iv) Once the hazards of the site ensemble of PPE shall be selected have been identified, the and used during initial site entry appropriate PPE shall be selected which will provide protection to a and used in accordance with level of exposure below permissible paragraph (g) of this section. exposure limits and published (6) Monitoring. The following monitoring exposure levels for known or shall be conducted during initial site

3AW Participant 29 Appendix B

entry when the site evaluation produces (b) IDLH concentrations. information that shows the potential for (c) Potential skin absorption and ionizing radiation or IDLH conditions, or irritation sources. when the site information is not (d) Potential eye irritation sources. sufficient reasonably to eliminate these (e) Explosion sensitivity and possible conditions: flammability ranges. (i) Monitoring with direct reading (f) Oxygen deficiency. instruments for hazardous levels of (8) Employee notification. Any ionizing radiation. information concerning the chemical, (ii) Monitoring the air with physical, and toxicological properties of appropriate direct reading test each substance known or expected to be equipment (i.e., combustible gas present on site that is available to the meters, detector tubes) for IDLH and employer and relevant to the duties an other conditions that may cause employee is expected to perform shall death or serious harm (combustible be made available to the affected or explosive atmospheres, oxygen employees prior to the commencement deficiency, toxic substances). of their work activities. The employer (iii) Visually observing for signs of may utilize information developed for actual or potential IDLH or other the hazard communication standard for dangerous conditions. this purpose. (iv) An ongoing air monitoring (d) Site control. program in accordance with (1) General. Appropriate site control paragraph (h) of this section shall be procedures shall be implemented to implemented after site control employee exposure to hazardous characterization has determined the substances before cleanup work begins. site is safe for the startup of (2) Site control program. A site control operations. program for protecting employees which (7) Risk identification. Once the presence is part of the employer’s site safety and and concentrations of specific hazardous health program required in paragraph (b) substances and health hazards have of this section shall be developed during been established, the risks associated the planning stages of a hazardous waste with these substances shall be identified. clean-up operation and modified as Employees who will be working on the necessary as new information becomes site shall be informed of any risks that available. have been identified. In situations (3) Elements of the site control program. covered by the Hazard Communication The site control program shall, as a Standard, 29 CFR 1910.1200, training minimum, include: A site map; site work required by that standard need not be zones; the use of a “buddy system”; site duplicated. Note to (c) (7). Risks to communications including alerting consider include, but are not limited to: means for emergencies; the standard (a) Exposures exceeding the operating procedures or safe work permissible exposure limit and practices; and, identification of the published exposure levels. nearest medical assistance. Where these

3AW Participant 30 Appendix B

requirements are covered elsewhere indicate overexposure to hazards; they need not be repeated. and (e) Training. (vii) The contents of paragraphs (g) (1) General. through (j) of the site safety and (i) All employees working on site health plan set forth in paragraph (such as but not limited to (b) (4) (ii) of this section. equipment operators, general (3) Initial Training. laborers and others) exposed to (i) General site workers (such as hazardous substances, health equipment operators, general hazards, or safety hazards and their laborers and supervisory personnel) supervisors and management engaged in hazardous substance responsible for the site shall receive removal or other activities which training meeting the requirements expose or potentially expose of this paragraph before they are workers to hazardous substances permitted to engage in hazardous and health hazards shall receive a waste operations that could expose minimum of 40 hours of instruction them to hazardous substances, off the site, and a minimum of three safety, or health hazards, and they days actual field experience under shall receive review training as the direct supervision of a trained, specified in this paragraph. experienced supervisor. (ii) Employees shall not be permitted (ii) Workers on site only occasionally to participate in or supervise field for a specific limited task (such as, activities until they have been but not limited to, ground water trained to a level required by their monitoring, land surveying, or geo- job function and responsibility. physical surveying) and who are (2) Elements to be covered. The training unlikely to be exposed over shall thoroughly cover the following: permissible exposure limits and (i) Names of personnel and published exposure limits shall alternates responsible for site safety receive a minimum of 24 hours of and health; instruction off the site, and the (ii) Safety, health and other hazards minimum of one day actual field present on the site; experience under the direct (iii) Use of personal protective supervision of a trained, equipment; experienced supervisor. (iv) Work practices by which the (iii) Workers regularly on site who employee can minimize risks from work in areas which have been hazards; monitored and fully characterized (v) Safe use of engineering controls indicating that exposures are under and equipment on the site; permissible exposure limits and (vi) Medical surveillance published exposure limits where requirements, including recognition respirators are not necessary, and of symptoms and signs which might the characterization indicates that there are no health hazards or the

3AW Participant 31 Appendix B

possibility of an emergency program for teaching the subjects they developing, shall receive a minimum are expected to teach, or they shall have of 24 hours of instruction off the site the academic credentials and and the minimum of one day actual instructional experience necessary for field experience under the direct teaching the subjects. Instructors shall supervision of a trained, demonstrate competent instructional experienced supervisor. skills and knowledge of the applicable (iv) Workers with 24 hours of subject matter. training who are covered by (6) Training certification. Employees and paragraphs (e)(3)(ii) and (e)(3)(iii) of supervisors that have received and this section, and who become successfully completed the training and general site workers or who are field experience specified in paragraphs required to wear respirators, shall (e)(1) through (e)(4) of this section shall have the additional 16 hours and be certified by their instructor or the two days of training necessary to head instructor and trained supervisor as total the training specified in having successfully completed the paragraph (e)(3)(i). [55 F.R. 14073, necessary training. A written certificate April 13, 1990] shall be given to each person so certified. (4) Management and supervisor training. Any person who has not been so Onsite management and supervisors certified or who does not meet the directly responsible for, or who supervise requirements of paragraph (e) (9) of this employees engaged in, hazardous waste section shall be prohibited from operations shall receive 40 hours initial engaging in hazardous waste operations. training, and three days of supervised (7) Emergency response. Employees who field experience (the training may be are engaged in responding to hazardous reduced to 24 hours and one day if the emergency situations at hazardous only area of their responsibility is waste cleanup sites that may expose employees covered by paragraphs them to hazardous substances shall be (e)(3)(ii) and (e)(3)(iii) and at least eight trained in how to respond to such additional hours of specialized training at expected emergencies. the time of job assignment on such (8) Refresher training. Employees topics as, but not limited to, the specified in paragraph (e) (1) of this employer’s safety and health program section, and managers and supervisors and the associated employee training specified in paragraph (e) (4) of this program, personal protective equipment section, shall receive eight hours of program, spill containment program, and refresher training annually on the items health hazard monitoring procedure and specified in paragraph (e) (2) and/or (e) techniques. (4) of this section, any critique of (5) Qualifications for trainers. Trainers incidents that have occurred in the past shall be qualified to instruct employees year that can serve as training examples about the subject matter that is being of related work, and other relevant presented in training. Such trainers shall topics. have satisfactorily completed a training

3AW Participant 32 Appendix B

(9) Equivalent training. Employers who (ii) All employees who wear a can show by documentation or respirator for 30 days or more a year certification that an employee’s work or as required by § 1910.134; experience and/or training has resulted iii) All employees who are injured in training equivalent to that training become ill or develop signs or required in paragraphs (e)(1) through symptoms due to possible (e)(4) of this section shall not be overexposure involving hazardous required to provide the initial training substances or health hazards from requirements of those paragraphs to an emergency response or such employees. However, certified hazardous waste operation; and [55 employees or employees with equivalent F.R. 14073, April 13, l990] training new to a site shall receive (iv) Members of HAZMAT teams. appropriate, site specific training before (3) Frequency of medical examinations site entry and have appropriate and consultations. Medical examinations supervised field experience at the new and consultations shall be made site. Equivalent training includes any available by the employer to each academic training or the training that employee covered under paragraph (f) existing employees might have already (2) of this section on the following received from actual hazardous waste schedules: site work experience. [55 F.R. 14073, (i) For employees covered under April 13, 1990] paragraphs (f) (2) (i), (f) (2) (ii), and (f) Medical surveillance. (f) (2) (IV): (1) General. Employers engaged in (a) Prior to assignment; operations specified in paragraphs (b) At least once every (a)(1)(i) through (a)(1)(iv) of this section twelve months for each and not covered by (a)(2)(iii) exceptions employee covered unless the and employers of employees specified in attending physician believes paragraph (g)(9) shall institute a medical a longer interval (not greater surveillance program in accordance with than biennially) is this paragraph. appropriate; (2) Employees covered. The medical (c) At termination of surveillance program shall be instituted employment or by the employer for the following reassignment to an area employees: where the employee would (i) All employees who are or may be not be covered if the exposed to hazardous substances or employee has not had an health hazards at or above the examination within the last permissible exposure limits or, if six months; there is no permissible exposure (d) As soon as possible upon limit, above the published exposure notification by an employee levels for these substances. Without that the employee has regard to the use of respirators, for developed signs or 30 days or more a year; symptoms indicating possible

3AW Participant 33 Appendix B

overexposure to hazardous (i) Medical examinations required by substances or health paragraph (f) (3) of this section shall hazards, or that the include a medical and work history employee has been injured (or updated history if one is in the or exposed above the employee’s file) with special permissible exposure limits emphasis on symptoms related to or published exposure levels the handling of hazardous in an emergency situation; substances and health hazards, and (e) At more frequent times, if to fitness for duty including the the examining physician ability to wear any required PPE determines that an increased under conditions (i.e., temperature frequency of examination is extremes) that may be expected at medically necessary. the work site. (ii) For employees covered under (ii) The content of medical paragraph (f)(2)(iii) and for all examinations or consultations made employees including those of available to employees pursuant to employers covered by paragraph paragraph (f) shall be determined by (a)(1)(v) who may have been the attending physician. The injured, received a health guidelines in the Occupational impairment, developed signs or Safety and Health Guidance Manual symptoms which may have resulted for Hazardous Waste Site Activities from exposure to hazardous (See Appendix D, Reference #10) substances resulting from an should be consulted. emergency incident, or exposed (5) Examination by a physician and costs. during an emergency incident to All medical examinations and procedures hazardous substances at shall be performed by or under the concentrations above the supervision of a licensed physician, permissible exposure limits or the preferably one knowledgeable in published exposure levels without occupational medicine, and shall be the necessary personal protective provided without cost to the employee, equipment being used: without loss of pay, and at a reasonable (a) As soon as possible time and place. following the emergency (6) Information provided to the physician. incident or development of The employer shall provide one copy of signs or symptoms; this standard and its appendices to the (b) At additional times, if the attending physician, and in addition, the examining physician following for each employee: determines that follow- up (i) A description of the employee’s examinations or duties as they relate to the consultations are medically employee’s exposures. necessary. (ii) The employee’s exposure levels (4) Content of medical examinations and or anticipated exposure levels. consultations.

3AW Participant 34 Appendix B

(iii) A description of any personal specific findings or diagnoses protective equipment used or to be unrelated to occupational used. exposures. (iv) Information from previous (8) Recordkeeping. medical examinations of the (i) An accurate record of the medical employee which is not readily surveillance required by paragraph available to the examining physician. (f) of this section shall be retained. (v) Information required by § This record shall be retained for the 1910.134. period specified and meet the (7) Physician’s written opinion. criteria of 29 CFR 1910.1020. (i) The employer shall obtain and (ii) The record required in paragraph furnish the employee with a copy of (f) (8) (i) of this section shall include a written opinion from the attending at least the following information: physician containing the following: (a) The name and social (a) The physician’s opinion as security number of the to whether the employee has employee; any detected medical (b) Physician’s written conditions which would opinions, recommended place the employee at limitations, and results of increased risk of material examinations and tests; impairment of the (c) Any employee medical employee’s health from work complaints related to in hazardous waste exposure to hazardous operations or emergency substances; response, or from respirator (d) A copy of the information use. provided to the examining (b) The physician’s physician by the employer, recommended limitations with the exception of the upon the employee’s standard and its appendices. assigned work. g) Engineering controls, work practices, (c) The results of the medical and personal protective equipment for examination and tests if employee protection. Engineering controls, requested by the employee. work practices, personal protective (d) A statement that the equipment, or a combination of these shall employee has been informed be implemented in accordance with this by the physician of the paragraph to protect employees from results of the medical exposure to hazardous substances and examination and any medical safety and health hazards. conditions which require (1) Engineering controls, work practices further examination or and PPE for substances regulated in treatment. Subparts G and Z. (ii) The written opinion obtained by (i) Engineering controls and work the employer shall not reveal practices shall be instituted to

3AW Participant 35 Appendix B

reduce and maintain employee maintain employee exposure to or below exposure to or below the published exposure levels for hazardous permissible exposure limits for substances and health hazards not substances regulated by 29 CFR Part regulated by 29 CFR Part 1910, Subparts 1910, to the extent required by G and Z. The employer may use the Subpart Z, except to the extent that published literature and MSDS as a guide such controls and practices are not in making the employer’s determination feasible. Note to (g) (1) (i): as to what level of protection the Engineering controls which may be employer believes is appropriate for feasible include the use of hazardous substances and health pressurized cabs or control booths hazards for which there is no permissible on equipment, and/or the use of exposure limit or published exposure remotely operated material limit. handling equipment. Work practices (3) Personal protective equipment which may be feasible are removing selection. all non-essential employees from (i) Personal protective equipment potential exposure during opening (PPE) shall be selected and used of drums, wetting down dusty which will protect employees from operations and locating employees the hazards and potential hazards upwind of possible hazards. they are likely to encounter as (ii) “Whenever engineering controls identified during the site and work practices are not feasible characterization and analysis. or not required, any reasonable (ii) Personal protective equipment combination of engineering selection shall be based on an controls, work practices and PPE evaluation of the performance shall be used.” [55 F.R. 14073, April characteristics of the PPE relative to 13, l990] the requirements and limitations of (iii) The employer shall not the site, the task-specific conditions implement a schedule of employee and duration, and the hazards and rotation as a means of compliance potential hazards identified at the with permissible exposure limits or site. dose limits except when there is no (iii) Positive pressure self-contained other feasible way of complying with breathing apparatus, or positive the airborne or dermal dose limits pressure airline respirators for ionizing radiation. equipped with an escape air supply, (iv) The provisions of 29 CFR, shall be used when chemical Subpart G, shall be followed. exposure levels present will create a (2) Engineering controls, work practices, substantial possibility of immediate and PPE for substances not regulated in death, immediate serious illness or Subparts G and Z. An appropriate injury, or impair the ability to combination of engineering controls, escape. work practices and personal protective (iv) Totally-encapsulating chemical equipment shall be used to reduce and protective suits (protection

3AW Participant 36 Appendix B

equivalent to Level A protection as test method which may be used to recommended in) shall be used in evaluate this requirement.) conditions where skin absorption of (iii) Totally-encapsulating suits shall a hazardous substance may result in be capable of preventing inward test a substantial possibility of gas leakage of more than 0.5 immediate death, immediate serious percent. (See Appendix A for a test illness or injury, or impair the ability method which may be used to to escape. evaluate this requirement.) (v) The level of protection provided (5) Personal protective equipment (PPE) by PPE selection shall be increased program. A written personal protective when additional information on site equipment program, which is part of the conditions indicates that increased employer’s safety and health program protection is necessary to reduce required in paragraph (b) of this section employee exposures below or required in paragraph (p)(1) of this permissible exposure limits and section and which is also a part of the published exposure levels for site-specific safety and health plan shall hazardous substances and health be established. The PPE program shall hazards. (See for guidance on address the elements listed below. selecting PPE ensembles.) Note to When elements, such as donning and (g)(3): The level of employee doffing procedures, are provided by the protection provided may be manufacturer of a piece of equipment decreased when additional and are attached to the plan, they need information or site conditions show not be rewritten into the plan as long as that decreased protection will not they adequately address the procedure result in hazardous exposures to or element. employees. (i) PPE selection based upon site (vi) Personal protective equipment hazards, shall be selected and used to meet (ii) PPE use and limitations of the the requirements of 29 CFR Part equipment, 1910, Subpart I, and additional (iii) Work mission duration, requirements specified in this (iv) PPE maintenance and storage, section. (v) PPE decontamination and (4) Totally-encapsulating chemical disposal, protective suits. (vi) PPE training and proper fitting, (i) Totally-encapsulating suits shall (vii) PPE donning and doffing protect employees from the procedures, particular hazards which are (viii) PPE inspection and procedures identified during site prior to, during, and after use. characterization and analysis. (ix) Evaluation of the effectiveness (ii) Totally-encapsulating suits shall of the PPE program, and be capable of maintaining positive (x) Limitations during temperature air pressure. (See Appendix A for a extremes, heat stress, and other appropriate medical considerations.

3AW Participant 37 Appendix B

h) Monitoring. possibility that exposures have risen are (1) General. as follows: (i) Monitoring shall be performed in (i) When work begins on a different accordance with this paragraph portion of the site. where there may be a question of (ii) When contaminants other than employee exposure to hazardous those previously identified are being concentrations of hazardous handled. substances in order to assure proper (iii) When a different type of selection of engineering controls, operation is initiated (e.g., drum work practices and personal opening as opposed to exploratory protective equipment so that well drilling). employees are not exposed to levels (iv) When employees are handling which exceed permissible exposure leaking drums or containers or limits or published exposure levels if working in areas with obvious liquid there are no permissible exposure contamination (e.g., a spill or limits, for hazardous substances. [55 lagoon). F.R. 14073, April 13, l990] (4) Monitoring of high-risk employees. (ii) Air monitoring shall be used to After the actual clean-up phase of any identify and quantify airborne levels hazardous waste operation commences; of hazardous substances and safety for example, when soil, surface water or and health hazards in order to containers are moved or disturbed; the determine the appropriate level of employer shall monitor those employees employee protection needed on likely to have the highest exposure to site. hazardous substances and health (2) Initial entry. Upon initial entry, hazards likely to be present above representative air monitoring shall be permissible exposure limits or published conducted to identify any IDLH exposure levels by using personal condition, exposure over permissible sampling frequently enough to exposure limits or published exposure characterize employee exposures. If the levels, exposure over a radioactive employees likely to have the highest material’s dose limits or other dangerous exposure are over permissible exposure condition such as the presence of limits or published exposure limits, then flammable atmospheres or oxygen- monitoring shall continue to determine deficient environments. all employees likely to be above those (3) Periodic monitoring. Periodic limits. The employer may utilize a monitoring shall be conducted when the representative sampling approach by possibility of an IDLH condition or documenting that the employees and flammable atmosphere has developed or chemicals chosen for monitoring are when there is indication that exposures based on the criteria stated above. Note may have risen over permissible to (h): It is not required to monitor exposure limits or published exposure employees engaged in site levels since prior monitoring. Situations characterization operations covered by where it shall be considered whether the paragraph (c) of this section.

