Fleischverzehr Und Vegetarismus Im Indischen Buddhismus Bis Ca

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Fleischverzehr Und Vegetarismus Im Indischen Buddhismus Bis Ca Numata Center HAMBURG BUDDHIST for Buddhist Studies STUDIES 12 HAMBURG Lambert Schmithausen BUDDHIST STUDIES Fleischverzehr und Vegetarismus im indischen Buddhismus bis ca. zur Mitte des ersten Jahrtausends n. Chr. Teil 3 · Editionen Die vorliegende Arbeit behandelt zunächst die traditionelle Einstellung des Hauptstroms des älteren indischen Buddhismus zum Thema Fleischverzehr. Hier sind Fleisch und Fisch sowohl den Ordinierten wie auch den Laien grundsätz- lich erlaubt, und es besteht kaum Anlass für die Annahme, dass dies im ältesten Buddhismus anders war. Es treten jedoch im Kontext von Ethik (Nichtverletzen), Aszetik und gesellschaftlichen Konventionen Probleme auf, die zu Einschränkun- gen und Dissensen geführt haben. Trotz mancher Ansatzpunkte in der älteren Tradition wird eine durch eigene Texte dokumentierte dezidiert (lacto-)vegeta- ristische Bewegung aber erst um 400 n. Chr. innerhalb des indischen Mahāyāna- Buddhismus fassbar. Die Darstellung und Interpretation der Gedanken, Argu- mente und Motive dieser Bewegung steht im Zentrum der vorliegenden Arbeit, und die entscheidenden Abschnitte der einschlägigen Texte sind in Gestalt aus- führlich annotierter Übersetzungen und kritischer Editionen beigefügt. Die Arbeit besteht aus drei Teilen. Der erste Teil umfasst eine eingehende Stu- die zur Thematik Fleischverzehr und Vegetarismus im indischen Buddhismus bis ca. 500 n. Chr. sowie Übersetzungen der wichtigsten vegetaristischen Texte. Der zweite Teil enthält, in Gestalt von Endnoten, Belegmaterial sowie Begründungen und Erläuterungen zu dieser Studie und zu den Übersetzungen, der dritte Band kritische Editionen der in Teil 1 übersetzten Texte sowie ein Abkürzungs- und Literaturverzeichnis. Lambert Schmithausen Fleischverzehr und Vegetarismus im indischen Buddhismus Teil 3 ISSN 2190-6769 ISBN 978-3-89733-505-9 12 EUR [D] 24,80 | projektverlag. Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de. ISSN 2190-6769 ISBN 978-3-89733-548-6 (E-Book) ISBN 978-3-89733-505-9 (printed version) © 2020 projekt verlag, Bochum/Freiburg www.projektverlag.de Cover original design by Benjamin Guzinski; Julia Wrage, Hamburg Cover image: Felicitas Schmithausen Inhalt: Texte (Editionen) Text I: Mahāparinirvāṇa-mahāsūtra ("Fleischverzehr- 7 Abschnitt") Vorbemerkung 7 Synoptische Edition 13 Text II: Aṅgulimālīyasūtra ("Verzicht auf Fleischverzehr") 33 Vorbemerkung 33 Synoptische Edition 35 Text III: Laṅkāvatārasūtra (Kapitel 8) 41 Vorbemerkung 41 Kritische Edition 55 Appendix I: Versuch einer Gruppierung der Sanskrit-Hand- 105 schriften Appendix II: Konkordanz der Sanskrit-Handschriften 136 Appendix III: Konkordanz der tibetischen Textzeugen 140 Abkürzungsverzeichnis 143 Verzeichnis der zitierten Literatur 165 Text I: Mahāparinirvāṇa-mahāsūtra ("Fleischverzehr-Abschnitt") Vorbemerkung 1. Das vorliegende Textstück (Text I) enthält eine synoptische Edition von drei Versionen des "Fleischverzehr-Abschnittes" (s. St. § 192) des Mahāparinirvāṇa-mahāsūtra (MPM): 1. der zu Anfang des 9 Jh.s1 von