3AW Participant 38 Appendix B i) Informational programs. Employers shall (v) Site operations shall be organized develop and implement a program, which is to minimize the amount of drum or part of the employer’s safety and health container movement. program required in paragraph (b) of this (vi) Prior to movement of drums or section, to inform employees, contractors, containers, all employees exposed and subcontractors (or their representative) to the transfer operation shall be actually engaged in hazardous waste warned of the potential hazards operations of the nature, level and degree associated with the contents of the of exposure likely as a result of participation drums or containers. in such hazardous waste operations. (vii) U.S. Department of Employees, contractors and subcontractors Transportation specified salvage working outside of the operations part of a drums or containers and suitable site are not covered by this standard. quantities of proper absorbent shall j) Handling drums and containers. be kept available and used in areas (1) General. where spills, leaks, or ruptures may (i) Hazardous substances and occur. contaminated soils, liquids, and (viii) Where major spills may occur, a other residues shall be handled, spill containment program, which is transported, labeled, and disposed part of the employer’s safety and of in accordance with this health program required in paragraph. paragraph (b) of this section, shall (ii) Drums and containers used be implemented to contain and during the clean-up shall meet the isolate the entire volume of the appropriate DOT, OSHA, and EPA hazardous substance being regulations for the wastes that they transferred. contain. (ix) Drums and containers that (iii) When practical, drums and cannot be moved without rupture, containers shall be inspected and leakage, or spillage shall be emptied their integrity shall be assured prior into a sound container using a to being moved. Drums or device classified for the material containers that cannot be inspected being transferred. before being moved because of (x) A ground-penetrating system or storage conditions (i.e., buried other type of detection system or beneath the earth, stacked behind device shall be used to estimate the other drums, stacked several tiers location and depth of buried drums high in a pile, etc.) shall be moved to or containers. an accessible location and inspected (xi) Soil or covering material shall be prior to further handling. removed with caution to prevent (iv) Unlabeled drums and containers drum or container rupture. shall be considered to contain (xii) Fire extinguishing equipment hazardous substances and handled meeting the requirements of 29 CFR accordingly until the contents are Part 1910, Subpart L, shall be on positively identified and labeled.

3AW Participant 39 Appendix B

hand and ready for use to control drums or containers to reduce the incipient fires. risk of employee injury. (2) Opening drums and containers. The (vii) Employees shall not stand upon following procedures shall be followed in or work from drums or containers. areas where drums or containers are (3) Material handling equipment. being opened: Material handling equipment used to (i) Where an airline respirator transfer drums and containers shall be system is used, connections to the selected, positioned and operated to source of air supply shall be minimize sources of ignition related to protected from contamination and the equipment from igniting vapors the entire system shall be protected released from ruptured drums or from physical damage. containers. (ii) Employees not actually involved (4) Radioactive wastes. Drums and in opening drums or containers shall containers containing radioactive wastes be kept a safe distance from the shall not be handled until such time as drums or containers being opened. their hazard to employees is properly (iii) If employees must work near or assessed. adjacent to drums or containers (5) Shock sensitive wastes. As a minimum, being opened, a suitable shield that the following special precautions shall be does not interfere with the work taken when drums and containers operation shall be placed between containing or suspected of containing the employee and the drums or shock-sensitive wastes are handled: containers being opened to protect (i) All non-essential employees shall the employee in case of accidental be evacuated from the area of explosion. transfer. (iv) Controls for drum or container (ii) Material handling equipment opening equipment, monitoring shall be provided with explosive equipment, and fire suppression containment devices or protective equipment shall be located behind shields to protect equipment the explosion-resistant barrier. operators from exploding (v) When there is a reasonable containers. possibility of flammable (iii) An employee alarm system atmospheres being present, capable of being perceived above material handling equipment and surrounding light and noise hand tools shall be of the type to conditions shall be used to signal the prevent sources of ignition. commencement and completion of (vi) Drums and containers shall be explosive waste handling activities. opened in such a manner that (iv) Continuous communications excess interior pressure will be (i.e., portable radios, hand signals, safely relieved. If pressure cannot be telephones, as appropriate) shall be relieved from a remote location, maintained between the employee- appropriate shielding shall be placed in-charge of the immediate handling between the employee and the area and both the site safety and

3AW Participant 40 Appendix B

health supervisor and the command (7) Sampling of drum and container post until such time as the handling contents. Sampling of containers and operation is completed. drums shall be done in accordance with Communication equipment or a sampling procedure which is part of methods that could cause shock the site safety and health plan developed sensitive materials to explode shall for and available to employees and not be used. others at the specific worksite. (v) Drums and containers under (8) Shipping and transport. pressure, as evidenced by bulging or (i) Drums and containers shall be swelling, shall not be moved until identified and classified prior to such time as the cause for excess packaging for shipment. pressure is determined and (ii) Drum or container staging areas appropriate containment shall be kept to the minimum procedures have been implemented number necessary to identify and to protect employees from explosive classify materials safely and prepare relief of the drum. them for transport. (vi) Drums and containers containing (iii) Staging areas shall be provided packaged laboratory wastes shall be with adequate access and egress considered to contain shock- routes. sensitive or explosive materials until (iv) Bulking of hazardous wastes they have been characterized. shall be permitted only after a Caution: Shipping of shock sensitive thorough characterization of the wastes may be prohibited under U.S. materials has been completed. Department of Transportation (9) Tank and vault procedures. regulations. Employers and their (i) Tanks and vaults containing shippers should refer to 49 CFR hazardous substances shall be 173.21 and 173.50. handled in a manner similar to that (6) Laboratory waste packs. In addition to for drums and containers, taking the requirements of paragraph (j) (5) of into consideration the size of the this section, the following precautions tank or vault. shall be taken, as a minimum; in handling (ii) Appropriate tank or vault entry laboratory waste packs (lab packs): procedures as described in the (i) Lab packs shall be opened only employer’s safety and health plan when necessary and then only by an shall be followed whenever individual knowledgeable in the employees must enter a tank or inspection, classification, and vault. segregation of the containers within k) Decontamination. the pack according to the hazards of (1) General. Procedures for all phases of the wastes. decontamination shall be developed and (ii) If crystalline material is noted on implemented in accordance with this any container, the contents shall be paragraph. handled as a shock-sensitive waste (2) Decontamination procedures. until the contents are identified.

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(i) A decontamination procedure replaced as needed to maintain their shall be developed, communicated effectiveness. to employees and implemented (ii) Employees whose non- before any employees or equipment impermeable clothing becomes may enter areas on site where wetted with hazardous substances potential for exposure to hazardous shall immediately remove that substances exists. clothing and proceed to shower. The (ii) Standard operating procedures clothing shall be disposed of or shall be developed to minimize decontaminated before it is employee contact with hazardous removed from the work zone. substances or with equipment that (6) Unauthorized employees. has contacted hazardous Unauthorized employees shall not substances. remove protective clothing or equipment (iii) All employees leaving a from change rooms. contaminated area shall be (7) Commercial laundries or cleaning appropriately decontaminated; all establishments. Commercial laundries or contaminated clothing and cleaning establishments that equipment leaving a contaminated decontaminate protective clothing or area shall be appropriately disposed equipment shall be informed of the of or decontaminated. potentially harmful effects of exposures (iv) Decontamination procedures to hazardous substances. shall be monitored by the site safety (8) Showers and change rooms. Where and health supervisor to determine the decontamination procedure their effectiveness. When such indicates a need for regular showers and procedures are found to be change rooms outside of a contaminated ineffective, appropriate steps shall area, they shall be provided and meet be taken to correct any deficiencies. the requirements of 29 CFR 1910.141. If (3) Location. Decontamination shall be temperature conditions prevent the performed in geographical areas that will effective use of water, then other minimize the exposure of effective means for cleansing shall be uncontaminated employees or provided and used. equipment to contaminated employees l) Emergency response by employees at or equipment. uncontrolled hazardous waste sites (4) Equipment and solvents. All (1) Emergency response plan. equipment and solvents used for (i) An emergency response plan shall decontamination shall be be developed and implemented by decontaminated or disposed of properly. all employers within the scope of (5) Personal protective clothing and this paragraphs (a) (1) (i)-(ii) of this equipment. section to handle anticipated (i) Protective clothing and emergencies prior to the equipment shall be decontaminated, commencement of hazardous waste cleaned, laundered, maintained or operations. The plan shall be in writing and available for inspection

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and copying by employees, their (i) In addition to the elements for representatives, OSHA personnel the emergency response plan and other governmental agencies required in paragraph (1) (2) of this with relevant responsibilities. [55 section, the following elements shall F.R. 14073, April 13, l990] be included for emergency response (ii) Employers who will evacuate plans: their employees from the danger (a) Site topography, layout, area when an emergency occurs, and prevailing weather and who do not permit any of their conditions. employees to assist in handling the (b) Procedures for reporting emergency, are exempt from the incidents to local, state, and requirements of this paragraph if federal governmental they provide an emergency action agencies. plan complying with section 1910.38 (ii) The emergency response plan of this part. [55 F.R. 14073, April 13, shall be a separate section of the l990] Site Safety and Health plan. (2) Elements of an emergency response (iii) The emergency response plan plan. The employer shall develop an shall be compatible and integrated emergency response plan for with the disaster, fire and/or emergencies which shall address, as a emergency response plans of local, minimum, the following: state, and federal agencies. (i) Pre-emergency planning. (iv) The emergency response plan (ii) Personnel roles, lines of shall be rehearsed regularly as part authority, and communication. of the overall training program for (iii) Emergency recognition and site operations. prevention. (v) The site emergency response (iv) Safe distances and places of plan shall be reviewed periodically refuge. and, as necessary, be amended to (v) Site security and control. keep it current with new or changing (vi) Evacuation routes and site conditions or information. procedures. (vi) An employee alarm system shall (vii) Decontamination procedures be installed in accordance with 29 which are not covered by the site CFR 1910.165 to notify employees of safety and health plan. an emergency situation; to stop (viii) Emergency medical treatment work activities if necessary; to lower and first aid. background noise in order to speed (ix) Emergency alerting and communication; and to begin response procedures. emergency procedures. (x) Critique of response and follow- (vii) Based upon the information up. (xi) PPE and emergency available at time of the emergency, equipment. the employer shall evaluate the (3) Procedures for handling emergency incident and the site response incidents. capabilities and proceed with the

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appropriate steps to implement the (iii) Any container used to distribute site emergency response plan. drinking water shall be clearly m) Illumination. Areas accessible to marked as to the nature of its employees shall be lighted to not contents and not used for any other less than the minimum illumination purpose. intensities listed in the following (iv) Where single service cups (to be Table H-120.1 while any work is in used but once) are supplied, both a progress: sanitary container for the unused Table H-120.1: Minimum cups and a receptacle for disposing Illumination Intensities in Foot- of the used cups shall be provided. Candles Foot- Candles Area or (2) Non-potable water. Operations 5 General site areas. 3 (i) Outlets for non-potable water, Excavation and waste areas, access such as water for firefighting ways, active storage areas, loading purposes, shall be identified to platforms, refueling, and field indicate clearly that the water is maintenance areas. 5 Indoors: unsafe and is not to be used for Warehouses, corridors, hallways, drinking, washing, or cooking and exit ways. 5 Tunnels, shafts, and purposes. general underground work areas. (ii) There shall be no cross- (Exception: Minimum of 10 foot- connection, open or potential, candles is required at tunnel and between a system furnishing shaft heading during drilling potable water and a system mucking, and scaling. Mine Safety furnishing non-potable water. and Health Administration approved (3) Toilet facilities. cap lights shall be acceptable for use (i) Toilets shall be proved for in the tunnel heading.) 10 General employees according to the Table H- shops (e.g., mechanical and 120.2. electrical equipment rooms, active (ii) Under temporary field storerooms, barracks or living conditions, provisions shall be made quarters, locker or dressing rooms, to assure that at least one toilet dining areas, and indoor toilets and facility is available. workrooms). 30 First aid stations, (iii) Hazardous waste sites not infirmaries, and offices. provided with a sanitary sewer shall n) Sanitation at temporary work places. be provided with the following toilet (1) Potable water. facilities unless prohibited by local (i) An adequate supply of potable codes: water shall be provided on the site. (a) Chemical toilets; (ii) Portable containers used to (b) Recirculating toilets; dispense drinking water shall be (c) Combustion toilets; or capable of being tightly closed, and (d) Flush toilets. equipped with a tap. Water shall not (iv) The requirements of this be dipped from containers. paragraph for sanitation facilities shall not apply to mobile crews

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having transportation readily employees More than 200 One toilet seat available to nearby toilet facilities. and one urinal per 50 employees (v) Doors entering toilet facilities (i) Showers shall be provided and shall be provided with entrance shall meet the requirements of 29 locks controlled from inside the CFR 1910.141(d) (3). facility. (ii) Change rooms shall be provided (4) Food handling. All food service and shall meet the requirements of facilities and operations for employees 29 CFR 1910.141(e). Change rooms shall meet the applicable laws, shall consist of two separate change ordinances, and regulations of the areas separated by the shower area jurisdictions in which they are located. required in paragraph (n) (7) (i) of (5) Temporary sleeping quarters. When this section. One change area, with temporary sleeping quarters are an exit leading off the worksite, shall provided, they shall be heated, provide employees with a clean area ventilated, and lighted. where they can remove, store, and (6) Washing facilities. The employer shall put on street clothing. The second provide adequate washing facilities for area, with an exit to the worksite, employees engaged in operations where shall provide employees with an hazardous substances may be harmful to area where they can put on, remove employees. Such facilities shall be in near and store work clothing and proximity to the worksite; in areas where personal protective equipment. exposures are below permissible (iii) Showers and change rooms shall exposure limits and published exposure be located in areas where exposures levels and which are under the controls are below the permissible exposure of the employer; and shall be so limits and published exposure levels. equipped as to enable employees to If this cannot be accomplished, then remove hazardous substances from a ventilation system shall be themselves. provided that will supply air that is (7) Showers and change rooms. When below the permissible exposure hazardous waste clean-up or removal limits and published exposure levels. operations commence on a site and the (iv) Employers shall assure that duration of the work will require six employees shower at the end of months or greater time to complete, the their work shift and when leaving employer shall provide showers and the hazardous waste site. change rooms for all employees exposed o) New technology programs. to hazardous substances and health (1) The employer shall develop and hazards involved in hazardous waste implement procedures for the cleanup or removal operations. introduction of effective new Table H-120.1: Toilet Facilities No. of technologies and equipment developed Employees Minimum Number of Facilities for the improved protection of 20 or fewer One More than 20, One toilet employees working with hazardous seat and one urinal per fewer than 200 40 waste clean-up operations, and the same shall be implemented as part of the site

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safety and health program to assure that provide for emergency response meeting employee protection is being the requirements of paragraph (p)(8) of maintained. this section and to address as (2) New technologies, equipment or appropriate site analysis, engineering control measures available to the controls, maximum exposure limits, industry, such as the use of foams, hazardous waste handling procedures absorbents, adsorbents, neutralizers, or and uses of new technologies. other means to suppress the level of air (2) Hazard communication program. The contaminants while excavating the site employer shall implement a hazard or for spill control, shall be evaluated by communication program meeting the employers or their representatives. Such requirements of 29 CFR 1910.1200 as a an evaluation shall be done to determine part of the employer’s safety and health the effectiveness of the new methods, program. Note to 1910.120. The materials, or equipment before exemption for hazardous waste provided implementing their use on a large scale in §1910.1200 is applicable to this for enhancing employee protection. section. Information and data from (3) Medical surveillance program. The manufacturers or suppliers may be used employer shall develop and implement a as a part of the employer’s evaluation medical surveillance program meeting effort. Such evaluations shall be made the requirements of paragraph (f) of this available to OSHA upon request. section. p) Certain Operations Conducted Under (4) Decontamination program. The the Resource Conservation and Recovery employer shall develop and implement a Act of 1976 (RCRA): “Employers conducting decontamination procedure meeting the operations at treatment, storage and requirements of paragraph (k) of this disposal (TSD) facilities specified in section. paragraph (a) (1) (iv) of this section shall (5) New technology program. The provide and implement the program employer shall develop and implement specified in this paragraph. See the “Notes procedures meeting the requirements of and Exceptions” to paragraph (a) (2) (iii) of paragraph (o) of this section for this section for employers not covered.” [55 introducing new and innovative F.R. 14073, April 13, l990] equipment into the workplace. (1) Safety and health program. The (6) Material handling program. Where employer shall develop and implement a employees will be handling drums or written safety and health program for containers, the employer shall develop employees involved in hazardous waste and implement procedures meeting the operations that shall be available for requirements of paragraphs (j)(1)(ii) inspection by employees, their through (viii) and (xi) of this section, as representatives and OSHA personnel. well as (j)(3) and (j)(8) of this section The program shall be designed to prior to starting such work. identify, evaluate and control safety and (7) Training program. health hazards in their facilities for the (i) New employees. “The employer purpose of employee protection, to shall develop and implement a

3AW Participant 46 Appendix B

training program, which is part of the courses and competent the employer’s safety and health instructional skills. program, for employees exposed to (8) Emergency response program. health hazards or hazardous (i) Emergency response plan. An substances at TSD operations to emergency response plan shall be enable the employees to perform developed and implemented by all their assigned duties and functions employers. Such plans need not in a safe and healthful manner so as duplicate any of the subjects fully not to endanger themselves or other addressed in the employer’s employees.” The initial training shall contingency planning required by be for 24 hours and refresher permits, such as those issued by the training shall be for eight hours U.S. Environmental Protection annually. Employees who have Agency, provided that the received the initial training required contingency plan is made part of the by this paragraph shall be given a emergency response plan. The written certificate attesting that emergency response plan shall be a they have successfully completed written portion of the employer’s the necessary training. [55 F.R. safety and health program required 14074, April 13, 1990] in paragraph (p) (1) of this section. (ii) Current employees. Employers Employers who will evacuate their who can show by an employee’s employees from the worksite previous work experience and/or location when an emergency occurs training that the employee has had and who do not permit any of their training equivalent to the initial employees to assist in handling the training required by this paragraph, emergency are exempt from the shall be considered as meeting the requirements of paragraph (p)(8) if initial training requirements of this they provide an emergency action paragraph as to that employee. plan complying with § 1910.38(a) of Equivalent training includes the this part. training that existing employees (ii) Elements of an emergency might have already received from response plan. The employer shall actual site work experience. Current develop an emergency response employees shall receive eight hours plan for emergencies which shall of refresher training annually. address, as a minimum, the (iii) Trainers. Trainers who teach following areas to the extent that initial training shall have they are not addressed in any satisfactorily completed a training specific program required in this course for teaching the subjects paragraph: they are expected to teach or they (a) Pre-emergency planning shall have the academic credentials and coordination with and instruction experience outside parties. necessary to demonstrate a good command of the subject matter of

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(b) Personnel roles, lines of responsibility to control authority, and emergencies have the communication. training specified, and all (c) Emergency recognition other employees, who may and prevention. first respond to an (d) Safe distances and places emergency incident, have of refuge. ( sufficient awareness training e) Site security and control. to recognize that an (f) Evacuation routes and emergency response procedures. situation exists and that they (g) Decontamination are instructed in that case to procedures. summon the fully trained (h) Emergency medical employees and not attempt treatment and first aid. to control activities for which (i) Emergency alerting and they are not trained. response procedures. Exception #2: An employer (j) Critique of response and need not train all employees follow-up. to the degree specified if (k) PPE and emergency arrangements have been equipment. made in advance for an (iii) Training. outside fully-trained (a) Training for emergency emergency response team to response employees shall be respond in a reasonable completed before they are period and all employees, called upon to perform in who may come to the real emergencies. Such incident first, have sufficient training shall include the awareness training to elements of the emergency recognize that an emergency response plan, standard response situation exists and operating procedures the they have been instructed to employer has established for call the designated outside the job, the personal fully-trained emergency protective equipment to be response team for worn and procedures for assistance. handling emergency (b) Employee members of incidents. TSD facility emergency Exception #1: An employer response organizations shall need not train all employees be trained to a level of to the degree specified if the competence in the employer divides the work recognition of health and force in a manner such that a safety hazards to protect sufficient number of themselves and other employees who have employees. This would

3AW Participant 48 Appendix B

include training in the for emergency response methods used to minimize plans to the extent that they the risk from safety and do not repeat any health hazards; in the safe information already use of control equipment; in contained in the emergency the selection and use of response plan: appropriate personal (1) Site topography, protective equipment; in the layout, and prevailing safe operating procedures to weather conditions. be used at the incident (2) Procedures for scene; in the techniques of reporting incidents to coordination with other local, state, and employees to minimize risks; federal governmental in the appropriate response agencies. to over exposure from health (b) The emergency response hazards or injury to plan shall be compatible and themselves and other integrated with the disaster, employees; and in the fire and/or emergency recognition of subsequent response plans of local, symptoms which may result state, and federal agencies. from over exposures. (c) The emergency response (c) The employer shall certify plan shall be rehearsed that each covered employee regularly as a part of the has attended and overall training program for successfully completed the site operations. training required in (d) The site emergency paragraph (p) (8) (iii) of this response plan shall be section, or shall certify the reviewed periodically and, as employee’s competency at necessary, be amended to least yearly. The method keep it current with new or used to demonstrate changing site conditions or competency for certification information. of training shall be recorded (e) An employee alarm and maintained by the system shall be installed in employer. accordance with 29 CFR (iv) Procedures for handling 1910.165 to notify emergency incidents. employees of an emergency (a) In addition to the situation; to stop work elements for the emergency activities if necessary; to response plan required in lower background noise in paragraph (p)(8)(ii) of this order to speed section, the following communication; and to begin elements shall be included emergency procedures.

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(f) Based upon the provide an emergency action plan in information available at the accordance with § 1910.38 of this part. time of the emergency, the (2) Elements of an emergency response employer shall evaluate the plan. The employer shall develop an incident and the site emergency response plan for response capabilities and emergencies which shall address, as a proceed with the minimum, the following to the extent appropriate steps to that they are not addressed elsewhere: implement the site (i) Pre-emergency planning and emergency response plan. coordination with outside parties. q) Emergency response to hazardous (ii) Personnel roles, lines of substance releases. This paragraph covers authority, training, and employers whose employees are engaged communication. in emergency response no matter where it (iii) Emergency recognition and occurs except that it does not cover prevention. employees engaged in operations specified (iv) Safe distances and places of in paragraphs (a)(1)(i) through (a)(1)(iv) of refuge. this section. Those emergency response (v) Site security and control. organizations who have developed and (vi) Evacuation routes and implemented programs equivalent to this procedures. paragraph for handling releases of (vii) Decontamination. hazardous substances pursuant to section (viii) Emergency medical treatment 303 of the Superfund Amendments and and first aid. Reauthorization Act of 1986 (Emergency (ix) Emergency alerting and Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act response procedures. of 1986, 42 U.S.C. 11003) shall be deemed (x) Critique of response and follow- to have met the requirements of this up. paragraph. (xi) PPE and emergency equipment. (1) Emergency response plan. An (xii) Emergency response emergency response plan shall be organizations may use the local developed and implemented to handle emergency response plan or the anticipated emergencies prior to the state emergency response plan or commencement of emergency response both, as part of their emergency operations. The plan shall be in writing response plan to avoid duplication. and available for inspection and copying Those items of the emergency by employees, their representatives and response plan that are being OSHA personnel. Employers who will properly addressed by the SARA evacuate their employees from the Title III plans may be substituted danger area when an emergency occurs, into their emergency plan or and who do not permit any of their otherwise kept together for the employees to assist in handling the employer and employee’s use. emergency, are exempt from the (3) Procedures for handling emergency requirements of this paragraph if they response.

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(i) The senior emergency response However, personal protective official responding to an emergency equipment shall meet, at a shall become the individual in minimum; the criteria contained in charge of a site-specific Incident 29 CFR 1910.156(e) when worn Command System (ICS). All while performing firefighting emergency responders and their operations beyond the incipient communications shall be stage for any incident. [55 F.R. coordinated and controlled through 14074, April 13, l990] the individual in charge of the ICS (iv) Employees engaged in assisted by the senior official emergency response and exposed to present for each employer. Note to hazardous substances presenting an (q) (3) (i). The “senior official” at an inhalation hazard or potential emergency response is the most inhalation hazard shall wear positive senior official on the site who has pressure self-contained breathing the responsibility for controlling the apparatus while engaged in operations at the site. Initially it is emergency response, until such time the senior officer on the first-due that the individual in charge of the piece of responding emergency ICS determines through the use of apparatus to arrive on the incident air monitoring that a decreased level scene. As more senior officers arrive of respiratory protection will not (i.e., battalion chief, fire chief, state result in hazardous exposures to law enforcement official, site employees. coordinator, etc.) the position is (v) The individual in charge of the passed up the line of authority ICS shall limit the number of which has been previously emergency response personnel at established. the emergency site, in those areas of (ii) The individual in charge of the potential or actual exposure to ICS shall identify, to the extent incident or site hazards, to those possible, all hazardous substances or who are actively performing conditions present and shall address emergency operations. However, as appropriate site analysis, use of operations in hazardous areas shall engineering controls, maximum be performed using the buddy exposure limits, hazardous system in groups of two or more. substance handling procedures, and (vi) Back-up personnel shall stand by use of any new technologies. with equipment ready to provide (iii) Based on the hazardous assistance or rescue. Advanced first substances and/or conditions aid support personnel, as a present, the individual in charge of minimum, shall also stand by with the ICS shall implement appropriate medical equipment and emergency operations, and assure transportation capability. that the personal protective (vii) The individual in charge of the equipment worn is appropriate for ICS shall designate a safety official, the hazards to be encountered. who is knowledgeable in the

3AW Participant 51 Appendix B

operations being implemented at mechanized earth moving or digging the emergency response site, with equipment or crane and hoisting specific responsibility to identify and equipment, and who are needed evaluate hazards and to provide temporarily to perform immediate direction with respect to the safety emergency support work that cannot of operations for the emergency at reasonably be performed in a timely hand. fashion by an employer’s own (viii) When activities are judged by employees, and who will be or may be the safety official to be an IDLH exposed to the hazards at an emergency condition and/or to involve an response scene, are not required to imminent danger condition, the meet the training required in this safety official shall have the paragraph for the employer’s regular authority to alter, suspend, or employees. However, these personnel terminate those activities. The shall be given an initial briefing at the safety official shall immediately site prior to their participation in any inform the individual in charge of emergency response. The initial briefing the ICS of any actions needed to be shall include instruction in the wearing of taken to correct these hazards at the appropriate personal protective emergency scene. equipment, what chemical hazards are (ix) After emergency operations involved, and what duties are to be have terminated, the individual in performed. All other appropriate safety charge of the ICS shall implement and health precautions provided to the appropriate decontamination employer’s own employees shall be used procedures. to assure the safety and health of these (x) When deemed necessary for personnel. meeting the tasks at hand, approved (5) Specialist employees. Employees who, self-contained compressed air in the course of their regular job duties, breathing apparatus may be used work with and are trained in the hazards with approved cylinders from other of specific hazardous substances, and approved self-contained who will be called upon to provide compressed air breathing apparatus technical advice or assistance at a provided that such cylinders are of hazardous substance release incident to the same capacity and pressure the individual in charge, shall receive rating. All compressed air cylinders training or demonstrate competency in used with self-contained breathing the area of their specialization annually. apparatus shall meet U.S. (6) Training. Training shall be based on the Department of Transportation and duties and function to be performed by National Institute for Occupational each responder of an emergency Safety and Health criteria. response organization. The skill and (4) Skilled support personnel. Personnel, knowledge levels required for all new not necessarily an employer’s own responders, those hired after the employees, who are skilled in the effective date of this standard, shall be operation of certain equipment, such as conveyed to them through training

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before they are permitted to take part in (d) The ability to identify the actual emergency operations on an hazardous substances, if incident. Employees who participate, or possible. [55 F.R. 14074, April are expected to participate, in 13, l990] emergency response, shall be given (e) An understanding of the training in accordance with the following role of the first responder paragraphs: awareness individual in the (i) First responder awareness level. employer’s emergency First responders at the awareness response plan including the level are individuals who are likely to site security and control and witness or discover a hazardous the U.S. Department of substance release and who have Transportation’s Emergency been trained to initiate an Response Guidebook. emergency response sequence by (f) The ability to realize the notifying the proper authorities of need for additional the release. They would take no resources, and to make further action beyond notifying the appropriate notifications to authorities of the release. First the communication center. responders at the awareness level (ii) First responder operations level. shall have sufficient training or have First responders at the operations had sufficient experience to level are individuals who respond to objectively demonstrate releases or potential releases of competency in the following areas: hazardous substances as part of the (a) An understanding of what initial response to the site for the hazardous materials are, and purpose of protecting nearby the risks associated with persons, property, or the them in an incident. [55 F.R. environment from the effects of the 14074, April 13, l990] release. They are trained to respond (b) An understanding of the in a defensive fashion without potential outcomes actually trying to stop the release. associated with an Their function is to contain the emergency created when release from a safe distance, keep it hazardous substances are from spreading, and prevent present. [5 5 F.R. 14074, exposures. First responders at the April 13, l990] operational level shall have received (c) The ability to recognize at least eight hours of training or the presence of hazardous have had sufficient experience to substances in an emergency. objectively demonstrate [55 F.R. 14074, April 13, l990] competency in the following areas in B–28 HAZWOPER addition to those listed for the Awareness—Student awareness level and the employer Manual, Ver. 022804 shall so certify:

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(a) Knowledge of the basic (a) Know how to implement hazard and risk assessment the employer’s emergency techniques. response plan. (b) Know how to select and (b) Know the classification, use proper personal identification and verification protective equipment of known and unknown provided to the first materials by using field responder operational level. survey instruments and (c) An understanding of basic equipment. hazardous materials terms. (c) Be able to function within (d) Know how to perform an assigned role in the basic control, containment Incident Command System. and/or confinement (d) Know how to select and operations within the use proper specialized capabilities of the resources chemical personal protective and personal protective equipment provided to the equipment available with hazardous materials their unit. technician. (e) Know how to implement (e) Understand hazard and basic decontamination risk assessment techniques. procedures. (f) Be able to perform (f) An understanding of the advance control, relevant standard operating containment, and/or procedures and termination confinement operations procedures. within the capabilities of the (iii) Hazardous materials technician. resources and personal Hazardous materials technicians are protective equipment individuals who respond to releases available with the unit. or potential releases for the purpose (g) Understand and of stopping the release. They implement decontamination assume a more aggressive role than procedures. a first responder at the operations (h) Understand termination levels in that they will approach the procedures. point of release in order to plug, (i) Understand basic chemical patch or otherwise stop the release and toxicological terminology of a hazardous substance. and behavior. Hazardous materials technicians (iv) Hazardous materials specialist. shall have received at least 24 hours Hazardous materials specialists are of training equal to the first individuals who respond with and responder operations level and in provide support to hazardous addition have competency in the materials technicians. Their duties following areas and the employer parallel those of the hazardous shall so certify: materials technician; however,

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those duties require a more directed (g) Be able to determine and or specific knowledge of the various implement decontamination substances they may be called upon procedures. to contain. The hazardous materials (h) Have the ability to specialist would also act as the site develop a site safety and liaison with Federal, state, local, and control plan. other government authorities in (i) Understand chemical, regards to site activities. Hazardous radiological and toxicological materials specialists shall have terminology and behavior. received at least 24 hours of training (v) On scene incident commander. equal to the technician level and in Incident commanders, who will addition have competency in the assume control of the incident scene following areas and the employer beyond the first responder shall so certify: awareness level, shall receive at (a) Know how to implement least 24 hours of training equal to the local emergency the first responder operations level response plan. and in addition have competency in (b) Understand classification, the following areas and the identification and verification employer shall so certify: of known and unknown (a) Know and be able to materials by using advanced implement the employer’s survey instruments and incident command system. equipment. (b) Know how to implement (c) Know of the state the employer’s emergency emergency response plan. response plan. (d) Be able to select and use (c) Know and understand the proper specialized chemical hazards and risks associated personal protective with employees working in equipment provided to the chemical protective clothing. hazardous materials (d) Know how to implement specialist. the local emergency (e) Understand in-depth response plan. hazard and risk techniques. (e) Know of the state (f) Be able to perform emergency response plan specialized control, and of the Federal Regional containment, and/or Response Team. confinement operations (f) Know and understand the within the capabilities of the importance of resources and personal decontamination protective equipment procedures. available. (7) Trainers. Trainers who teach any of the above training subjects shall have satisfactorily completed a training course

3AW Participant 55 Appendix B

for teaching the subjects they are (10) Chemical-protective clothing. expected to teach, such as the courses Chemical-protective clothing and offered by the U.S. National Fire equipment to be used by organized and Academy, or they shall have the training designated HAZMAT team members, or and/ or academic credentials and to be used by hazardous materials instructional experience necessary to specialists, shall meet the requirements demonstrate competent instructional of paragraphs (g) (3) through (5) of this skills and a good command of the subject section. matter of the courses they are to teach. (11) Post-emergency response [55 F.R. 14074, April 13, l990] operations. Upon completion of the (8) Refresher training. emergency response, if it is determined (i) Those employees who are trained that it is necessary to remove hazardous in accordance with paragraph (q)(6) substances, health hazards, and of this section shall receive annual materials contaminated with them (such refresher training of sufficient as contaminated soil or other elements content and duration to maintain of the natural environment) from the their competencies, or shall site of the incident, the employer demonstrate competency in those conducting the clean-up shall comply areas at least yearly. with one of the following: (ii) A statement shall be made of the (i) Meet all of the requirements of training or competency, and if a paragraphs (b) through (o) of this statement of competency is made, section; or the employer shall keep a record of (ii) Where the clean-up is done on the methodology used to plant property using plant or demonstrate competency. workplace employees, such (9) Medical surveillance and consultation. employees shall have completed the (i) Members of an organized and training requirements of the designated HAZMAT team and following: 29 CFR 1910.38; hazardous materials specialists shall 1910.134; 1910.1200, and other receive a baseline physical appropriate safety and health examination and be provided with training made necessary by the tasks medical surveillance as required in that they are expected to be paragraph (f) of this section. performed such as personal (ii) Any emergency response protective equipment and employees who exhibit signs or decontamination procedures. All symptoms which may have resulted equipment to be used in the from exposure to hazardous performance of the cleanup work substances during the course of an shall be in serviceable condition and emergency incident, either shall have been inspected prior to immediately or subsequently, shall use. be provided with medical consultation as required in paragraph (f)(3)(ii) of this section.

3AW Participant 56 Appendix B

Appendices to 1910.120 Hazardous 2.1 “Totally-encapsulating Waste Operations and Emergency chemical protective suit Response (TECP suit)” means a full body garment which is Note: The following appendices serve as constructed of protective non-mandatory guidelines to assist clothing materials; covers the employees and employers in complying wearer’s torso, head, arms, with the appropriate requirements of this legs and respirator; may section. However, paragraph 1910.120(g) cover the wearer’s hands makes mandatory in certain circumstances and feet with tightly the use of Level A and Level B PPE attached gloves and boots; protection. completely encloses the Appendix A: Personal Protective wearer and respirator by Equipment Test Methods itself or in combination with the wearer’s gloves and This appendix sets forth the non-mandatory boots. examples of tests which may be used to 2.2 “Protective clothing evaluate compliance with §1910.120(g) (4) material” means any (ii) and (iii). Other tests and other challenge material or combination of agents may be used to evaluate materials used in an item of compliance. clothing for the purpose of A. Totally-encapsulating chemical- isolating parts of the body protective suit pressure test from direct contact with 1.0 Scope potentially hazardous liquid 1.1 This practice measures or gaseous chemicals. the ability of a gas tight 2.3 “Gas-tight” means, for totally-encapsulating the purpose of this test chemical protective suit method, the limited flow of a material, seams, and closures gas under pressure from the to maintain a fixed positive inside of a TECP suit to pressure. The results of this atmosphere at a prescribed practice allow the gas-tight pressure and time interval. integrity of a totally- 3.0 Summary of test method encapsulating chemical- 3.1 The TECP suit is visually protective suit to be inspected and modified for evaluated. the test. The test apparatus 1.2 Resistance of the suit is attached to the suit to materials to permeation, permit inflation to the pre- penetration, and degradation test suit expansion pressure by specific hazardous for removal of suit wrinkles substances is not determined and creases. The pressure is by this test method. lowered to the test pressure 2.0 Definition of terms and monitored for three

3AW Participant 57 Appendix B

minutes. If the pressure drop fittings or face piece is excessive, the TECP suit opening) with tape or fails the test and is removed other appropriate from service. The test is means (caps, plugs, repeated after leak location fixture, etc.). Care and repair. should be exercised 4.0 Required Supplies in the sealing process 4.1 Source of compressed not to damage any of air. the suit components. 4.2 Test apparatus for suit 6.1.2 Close all closure testing, including a pressure assemblies. measurement device with a 6.1.3 Prepare the suit sensitivity of at least 1/4 inch for inflation by water gauge. providing an 4.3 Vent valve closure plugs improvised or sealing tape. connection point on 4.4 Soapy water solution and the suit for soft brush. connecting an airline. 4.5 Stop watch or Attach the pressure appropriate timing device. test apparatus to the 5.0 Safety Precautions suit to permit suit 5.1 Care shall be taken to inflation from a provide the correct pressure compressed air safety devices required for source equipped with the source of compressed air a pressure indicating used. regulator. The leak 6.0 Test Procedure tightness of the 6.1 Prior to each test, the pressure test tester shall perform a visual apparatus should be inspection of the suit. Check tested before and the suit for seam integrity by after each test by visually examining the seams closing off the end of and gently pulling on the the tubing attached seams. Ensure that all air to the suit and supply lines, fittings, visor, assuring a pressure of zippers, and valves are three inches water secure and show no signs of gauge for three deterioration. minutes can be 6.1.1 Seal off the vent maintained. If a valves along with any component is other normal inlet or removed for the test, exhaust points (such that component shall as umbilical air line be replaced and a