Jina- mitra, Jñānagarbha und Devacandra aus dem Sanskrit übersetzten tibeti- schen Übersetzung (Tib); 2. der chinesischen Übersetzung von Fa-hsien und Buddhabhadra (Fa), sowie 3. der chinesischen Übersetzung von Dhar- makṣema (Dha), beide ebenfalls auf der Basis von Sanskrit-Fassungen. Eingeschlossen ist auch der im Sūtra unmittelbar vorangehende Text- abschnitt, da er den Anknüpfungspunkt für die Eingliederung des "Fleisch- verzehr-Abschnittes" in das Sūtra enthält.2 Der erste Teil dieses Textab- schnittes ist sogar in einem Sanskrit-Fragment überliefert. 2. Für die nachstehende Edition des "Fleischverzehr-Abschnittes" des MPM wurden folgende Textzeugen und Editionen verwendet: Skt.: YUYAMA 1981: 18,8-13 u. 20,24–21,2; HABATA 2019: II.7.8 (Sf 13.8). Tib.: Tibetische Übersetzung aus dem Sanskrit (Tib): HABATA 2013: ## 172–178, basierend auf P (mDo, tu 54b1–56b1), S (mDo, wa [Bd. 71] 112a6–115a1), J, C, D, N, L, T u. F (s. HABATA 2013: 418). Nur in den erklärenden Anmerkungen (Endnoten) verwendet habe ich die tibetische Übersetzung von Dharmakṣemas chinesischer Über- setzung (Dhat): P: mDo, ju 57b7–60a4 S: Mya ngan ’das, ka [= Bd. 89] 84b5–87b5 D: mDo, nya 57a1–59a4 1 HABATA 2013: v. 2 Siehe Bd. 1, Texte (Übers.), Vorbem. § 1.1. 8 Text I: Mahāparinirvāṇa-mahāsūtra (Edition: Vorbemerkung) Ta (= Tabo-Hss.): 170/27b2-8 (Textanfang bis B.1.b), 177/21a1–22b2 (B.1.b bis Textende); 175/8a1–b7: B.6.d3 bis Textende.3 Chin.: Fa-hsien (Fa): T 12.376: 868c11–869b17; Kr 16.361: 383c11–384c20; ZC (= J) 15.114: 35a11–36a20. Dharmakṣema (Dha): ‘nördliche’ Version: T 12.374: 386a2–c13; ZC (= Kr) 14.112: 36c14–38a4; FSh (s. unten: § 5); ‘südliche’ Version: T 12.375: 625c25–626c11; ZC 14.113: 494c13–496a4. 3. Meine Wiedergabe des tibetischen Textes folgt (mit einer Ausnahme: s. B.1.1.a) im Wortlaut der ausgezeichneten kritischen Ausgabe von H. HABATA (s. oben § 2). Im kritischen Apparat am Ende der einzelnen Para- graphen (A.1, etc.; zu meiner Einteilung des Textes s. § 6) verzeichne ich nur eine Auswahl mir inhaltlich oder grammatisch relevant erscheinender Varianten, die ich überwiegend dem kritischen Apparat von HABATAs Ausgabe entnommen habe. Für weitere Varianten darf ich den Leser auf eben diesen kritischen Apparat verweisen. Zusätzlich eingefügt habe ich jedoch Varianten aus zwei handschriftlichen Kanjurs:4 dem zur Them- spangs-ma-Gruppe gehörigen Kanjur von Shey5 (Z, allerdings nur für Textteil B: mdo, wa 125b1–128a4) und dem weder zur Tshal-pa- noch zur Them-spangs-ma-Gruppe gehörigen handschriftlichen Kanjur von Dolpo6 (Do: mDo, tsha 236b3–238b4). Nicht eigens vermerkt habe ich die in Do durchgängige Verwendung des ya-btags (myi, myed, rmyig) und des da- drag in bka' stsald und gsold sowie die dort übliche Schreibung gi(s) statt gyi(s), desgleichen 'ang statt yang in Z. 4.1. Im Falle der chinesischen Versionen folge ich (mit einer Ausnahme in B.3.1 [Fa]) dem Text von T, im Falle von Dha dem der "nördlichen Version" (T 12.374), und notiere die dort verzeichneten Varianten sowie abweichende Lesungen von ZC (und ggf. dort zusätzlich verzeichnete Varianten) jeweils am Ende der Paragraphen. Auch abweichende Lesun- gen der "südlichen Version" sind dort verzeichnet. Während T bekanntlich den im 13. Jh. erstellten koreanischen Druck des chinesischen Tripiṭaka 3 Für den Zugang zu diesen Hss. möchte ich Paul Harrison und Helmut Eimer ganz herzlich danken. 