3AW Participant 58 Appendix B

second test ending suit pressure. conducted with The difference another component between the suit test removed to permit a pressure and the complete test of the ending suit test ensemble. pressure (B-C) shall 6.1.4 The pre-test be defined as the suit expansion pressure pressure drop. (A) and the suit test 6.1.6 If the suit pressure (B) shall be pressure drop is more supplied by the suit than 20 percent of manufacturer, but in the suit test pressure no case shall they be (B) during the three less than: (A) = three minute test period, inches water gauge; the suit fails the test and (B) = two inches and shall be removed water gauge. The from service. ending suit pressure 7.0 Retest Procedure (C) shall be no less 7.1 If the suit fails the test, than 80 percent of check for leaks by inflating the test pressure (B); the suit to pressure (A) and i.e., the pressure drop brushing or wiping the entire shall not exceed 20 suit (including seams, percent of the test closures, lens gaskets, glove- pressure (B). to-sleeve joints, etc.) with a 6.1.5 Inflate the suit mild soap and water until the pressure solution. Observe the suit for inside is equal to the formation of soap pressure (A), the pre- bubbles, which is an test expansion suit indication of a leak. Repair all pressure. Allow at identified leaks. least one minute to 7.2 Retest the TECP suit as fill out the wrinkles in outlined in Test procedure the suit. Release 6.0. sufficient air to 8.0 Report reduce the suit 8.1 Each TECP suit tested by pressure to pressure this practice shall have the (B), the suit test following information pressure. Begin recorded: timing. At the end of 8.1.1 Unique three minutes, record identification the suit pressure as number, identifying pressure (C), the brand name, date of

3AW Participant 59 Appendix B

purchase, material of before putting the construction, and suit back into service. unique fit features, Special care should e.g., special breathing be taken to examine apparatus. each exhaust valve to 8.1.2 The actual make sure it is not values for test blocked. Care should pressure (A), (B), and also be exercised to (C) shall be recorded assure that the inside along with the and outside of the specific observation suit is completely dry times. If the ending before it is put into pressure (C) is less storage. than 80 percent of B. Totally-encapsulating chemical protective the test pressure (B), suit qualitative leak test the suit shall be 1.0 Scope identified as failing 1.1 This practice semi- the test. When qualitatively tests gas-tight possible, the specific totally encapsulating leak location shall be chemical protective suit identified in the test integrity by detecting inward records. Retest leakage of ammonia vapor. pressure data shall be Since no modifications are recorded as an made to the suit to carry out additional test. this test, the results from this 8.1.3 The source of practice provide a realistic the test apparatus test for the integrity of the used shall be entire suit. identified and the 1.2 Resistance of the suit sensitivity of the materials to permeation, pressure gauge shall penetration, and degradation be recorded. is not determined by this test 8.1.4 Records shall be method. ASTM test methods kept for each are available to test suit pressure test even if materials for these repairs are being characteristics and the tests made at the test are usually conducted by the location. Caution: manufacturers of the suits. Visually inspect all 2.0 Definition of terms parts of the suit to be 2.1 “Totally-encapsulating sure they are chemical protective suit positioned correctly (TECP suit)” means a full and secured tightly body garment which is

3AW Participant 60 Appendix B

constructed of protective monitoring methods. The clothing materials; covers the larger the intrusion wearer’s torso, head, arms, coefficient, the greater the legs and respirator; may protection provided by the cover the wearer’s hands TECP suit. and feet with tightly 3.0 Summary of recommended attached gloves and boots; practice completely encloses the 3.1 The volume of wearer and respirator by concentrated aqueous itself or in combination with ammonia solution (ammonia the wearer’s gloves and hydroxide NH4OH) required boots. to generate the test 2.2 “Protective clothing atmosphere is determined material” means any using the directions outlined material or combination of in 6.1. The suit is donned by materials used in an item of a person wearing the clothing for the purpose of appropriate respiratory isolating parts of the body equipment (either a positive from direct contact with pressure self-contained potentially hazardous liquid breathing apparatus or a or gaseous chemicals. positive pressure supplied air 2.3 “Gas-tight” means, for respirator) and worn inside the purpose of this test the enclosed test room. The method, the limited flow of a concentrated aqueous gas under pressure from the ammonia solution is taken by inside of a TECP suit to the suited individual into the atmosphere at a prescribed test room and poured into an pressure and time interval. open plastic pan. A two- 2.4 “Intrusion Coefficient” minute evaporation period is means a number of observed before the test expressing the level of room concentration is protection provided by a gas measured, using a high range tight totally-encapsulating ammonia length of stain chemical protective suit. The detector tube. When the intrusion coefficient is ammonia vapor reaches a calculated by dividing the concentration of between test room challenge agent 1000 and 1200 ppm, the concentration by the suited individual starts a concentration of challenge standardized exercise agent found inside the suit. protocol to stress and flex The accuracy of the intrusion the suit. After this protocol is coefficient is dependent on completed, the test room the challenge agent concentration is measured

3AW Participant 61 Appendix B

again. The suited individual exposure [pH 3.0 (yellow) to exits the test room and his pH 4.6 (blue)]. stand-by person measures 4.3 A supply of high range the ammonia concentration (0.5-10 volume percent) and inside the suit using a low low range (5-700 ppm) range ammonia length of detector tubes for ammonia stain detector tube or other and the corresponding more sensitive ammonia sampling pump. More detector. A stand-by person sensitive ammonia detectors is required to ob serve the can be substituted for the test individual during the test low range detector tubes to procedure; aid the person in improve the sensitivity of donning and doffing the this practice. TECP suit; and monitor the 4.4 A shallow plastic pan suit interior. The intrusion (PVC) at least 12”:14”:1” and coefficient of the suit can be a half-pint plastic container calculated by dividing the (PVC) with tightly closing lid. average test area 4.5 A graduated cylinder or concentration by the interior other volumetric measuring suit concentration. A device of at least 50 colorimetric ammonia milliliters in volume with an indicator strip of accuracy of at least + 1 bromophenol blue or milliliters. equivalent is placed on the 5.0 Safety precautions inside of the suit face piece 5.1 Concentrated aqueous lens so that the suited ammonium hydroxide, individual is able to detect a NH4OH, is a corrosive color change and know if the volatile liquid requiring eye, suit has a significant leak. If a skin, and respiratory color change is observed the protection. The person individual shall leave the test conducting the test shall room immediately. review the MSDS for 4.0 Required supplies aqueous ammonia. 4.1 A supply of concentrated 5.2 Since the established aqueous ammonium permissible exposure limit hydroxide (58% by weight). for ammonia is 35 ppm as a [55 F.R. 14074, April 13, l990] 15-minute STEL, only persons 4.2 A supply of wearing a positive pressure bromophenol/blue indicating self-contained breathing paper or equivalent, apparatus or a positive sensitive to 5- 10 ppm pressure supplied air ammonia or greater over a respirator shall be in the two minute period of chamber. Normally, only the

3AW Participant 62 Appendix B

person wearing the totally- concentrated encapsulating suit will be aqueous ammonia inside the chamber. A stand- solution per cubic by person shall have a foot of test area positive pressure self- volume to determine contained breathing the approximate apparatus, or a positive volume of pressure supplied air concentrated respirator available to enter aqueous ammonia the test area, should the required to generate suited individual need 1000 ppm in the test assistance. [55 F.R. 14074, area. April 13, l990] 6.1.2 Measure this 5.3 A method to monitor the volume from the suited individual must be supply of used during this test. Visual concentrated contact is the simplest but aqueous ammonia other methods using and place it into a communication devices are closed plastic acceptable. container. 5.4 The test room shall be 6.1.3 Place the large enough to allow the container, several exercise protocol to be high range ammonia carried out and then to be detector tubes, and ventilated to allow for easy the pump in the clean exhaust of the ammonia test test pan and locate it atmosphere after the test(s) near the test area are completed. entry door so that the 5.5 Individuals shall be suited individual has medically screened for the easy access to these use of respiratory protection supplies. and checked for allergies to 6.2.1 In a non- ammonia before contaminated participating in this test atmosphere, open a procedure. pre-sealed ammonia 6.0 Test Procedure indicator strip and 6.1.1 Measure the fasten one end of the test area to the strip to the inside of nearest foot and the suit face shield calculate its volume lens where it can be in cubic feet. Multiply seen by the wearer. the test area volume Moisten the indicator by 0.2 milliliters of strip with distilled

3AW Participant 63 Appendix B

water. Care shall be concentrated aqueous taken not to ammonia within the contaminate the enclosed test room, and pour detector part of the the liquid into the empty indicator paper by plastic test pan. Wait two touching it. A small minutes to allow for piece of masking tape adequate volatilization of the or equivalent should concentrated aqueous be used to attach the ammonia. A small mixing fan indicator strip to the can be used near the interior of the suit evaporation pan to increase face shield. the evaporation rate of the 6.2.2 If problems are ammonia solution. encountered with this 6.6 After two minutes a method of determination of the attachment, the ammonia concentration indicator strip can be within the chamber should attached to the be made using the high outside of the range colorimetric detector respirator face piece tube. A concentration of lens being used 1000 ppm ammonia or during the test. greater shall be generated 6.3 Don the respiratory before the exercises are protective device normally started. used with the suit, and then 6.7 To test the integrity of don the TECP suit to be the suit, the following four- tested. Check to be sure all minute exercise protocol openings which are intended should be followed: to be sealed (zippers, gloves, 6.7.1 Raising the arms etc.) are completely sealed. above the head with DO NOT, however, plug off at least 15 raising any venting valves. motions completed in 6.4 Step into the enclosed one minute. test room such as a closet, 6.7.2 Walking in place bathroom, or test booth for one minute with equipped with an exhaust at least 15 raising fan. No air should be motions of each leg in exhausted from the chamber a one-minute period. during the test because this 6.7.3 Touching the will dilute the ammonia toes with at least 10 challenge concentrations. complete motions of 6.5 Open the container with the arms from above the pre-measured volume of the head to touching

3AW Participant 64 Appendix B

of the toes in a one 6.13 The ventilating fan for minute period. the test room should be 6.7.4 Knee bends turned on and allowed to run with at least 10 for enough time to remove complete standing the ammonia gas. The fan and squatting shall be vented to the motions in a one- outside of the building. minute period. 6.14 Any detectable 6.8 If at any time during the ammonia in the suit interior test the colorimetric (five ppm ammonia (NH3) or indicating paper should more for the length of stain change colors, the test detector tube) indicates that should be stopped and the suit has failed the test. section 6.10 and 6.12 When other ammonia initiated (see paragraph 4.2). detectors are used a lower 6.9 After completion of the level of detection is possible, test exercise, the test area and it should be specified as concentration should be the pass/fail criteria. measured again using the 6.15 By following this test high range colorimetric method, an intrusion detector tube. coefficient of approximately 6.10 Exit the test area. 200 or more can be 6.11 The opening created by measured with the suit in a the suit zipper or other completely operational appropriate suit penetration condition. If the intrusion should be used to determine coefficient is 200 or more, the ammonia concentration then the suit is suitable for in the suit with the low range emergency response and length of stain detector tube field use. or other ammonia monitor. 7.0 Retest procedures The internal TECP suit air 7.1 If the suit fails this test, should be sampled far check for leaks by following enough from the enclosed the pressure test in test A test area to prevent a false above. ammonia reading. 7.2 Retest the TECP suit as 6.12 After completion of the outlined in the test measurement of the suit procedure 6.0. interior ammonia 8.0 Report concentration, the test is 8.1 Each gas tight totally- concluded and the suit is encapsulating chemical doffed and the respirator protective suit tested by this removed. practice shall have the

3AW Participant 65 Appendix B

following information Retest data shall be recorded. recorded as an 8.1.1 Unique additional test. identification 8.2 The evaluation of the number, identifying data shall be specified as brand name, date of “suit passed” or “suit failed,” purchase, material of and the date of the test. Any construction, and detectable ammonia (five unique suit features, ppm or greater for the length e.g., special breathing of stain detector tube) in the apparatus. suit interior indicates the suit 8.1.2 General has failed this test. When description of test other ammonia detectors are room used for test. used, a lower level of 8.1.3 Brand name and detection is possible and it purchase date of should be specified as the ammonia detector pass-fail criteria. Caution: strips and color Visually inspect all parts of change data. the suit to be sure they are 8.1.4 Brand name, positioned correctly and sampling range, and secured tightly before expiration date of the putting the suit back into length of stain service. Special care should ammonia detector be taken to examine each tubes. The brand exhaust valve to make sure it name and model of is not blocked. Care should the sampling pump also be exercised to assure should also be that the inside and outside of recorded. If another the suit is completely dry type of ammonia before it is put into storage. detector is used, it should be identified General Description and Discussion along with its of the Levels of Protection and minimum detection Protective Gear limit for ammonia. This appendix sets forth information about 8.1.5 Actual test personal protective equipment (PPE) results shall list the protection levels which may be used to two test area assist employers in complying with the PPE concentrations, their requirements of this section. average, the interior As required by the standard, PPE must be suit concentration, selected which will protect employees from and the calculated the specific hazards which they are likely to intrusion coefficient. encounter during their work on-site.

3AW Participant 66 Appendix B

Selection of the appropriate PPE is a can use to begin the selection of the complex process which should take into appropriate PPE. consideration a variety of factors. Key As noted above, the site information may factors involved in this process are suggest the use of combinations of PPE identification of the hazards, or suspected selected from the different protection hazards; their routes of potential hazard to levels (i.e., A, B, C, or D) as being more employees (inhalation, skin absorption, suitable to the hazards of the work. It ingestion, and eye or skin contact); and the should be cautioned that the listing below performance of the PPE materials (and does not fully address the performance of seams) in providing a barrier to these the specific PPE material in relation to the hazards. The amount of protection provided specific hazards at the job site, and that PPE by PPE is material-hazard specific. That is, selection, evaluation and re-selection is an protective equipment materials will protect ongoing process until sufficient information well against some hazardous substances about the hazards and PPE performance is and poorly, or not at all, against others. In obtained. Part A. Personal protective many instances, protective equipment equipment is divided into four categories materials cannot be found which will based on the degree of protection afforded. provide continuous protection from the (See Part B of this appendix for further particular hazardous substance. In these explanation of Levels A, B, C, and D cases, the breakthrough time of the hazards.) protective material should exceed the work I. Level A. To be selected when the greatest durations. [55 F.R. 14074, April 13, l990] level of skin, respiratory, and eye protection Other factors in this selection process to be is required. The following constitute Level A considered are matching the PPE to the equipment; it may be used as appropriate. employee’s work requirements and task- 1. Positive pressure, full face-piece specific conditions. The durability of PPE self-contained breathing apparatus materials, such as tear strength and seam (SCBA), or positive pressure supplied strength, should be considered in relation air respirator with escape SCBA, to the employee’s tasks. The effects of PPE approved by the National Institute in relation to heat stress and task duration for Occupational Safety and Health are a factor in selecting and using PPE. In (NIOSH). some cases layers of PPE may be necessary 2. Totally-encapsulating chemical- to provide sufficient protection, or to protective suit. protect expensive PPE inner garments, suits 3. Coveralls (optional, as applicable). or equipment. The more that is know about 4. Long underwear (optional, as the hazards at the site, the easier the job of applicable). PPE selection becomes. As more 5. Gloves, outer, chemical-resistant. information about the hazards and 6. Gloves, inner, chemical-resistant. conditions at the site becomes available, 7. Boots, chemical-resistant, steel the site supervisor can make decisions to toe and shank. up-grade or down-grade the level of PPE 8. Hard hat (under suit) (optional, as protection to match the tasks at hand. The applicable). following are guidelines which an employer

3AW Participant 67 Appendix B

9. Disposable protective suit, gloves 4. Gloves, outer, chemical-resistant. and boots (depending on suit 5. Gloves, inner, chemical-resistant. construction, may be worn over 6. Boots (outer), chemical-resistant totally-encapsulating suit). steel toe and shank (optional, as II. Level B. The highest level of respiratory applicable). protection is necessary but a lesser level of 7. Boot-covers, outer, chemical- skin protection is needed. The following resistant (disposable) (optional, as constitute Level B equipment; it may be applicable). used as appropriate. 8. Hard hat (optional, as applicable). 1. Positive pressure, full face-piece 9. Escape mask (optional, as self-contained breathing apparatus applicable). (SCBA), or positive pressure supplied 10. Face shield (optional, as air respirator with escape SCBA applicable). (NIOSH approved). IV. Level D. A work uniform affording 2. Hooded chemical-resistant minimal protection, used for nuisance clothing (overalls and long-sleeved contamination only. The following jacket; coveralls; one or two-piece constitute Level D equipment; it may be chemical-splash suit; disposable used as appropriate. chemical- resistant overalls). 1. Coveralls. 3. Coveralls (optional, as applicable). 2. Gloves (optional, as applicable). 4. Gloves, outer, chemical-resistant. 3. Boots/shoes, chemical-resistant 5. Gloves, inner, chemical-resistant. steel toe and shank. 6. Boots, outer, chemical-resistant, 4. Boots, outer, chemical-resistant steel toe and shank. (disposable) (optional, as 7. Boot-covers, outer, chemical- applicable). resistant (disposable) (optional, as 5. Safety glasses or chemical splash applicable). goggles. 8. Hard hat (optional, as applicable). 6. Hard hat (optional, as applicable). 9. [Reserved] 7. Escape mask (optional, as 10. Face shield (optional, as applicable). applicable). 8. Face shield (optional, as III. Level C. The concentration(s) and type(s) applicable). of airborne substance(s) are known and the Part B. The types of hazards for which levels criteria for using air purifying respirators are A, B, C, and D protection are appropriate met. The following constitute Level C are described below: equipment; it may be used as appropriate. I. Level A. Level A protection should be used 1. Full-face or half-mask air purifying when: respirators (NIOSH approved). 1. The hazardous substance has 2. Hooded chemical-resistant been identified and requires the clothing (overalls; two-piece highest level of protection for skin, chemical-splash suit; disposable eyes, and the respiratory system chemical-resistant overalls). based on either the measured (or 3. Coveralls (optional, as applicable). potential for) high concentration of

3AW Participant 68 Appendix B

atmospheric vapors, gases, or 1. The atmospheric contaminants, liquid particulates; or the site operations splashes, or other direct contact will not and work functions involve a high adversely affect or be absorbed through potential for splash, immersion, or any exposed skin; exposure to unexpected vapors, 2. The types of air contaminants have been gases, or particulates of materials identified, concentrations measured, and an that are harmful to skin or capable air purifying respirator is available that can of being absorbed through the skin; remove the contaminants; and 2. Substances with a high degree of 3. All criteria for the use of air-purifying hazard to the skin are known or respirators are met. suspected to be present, and skin IV. Level D. Level D protection should be contact is possible; or used when: 3. Operations are being conducted 1. The atmosphere contains no know in confined, poorly ventilated areas, hazard; and and the absence of conditions 2. Work functions preclude splashes, requiring Level A has not yet been immersion, or the potential for unexpected determined. inhalation of or contact with hazardous II. Level B. Level B protection should be levels of any chemicals. Note: As stated in used when: NFPA 1992 — Standard on Liquid Splash- 1. The type and atmospheric Protective Suits for Hazardous Chemical concentration of substances have Emergencies (EPA Level B Protective been identified and require a high Clothing). [55 F.R. 14074, April 13, l990] level of respiratory protection, but As an aid in selecting suitable chemical less skin protection; protective clothing, it should be noted that 2. The atmosphere contains less the National Fire Protection Association is than 19.5 percent oxygen; or developing standards on chemical 3. The presence of incompletely protective clothing. These standards are identified vapors or gases is currently undergoing public review prior to indicated by a direct-reading organic adoption, including: NFPA 1991: Standard vapor detection instrument, but on Vapor-Protective Suits for Hazardous vapors and gases are not suspected Chemical Emergencies (EPA Level A of containing high levels of Protective Clothing) NFPA 1991: Standard chemicals harmful to skin or capable on Liquid Splash- Protective Suits for of being absorbed through the skin. Hazardous Chemical Emergencies (EPA Note: This involves atmospheres Level B Protective Clothing) NFPA 1993: with IDLH concentrations of specific Standard on Liquid Splash- Protective Suits substances that present severe for Non-Emergency. Nonflammable inhalation hazards and that do not Hazardous Chemical Situations (EPA Level B represent a severe skin hazard; or Protective Clothing) These standards would that do not meet the criteria for use apply documentation and performance of air-purifying respirators. requirements to the manufacture of III. Level C. Level C protection should be chemical protective suits. Chemical used when: protective suits meeting these

3AW Participant 69 Appendix B requirements would be labeled as health program so structured that it will compliant with the appropriate standard. smoothly interface with the program of the When these standards are adopted by the site coordinator or principal contractor. National Fire Protection Association, it is Also those employers involved with recommended that chemical protective treating, storing or disposal of hazardous suits which meet these standards be used. waste as covered in paragraph (p) mush have implemented a safety and health Appendix C: Compliance Guidelines program for their employees. This program 1. Occupational Safety and Health is to include the hazard communication Program. program required in paragraph (p)(1) and Each hazardous waste site clean-up effort the training required in paragraphs (p)(7) will require an occupational safety and and (p)(8) as parts of the employers’ health program headed by the site comprehensive overall safety and health coordinator or the employer’s program. This program is to be in writing. representative. The purpose of the program Each site or workplace safety and health will be the protection of employees at the program will need to include the following: site and will be an extension of the (1) Policy statements of the line of employer’s overall safety and health authority and accountability for program. The program will need to be implementing the program, the developed before work begins on the site objectives of the program and the and implemented as work proceeds as role of the site safety and health stated in paragraph (b). The program is to supervisor or manager and staff; facilitate coordination and communication (2) means or methods for the of safety and health issues among development of procedures for personnel responsible for the various identifying and controlling activities which will take place at the site. It workplace hazards at the site; will provide the overall means for planning (3) means or methods for the and implementing the needed safety and development and communication to health training and job orientation of employees of the various plans, employees who will be working at the site. work rules, standard operating The program will provide the means for procedures and practices that identifying and controlling worksite hazards pertain to individual employees and and the means for monitoring program supervisors; effectiveness. The program will need to (4) means for the training of cover the responsibilities and authority of supervisors and employees to the site coordinator or the employer’s develop the needed skills and manager on the site for the safety and knowledge to perform their work in health of employees at the site, and the a safe and healthful manner; relationships with contractors or support (5) means to anticipate and prepare services as to what each employer’s safety for emergency situations; and and health responsibilities are for their (6) means for obtaining information employees on the site. Each contractor on feedback to aid in evaluation the the site needs to have its own safety and

3AW Participant 70 Appendix B

program and for improving the are effective for those hazards; what effectiveness of the program. monitoring procedures are effective in The management and employees should be characterizing exposure levels; what makes trying continually to improve the an effective employer’s safety and health effectiveness of the program, thereby program; what a site safety and health plan enhancing the protection being afforded should include; hands-on training with those working on the site. Accidents on the personal protective equipment and clothing site or workplace should be investigated to they may be expected to use; the contents provide information on how such of the OSHA standard relevant to the occurrences can be avoided in the future. employee’s duties and function; and, When injuries or illnesses occur on the site employee’s responsibilities under OSHA and or workplace, they will need to be other regulations. Supervisors will need investigated to determine what needs to be training in their responsibilities under the done to prevent this incident from safety and health program and its subject occurring again. Such information will need areas such as the spill containment to be used as feedback on the effectiveness program, the personal protective of the program and the information turned equipment program, the medical into positive steps to prevent any surveillance program, the emergency reoccurrence. response plan and other areas. The training Receipt of employee suggestions or programs for employees subject to the complaints relating to safety and health requirements of paragraph (p) of this issues involved with site or workplace standard should address: the employer’s activities is also a feedback mechanism that safety and health program elements can be used effectively to improve the impacting employees; the hazard program and may serve in part as an communication program; the medical evaluative tool(s). surveillance program; the hazards and the For the development and implementation controls for such hazards that employees of the program to be the most effective, need to know for their job duties and professional safety and health personnel functions. All require annual refresher should be used. Certified Safety training. The training programs for Professionals, Board Certified Industrial employees covered by the requirements of Hygienists or Registered Professional Safety paragraph (q) of this standard should Engineers are good examples of address those competencies required for professional stature for safety and health the various levels of response such as: the managers who will administer the hazards associated with hazardous employer’s program. substances; hazard identification and 2. Training. awareness; notification of appropriate The training programs for employees persons; the need for and use of personal subject to the requirements of paragraph protective equipment including respirators; (e) of this standard should address: the the decontamination procedures to be safety and health hazards employees should sued; preplanning activities for hazardous expect to find on hazardous waste clean-up substance incidents including the sites; what control measures or techniques emergency response plan; company

3AW Participant 71 Appendix B standard operating procedures for Those skilled support personnel, such as hazardous substance emergency responses; employees who work for public works the use of the incident command system departments or equipment operators who and other subjects. Hands-on training operate bulldozers, sand trucks, backhoes, should be stressed whenever possible. etc., who may be called to the incident Critiques done after an incident which scene to provide emergency support include an evaluation of what worked and assistance, should have at least a safety and what did not and how could the incident be health briefing before entering the area of better handled the next time may be potential or actual exposure. These skilled counted as training time. For hazardous support personnel, who have not been a materials specialists (usually members of part of the emergency response plan and hazardous materials teams), the training do not meet the training requirements, should address the care, use and/or testing should be made aware of the hazards they of chemical protective clothing including face and should be provided all necessary totally-encapsulating suits, the medical protective clothing and equipment required surveillance program, the standard for their tasks,. There are two National Fire operating procedures for the hazardous Protection Association standards, NFPA 472 materials team including the use of plugging — “Standard for Professional Competence and patching equipment and other subject of Responders to Hazardous Material areas. Officers and leaders who may be Incidents” and NFPA 471 — “Recommended expected to be in charge at an incident Practice for Responding to Hazardous should be fully knowledgeable of their Material Incidents,” which are excellent company’s incident command system. They resource documents to aid fire departments should know where and how to obtain and other emergency response additional assistance and be familiar with organizations in developing their training the local district’s emergency response plan program materials. NFPA 472 provides and the state emergency response plan. guidance on the skills and knowledge Specialist employees such as technical needed for first responder awareness level, experts, medical experts or environmental first responder operations level, hazmat experts that work with hazardous materials technicians, and hazmat specialist. It also in their regular jobs, who may be sent to offers guidance for the officer corps who the incident scene by the shipper, will be in charge of hazardous substance manufacturer or governmental agency to incidents. [55 F.R. 14074, April 13, l990] advise and assist the person in charge of the 3. Decontamination. Decontamination incident should have training on an annual procedures should be tailored to the basis. Their training should include the care specific hazards of the site, and may vary in and use of personal protective equipment complexity and number of steps, depending including respirators; knowledge of the on the level of hazard and the employee’s incident command system and how they exposure to the hazard. Decontamination are to relate to it; and those areas needed procedures and PPE decontamination to keep them current n their respective methods will vary depending upon the field as it relates to safety and health specific substance, since one procedure or involving specific hazardous substances. method may not work for all substances.

3AW Participant 72 Appendix B

Evaluation of decontamination methods 5. Personal protective equipment and procedures should be performed, as programs. The purpose of personal necessary, to assure that employees are not protective clothing and equipment (PPE) is exposed to hazards by re-using PPE. to shield or isolate individuals from the References in Appendix D may be used for chemical, physical, and biologic hazards that guidance in establishing an effective may be encountered at a hazardous decontamination program. In addition, the substance site. As discussed in Appendix B, U.S. Coast Guard’s manual, “Policy no single combination of protective Guidance for Response to Hazardous equipment and clothing is capable of Chemical Releases,” U.S. Department of protecting against all hazards. Thus, PPE Transportation, Washington, DC should be used in conjunction with other (COMDTINST M16465.30) is a good protective methods and its effectiveness reference for establishing an effective evaluated periodically. The use of PPE can decontamination program. itself create significant worker hazards, such 4. Emergency response plans. States, along as heat stress; physical and psychological with designated districts within the states, stress; and impaired vision, mobility, and will be developing or have developed local communication. For any given situation, emergency response plans. These state and equipment and clothing should be selected district plans should be utilized in the that provide an adequate level of emergency response plans called for in the protection. However, over-protection, as standard. Each employer should assure that well as under-protection, can be hazardous its emergency response plan is compatible and should be avoided where possible. Two with the local plan. The major reference basic objectives of any PPE program should being used to aid in developing the state be to protect the wearer from safety and and local district plans is the Hazardous health hazards, and to prevent injury to the Materials Emergency Planning Guide, NRT- wearer from incorrect use and/or 1. The current Emergency Response malfunction of the PPE. To accomplish Guidebook from the U.S. Department of these goals, a comprehensive PPE program Transportation, CMA’s CHEMTREC and the should include hazard identification, Fire Service Emergency Management medical monitoring, environmental Handbook may also be used as resources. surveillance, selection, use, maintenance, Employers involved with treatment, and decontamination of PPE and its storage, and disposal facilities for hazardous associated training. The written PPE waste, which have the required contingency program should include policy statements, plan called for by their permit, would not procedures, and guidelines. Copies should need to duplicate the same planning be made available to all employees, and a elements. Those items of the emergency reference copy should be made available at response plan that are properly addressed the worksite. Technical data on equipment, in the contingency plan may be substituted maintenance manuals, relevant regulations, into the emergency response plan required and other essential information should also in 1910.120 or otherwise kept together for be collected and maintained. employer and employee use. 6. Incident command system (ICS). Paragraph 1910.120(q) (3) (ii) requires the

3AW Participant 73 Appendix B implementation of an ICS. The ICS is an develop during a small incident, such as an organized approach; to effectively control overturned tank truck with a small leak of and manage operations at an emergency flammable liquid. The first responding incident. The individual in charge of the ICS senior officer would implement and take is the senior official responding to the command of the ICS. That person would incident. The ICS is not much different than size-up the incident and determine if the “command post” approach used for additional personnel and apparatus were many years by the fire service. During large necessary; would determine what actions complex fires involving several companies to take to control the leak; and, determine and many pieces of apparatus, a command the proper level of personal protective post would be established. This enabled equipment. If additional assistance is not one individual to be in charge of managing needed, the individual in charge of the ICS the incident, rather than having several would implement actions to stop and officers from different companies making control the leak using the fewest number of separate, and sometimes conflicting, personnel that can effectively accomplish decisions. The individual in charge of the the tasks. The individual in charge of the ICS command post would delegate then would designate himself as the safety responsibility for performing various tasks officer and two other employees as a back- to subordinate officers. Additionally, all up in case rescue may become necessary. In communications were routed through the this scenario, decontamination procedures command post to reduce the number of would not be necessary. A large complex radio transmissions and eliminate incident may require many employees and confusion. However, strategy, tactics, and difficult, time-consuming efforts to control. all decisions were made by one individual. In these situations, the individual in charge The ICS is a very similar system, except it is of the ICS will want to delegate different implemented for emergency response to all tasks to subordinates in order to maintain a incidents, both large and small, that involve span of control that will keep the number of hazardous substances. For a small incident, subordinates that are reporting to a the individual in charge of the ICS may manageable level. Delegation of tasks at perform many tasks of the ICS. There may large incidents may be by location, where not be any, or little, delegation of tasks to the incident scene is divided into sectors, subordinates. For example, in response to a and subordinate officers coordinate small incident, the individual in charge of activities within the sector that they have the ICS, in addition to normal command been assigned. Delegation of tasks can also activities, may become the safety officer by function. Some of the functions that the and may designate only one employee (with individual in charge of the ICS may want to proper equipment) as a backup to provide delegate at a large incident are: medical assistance if needed. OSHA does services; evacuation; water supply; recommend, however, that at least two resources (equipment, apparatus); media employees be designated as back-up relations; safety; and, site control (integrate personnel since the assistance needed may activities with police for crowd and traffic include rescue. To illustrate the operation control). Also for a large incident, the of the ICS, the following scenario might individual in charge of the ICS will designate

3AW Participant 74 Appendix B several employees as backup personnel; medical surveillance program is essential to and a number of safety officers to monitor assess and monitor workers’ health and conditions and recommend safety fitness for employment in hazardous waste precautions. Therefore, no matter what size operations and during the course of work; or complexity an incident may be, by to provide emergency and other treatment implementing an ICS there will be one as needed; and to keep accurate records for individual in charge who makes the future reference. decisions and gives directions; and all 9. New technology and spill containment actions and communications are programs. Where hazardous substances coordinated through one central point of may be released by spilling from a container command. Such a system should reduce that will expose employees to the hazards confusion, improve safety, organize and of the materials, the employer will need to coordinate actions, and should facilitate implement a program to contain and effective management of the incident. control the spilled material. Diking and 7. Site Safety and Control Plans. The safety ditching, as well as use of absorbents like and security of response personnel and diatomaceous earth, are traditional others in the area of emergency response techniques which have proven to be incident site should be of primary concern effective over the years. However, in recent to the incident commander. The use of a years new products have come into the site safety and control plan could greatly marketplace, the use of which complement assist those in charge of assuring the safety and increase the effectiveness of these and health of an employee on the site. A traditional methods. These new products comprehensive site safety and control plan also provide emergency responders and should include the following: summary others with additional tools or agents to use analysis of hazards on the site and a risk to reduce the hazards of spilled materials. analysis of those hazards; site map or These agents can be rapidly applied over a sketch; site work zones (clean zone, large area and can be uniformly applied or transition or decontamination zone, work otherwise can be used to build a small dam, or hot zone); use of the buddy system; site thus improving the workers’ ability to communications; command post or control spilled material. These application command center; standard operating techniques enhance the intimate contact procedures and safe work practices; between the agent and the spilled material, medical assistance and triage area; hazard allowing for the quickest effect by the agent monitoring plan (air contaminate or quickest control of the spilled material. monitoring, etc.); decontamination Agents are available to solidify liquid spilled procedures and area; and other relevant materials, to suppress vapor generation areas. This plan should be a part of the from spilled materials, and to do both. employer’s emergency response plan or an Some special agents, which when applied as extension of it to the specific site. recommended by the manufacturer, will 8. Medical surveillance programs. Workers react in a controlled manner with the handling hazardous substances may be spilled material to neutralize acids or exposed to toxic chemicals, safety hazards, caustics, or greatly reduce the level of biologic hazards, and radiation. Therefore, a hazard of the spilled material. There are

3AW Participant 75 Appendix B several modern methods and devices for term foam-type agents who are effective on use by emergency response personnel or vapors and dusts, and activated carbon others involved with spill control efforts to adsorption agents who are effective for safely apply spill control agents to control vapor control and soaking-up of the liquid. spilled material hazards. These include The proper use of hose lines or hand-held portable pressurized applicators similar to portable pressurized applicators provides hand-held portable fire-extinguishing good mobility and permits the worker to devices, and nozzle and hose systems deliver the agent from a safe distance similar to portable fire fighting foam without having to step into the untreated systems which allow the operator to apply spilled material. Some of these systems can the agent without having to come into be recharged in the field to provide contact with the spilled material. The coverage of larger spill areas than the operator is able to apply the agent to the design limits of a single charged applicator spilled material from a remote position. The unit. Some of the more effective agents can solidification of liquids provides for rapid solidify the liquid flammable hazardous containment and isolation of hazardous substances and at the same time elevate substance spills. By directing the agent at the flash point above 140oF so the resulting run-off points or at the edges of the spill, substance may be handled as a the reactant solid will automatically create nonhazardous waste material if it meets the a barrier to slow or stop the spread of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s 40 material. Clean-up of hazardous substances CFR Part 261 requirements. (See is greatly improved when solidifying agents, particularly paragraph 261.21.) All workers acid or caustic neutralizers, or activated performing hazardous substance spill carbon absorbents are used. Properly control are expected to wear the proper applied, these agents can totally solidify protective clothing and equipment for the liquid hazardous substances or neutralize or materials present and to follow the absorb them, which results in materials employer’s established standard operating which are less hazardous and easier to procedures for spill control. All involved handle, transport, and dispose of. The workers need to be trained in the concept of spill treatment to create less established standard operating procedures; hazardous substances will improve the in the use and care of spill control safety and level of protection of employees equipment; and in the associated hazards working at spill cleanup operations or and control of such hazards of spill emergency response operations to spills of containment work. These new tools and hazardous substances. The use of vapor agents are the things that employers will suppression agents for volatile hazardous want to evaluate as part of their new substances, such as flammable liquids and technology program. The treatment of spills those substances which present an of hazardous substances or wastes at an inhalation hazard is important for emergency incident as part of the protecting workers. The rapid and uniform immediate spill containment and control distribution of the agent over the surface of efforts is sometimes acceptable to EPA, and the spilled material can provide quick vapor a permit exception is described in 40 CFR knockdown. There are temporary and long-

3AW Participant 76 Appendix B

264.1(g)(8) and 265.1(c)(11). [55 F.R. 14074, Hazardous Substance Emergencies. April 13, l990] December 18, 1980. The Occupational Safety and Health 6. National Priorities List, 1st Edition, Guidance Manual for Hazardous Waste Site October 1984; U.S. Environmental Activities developed by the National Protection Agency, Revised Institute for Occupational Safety and Health periodically. (NIOSH), the Occupational Safety and 7. The Decontamination of Response Health Administration (OSHA), the U.S. Personnel, Field Standard Operating Coast Guard (USCG), and the Environmental Procedures (F.S.O.P.)7; U.S. Protection Agency (EPA); October 1985 Environmental Protection Agency, provides an excellent example of the types Office of Emergency and Remedial of medical testing that should be done as Response, Hazardous Response part of a medical surveillance program. Support Division, December 1984. 8. Preparation of a Site Safety Plan, Appendix D: References Field Standard Operating Procedures The following references may be consulted (F.S.O.P.)9; U.S. Environmental for further information on the subject of Protection Agency, Office of this standard: Emergency and Remedial Response, 1. OSHA Instruction DFO CPL 2.70— Hazardous Response Support January 29, 1986, Special Emphasis Division, April 1985. Program: Hazardous Waste Sites. 9. Standard Operating Safety 2. OSHA Instruction DFO CPL 2- Guidelines; U.S. Environmental 2.37A—January 29, 1986, Technical Protection Agency, Office of Assistance and Guidelines for Emergency and Remedial Response, Superfund and Other Hazardous Hazardous Response Support Waste Site Activities. Division, November 1984. 3. OSHA Instruction DTS CPL 2.74— 10. Occupational Safety and Health January 29, 1986, Hazardous Waste Guidance Manual for Hazardous Activity Form, OSHA 175. Waste Site Activities, National 4. Hazardous Waste Inspections Institute for Occupational Safety and Reference Manual, U.S. Department Health (NIOSH), Occupational Safety of Labor, Occupational Safety and and Health Administration (OSHA), Health Administration, 1986. U.S. Coast Guard (USCG), and 5. Memorandum of Understanding Environmental Protection Agency Among the National Institute for (EPA); October 1985. Occupational Safety and Health, the 11. Protecting Health and Safety at Occupational Safety and Health Hazardous Waste Sites: An Administration, the United States Overview, U.S. Environmental Coast Guard, and the United States Protection Agency, EPA/625/9- Environmental Protection Agency, 85/006; September 1985. Guidance for Worker Protection 12. Hazardous Waste Sites and During Hazardous Waste Site Hazardous Substance Emergencies, Investigations and Clean-up and NIOSH Worker Bulletin, U.S.