4 Die entsprechenden Dateien wurden mir dankenswerterweise von Helmut Tauscher zur Verfügung gestellt. 5 Vgl. H. Tauscher in BrEncB I: 108b. 6 Vgl. hierzu Tauscher (im Druck). Text I: Mahāparinirvāṇa-mahāsūtra (Edition: Vorbemerkung) 9 (Kr)7 zugrundelegt, ist ZC nach Möglichkeit eine Faksimile-Reproduktion des Chin(/Jin)-Kanons (金藏, 12. Jh.: J)8, und lediglich dort, wo dieser Kanon fehlt oder beschädigt ist, wird auf den koreanischen Druck zurückgegriffen. Dies trifft bei dem hier behandelten Textstück im Falle von Dha zu (u.zw. sowohl bei der "nördlichen" wie bei der "südlichen" Version).9 Im Falle von Fa hingegen ist in ZC der Chin-Druck (J) reproduziert.10 Abgesehen von den genannten Ausgaben habe ich für Dha zwei weitere Textzeugen durchverglichen: 1. die Faksimile-Ed. der in Stein gemeißelten Sūtras von Fang-shan (房山石經: FSh)11, doch ist der Text dort leider teilweise durch Beschädigung unlesbar; im Wortlaut entspricht er, soweit lesbar, in dem hier bearbeiteten Textstück im wesentlichen der "nördlichen" Version; 2. den handschriftlichen Kanon des Kongōji (金剛寺), Japan (Ko); die mir vorliegende Kopie des relevan- ten Textstückes ist allerdings recht unscharf und mehrfach kaum lesbar, so daß meine Angaben nicht erschöpfend sind. Außerdem weicht die Schreib- weise dieser Hs. häufig nicht unerheblich von der Standardform der Zeichen ab, ohne daß ich das hier hätte verzeichnen können. Auf eine Durchsicht noch weiterer Textzeugen glaube ich, angesichts des damit verbundenen unverhältnismäßigen Aufwandes im Rahmen dieser vor allem auf inhaltliche Fragen und Zusammenhänge ausgerichteten Arbeit verzichten zu dürfen. 4.2. Die Angaben im kritischen Apparat beziehen sich im Falle von Dha wie gesagt in erster Linie auf die "nördliche Version" (Nö) und sind dann nicht eigens gekennzeichnet. Angaben zur "südlichen Version" sind stets durch (Voranstellung von) "Sü" markiert, also z.B. Sü(Kr), Sü(SL). Im übrigen folgen meine Sigla weitgehend ZACCHETTI 2005 (im folgenden: ZAC): ZC = Zhonghua Dazangjing (Chung-hua Ta-tsang-ching) 中華大藏經. In dem hier bearbeiteten Textstück berücksichtigt der Variantenapparat des 7 Vgl. hierzu ZACCHETTI 2005: 101f, im Rahmen einer ausführlichen Diskussion der verschiedenen Drucke des chinesischen Kanons und ihres Verhältnisses zueinander (ibid. 92–140). Zu T u. ZC ibid. 74–77. 8 Vgl. ZACCHETTI 2005: 99f. 9 ZC Bd. 14: 43c, Z. 3 (nördl. Version), u. Bd. 14: 501c, Z. 3 (südl. Version). 10 ZC Bd. 15: 46a (Z. 3-5); die dort vermerkte Einschränkung betrifft den "Fleisch- verzehr-Abschnitt" nicht. 11 Vgl. ZACCHETTI 2005: 104–109; vgl. auch ibid. 140. Facsimile-Ed.: 房山石經, 30 vols., Huaxia chubanshe, Beijing 2000. 10 Text I: Mahāparinirvāṇa-mahāsūtra (Edition: Vorbemerkung) ZC im Falle von Fa (= J): S, Q, Y, M, Qing u. Kr, im Falle von Dha (= Kr): S, Q, Y, Nz2, M u. Qing. FSh ist in den Variantenapparat zur "südlichen Version" einbezogen worden, obgleich dies problematisch erscheint (vgl. etwa Anm. 3 zu A.2[2]). Der Variantenapparat
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