3AW Participant 77 Appendix B

Department of Health and Human emergency response operation in Services, Public Health Service, accordance with 29 CFR 1910.120. Centers for Disease Control, Federal Emergency Management National Institute for Occupational Agency, Washington, DC, July 1986. Safety and Health; December 1982. 17. Workbook for Fire Command, 13. Personal Protective Equipment Alan V. Brunacini and J. David for Hazardous Materials Incidents: A Beageron, National Fire Protection Selection Guide; U.S. Department of Association, Batterymarch Park, Health and Human Services, Public Quincy, MA 02269, 1985. Health Service, Centers for Disease 18. Fire Command. Alan V. Control, National Institute for Brunacini, National Fire Protection, Occupational Safety and Health; Batterymarch Park, Quincy, AM October 1984. 02269, 1985. 14. Fire Service Emergency 19. Incident Command System, Fire Management Handbook, Protection Publications, Oklahoma International Association of Fire State University, Stillwater, OK Chiefs Foundation, 101 East Holly 74078, 1983. Avenue, Unit 10B, Sterling, VA 20. Site Emergency Response 22170, January 1985. Planning, Chemical Manufacturers 15. Emergency Response Association, Washington, DC 20037, Guidebook, U.S. Department of 1986. Transportation, Washington, DC, 21. Hazardous Materials Emergency 1987. Planning Guide, NRT-1, 16. Report to the Congress on Environmental Protection Agency, Hazardous Materials Training, Washington, DC, March 1987. Planning and Preparedness, 22. Community Teamwork: Working Appendix E: Training Curriculum Together to Promote Hazardous Guidelines Materials Transportation Safety, U.S. The following non-mandatory Department of Transportation, general criteria may be used for Washington, DC May 1983. assistance in developing site-specific 23. Disaster Planning Guide for training curriculum used to meet the Business and Industry, Federal training requirements of 29 CFR Emergency Management Agency, 1910.120(e); 29 CFR 1910.120(p) (7), Publication No. FEMA 141, August (p) (8) (iii); and 29 CFR 1910.120(q) 1987. (The Office of Management (6), (q) (7), and (q) (8). These are and Budget has approved the generic guidelines and they are not information collection requirements presented as a complete training in this section under control number curriculum for any specific 1218-0139) employer. Site- specific training It is noted that the legal requirements are programs must be developed on the set forth in the regulatory text of Sec. basis of a needs assessment of the 1910.120. The guidance set forth here hazardous waste site, RCRA/TSDF, or presents a highly effective program that in

3AW Participant 78 Appendix B the areas covered would meet or exceed Training Director should have a the regulatory requirements. In addition, minimum of two years of employee other approaches could meet the education experience. regulatory requirements. Suggested 3. Instructors. Instructors should be Definitions: “Competent” means possessing deemed competent on the basis of the skills, knowledge, experience, and previous documented experience in judgment to perform assigned tasks or their area of instruction, successful activities satisfactorily as determined by the completion of a “train-the-trainer” employer. “Demonstration” means the program specific to the topics they showing by actual use of equipment or will teach and an evaluation of procedures. “Hands-on training” means instructional competence by the training in a simulated work environment Training Director. Instructors should that permits each student to have be required to maintain professional experience performing tasks, making competency by participating in decisions, or using equipment appropriate continuing education or professional to the job assignment for which the training development programs or by is being conducted. “Initial training” means completing successfully an annual training required prior to beginning work. refresher course and having an “Lecture” means an interactive discourse annual review by the Training with a class lead by an instructor. Director. The annual review by the “Proficient” means meeting a stated level of Training Director should include achievement. “Site-specific” means observation of an instructor’s individual training directed to the delivery, a review of those operations of a specific job site. “Training observations with the trainer, and hours” means the number of hours devoted an analysis of any instructor or class to lecture, learning activities, small group evaluations completed by the work sessions, demonstration, evaluations, students during the previous year. or hands-on experience. 4. Course materials. The Training Suggested Core Criteria: Director should approve all course 1. Training facility. The training materials to be used by the training facility should have available provider. Course materials should be sufficient resources, equipment, and reviewed and updated at least site locations to perform didactic annually. Materials and equipment and hands-on training when should be in good working order and appropriate. Training facilities maintained properly. All written and should have sufficient organization, audio-visual materials in training support staff, and services to curricula should be peer-reviewed conduct training in each of the by technically competent outside courses offered. reviewers or by a standing advisory 2. Training Director. Each training committee. Reviewers should program should be under the possess expertise in the following direction of a training director who disciplines where applicable: is responsible for the program. The occupational health, industrial

3AW Participant 79 Appendix B

hygiene and safety, chemical/ specified in writing by the Training environmental engineering, Director. If a written test is used, employee education, or emergency there should be a minimum of 50 response. One or more of the peer questions. If a written test is used in reviewers should be a employee combination with a skills experienced in the work activities to demonstration, a minimum of 25 which the training is directed. questions should be used. If a skills 5. Students. The program for demonstration is used, the tasks accepting students should include: chosen and the means to rate a. Assurance that the student successful completion should be is or will be involved in work fully documented by the Training where chemical exposures Director. The content of the written are likely and that the test or of the skill demonstration student possesses the skills shall be relevant to the objectives of necessary to perform the the course. work. The written test and skill b. A policy on the necessary demonstration should be updated as medical clearance. necessary to reflect changes in the 6. Ratios. Student-instructor ratios curriculum and any update should should not exceed 30 students per be approved by the Training instructor. Hands-on activity Director. The proficiency assessment requiring the use of personal methods, regardless of the approach protective equipment should have or combination of approaches used, the following student instructor should be justified, documented and ratios. For Level C or Level D approved by the Training Director. personal protective equipment, the The proficiency of those taking the ratio should be 10 students per additional courses for supervisors instructor. For Level A or Level B should be evaluated and personal protective equipment, the documented by using proficiency ratio should be 5 students per assessment methods acceptable to instructor. the Training Director. These 7. Proficiency assessment. proficiency assessment methods Proficiency should be evaluated and must reflect the additional documented by the use of a written responsibilities borne by supervisory assessment and a skill personnel in hazardous waste demonstration selected and operations or emergency response. developed by the Training Director 8. Course certificate. Written and training staff. The assessment documentation should be provided and demonstration should evaluate to each student who satisfactorily the knowledge and individual skills completes the training course. The developed in the course of training. documentation should include: The level of minimum achievement a. Student’s name. necessary for proficiency shall be b. Course title.

3AW Participant 80 Appendix B

c. Course date. 7. Sufficiency of the time committed d. Statement that the by the training director and staff to student has successfully the training program. completed the course. 8. Adequacy of the ratio of training e. Name and address of the staff to students. training provider. 9. Availability and commitment of 3. The process for the development the training program of adequate of curriculum, which includes human and equipment resources in appropriate technical input, outside the areas of: review, evaluation, program a. Health effects, pretesting. b. Safety, 4. The adequate and appropriate c. Personal protective inclusion of hands-on, equipment (PPE), demonstration, and instruction d. Operational procedures, methods; e. Employee protection 5. Adequate monitoring of student practices/procedures. safety, progress, and performance 10. Appropriateness of management during the training. controls. B. Program management, Training Director, 11. Adequacy of the organization staff, and consultants. Adequacy and and appropriate resources assigned appropriateness of staff performance and to assure appropriate training. delivering an effective training program 12. In the case of multiple-site should be considered, including: training programs, adequacy of 1. Demonstration of the training satellite centers management. director’s leadership in assuring f. An individual identification quality of health and safety training. number for the certificate. 2. Demonstration of the competency g. List of the levels of of the staff to meet the demands of personal protective delivering high quality hazardous equipment used by the waste employee health and safety student to complete the training. course. This documentation 3. Organization charts establishing may include a certificate and clear lines of authority. an appropriate wallet-sized 4. Clearly defined staff duties laminated card with a including the relationship of the photograph of the student training staff to the overall program. and the above information. 5. Evidence that the training When such course certificate organizational structure suits the cards are used, the individual needs of the training program. identification number for the 6. Appropriateness and adequacy of training certificate should be the training methods used by the shown on the card. instructors. 9. Recordkeeping. Training providers should maintain records listing the

3AW Participant 81 Appendix B

dates courses were presented, the 2. The different training names of the individual course requirements of the various attendees, the names of those target populations, as students successfully completing specified in the appropriate each course, and the number of generic training curriculum; training certificates issued to each C. Training facilities and resources. successful student. These records Adequacy and appropriateness of the should be maintained for a facilities and resources for supporting the minimum of five years after the date training program should be considered, an individual participated in a including: training program offered by the 1. Space and equipment to conduct training provider. These records the training. should be available and provided 2. Facilities for representative upon the student’s request or as hands-on training. mandated by law. 3. In the case of multiple-site 10. Program quality control. The programs, equipment and facilities Training Director should conduct or at the satellite centers. direct an annual written audit of the 4. Adequacy and appropriateness of training program. Program the quality control and evaluations modifications to address program to account for instructor deficiencies, if any, should be performance. documented, approved, and 5. Adequacy and appropriateness of implemented by the training the quality control and evaluation provider. The audit and the program program to ensure appropriate modification documents should be course evaluation, feedback, maintained at the training facility. updating, and corrective action. Suggested Program Quality Control 6. Adequacy and appropriateness of Criteria Factors listed here are disciplines and expertise being used suggested criteria for determining within the quality control and the quality and appropriateness of evaluation program. employee health and safety training 7. Adequacy and appropriateness of for hazardous waste operations and the role of student evaluations to emergency response. provide feedback for training A. Training Plan. program improvement. Adequacy and appropriateness of D. Quality control and evaluation. Adequacy the training program’s curriculum and appropriateness of quality control and development, instructor training, evaluation plans for training programs distribution of course materials and should be considered, including: direct student training should be 1. A balanced advisory committee considered, including: and/or competent outside reviewers 1. The duration of training, to give overall policy guidance; course content, and course 2. Clear and adequate definition of schedules/agendas; the composition and active

3AW Participant 82 Appendix B

programmatic role of the advisory 1. Adequacy of the institutional committee or outside reviewers. commitment to the employee 3. Adequacy of the minutes or training program. reports of the advisory committee 2. Adequacy and appropriateness of or outside reviewers’ meetings or the administrative structure and written communication. administrative support. 4. Adequacy and appropriateness of G. Summary of Evaluation Questions. Key the quality control and evaluations questions for evaluating the quality and program to account for instructor appropriateness of an overall training performance. program should include the following: 5. Adequacy and appropriateness of 1. Are the program objectives clearly the quality control and evaluation stated? program to ensure appropriate 2. Is the program accomplishing its course evaluation, feedback, objectives? updating, and corrective action. 3. Are appropriate facilities and staff 6. Adequacy and appropriateness of available? disciplines and expertise being used 4. Is there an appropriate mix of within the quality control and classroom, demonstration, and evaluation program. hands-on training? 7. Adequacy and appropriateness of 5. Is the program providing quality the role of student evaluations to employee health and safety training provide feedback for training that fully meets the intent of program improvement. regulatory requirements? E. Students. Adequacy and appropriateness 6. What are the program’s main of the program for accepting students strengths? should be considered, including: 7. What are the program’s main 1. Assurance that the students weaknesses? already possess the necessary skills 8. What is recommended to improve for their job, including necessary the program? documentation. 9. Are instructors instructing 2. Appropriateness of methods the according to their training outlines? program uses to ensure that recruits 10. Is the evaluation tool current are capable of satisfactorily and appropriate for the program completing training. content? 3. Review and compliance with any 11. Is the course material current medical clearance policy. and relevant to the target group? F. Institutional Environment and Administrative Support. The adequacy and Suggested Training Curriculum appropriateness of the institutional Guidelines environment and administrative support The following training curriculum guidelines system for the training program should be are for those operations specifically considered, including: identified in 29 CFR 1910.120 as requiring training. Issues such as qualifications of

3AW Participant 83 Appendix B instructors, training certification, and (5) Adequate similar criteria appropriate to all categories illumination. of operations addressed in 1910.120 have (6) Sanitation been covered in the preceding section and recommendation and are not re-addressed in each of the generic equipment. guidelines. Basic core requirements for (7) Review and training programs that are addressed explanation of include: OSHA’s hazard 1. General Hazardous Waste communication Operations, standard (29 CFR 2. RCRA operations—Treatment, 1910.1200) and lock- storage, and disposal facilities, and out/tag-out standard 3. Emergency Response. (29 CFR 1910.147). A. General Hazardous Waste Operations (8) Review of other and Site-specific Training applicable standards 1. Off-site training. Training course including but not content for hazardous waste limited to those in operations, required by 29 CFR the construction 1910.120(e), should include the standards (29 CFR following topics or procedures: Part 1926). a. Regulatory knowledge. (9) Rights and (1) An review of 29 responsibilities of CFR 1910.120 and the employers and core elements of an employees under occupational safety applicable OSHA and and health program. EPA laws. (2) The content of a b. Technical knowledge. medical surveillance (1) Type of potential program as outlined exposures to in 29 CFR 1910.120(f). chemical, biological, (3) The content of an and radiological effective site safety hazards; types of and health plan human responses to consistent with the these hazards and requirements of 29 recognition of those CFR 1910.120(b) (4) responses; principles (ii). of toxicology and (4) Emergency information about response plan and acute and chronic procedures as hazards; health and outlined in 29 CFR safety considerations 1910.38 and 29 CFR of new technology. 1910.120(l).

3AW Participant 84 Appendix B

(2) Fundamentals of sampling and chemical hazards monitoring including but not equipment that may limited to vapor be used in a site pressure, boiling monitoring program. points, flash points, (9) Container pH, other physical sampling procedures and chemical and safeguarding; properties. general drum and (3) Fire and explosion container handling hazards of chemicals. procedures including (4) General safety special requirement hazards such as but for laboratory waste not limited to packs, shock-sensitive electrical hazards, wastes, and powered equipment radioactive wastes. hazards, motor (10) The elements of vehicle hazards, a spill control walking working program. surface hazards, (11) Proper use and excavation hazards, limitations of material and hazards handling equipment. associated with (12) Procedures for working in hot and safe and healthful cold temperature preparation of extremes. containers for (5) Review and shipping and knowledge of transport. confined space entry (13) Methods of procedures in 29 CFR communication 1910.146. including those used (6) Work practices to while wearing minimize employee respiratory risk from site hazards. protection. (7) Safe use of c. Technical skills. engineering controls, (1) Selection, use equipment, and any maintenance, and new relevant safety limitations of technology or safety personal protective procedures. equipment including (8) Review and the components and demonstration of procedures for competency with air carrying out a

3AW Participant 85 Appendix B

respirator program to issued to those comply with 29 CFR students successfully 1910.134. completing a course. (2) Instruction in (2) Attendance decontamination should be required at programs including all training modules, personnel, with successful equipment, and completion of hardware; hands-on exercises and a final training including written or oral level A, B, and C examination with at ensembles and least 50 questions. appropriate (3) A minimum of decontamination one-third of the lines; field activities program should be including the donning devoted to hands-on and doffing of exercises. protective equipment (4) A curriculum to a level should be established commensurate with for the 8-hour the employee’s refresher training anticipated job required by 29 CFR function and 1910.120(e) (8), with responsibility and to delivery of such the degree required courses directed by potential hazards. toward those areas of (3) Sources for previous training that additional hazard need improvement or information; reemphasis. exercises using (5) A curriculum relevant manuals and should be established hazard coding for the required 8- systems. hour training for d. Additional suggested supervisors. items. Demonstrated (1) A laminated, competency in the dated card or skills and knowledge certificate with provided in a 40-hour photo, denoting course should be a limitations and level prerequisite for of protection for supervisor training. which the employee 2. Refresher training. The 8-hour annual is trained, should be refresher training required in 29 CFR

3AW Participant 86 Appendix B

1910.120(e) (8) should be conducted by (3) Methods and qualified training providers. Refresher observations that may be training should include at a minimum the used to detect the present or following topics and procedures: release of a hazardous a. Review of and retraining on chemical in the work area, relevant topics covered in the 40- (such as monitoring hour program, as appropriate, using conducted by the employer, reports by the students on their continuous monitoring work experiences. devices, visual appearances, b. Update on developments with or other evidence (sight, respect to material covered in the sound or smell) of hazardous 40-hour course. chemicals being released, c. Review of changes to pertinent and applicable alarms from provisions of EPA or OSHA standards monitoring devices that or laws. record chemical releases. d. Introduction of additional subject (4) The physical and health areas as appropriate. hazards of substances known e. Hands-on review of new or or potentially present in the altered PPE or decontamination work area. equipment or procedures. Review of (5) The measures employees new developments in personal can take to help protect protective equipment. themselves from work-site f. Review of newly developed air and hazards, including specific contaminant monitoring equipment. procedures the employer has 3. On-site training. implemented. a. The employer should provide (6) An explanation of the employees engaged in hazardous labeling system and material waste site activities with safety data sheets and how information and training prior to employees can obtain and initial assignment into their work use appropriate hazard area, as follows: information. (1) The requirements of the (7) The elements of the hazard communication confined space program program including the including special PPE, location and availability of permits, monitoring the written program, requirements, required lists of hazardous communication procedures, chemicals, and material emergency response, and safety data sheets. applicable lockout (2) Activities and locations in procedures. their work area where b. The employer should provide hazardous substance may be hazardous waste employees present. information and training and should

3AW Participant 87 Appendix B

provide a review and access to the decontamination site safety and plan as follows: procedures not (1) Names of personnel and covered by the site alternate responsible for site safety and health safety and health. plan, (2) Safety and health hazards h. emergency medical present on the site. treatment and first (3) Selection, use, aid, and maintenance, and limitations i. emergency of personal protective equipment and equipment specific to the procedures for site. handling emergency (4) Work practices by which incidents. the employee can minimize c. The employer should provide hazardous risks from hazards. waste employees information and training (5) Safe use of engineering on personal protective equipment used at controls and equipment the site, such as the following: available on site. (1) PPE to be used based upon (6) Safe decontamination known or anticipated site hazards. procedures established to (2) PPE limitations of materials and minimize employee contact construction; limitations during with hazardous substances, temperature extremes, heat stress, including: a. employee and other appropriate medical decontamination, b. clothing considerations; use and limitations decontamination, and c. of respirator equipment as well as equipment decontamination. documentation procedures as (7) Elements of the site outlined in 29 CFR 1910.134. emergency response plan, (3) PPE inspection procedures prior including: to, during, and after use. a. pre-emergency (4) PPE donning and doffing planning, procedures. b. personnel roles (5) PPE decontamination and and lines of authority disposal procedures. and communication, (6) PPE maintenance and storage. c. emergency (7) Task duration as related to PPE recognition and limitations. prevention, d. The employer should instruct the d. safe distances and employee about the site medical places of refuge, surveillance program relative to the e. site security and particular site, including: control, (1) Specific medical surveillance f. evacuation routes programs that have been adapted and procedures, g. for the site.

3AW Participant 88 Appendix B

(2) Specific signs and symptoms d. Confined-space hazards and related to exposure to hazardous procedures. materials on the site. e. Work practices to minimize (3) The frequency and extent of employee risk from workplace periodic medical examinations that hazards. will be used on the site. f. Emergency response plan and (4) Maintenance and availability of procedures including First Aid records. meeting the requirements of (5) Personnel to be contacted and paragraph (p) (8). procedures to be followed when g. A review of procedures to signs and symptoms of exposures minimize exposure to hazardous are recognized. waste and various type of waste e. The employees will review and discuss streams, including the materials the site safety plan as part of the training handling program and spill program. The location of the site safety plan containment program. and all written programs should be h. A review of hazard discussed with employees including a communication programs meeting discussion of the mechanisms for access, the requirements of 29 CFR review, and references described. 1910.1200. i. A review of medical surveillance B. RCRA Operations Training for programs meeting the requirements Treatment, Storage and Disposal of 29 CFR 1910.120(p) (3) including Facilities. the recognition of signs and 1. As a minimum, the training course symptoms of overexposure to required in 29 CFR 1910.120 (p) should hazardous substance including include the following topics: known synergistic interactions. a. Review of the applicable j. A review of decontamination paragraphs of 29 CFR 1910.120 and programs and procedures meeting the elements of the employer’s the requirements of 29 CFR occupational safety and health plan. 1910.120(p) (4). b. Review of relevant hazards such k. A review of an employer’s as, but not limited to, chemical, requirements to implement a biological, and radiological training program and its elements. exposures; fire and explosion l. A review of the criteria and hazards; thermal extremes; and programs for proper selection and physical hazards. use of personal protective c. General safety hazards including equipment, including respirators. those associated with electrical m. A review of the applicable hazards, powered equipment appendices to 29 CFR 1910.120. n. hazards, lock-out/tag-out Principles of toxicology and procedures, motor vehicle hazards biological monitoring as they pertain and walking working surface to occupational health. hazards.

3AW Participant 89 Appendix B

o. Rights and responsibilities of including the recognition of signs employees and employers under and symptoms of exposure to applicable OSHA and EPA laws. relevant hazardous substance p. Hands-on exercises and including known synergistic demonstrations of competency with interactions. equipment to illustrate the basic e. A review of the employer’s equipment principles that may be decontamination program and used during the performance of procedures. work duties, including the donning f. An review of the employer’s and doffing of PPE. training program and the parties q. Sources of reference, efficient use responsible for that program. of relevant manuals, and knowledge g. A review of the employer’s of hazard coding systems to include personal protective equipment information contained in hazardous program including the proper waste manifests. selection and use of PPE based upon r. At least 8 hours of hands-on specific site hazards. training. h. All relevant site-specific s. Training in the job skills required procedures addressing potential for an employee’s job function and safety and health hazards. This may responsibility before they are include, as appropriate, biological permitted to participate in or and radiological exposures, fire and supervise field activities. explosion hazards, thermal hazards, 2. The individual employer should provide and physical hazards such as hazardous waste employees with electrical hazards, powered information and training prior to an equipment hazards, lock-out/tag-out employee’s initial assignment into a work hazards, motor vehicle hazards, and area. The training and information should walking/working surface hazards. cover the following topics: i. Safe use engineering controls and a. The emergency response plan and equipment on site. procedures including first aid. j. Names of personnel and alternates b. A review of the employer’s responsible for safety and health. hazardous waste handling C. Emergency response training. procedures including the materials Federal OSHA standards in 29 CFR handling program and elements of 1910.120(q) are directed toward private- the spill containment program, sector emergency responders. Therefore, location of spill response kits or the guidelines provided in this portion of equipment, and the names of those the appendix are directed toward that trained to respond to releases. employee population. However, they also c. The hazardous communication impact indirectly through State OSHA or program meeting the requirements U.S. EPA regulations some public sector of 29 CFR 1910.1200. emergency responders. Therefore, the d. A review of the employer’s guidelines provided in this portion of the medical surveillance program appendix may be applied to both employee

3AW Participant 90 Appendix B populations. States with OSHA state plans 2. Principles of toxicology, biological must cover their employees with monitoring, and risk assessment. regulations at least as effective as the 3. Safe work practices and general site Federal OSHA standards. Public employees safety. in states without approved state OSHA 4. Engineering controls and hazardous programs covering hazardous waste waste operations. operations and emergency response are 5. Site safety plans and standard operating covered by the U.S. EPA under 40 CFR 311, procedures. a regulation virtually identical to Sec. 6. Decontamination procedures and 1910.120. practices. Since this is a non-mandatory appendix and 7. Emergency procedures, first aid, and self- therefore not an enforceable standard, rescue. OSHA recommends that those employers, 8. Safe use of field equipment. employees or volunteers in public- sector 9. Storage, handling, use and transportation emergency response organizations outside of hazardous substances. Federal OSHA jurisdiction consider the 10. Use, care, and limitations of personal following criteria in developing their own protective equipment. training programs. A unified approach to 11. Safe sampling techniques. training at the community level between 12. Rights and responsibilities of employees emergency response organizations covered under OSHA and other related laws by Federal OSHA and those not covered concerning right to- know, safety and directly by Federal OSHA can help ensure an health, compensations and liability. effective community response to the 13. Medical monitoring requirements. release or potential release of hazardous 14. Community relations. substances in the community. Suggested criteria for specific courses. General considerations. Emergency 1. First responder awareness level. response organizations are required to a. Review of and demonstration of consider the topics listed in Sec. competency in performing the 1910.120(q) (6). Emergency response applicable skills of 29 CFR organizations may use some or all of the 1910.120(q). following topics to supplement those b. Hands-on experience with the mandatory topics when developing their U.S. Department of Transportation’s response training programs. Many of the Emergency Response Guidebook topics would require an interaction (ERG) and familiarization with OSHA between the response provider and the standard 29 CFR 1910.1201. individuals responsible for the site where c. Review of the principles and the response would be expected. practices for analyzing an incident to 1. Hazard recognition, including: determine both the hazardous a. Nature of hazardous substances substances present and the basic present, hazard and response information for b. Practical applications of hazard each hazardous substance present. recognition, including presentations d. Review of procedures for on biology, chemistry, and physics. implementing actions consistent

3AW Participant 91 Appendix B

with the local emergency response container, the types of hazardous plan, the organization’s standard substance transportation containers operating procedures, and the and vehicles, the types and selection current edition of DOT’s ERG of the appropriate defensive including emergency notification strategy for containing the release. procedures and follow-up d. Review of procedures for communications. implementing continuing response e. Review of the expected hazards actions consistent with the local including fire and explosions emergency response plan, the hazards, confined space hazards, organization’s standard operating electrical hazards, powered procedures, and the current edition equipment hazards, motor vehicle of DOT’s ERG including extended hazards, and walking/ working emergency notification procedures surface hazards. and follow-up communications. f. Awareness and knowledge of the e. Review of the principles and competencies for the First practice for proper selection and use Responder at the Awareness Level of personal protective equipment. covered in the National Fire f. Review of the principles and Protection Association’s Standard practice of personnel and No. 472, Professional Competence equipment decontamination. of Responders to Hazardous g. Review of the expected hazards Materials Incidents. including fire and explosions 2. First responder operations level. hazards, confined space hazards, a. Review of and demonstration of electrical hazards, powered competency in performing the equipment hazards, motor vehicle applicable skills of 29 CFR hazards, and walking working 1910.120(q). surface hazards. b. Hands-on experience with the h. Awareness and knowledge of the U.S. Department of Transportation’s competencies for the First Emergency Response Guidebook Responder at the Operations Level (ERG), manufacturer material safety covered in the National Fire data sheets, CHEMTREC/ CANUTEC, Protection Association’s Standard shipper or manufacturer contacts, No. 472, Professional Competence and other relevant sources of of Responders to Hazardous information addressing hazardous Materials Incidents. substance releases. Familiarization 3. Hazardous materials technician. with OSHA standard 29 CFR a. Review of and demonstration of 1910.1201. competency in performing the c. Review of the principles and applicable skills of 29 CFR practices for analyzing an incident to 1910.120(q). determine the hazardous substances b. Hands-on experience with written present, the likely behavior of the and electronic information relative hazardous substance and its to response decision making

3AW Participant 92 Appendix B

including but not limited to the U.S. hazards, confined-space hazards, Department of Transportation’s electrical hazards, powered Emergency Response Guidebook equipment hazards, motor vehicle (ERG), manufacturer material safety hazards, and walking working data sheets, CHEMTREC/CANUTEC, surface hazards. shipper or manufacturer contacts, h. Awareness and knowledge of the computer data bases and response competencies for the Hazardous models, and other relevant sources Materials Technician covered in the of information addressing hazardous National Fire Protection substance releases. Familiarization Association’s Standard No. 472, with OSHA standard 29 CFR Professional Competence of 1910.1201. Responders to Hazardous Materials c. Review of the principles and Incidents. practices for analyzing an incident to 4. Hazardous materials specialist. determine the hazardous substances a. Review of and demonstration of present, their physical and chemical competency in performing the properties, the likely behavior of the applicable skills of 29 CFR hazardous substance and its 1910.120(q). container, the types of hazardous b. Hands-on experience with substance transportation containers retrieval and use of written and and vehicles involved in the release, electronic information relative to the appropriate strategy for response decision making including approaching release sites and but not limited to the U.S. containing the release. Department of Transportation’s d. Review of procedures for Emergency Response Guidebook implementing continuing response (ERG), manufacturer material safety actions consistent with the local data sheets, CHEMTREC/CANUTEC, emergency response plan, the shipper or manufacturer contacts, organization’s standard operating computer databases and response procedures, and the current edition models, and other relevant sources of DOT’s ERG including extended of information addressing hazardous emergency notification procedures substance releases. Familiarization and follow-up communications. with OSHA standard 29 CFR e. Review of the principles and 1910.1201. practice for proper selection and use c. Review of the principles and of personal protective equipment. practices for analyzing an incident to f. Review of the principles and determine the hazardous substances practices of establishing exposure present, their physical and chemical zones, proper decontamination and properties, and the likely behavior medical surveillance stations and of the hazardous substance and its procedures. container, vessel, or vehicle. g. Review of the expected hazards d. Review of the principles and including fire and explosions practices for identification of the

3AW Participant 93 Appendix B

types of hazardous substance Specialist Employee covered in the transportation containers, vessels National Fire Protection and vehicles involved in the release; Association’s Standard No. 472, selecting and using the various types Professional Competence of of equipment available for plugging Responders to Hazardous Materials or patching transportation Incidents. containers, vessels or vehicles; 5. Incident commander. The incident organizing and directing the use of commander is the individual who, at any multiple teams of hazardous one time, is responsible for and in control of material technicians and selecting the response effort. This individual is the the appropriate strategy for person responsible for the direction and approaching release sites and coordination of the response effort. An containing or stopping the release. incident commander’s position should be e. Review of procedures for occupied by the most senior, appropriately implementing continuing response trained individual present at the response actions consistent with the local site. Yet, as necessary and appropriate by emergency response plan, the the level of response provided, the position organization’s standard operating may be occupied by many individuals during procedures, including knowledge of a particular response as the need for the available public and private greater authority, responsibility, or training response resources, establishment increases. It is possible for the first of an incident command post, responder at the awareness level to assume direction of hazardous material the duties of incident commander until a technician teams, and extended more senior and appropriately trained emergency notification procedures individual arrives at the response site. and follow-up communications. Therefore, any emergency responder f. Review of the principles and expected to perform as an incident practice for proper selection and use commander should be trained to fulfill the of personal protective equipment. obligations of the position at the level of g. Review of the principles and response they will be providing including practices of establishing exposure the following: zones and proper decontamination, a. Ability to analyze a hazardous monitoring and medical surveillance substance incident to determine the stations and procedures. magnitude of the response problem. h. Review of the expected hazards b. Ability to plan and implement an including fire and explosions appropriate response plan within hazards, confined space hazards, the capabilities of available electrical hazards, powered personnel and equipment. equipment hazards, motor vehicle c. Ability to implement a response to hazards, and walking/ working favorably change the outcome of surface hazards. the incident in a manner consistent i. Awareness and knowledge of the with the local emergency response competencies for the Off-site

3AW Participant 94 Appendix B

plan and the organization’s standard operating procedures. d. Ability to evaluate the progress of the emergency response to ensure that the response objectives are being met safely, effectively, and efficiently. e. Ability to adjust the response plan to the conditions of the response and to notify higher levels of response when required by the changes to the response plan. f. Awareness and knowledge of the competencies for the incident commander covered in the National Fire Protection Association’s Standard No. 472, Professional Competence of Responders to Hazardous Materials Incidents. [54 FR 9317, Mar. 6, 1898, as amended at 55 FR 14073, Apr. 13, 1990; 56 FR 15832, Apr. 18, 1991; 59 FR 43268, Aug. 22, 1994; 61 FR 9227, March 7, 1996]

3AW Participant 95 Appendix C

3AW Participant 96 Appendix C

Appendix C

3AW Participant 97 Appendix C

U.S. Department of Labor— Occupational Safety and Health Administration Regional Offices

Region I Fax...... (215) 861-4904 Connecticut, Massachusetts, Maine, New Hampshire, Rhode Island and Vermont Region 4 JFK Federal Building, Room E340 Alabama, Florida, George, Kentucky, Mississippi, Boston, MA 02203 North Carolina, South Carolina and Tennessee Phone...... (617) 565-9860 61 Forsyth Street, SW Atlanta, GA 30303 Fax...... (617) 565-9827 Phone...... (404) 562-2300 Fax...... (404) 562-2295 FAX Region 2 New Jersey, New York and Puerto Rico Region 5 201 Varick Street, Room 670 Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio and New York, New York 10014 Wisconsin Phone.... (212) 337-2378 230 South Dearborn Street, Room 3244 Fax...... (212) 337-2371 Chicago, IL 60604 Region 3 Phone...... (312) 353-2220 District of Columbia, Delaware, Maryland, Fax...... (312) 353-7774 Pennsylvania, Virginia and West Virginia The Curtis Center-Suite 740 West Region 6 170 S. Independence Mall West Arkansas, Louisiana, New Mexico, Oklahoma and Philadelphia, PA 19106-3309 Texas Phone...... (215) 861-4900 525 Griffin Street, Room 602

3AW Participant 98 Appendix C

Dallas, TX 75202 Phone...... (214) 767-4731 Fax...... (214) 767-4693

Region 7 Iowa, Kansas, Missouri and Nebraska City Center Square 1100 Main Street, Suite 800 Kansas City, MO 64105 Phone...... (816) 426-5861 Fax...... (816) 426-2750

Region 8 Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Utah and Wyoming 1999 Broadway, Suite 1690 P.O. Box 46550 Denver, CO 80201-6550 Phone.... (303) 844-1600 Fax...... (303) 844-1616

Region 9 American Samoa, Arizona, California, Guam, Hawaii and Nevada 71 Stevenson Street, Room 420 San Francisco, CA 94105 Main Public, 8 a.m.–4:30 p.m. PST...... (800) 475-4019 Technical Assistance ... (800) 475-4019 Complaints—Accidents/Fatalities...... (800) 475-4020 Publication Requests... (800) 475-4022 Fax...... (415) 975-4319

Region 10 Alaska, Idaho, Oregon and Washington 1111 Third Avenue, Suite 715 Seattle, WA 98101-3212 Phone...... (206) 553-5930 Fax...... (206) 553-6499

Appendix C

Directory of States With Approved Occupational Safety and Health Plans

Alaska Department of Labor and Workforce Wethersfield, CT 06109 Development Richard Palo, Acting Director. (860) 566-4550 P.O. Box 21149 Fax... (860) 566-6916 1111 W. 8th Street, Room 306 Juneau, AK 99802-1149 Greg O’Claray, Commissioner. (907) 465-2700 Hawaii Department of Labor and Industrial Fax ... (907) 465-2784 Relations Grey Mitchell, Director... (907) 465-4855 830 Punchbowl Street Fax... (907) 465-6012 Honolulu, HI 96813 Nelson B. Befitel, Director... (808) 586-8844 Fax. (808) 586-9099 Industrial Commission of Arizona Jennifer Shishido, Administrator (808) 586-9116 800 W. Washington Fax... (808) 586-9104 Phoenix, AZ 85007-2922 Larry Etchechury, Director, ICA... (602) 542- 4411 Indiana Department of Labor Fax... (602) 542-1614 State Office Building Darin Perkins, Program Director (602) 542-5795 402 West Washington Street, Room W195 Fax ... (602) 542-1614 Indianapolis, IN 46204-2751 Nancy Guyott, Commissioner... (317) 232-2378 Fax. (317) 233-3790 California Department of Industrial Relations John Jones, Deputy Commissioner. (317) 232- 455 Golden Gate Avenue—10th Floor 3325 San Francisco, CA 94102 Fax... (317) 233-3790 John Rea, Acting Director... (415) 703-5050 Fax. (415) 703-5059 Len Welsh, Chief, Cal/OSHA ... (415) 703-5100 Iowa Division of Labor Fax. (415) 703-5114 1000 E. Grand Avenue Vicky Heza, Deputy Chief, Cal/OSHA. (714) Des Moines, IA 50319-0209 939-8093 Byron K. Orton, Commissioner... (515) 281-6432 Fax. (714) 939-8094 Fax... (515) 281-4698 Mary L. Bryant, Administrator... (515) 242-5870 Fax. (515) 281-7995 Connecticut Department of Labor 200 Folly Brook Boulevard Wethersfield, CT 06109 Kentucky Labor Cabinet Shaun Cashman, Commissioner ... (860) 566- 1047 U.S. Highway 127 South, Suite 4 5123 Frankfort, KY 40601 Fax ... (860) 566-1520 Joe Norsworthy, Secretary. (502) 564-3070 Fax ... (502) 564-5387 Conn-OSHA William Ralston, 38 Wolcott Hill Road

Appendix C

Federal\State Coordinator.... (502) 564-3070 Carson City, NV 89703 ext. 240 Roger Bremmer, Administrator... (775) 684-7260 Fax ... (502) 564-1682 Fax... (775) 687-6305

Maryland Division of Labor and Industry Occupational Safety and Department of Labor, Licensing and Regulation Health Enforcement Section (OSHES) 1100 North Eutaw Street, Room 613 1301 N. Green Valley Parkway Baltimore, MD 21201-2206 Henderson, NV 89014 Keith Goddard, Commissioner... (410) 767-2241 Tom Czehowski, Fax.... (410) 767-2986 Chief Administrative Officer... (702) 486-9168 Deputy Commissioner (410) 767-2992 Fax...... (702) 486-9020 Fax ... (410) 767-2986 Las Vegas... (702) 687-5240 Cheryl Kammerman, Assistant Commissioner, MOSH... (410) 767- 2215 New Jersey Department of Labor Office of Fax..... (410) 333-7747 Public Employees Occupational Safety & Health (PEOSH) 1 John Fitch Plaza Michigan Department of P.O. Box 386 Labor and Economic Growth Trenton, NJ 08625-0386 Noelle Clark, Director Albert G. Kroll, Commissioner... (609) 292-2975 Bureau of Safety and Regulation Fax. (609) 633-9271 P.O. Box 30643 Leonard Katz, Lansing, MI 48909-8143 Assistant Commissioner... (609) 292-2313 Doug Kalinowski, Director. (517) 322-1814 Fax ... (609) 695-1314 Fax.... (517) 322-1775 Howard Black, Assistant Director... (609) 292- Martha Yoder, 2425 Deputy Director for Enforcement... (517) 322- Fax.... (609) 292-3749 1817 Fax. (517) 322-1775 New Mexico Environment Department 1190 St. Francis Drive Minnesota Department of Labor and Industry P.O. Box 26110 443 Lafayette Road Santa Fe, NM 87502 St. Paul, MN 55155 Ron Curry, Jr., Secretary (505) 827-2850 Scott Brener, Commissioner. (651) 284-5010 Fax. (505) 827-2836 Fax.... (651) 282-5405 Georgia Cleverley, Chief. (505) 827-4230 Robin Kelleher, Fax ... (505) 827-4422 Assistant Commissioner... (651) 284-5018 Fax..... (651) 282-5293 New York Department of Labor Patricia Todd, Administrative Director, New York Public Employee Safety and Health OSHA Management Team (651) 284-5372 Program Fax... (651) 297-2527 State Office Campus Building 12, Room 158 Albany, NY 12240 Linda Angello, Commissioner... (518) 457-2741 Nevada Division of Industrial Relations Fax...... (518) 457-6908 400 West King Street, Suite 400

Appendix C

Anthony Germano, Acting Director, Division of Safety and Health ... (787) 756-1100, 1106 / Safety 754-2171 and Health... (518) 457-3518 Fax.... (787) 767-6051 Fax.... (518) 457-1519 José Droz, Deputy Director for Occupational Maureen Cox, Program Manager (518) 457- Safety and Health ... (787) 756-1100, 1106 / 1263 754-2188 Fax. (518) 457-5545 Fax... (787) 767-6051

North Carolina Department of Labor South Carolina Department of 4 West Edenton Street Labor, Licensing, and Regulation Raleigh, NC 27601-1092 Koger Office Park, Kingstree Building Cherie Berry, Commissioner... (919) 733-0359 110 Centerview Drive Fax... (919) 733-1092 P.O. Box 11329 Allen McNeely, Deputy Commissioner, Columbia, SC 29211 OSH Director..... (919) 807-2861 Adrienne R. Youmans, Director... (803) 896- Fax.... (919) 807-2855 4300 Kevin Beauregard, Fax...... (803) 896-4393 OSH Assistant Director... (919) 807-2863 Dottie Ison, Administrator... (803) 734-9606 Fax... (919) 807-2856 Fax...... (803) 734-9772 Robert Peck, Administrator, Office of Voluntary Programs (OVP) ... (803) Oregon Occupational Safety and Health Division 734-9614 Department of Consumer and Business Fax.... (803) 734-9741 Services 350 Winter Street, NE, Room 430 Salem, OR 97301-3882 Tennessee Department of Labor Peter De Luca, Administrator. (503) 378-3272 710 James Robertson Parkway Fax. (503) 947-7461 Nashville, TN 37243-0659 Michele Patterson, James G. Neeley, Commissioner. (615) 741- Deputy Administrator for Operations ... (503) 2582 378-3272 Fax..... (615) 741-5078 Fax. (503) 947-7461 John Winkler, Acting Program Director... (615) David Sparks, Special Assistant for 741-2793 Federal & External Affairs... (503) 378-3272 Fax...... (615) 741-3325 Fax: ... (503) 947-7461 Utah Labor Commission 160 East 300 South, 3rd Floor Puerto Rico Department of Labor P.O. Box 146650 Prudencio Rivera Martínez Building Salt Lake City, UT 84114-6650 505 Muñoz Rivera Avenue R. Lee Ellertson, Commissioner. (801) 530-6901 Hato Rey, PR 00918 Fax..... (801) 530-7906 Frank Zorrilla Maldonado, Secretary..... (787) Larry Patrick, Administrator. (801) 530-6898 754-2119 Fax.... (801) 530-6390 Fax.... (787) 753-9550 Brenda Sepúlveda, Assistant Secretary for Occupational Vermont Department of Labor and Industry National Life Building—Drawer 20

Appendix C

Montpelier, VT 05620-3401 Steve Cant, Program Manager, Federal-State Michael Bertrand, Commissioner... (802) 828- Operations 2288 [P.O. Box 44600]. (360) 902-5430 Fax...... (802) 828-2748 Fax ... (360) 902-5529 Robert McLeod, Project Manager. (802) 828- 2765 Fax..... (802) 828-2195 Wyoming Department of Employment Workers’ Safety and Compensation Division Cheyenne Business Center Virgin Islands Department of Labor 1510 East Pershing Boulevard 3012 Golden Rock Cheyenne, WY 82002 Christiansted, St. Croix, VI 00820-4660 Gary W. Child, Administrator. (307) 777-7159 Cecil R. Benjamin, Commissioner...... (340) Fax.... (307) 777-5524 773-1994 Stephan R. Foster, Fax.... (340) 773-1858 OSHA Program Manager. (307) 777-7786 John Sheen, Assistant Commissioner ... (340) Fax: (307) 777-3646 772-1315 Fax...... (340) 772-4323 Francine Lang, Program Director... (340) 772- 1315 Fax... (340) 772-4323 Virginia Department of Labor and Industry Powers-Taylor Building 13 South 13th Street Richmond, VA 23219 C. Raymond Davenport, Commissioner (804) 786-2377 Fax ... (804) 371-6524 Jay Withrow, Director, Office of Legal Support... (804) 786-9873 Fax... (804) 786-8418 Glenn Cox, Director, Safety Compliance, VOSHA... (804) 786-2391 Fax ... (804) 371-6524

Washington Department of Labor and Industries General Administration Building P.O. Box 44001 Olympia, WA 98504-4001 7273 Linderson Way SW Tumwater, WA 98501- 5414 Paul Trause, Director ... (360) 902-4200 Fax... (360) 902-4202 Michael Silverstein, Assistant Director [P.O. Box 44600].... (360) 902-5495 Fax.... (360) 902-5529

Appendix D

Appendix D: Glossary

Appendix D

Glossary

Absorption—Materials may be taken into the body (absorbed) through the skin or lungs.

ACGIH—American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists: An organization of professional personnel in governmental agencies or education institutions engaged in occupational safety and health programs. ACGIH develops and publishes recommended occupational exposure limits (see TLV) for hundreds of chemical substances and physical agents.

Acid—Any chemical with a low pH that in water solution can burn the skin, eyes, or lungs. (See also pH.)

Acute Effect—A health effect which develops rapidly. Exposure to carbon monoxide may cause a person to pass out, an acute effect.

Additive Effect—One in which the combined effect of two chemicals is equal to the sum of the agents acting alone.

Aerosol—Liquid or solid particles in the air. Aerosols include dust, mists, fog, and fumes.

Alkali—Any chemical with a high pH that in water solution is bitter, more or less irritating, or corrosive to the skin. Strong alkalies in solution are corrosive to the skin and mucous membranes. (See also pH.)

Asphyxiant—A vapor or gas which can cause unconsciousness or death by suffocation (lack of oxygen). Asphyxiation is one of the principal potential hazards of working in confined spaces.

Appendix D

Boiling Point—Temperature at which a liquid changes to a vapor. Flammable materials with low boiling points generally present special fire hazards.

Carcinogen—A substance capable of causing cancer.

CAS Number—A unique number assigned to a chemical by the Chemical Abstract Service. cc—Cubic centimeter, about the size of a sugar cube.

CFR—Code of Federal Regulations.

Chronic Effect—A health effect which develops slowly over a long period of time.

Appendix D

CNS—Central nervous system—the part of the nervous system protected by the skull and the spinal column.

Combustible Liquids—A term used by NFPA, DOT, and others to classify certain liquids that will burn, on the basis of flash points. Both NFPA and DOT generally define “combustible liquids” as having a flash point of 100oF (37.8oC) or higher. They do not ignite as easily as flammable liquids; however, they can be ignited under certain circumstances and must be handled with caution. Class II liquids have flash points at or above 100oF but below 140oF. Class III liquids are subdivided into two subclasses:

• Class III A—Those having flash points at or above 140oF but below 200oF.

• Class III B—Those having flash points at or above 200oF.

Concentration—The amount of one material in another.

Corrosive—A liquid or solid that eats away a material when it touches it. cu m or m3—Cubic meter.

Decomposition—Breakdown of a material (by heat, chemical reaction, electrolysis, decay, or other processes) into smaller parts.

Dermal Toxicity—Adverse effects resulting from skin exposure to a substance.

Dermatitis—Redness (or inflammation of the skin).

Dose—The quantity of a chemical taken into the body.

Dose-response—The relationship between the dose of the chemical and the response in humans or animals.

DOT—Department of Transportation.

Dust—Solid particles in the air generated by handling, crushing, or grinding.

Appendix D

Dyspnea—Shortness of breath.

EPA—Environmental Protection Agency.

Epidemiology—The science that deals with the study of disease in a population.

Appendix D

Evaporation Rate—How fast a liquid enters the air when compared with a known material.

The evaporation rate can be useful in evaluating the health and fire hazards of a material. The known material is usually normal butyl acetate, with a vaporization rate designated as

1.0. Evaporation rates of other solvents or materials are then classified as:

• FAST evaporating if greater than 3.0.

• MEDIUM evaporating if 0.8 to 3.0.

• SLOW evaporating if less than 0.8.

Exposure—The concentration of a material in the air. Usually, exposure is measured near the nose of the worker.

Flammable—A liquid with a flash point below 100oF (37.8oC). Flammable liquids are designated as Class I liquids and may be subdivided as follows:

• Class I A—Those having flash points below 73oF and having a boiling point below 100oF.

• Class I B—Those having flash points below 73o F and having a boiling point at or above 100oF.

• Class I C—Those having flash points at or above 73oF and below 100oF.

Flash Point—The temperature at which a liquid will give off enough flammable vapor to burn. There are several flash point test methods, and flash points may vary for the same material depending on the method used, so the test method is indicated when the flash point is given.

Generic Name—The name used to identify a material regardless of which company manufactures it. For example, crank case oil.

Appendix D

Hazardous Material—Any substance capable of producing unwanted effects on health, safety, or the environment.

Hazardous Waste—A legal term. (To be considered hazardous, a waste must be on the list of specific hazardous waste streams or chemicals, or else it must exhibit one or more of certain specific characteristics including ignitability, corrosively, reactivity, and toxicity. The definition excludes household waste, agricultural waste returned to the soil, and mining overburden returned to the mine site. It also excludes all wastewater returned directly or indirectly to surface waters. However, hazardous waste may physically be in the liquid state.)

Heavy Metals—The major toxic metals (includes lead, cadmium, and arsenic).

Hematotoxin—Toxic to the blood or organs where the blood is made.

Hepatotoxin—Toxic to the liver.

ICS—Incident Command System. The unit which manages the response to an emergency.

IDLH—Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health. Any condition which may result in immediate, life-threatening damage to health.

Impervious—Something a chemical cannot go through. Frequently used to describe gloves. Inactivation—A reaction between two chemicals to produce a less toxic product. Incompatible Materials—Materials which could cause dangerous reactions from direct contact with one another.

Ingestion—Taking a substance in through the mouth.

Inhalation—Breathing in a substance in the form of a gas, vapor, fume, mist, or dust through the mouth or nose.

Irritant—When a substance touches the eye, skin or respiratory system and causes it to get red (inflammatory response)

Appendix D

K kg—Kilogram; a metric unit of weight equal to 1000 grams, about 2.2 U.S. pounds.

Latency—The time interval between exposure and the development of a disease.

Lethal—Can cause death

M—Meter; a metric unit of length, equal to about 39 inches.

Melting Point—The temperature at which a solid substance changes to a liquid state. For mixtures, the melting range may be given.

Metabolism—The chemical reactions that go on in the body to maintain life. mg/kg—Milligrams per kilogram. See also g/kg. mg/m3—Milligrams per cubic meter. ml—Milliliter; a metric unit of liquid volume. 1 teaspoon = 5 ml. Monitoring—Measuring concentrations of substances in the workplace. Morbidity—Non-fatal disease.

Mortality—The result of a fatal disease.

Nephrotoxin—A substance which is toxic to the kidney.

Neurotoxin—Toxic to the brain and nerves.

NFPA—National Fire Protection Association produces many guidelines, including a four- color diamond used on labels to indicate a hazard. Health, fire, and reactivity hazards are rated from 0 (none) to 4 (extreme). The Health rating is in the blue section, Fire in red and Instability in yellow. A white section is reserved for other Special Hazards (for example, radiation, do not use water on fire).

NIOSH—National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.

Appendix D

Olfactory—Relating to the nose or sense of smell.

Oral Toxicity—Adverse effects resulting from taking a substance into the body through the mouth.

OSHA—Occupational Safety and Health Administration.

Oxidizer—A substance that gives up oxygen readily. Presence of an oxidizer increases the fire hazard.

Percutaneous Absorption—Absorption into the skin.

Pesticide—A chemical that kills bugs. pH—Applies to liquids: pH less than 7 is an acid; pH = 7 is neutral; pH greater than 7 is caustic (alkali).

Physical Agent—Heat, noise, radiation, vibration.

Polymerization—A chemical reaction in which one or more small molecules combines to form larger molecules. ppm—Parts per million; a measure of concentration of gas or vapors in the air.

Pulmonary Toxin—Toxic to the lungs.

RCRA—Resources Conservation and Recovery Act.

Reactivity—A description of the tendency of a substance to undergo chemical reaction with the release of energy. Undesirable effects—such as pressure build-up, temperature increase, formation of noxious, toxic or corrosive by-products—may occur because of the reactivity of a substance to heating, burning, direct contact with other materials, or other conditions in use or in storage.

REM—Roentgen Equivalent Man; a measure of radiation dose.

Appendix D

Renal—Pertaining to the kidney.

Route of Entry—How material gets into the body—nose (inhale), mouth (ingest), skin (dermal), eye.

SCBA—Self-contained breathing apparatus.

Sensitizer—A substance which on first exposure causes little or no reaction but which on repeated exposure may cause a marked response not necessarily limited to the contact site. Skin sensitization is the most common form of sensitization in the industrial setting.

Stability—An expression of the ability of a material to remain unchanged. For MSDS purposes, a material is stable if it remains in the same form under expected and reasonable conditions of storage or use. Conditions which may cause instability (dangerous change) are stated. Examples are temperatures above 150oF or shock from dropping.

Systemic—Relating to whole body, rather than its individual parts.

Teratogen—A substance or agent to which exposure of a pregnant female can result in changes in the fetus.

Threshold—The lowest dose or exposure to a chemical at which a specific effect is observed.

TLV—Threshold Limit Value; a term used by ACGIH to express the airborne concentration of a material to which nearly all persons can be exposed day after day, without adverse effects in most individuals. ACGIH expresses TLVs in three ways:

• TLV-TWA: The allowable Time Weighted Average concentration for a normal 8-hour workday.

• TLV-STEL: The Short-Term Exposure Limit, or maximum concentration for a continuous 15-minute exposure period (maximum of four such periods per day, with at

Appendix D least 60 minutes between exposure periods and provided that the daily TLV-TWA is not exceeded.)

• TLV-C: The Ceiling exposure limit, “the concentration that should not be exceeded during any part of the working exposure ... a 15-minute period except for those substances which may cause immediate irritation...”

Toxicity—The adverse effects from exposure.

TSCA—Toxic Substances Control Act.

TWA—Time-Weighted Average.

UEL or UFL—Upper explosive limit or upper flammable limit of a vapor or gas; the highest concentration (highest percentage of the substance in air) that will produce a flash of fire when an ignition source (heat, arc, or flame) is present. At higher concentration, the mixture is too “rich” to burn. (Also see LEL.) ug—Microgram; one millionth of a gram.

UN Number—United Nations’ Identification Number. A number used internationally to identify a hazardous material.

Unstable—Tending to undergo unwanted chemical changes during normal handling or storage.

Vapor—Gaseous form of a substance normally in the liquid or solid state at room temperature.

Vapor Density—The weight of a vapor or gas compared to the weight of an equal volume of air; an expression of the density of the vapor or gas. Materials lighter than air have vapor densities less than 1.0. Now generally referred to as Relative Gas Density.

Vapor Pressure—Indicates the tendency of a liquid to evaporate into the air.

Appendix D

Viscosity—Measure of how easily a liquid flows. For example, molasses has a high viscosity, but water has a low viscosity.